Quadrant Model of Reality Book 1 Biology and Chemistry

Chapter 32: Biology- The Amino Acid Structure

One of the first things learned in biology class in college is the amino acid structure. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. The structure consists of four parts. They are

Square 1: the H group

Square 2: the Amino group

Square 3: the Carboxyl group

Square 4: the R group.

Chapter 33: The Protein structure

In the first few weeks of biology class in college the professors also teach the levels of protein structure. The levels fit the quadrant model pattern. They are

Square 1: The primary structure. The primary structure of a protein is the linear sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain. The primary structure is held together by covalent bonds such as peptide bonds.

Square 2: The secondary structure. Secondary structure is highly regular local sub-structures on the polypeptide backbone chain. Two main types of secondary structure are the alpha helix and the beta strand or beta sheets.

Square 3: The tertiary structure. Tertiary structure is a three-dimensional structure of monomeric and multimeric protein molecules. The alpha-helixes and beta pleated-sheets are folded into a compact globular structure. The third square is always more solid and more physical. That is the nature of the territory structure.

Square 4: Quaternary structure. Quaternary structure is the three-dimensional structure of a multi-subunit protein and how the subunits fit together. Quaternary structure is stabilized by the same non-covalent interactions and disulfide bonds as the tertiary structure. Complexes of two or more polypeptides (i.e. multiple subunits) are called multimers.

Chapter 33: Biology- DNA

DNA, the instruction manual for life, is described as the blueprint that contains the information needed for creating living organisms.  It is composed of four nucleobases.

        *Square one: Adenine

        *Square two: Guanine

        *Square three: Cytosine

*Square four: Thymine.

RNA has an additional nucleobase called, Urine, with a possible fifth.  There is often the possible fifth.

DNA Nucleobases

Adenine	Cytosine
Guanine	Thymine

The forth square is always different.In 1953, Cambridge researchers Watson and Crick published a paper describing the interweaving ‘double helix’ DNA structure – the chemical code for all life.

Now, in the year of that scientific landmark’s 60th Anniversary, Cambridge researchers have published a paper proving that four-stranded ‘quadruple helix’ DNA structures – known as G-quadruplexes – also exist within the human genome. They form in regions of DNA that are rich in the building block guanine, usually abbreviated to ‘G’.

The findings mark the culmination of over 10 years investigation by scientists to show these complex structures in vivo – in living human cells – working from the hypothetical, through computational modelling to synthetic lab experiments and finally the identification in human cancer cells using fluorescent biomarkers.

The research, published today in Nature Chemistry and funded by Cancer Research UK, goes on to show clear links between concentrations of four-stranded quadruplexes and the process of DNA replication, which is pivotal to cell division and production.

By targeting quadruplexes with synthetic molecules that trap and contain these DNA structures – preventing cells from replicating their DNA and consequently blocking cell division – scientists believe it may be possible to halt the runaway cell proliferation at the root of cancer.

“We are seeing links between trapping the quadruplexes with molecules and the ability to stop cells dividing, which is hugely exciting,” said Professor Shankar Balasubramanian from the University of Cambridge’s Department of Chemistry and Cambridge Research Institute, whose group produced the research.

“The research indicates that quadruplexes are more likely to occur in genes of cells that are rapidly dividing, such as cancer cells. For us, it strongly supports a new paradigm to be investigated – using these four-stranded structures as targets for personalised treatments in the future.”

Physical studies over the last couple of decades had shown that quadruplex DNA can form in vitro – in the ‘test tube’, but the structure was considered to be a curiosity rather than a feature found in nature. The researchers now know for the first time that they actually form in the DNA of human cells.

“This research further highlights the potential for exploiting these unusual DNA structures to beat cancer – the next part of this pipeline is to figure out how to target them in tumour cells,” said Dr Julie Sharp, senior science information manager at Cancer Research UK.

“It’s been sixty years since its structure was solved but work like this shows us that the story of DNA continues to twist and turn.”

Two and three strands are more common. Four is rare. The forth is always different, yet transcendent.

Chapter 34: Biology- The Four Types of Macromolecules

The instruction manual for all life is the quadrant model pattern.  Watson, who discovered the structure of DNA, thought that DNA could not have developed through natural selection processes; in the absence of other evidence he proposed that aliens created it.  It is instructive to note that origins-of-life biologists claim that originally there were only four amino acids, existing as collections of three nucleobases. This fits the quadrant model pattern. Natural selection or other “natural” methods are argued to underlie the structure of things, but the real explanation for why things are the way  they are is the quadrant model pattern. DNA is the instruction manual in regards to amino acids and proteins, which I mentioned above, which also fit the quadrant model pattern.

There are four types of macromolecules:

*Square one: carbohydrates made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Carbohydrates have less potential energy per gram than fats.

*Square two: fats.  Lipids, like carbohydrates are made up of a lot of carbon and hydrogen. Lipids provide structure and support and protection. That is why lipids are the second square; the second square is structure.

*Square three: proteins; doers perform actions in the cells and build things. The third square is the doer.

*Square four: nucleic acids; DNA and RNA.  DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic acid.  DNA gives instructions to proteins and tells them what to do.  Without DNA there  would be no carbohydrates, fats, or proteins.  DNA is separate from the previous three types of macromolecules, but also encompasses them; that is the nature of the fourth square.  The fourth square is very different from the previous three, yet it encompasses them.  Proteins are made up of polymers; instructions for the assembly of these polymers are in DNA. ATP is also a nucleic acid and is responsible for fascilitaing all processes in cells like DNA and RNA.

Macromolecules

Carbohydrate	Protein
Fat	Nucleic Acid

The Miller Urey experiement was an unprecedented experiment in origins of life research, which demonstrated that amino acids, which are necessary to create DNA and life, could be produced with the combination of just four natural components. These components were

Square 1: water

Square 2: methane

Square 3: ammonia

Square 4: hydrogen

If these four components were put in a steel flask, and lighting was added (the fifth component; the fifth square is representative of God and light is related with God), then amino acids would generate.It was thought that this experiment could prove that there may have been a "natural" genesis of life on Earth.

Chapter 35: The Kingdoms of the Eukaryotes

One of the four domains of life is the Eukaryote--divided into four kingdoms these kingdoms fulfill the quadrant model pattern.

*Square one: plants. The first square is more sedentary. The first square is spiritual. I think of plants as spiritual because they gather sunlight. Also plants have awareness. The first quadrant is awareness.

*Square two: fungus. Fungi break down dead organic matter. Fungi clean up things. Fungi are the homeostasis. The second square is homeostasis. Also fungi can be used to heal people. Healing is homeostasis. Plants and fungi are also found in symbiotic relationships. The first and second squares are always very interconnected.

*Square three: animals. Humans are animals. Animals are the doers. The third

square is the most physical, and it is the doing square.

*Square four: protists. Scientists describe protists as plant-like, fungi-like, and animal-like protists, which is consistent with the attributes found in the fourth square, which always encompasses the previous three.  The fourth is always separate from the previous three types, but it also contains them.

Eukaryotes

plants	animals
fungi	protists

monera- monera are described as protists without a cell wall. The forth always points to the fifth.

D. radiodurans is a rather large, spherical bacterium, with a diameter of 1.5 to 3.5 µm. Four cells normally stick together, forming a tetrad.

Deinococcus radiodurans is an extremophilic bacterium, one of the most radiation-resistant organisms known. It can survive cold, dehydration, vacuum, and acid, and is therefore known as a polyextremophile and has been listed as the world's toughest bacterium in The Guinness Book Of World Records.

Craig Venter a renowned geneticist has described this bacteria as the most dangerous organism that could destroy the world. Ironically it is also a bacteria used for creating synthetic life.

Its nickname is Conan the bacterium. It is thought that it could survive on the sun and it is seen as the most important organism for research into creating life.

It is no councidence the bacterium is a tetrad shaped as a quadrant. It is used to try to create life but ironically Venter fears it could also destroy all life on earth.

The gymnosperms are a group of seed-producing plants that includes conifers, cycads, Ginkgo, and Gnetales. Gymnosperms are basically trees. The term "gymnosperm" comes from the Greek composite word γυμνόσπερμος (γυμνός gymnos, "naked" and σπέρμα sperma, "seed"), meaning "naked seeds", after the unenclosed condition of their seeds (called ovules in their unfertilized state). Their naked condition stands in contrast to the seeds and ovules of flowering plants (angiosperms flowers), which are enclosed within an ovary. Gymnosperm seeds develop either on the surface of scales or leaves, often modified to form cones, or at the end of short stalks as in Ginkgo.

The gymnosperms and angiosperms together compose the spermatophytes

Eagles are an exceptionally common symbol in heraldry, being considered the "King of Birds"

Eagles are often informally divided into four groups.

The snake eagles are placed in the subfamily Circaetinae. The fish eagles, booted eagles, and harpy eagles have traditionally been placed in the subfamily Buteoninae together with the buzzard-hawks (buteonine hawks) and harriers. Some authors may treat these groups as tribes of the Buteoninae; Lerner & Mindell proposed separating the eagle groups into their own subfamilies of Accipitridae.

Square 1: Fish eagles

Sea eagles or fish eagles take fish as a large part of their diets, either fresh or as carrion.

Proposed subfamily Haliaeetinae. Genera: Haliaeetus, Ichthyophaga.

Some authors include Gypohierax angolensis, the "vulturine fish eagle" (also called the palm-nut vulture) in this group. However, genetic analyses indicate it is related to a grouping of Neophron–Gypaetus–Eutriorchis (Egyptian vulture, bearded vulture (lammergeier), and Madagascan serpent eagle).

The fish eagles have a close genetic relationship with Haliastur and Milvus; the whole group is only distantly related to the Buteo group.

Square 2: Booted eagles

For the species Hieraaetus pennatus (Aquila pennata), see booted eagle.

Booted eagles or "true eagles" have feathered tarsi (lower legs).

Tribe Aquililae or proposed subfamily Aquilinae. Genera: Aquila, Hieraaetus; Spizaetus, Oroaetus, Spizastur; Nisaetus;[19] Ictinaetus, Lophoaetus; Polemaetus; and Stephanoaetus.

See comments under eagle species for changes to the composition of these genera.

Square 3: Snake eagles

Snake or serpent eagles are, as the name suggests, adapted to hunting reptiles.

Subfamily Circaetinae. Genera: Circaetus, Spilornis, Dryotriorchis, Terathopius.

Eutriorchis (subfamily Gypaetinae or Circaetinae).

Despite filling the niche of a snake eagle, genetic studies suggest that the Madagascan serpent eagle Eutriorchis is not related.

Harpy eagles

Harpy eagles or "giant forest eagles" are large eagles that inhabit tropical forests. The group contains two to six species, depending on the author. Although these birds occupy similar niches, and have traditionally been grouped together, they are not all related: the solitary eagles are related to the black-hawks, and the Philippine eagle to the snake eagles.

Square 4: Harpy eagles (proposed subfamily Harpiinae)

Harpia harpyja, harpy eagle ― Central and South America.

Morphnus guianensis, crested eagle ― Central and South America.

Harpyopsis novaeguineae, Papuan eagle ― New Guinea.

Philippine eagle

Pithecophaga jefferyi, Philippine eagle ― Philippines.

Solitary eagles

Crowned eagle or crowned solitary eagle, Buteogallus (formerly Harpyhaliaetus) coronatus ― South America.

Solitary eagle or montane solitary eagle, Buteogallus (formerly Harpyhaliaetus) solitarius ― South America.

These are the four venomous snake species responsible for causing the most human snake bite cases in South Asia (mostly in India). They are referred to as the big four.

Snakes

The Big Four

Indian cobra, Naja naja

Common krait, Bungarus caeruleus

Russell's viper, Daboia russelii

Saw-scaled viper, Echis carinatus

Elaphe quatuorlineata or the four-lined snake (Croatian: kravosas) is Europe's largest nonvenomous colubrid species.

All insects with wings except flies have four wings.

Insects of the superorder Endopterygota, also known as Holometabola, such as butterflies, ants, bees, beetles, fleas, flies, moths, and wasps, undergo holometabolism – complete metamorphism in four stages – from (1) embryo (ovum, egg), to (2) larva (such as grub, caterpillar), then (3) pupa (such as the chrysalis), and finally (4) the imago.

The cow's stomach is divided in four digestive compartments: reticulum, rumen, omasum and abomasum.

Chapter 35: Biology- The Monarch Butterfly

The monarch butterfly is considered the king of the butterflies, and the phenomena associated with the monarch butterfly fit the quadrant model pattern. Monarch butterflies go through four stages during one life cycle. They are

Square 1: the egg

Square 2: the larvae (caterpillar)

Square 3: the pupa (chrysalis)

Square 4: the adult butterfly (the transformation)

The life cycles of the Monarch butterfly are four generations. They fit the quadrant model pattern. They are

Square 1: in March and April eggs are laid in milkweed plants. The monarch butterflies that are born live for two to six weeks. and lay eggs

Square 2: in May and June the same the Monarch butterflies do the same thing as square 1.

Square 3: in July and August the Monarch butterflies do the same thing as square 1 and 2.

Square 4: The fourth generation is born in September and October and goes through exactly the same process as the first, second and third generations except for one part. The fourth generation of monarch butterflies does not die after two to six weeks, but migrates to warmer climates like Mexico and California and will live for six to eight months until it is time to start the whole process over again. The fourth square is always different from the previous three squares. The life of the Monarch butterfly reveals the quadrant model pattern. The first three are the same and almost identical. The fourth has a transcendent quality to it. The thing that is so spectacular about butterflies is their sort of death and resurrection, which makes one think of the death and resurrection of Jesus, or the sort of death and resurrection which is required to enter the flow; the death of the ego and the emergence of the new.

All members of a honey bee colony undergo complete metamorphosis, passing through the

Square 1: egg

Square 2: larval stage

Square 3: pupal stages

Square 4 adults. Honey bee larvae are legless grubs that eat honey, nectar or pollen. Larvae shed their skin and molt several times before they enter the pupal stage. After another molt, these pupae will emerge as adult honey bees and begin to perform specialized tasks for the colony.

Flowers have four basic parts.the floral organs of eudicotyledonous angiosperms (flowers) are arranged in 4 different verticils, containing the Square 1: sepals,

Square 2: petals,

Square 3: stamen

Square 4: carpels. The ABC model states that the identity of these organs is determined by the homeotic genes

Square 1: A,

Square 2: A+B,

Square 3B+C

Square 4: C

Flowers should fit the quadrant model pattern because in the plant world they are the paragon. Like humans who are the paragon of animals, flowers project the quadrant model image

Chapter 36: Biology- The tropic levels

In biology there is a concept called tropic levels. There are four tropic levels with an occasional fifth, the existence of which is always questionable. It does not matter the number of things; what matters is the pattern in which they emerge.   A tropic level is an organisms position on the food chain. The tropic levels are,

*Square one: tropic level 1 are primary producers including plants that perform photosynthesis and archaea that perform chemosynthesis. In a scenario reminiscent of the Idealist, these creatures do not eat other living things; instead they gain energy from chemicals. It is interesting that Idealists are often vegetarians, and are very aware and concerned with other creatures.  Idealists are sensitive, perceptive, and responsible, thinking that they are helping other people and other creatures by being vegetarians. Idealists think that they are helping other people because they recognize the concept of tropic levels.  Plants carry high levels of energy.  Only ten percent of the energy from the previous tropic level is retained, thus energy is saved by being vegetarian.  Certain nutritional elements however, are more accessible  from animals. Idealists can come up with strange notions of being breatharians, eating no meat or plants, while accessing energy exclusively from the air. Plants can be called breatharians.

*Square two: tropic level 2, the herbivore known as primary consumers; they, like the Guardian, fit the second square description.  Both are not very physical or violent.  The second square is not yet the third square, which is the physical and violent square. Plants are living, suggesting (as do the breatharians) that eating plants is somewhat violent.

*Square three: the third tropic level is the predator, called a secondary consumer. Predators are violent. Like the artisans, predators are doers.  They work hard, running and sprinting in search of their food, which is often the herbivore.

*Square four: Carnivores; they eat other carnivores, and are called tertiary consumers. This tends to be a dangerous endeavor.  The fourth square includes destruction and death. Carnivores often die while doing what is required for their survival.

*Square five: apex predators. The fifth level is the God level. These are carnivores that have no predators; in this they are in a transcending domain.  They include crocodiles and lions. Crocodiles and lions are sometimes associated with God. The food chain does not go beyond this level.

Tropic levels

Primary producer	Predator
herbivore	Carnivore

Apex predator

Chapter 37: Biology- Animals

Also the animals fit the quadrant model pattern. Square 1 is the fish. Square 2 is amphibians. Amphibians represent homeostasis. Amphibians like frogs can show whether an environment is polluted or not by if they are dieing in it. Also they eat insects which is homeostasis. They do not move around too much. The second square is more conservative. The third square is reptiles. Reptiles are more solid/physical and more bad. Reptiles are more dangerous. The dinosaurs were very dangerous. Also reptiles are more solitary. For instance lizards don’t really hang out in packs but are often found by themselves. The third square is more the individual. The fourth square is mammals. Mammals kind of transcend the previous three and mammals are social. The fourth square is social. The fifth square is birds. The fifth square is the most transcendent. Also the fifth square is social in that it is the first square of the second quadrant. The second quadrant is culture. Birds are often social in that they fly in v formations. The sixth square is insects. Insects are the most cultural. They are extremely social. Insects are the sixth square, which is the second square of the second quadrant. The second square of the second quadrant is the most cultural, because it is the cultural of the cultural. The seventh square is spiders. Spiders are the third square of the second quadrant so they are more bad and more solitary. But spiders are nonetheless in the second quadrant so they do represent homeostasis. Spiders do make becautiful webs and eat insects, creating homeostasis.

Humans are said to be made in the image and likeness of God. Humans in most aspects, reflect the quadrant model pattern. Human beings are “Re-presentations” of the Quadrant Model of Reality—the Real and intangible Form of Existence presented in discernible form.

Chapter 38: Biology- The Tissues

One example is found in the four types of  human tissue.

*Square one: Epithelial tissue, which protects the body from moisture loss bacterial attacks, and internal injury. The nature of the first square is it is conservative and protective.

*Square two: Connective tissue, the provider of support for the body and its structure. That is the nature of the second square, which is always concerned with homeostasis, order, and structure. It is also conservative.

*Square three: Muscular tissue is the doer; the third square is always the solid, physical doer.

*Square four: Nervous tissue. This is the rational temperament tissue. Nervous tissue is in the brain where intelligence is located and processed.

The fact that there are four types of tissue in the human body is because it fits into and reveals the Quadrant Model of Reality.

Human tissue types

Epithelial tissue	Muscular tissue
Connective tissue	Nervous tissue

Chapter 39: Biology- Rods and cons in the ey

In the eye are three cones that discern color;  one rod senses black.

               *Square one: red cone

               *Square two: blue cone

               *Square three: green cone

               *Square four: black rod       

        The black rod is different from the previous three cones. This expresses the pattern quality of the quarant model. The first three are connected the forth is different.

       Chapter 40: Biology- Cells of the eye

In the eye, close to each other, are three cells that process visual information.  A  fourth is located far from the other three.

               *Square one: the bipolar cells

               *Square two: the amacrine cells

               *Square three: the horizontal cells

               *Square four: the ganglion cells.

Cells in the eye

Bipolar cells	Horizontal cells
Amacrine cells	Ganglion cells

Chapter 41: BIology- Hair cells of the Ear

In the ear are four rows of hair cells located in the organ of Coorti. They lay upon the basilar membrane. Three of these rows are the outer hair cells. The fourth row is physically separated from the other three, and is the inner hair cells. In the nature of the quadrant model the fourth is always different from the previous three.

               *Square one: outer hair cells

               *Square two: outer hair cells

               *Square three: outer hair cells

               *Square four: inner hair cells.

Hair cells in the ear

outer hair cell 1	outer hair cell 3
outer hair cell 2	inner hair cell

Chapter 42: biology- mechanoreceptors

There are four main types of mechanoreceptors in glabrous skin.

*Square one: Pacinian corpuscles: these sense vibration and pressure.

*Square two: Meissner’s corpuscles: these detect light touch. Notice the first two are the duality. Both are corpuscles.

*Square three: Merkel’s discs: These send touch perception data to the brain. These are the doers; the third square is always the doer.

*Square four: Ruffini endings. These are slowly adapting nerve fibers.

Mechanoreceptors

Again, there is evidence of a duality with the Pacinian corpuscles and the meissner’s corpuscles; they are the first and second squares. The Ruffini endings in the fourth square are different from the previous three.

Pacinian corpuscles	Merkel’s discs
Meissner’s corpuscles	Ruffini endings

Chapter 43: Biology- Taste Receptors

Human taste receptors also fit the quadrant model pattern. They include

*Square one: bitter

*Square two: sweet

*Square three: sour

*Square four: salty (salt is NaCl)

*Square five: umami is Mono sodium glutamate.  Sodium is Na.  The fourth always points to the fifth.  The fourth contains sodium, as does the fifth.  Salty is different from the previous three, and the difference in fifth transcends all.

Bitter and sweet, the first two squares, form the duality.  Sour is the third square, which always implies attributes of being bad and destructive.

Human taste receptors

Bitter	Sour
Sweet	Salty

Umami

The majority of taste buds on the tongue sit on raised protrusions of the tongue surface called papillae. There are four types of lingual papillae present in the human tongue:

Square 1: Fungiform papillae - as the name suggests, these are slightly mushroom-shaped if looked at in longitudinal section. These are present mostly at the dorsal surface of the tongue, as well as at the sides. Innervated by facial nerve.

Square 2: Filiform papillae - these are thin, long papillae "V"-shaped cones that don't contain taste buds but are the most numerous. These papillae are mechanical and not involved in gustation. They are characterized by increased keratinization.

Square 3: Foliate papillae - these are ridges and grooves towards the posterior part of the tongue found at the lateral borders. Innervated by facial nerve (anterior papillae) and glossopharyngeal nerve (posterior papillae).

Square 4: Circumvallate papillae - there are only about 10 to 14 of these papillae on most people, and they are present at the back of the oral part of the tongue. They are arranged in a circular-shaped row just in front of the sulcus terminalis of the tongue. They are associated with ducts of Von Ebner's glands, and are innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve.

Taste buds are only present in circumvalate, fungiform, and foliate papillae and soft palate, but not filiform papillae. The fourth part is always different

The gustatory system consists of taste receptor cells in taste buds. Taste buds, in turn, are contained in structures called papillae. There are three types of papillae involved in taste:

Square 1: fungiform papillae

Square 2: foliate papillae

Square 3: circumvallate papillae. Square 4: the fourth type - filiform papillae do not contain taste buds) the fourth square is always different

Chapter 44: Biology- Types of teeth

The types of teeth fit the quadrant model pattern. Interestingly there are 16 teeth on the

top and bottom like the 16 squares of the quadrant model. The types of teeth are

*Square one: Incisors-- the first square is always the weakest

*Square two: Canines

*Square three: Premolars--the third square is always the most physical and solid. The premolars are large and grind food.

*Square four: Molars--the molars are the fourth and very different. The forth is always different.

Types of teeth

Incisors	Premolars
Canines	Molars

Chapter 46: Biology Paranasal sinuses

There are the four paranasal sinuses. They include

*Square one: maxillary sinus

*Square two: frontal sinus

*Square three: ethmoid sinus

*Square four: sphenoid sinus.

The first three sinuses are close to each other, but the fourth, the sphenoid sinus, is off by itself.  This is the nature of the quadrant model--the fourth is always different from the previous three--a pattern expressed in the arrangement of the sinuses. Existence organizes itself along this pattern in areas that stand out to show that this pattern is significant and fundamental to reality.

Paranasal sinuses

maxillary sinus	ethmoid sinus
frontal sinus	sphenoid sinus

Chapter 47: Biology- The Lobes of the Brain

The human brain is arranged in accord with the quadrant model pattern.   Earlier the suggestion was made that in the quadrant model pattern the first square is the light, the second is the word, the third is the flesh, the fourth is the true word and the fifth is true light. Another way to verbalize this is in the terminology used by Wilbur.  He calls the first square “mind”, second “culture”,  third  “body”,  and the fourth “social/society”.   The fifth may be “God”.

The lobes of the brain are divided into four parts.

*Square one: occipital lobe--this is the light. The occipital lobe is responsible for vision, and corresponds to the Idealist square.

*Square two: temporal lobe- this is the word. The temporal lobe is responsible for hearing. Hearing or listening brings to mind culture. Listening is a social act that people do. This is the guardian square. Guardians are the most into friends and maintaining cultural harmony. Guardians are hearers. A fascinating thing about the temporal lobe is that this is where the fusiform facial area of the brain is. This area of the brain is responsible for distinguishing faces. Again, the second square is social. Recognizing face s is social. Guardians are very into social relationships. Also the temporal lobe is where the area of the brain associated with religiosity is located.  The second square is the religious square. The second quadrant is belief, faith, behavior, and belonging. Religion maintains order and homeostasis. Guardians are very religious in their mentalities in that they often do not question things extremely deeply, but they are driven more by faith. The temporal lobe is where wernickes area of the brain is. This area is responsible for understanding language/hearing. This is the listening area of the brain.  The temporal lobe is described as being the section of the brain associated with religiosity and relationships. This is the nature of the second square.

*Square three: parietal lobe--this is the flesh. The parietal lobe is associated with the sense of touch and movement. The parietal lobe is responsible for movement of the body. Recall that the third square is Wilber's body square. This is the artisan square. Artisans are the doers.

*Square four: frontal lobe--this is the true word--Wilbur's social/society square.  It is associated with the personality type of the Rational.  The fourth quadrant is contemplation and knowledge; the frontal lobe is where abstract reasoning occurs. The frontal lobe is also where brocas area is located. Brocas area is not responsible for hearing speech; it occurs in

the temporal lobe in the wernickes area. Brocas area is responsible for speaking. The fourth square is philosophy. The second square is religion. The philosopher speaks; the religious person listens and obeys. Both are needed and need each other. The qualities of each square are fulfilled.

Lobes of the Brain

occipital lobe	parietal lobe
temporal lobe	frontal lobe

Chapter 48: Biology- The Human Spine

The divisions of the human spine are based on the quadrant model pattern.  Biologists say that the human structure is based on random evolutionary processes.  Humans may indeed be products of random evolution, but perceptions are not always to be trusted.  An alternate interpretation is that humans have evolved to reveal the Quadrant Model of Reality—humans are made in the image and likeness of God.  Existence may indeed express the quadrant model pattern through the form of the human.  The quadrant model pattern is the expression of Being; it is the way existence manifests.  God is Being.

        The spine is divided as follows:

*Square one: the cervical

*Square two: the thoracic is the structure, and holds the ribs--the second square is always structure, order, and foundation

*Square three: lumbar. The third square is solid, physical, and associated  with

movement; it is extremely robust and mobile.

*Square four: sacral.  The fourth section of the spine is called the sacral, connoting a   transcendent quality associated with the sacred or divine.  It points to the fifth, which is associated with God.  The qualities of the fourth always indicate the qualities of the fifth. The fifth is ultra transcendent, being very different from the other three parts of the spine.  The discs in the sacrum are fused, whereas the discs in the previous three are not.

*Square five: cocygeal. known as the tailbone, and known as vestigial. Evolutionary biologists think that it is left over from the time when human ancestors had tails. The fourth never seems to belong, while the fifth always seems unneeded. The fourth indicates the qualities of the fifth, both having fused discs.

The Spine

cervical	lumbar
thoracic	sacral

cocygeal

Chapter 49: Biology-The Bones of the Hand. The bones of the hand fit the quadrant model pattern.

*Square one: distal phalanges

*Square two: intermediate phalanges. The first two squares are the duality.

*Square three: proximal phalanges. The third square is very physical. The proximal phalanges are large.  The first three bones of the human hand are phalanges, and are very connected, as are thinking, emoting, and doing. But the fourth characteristically seems separate from the other three.

*Square four: Metacarpals are different from the first three.

*Square five: carpals--the quality of the fourth square always indicates the quality of the fifth. The metacarpals point to the character of the carpals. The fourth and fifth are similar: while the fourth is transcendent the fifth is ultra-transcendent.

Bones of the hand

distal phalanges	Metacarpals
intermediate phalanges	carpals

Chapter 50: Biology- the Human Fingers

The human fingers also fit the quadrant model pattern.

*Square one: little finger; the first square has a quality of being weird, and also characteristically rather weak. The first square is associated with the Idealists  who are extremely intuitive and insightful.  They are also conservative and gullible--easily swayed by authority.  The first square corresponds to Wilbur's mind square.

*Square two: ring finger.   The  second  finger  following  the  pinky  is  the ring

finger. which is associated with marriage relationships.  The second square is the relational square (Wilbur's culture square).  The ring finger receives the

symbol of a Marriage relationship.  The second square of the second quadrant is faith; it is all about loyalty and relationships. The second square is the Guardian.

*Square three: middle finger. The third is always the most physical, action-oriented, and solid.  As the strongest and longest it is often associated with being bad and destructive.   It is often used as a sort of “Voodoo” weapon. The third square is Wilbur's body square.

*Square four: index finger, used regularly to point beyond itself, often toward a larger context. That is the nature of the forth square.  During contemplation, passion, flowing and knowing the participant is a part of something greater than  the self--connected to something larger than the self. The index finger is used for pointing. The index finger points beyond itself. The fourth square is Wilbur's social/society square.

*Square five: the thumb,  not a finger.  As a fifth square phenomenon is seems not to be needed, or at least not to belong, evidencing a quality of transcendence, making it quite different from the previous three.

Human fingers

little finger	middle finger
ring finger	index finger

thumb

Chapter 51: Biology- The Human Stomach

The anatomy of the human stomach also fits the quadrant model pattern.  In classical anatomy the stomach is divided into four sections, each section with different cell functions.

        *Square one: cardia

        *Square two: fundus

        *Square three: body--the third square is always the most physical

*Square four: pylorus--he fourth square points to a larger context. The fourth section of the stomach leads out of the stomach to the intestines.

anatomy of the human stomach

cardia	body
fundus	pylorus

The layers of the stomach and gastrointestinal tract represent the quadrant model pattern. They are

Square 1: the mucosa layer. This layer sort of helps against pathogens. The first square is kind of a protective square, representing the idealist.

Square 2: the submucosa layer. The first two squares are the duality. This layer is made of connective tissue and kind of holds things together. The second square is homeostasis.

Square 3: the muscular layer. The third square is the doing square. This is the part of the digestive system that contracts that allows the food to pass through.

Square 4: serous membrane. The fourth square is different from the previous three.

The hormone T4 has four atoms of iodine, while T3 has three atoms of iodine. T4 and T3 regulate metabolism, growth, heart rate, body temperature, and affect protein synthesis. The hormone calcitonin is produced by thyroid parafollicular cells. Calcitonin helps to regulate calcium concentrations by lowering blood calcium levels when the levels are high. Thyroid Hormone Regulation Thyroid hormones T4 and T3 are regulated by the pituitary gland. This small endocrine gland is located in the middle of the base of the brain. It controls a multitude of important functions in the body. The pituitary gland is termed the "Master Gland" because it directs other organs and endocrine glands to suppress or induce hormone production. One of the many hormones produced by the pituitary gland is thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). When levels of T4 and T3 are too low, TSH is secreted to stimulate the thyroid to produce more thyroid hormones. As levels of T4 and T3 rise and enter the blood stream, the pituitary senses the increase and reduces its production of TSH. This type of regulation is an example of a negative feedback mechanism. The pituitary gland is itself regulated by the hypothalamus. Blood vessel connections between the hypothalamus and pituitary gland allow hypothalamic hormones to control pituitary hormone secretion. The hypothalamus produces thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). This hormone stimulates the pituitary to release TSH. Thyroid Problems When the thyroid gland is not functioning properly, several thyroid disorders may develop. These disorders can range from a slightly enlarged gland to thyroid cancer. An iodine deficiency may cause the thyroid to become enlarged. An enlarged thyroid gland is referred to as a goiter. When the thyroid produces hormones in excess of the normal amount, it causes a condition called hyperthyroidism. When the thyroid does not produce enough thyroid hormone, hypothyroidism occurs. Many instances of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism are caused by autoimmune thyroid diseases. In autoimmune disease, the immune system attacks the body's own normal tissues and cells. Autoimmune thyroid diseases can cause the thyroid to become overactive or to stop producing hormones entirely. Parathyroid Glands Parathyroid glands are four small tissue masses located on the posterior side of the thyroid. These glands vary in number, but typically two or more may be found in the thyroid. Parathyroid glands contain many cells that secrete hormones and have access to extensive blood capillary systems. Parathyroid glands produce and secrete parathyroid hormone. This hormone helps to regulate calcium concentrations by increasing blood calcium levels when these levels dip below normal. Parathyroid hormone counteracts calcitonin, which decreases blood calcium levels. Parathyroid hormone increases calcium levels by promoting the break down of bone to release calcium, by increasing calcium absorption in the digestive system, and by increasing calcium absorption by the kidneys. Calcium ion regulation is vital to the proper functioning of organ systems such as the nervous system and muscular system.

The Andre Walker hair typing system is the most widely used system to classify hair. The system was created by the hairstylist of Oprah Winfrey, Andre Walker. According to this system there are four types of hair: straight, wavy, curly, kinky.

Square 1: Type 1 is straight hair, which reflects the most sheen and also the most resilient hair of all of the hair types. It is hard to damage and immensely difficult to curl this hair texture. Because the sebum easily spreads from the scalp to the ends without curls or kinks to interrupt its path, it is the most oily hair texture of all.

Square 2: Type 2 is wavy hair, whose texture and sheen ranges somewhere between straight and curly hair. Wavy hair is also more likely to become frizzy than straight hair. While type A waves can easily alternate between straight and curly styles, type B and C Wavy hair is resistant to styling. T

Square 3: Type 3 is curly hair known to have an S-shape. The curl pattern may resemble a lowercase "s", uppercase "S", or sometimes an uppercase "Z". This hair type is usually voluminous, "climate dependent (humidity = frizz), and damage prone." Lack of proper care causes less defined curls.

Square 4: Type 4 is kinky hair.

The endocranium in comparative anatomy is a part of the skull base in vertebrates and represent the basal, inner part of the cranium.

the endocranium is composed of only five bony elements (from front to back):

Square 1: The Ethmoid bone, lying behind the nose.

Square 2: The Sphenoid bone, underlying the forward portion of the brain

Square 3: Paired petrous part of the temporal bones, containing the inner ear structures

Square 4 The Occipital bone, surrounding the foramen magnum

The human lung has five lobes. Biologists have never understood why on the right side of the human there is three lobes connected to each other and on the left side there is two libes connected to each other. The reason is it fulfills the quadrant model pattern. There is always three things connected in the triad. Then the fourth and fifth are always different and connected

Anatomists divide the human abdomen into four quadrants. The way of dividing the abdomen into quadrants is called the abdominopelvic quadrants.

Square 1: right upper quadrant (RUQ)

Square 2: left upper quadrant (LUQ)

Square 3: right lower quadrant (RLQ)

Square 4: left lower quadrant (LLQ)

Anatomists divide the human body as the

Square 1: head

Square 2: thorax

Square 3: abdomen

Square 4: genitalia

An ant takes the same quadrant model form, divided as the

Square 1: head

Square 2: alitrunk

Square 3: petiole

Square 4: gaster

There are four classical muscles of mastication, not to be confused with masturbation. Mastication is chewing silly. During mastication, three muscles of mastication (musculi masticatorii) are responsible for adduction of the jaw, and one (the lateral pterygoid) helps to abduct it. All four move the jaw laterally. Therefore the quadrant model pattern is portrayed, as the fourth type is different from the other three. Mastication is one of the most important functions a human can do because the food keeps the human alive unless you are a breatharian. The four muscles are

Square 1: The masseter (composed of the superficial and deep head)

Square 2: The temporalis (the sphenomandibularis is considered a part of the temporalis by some sources, and a distinct muscle by others)

Square 3: The medial pterygoid

Square 4: The lateral pterygoid

In anatomy, the rotator cuff (sometimes incorrectly called a "rotator cup", "rotor cuff", or "rotary cup") is a group of muscles and their tendons that act to stabilize the shoulder. The four muscles of the rotator cuff

Square 1: supraspinatus muscle

Square 2: infrasoinatis muscle

Square 3: teres minor muscle

Square 4: subscalularis muscle

Chapter 52: Biology- The Human Heart.

In cultures throughout history and the world the heart has been viewed as a sacred symbol. The Aztecs cut out human hearts, considering them to be a symbol of God. The heart sections suggests the quadrant model pattern.  Not coincidentally the Aztecs and ancient people throughout the world saw the form of the quadrant as sacred.

The sections of the heart are

*Square one: the right atrium receives blood from the veins, and pumps it to the right ventricle

*Square two: the right ventricle receives blood from the right atrium, and pumps it to the lungs where it is loaded with oxygen

*Square three: the left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs, and pumps it to the left ventricle

*Square four: the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood throughout the body, again suggesting a transcendent, even divine quality.

Human heart

right atrium	left atrium
right ventricle	left ventricle

quadrant cell Biology Definition of quadrant cell in English: noun Each of the four cells formed by two successive divisions of a cell, especially as occurs in an early stage of plant embryogenesis.

Chapter 53: Biology- The Human Liver

The four lobes of the liver, often viewed by many cultures as sacred include

*Square one: the right lobe

*Square two: the left lobe

*Square three: the caudate lobe

*Square four: the quadrate lobe

The first two are the duality  and the fourth is different from the previous three.

Lobes of the liver

right lobe	caudate lobe
left lobe	quadrate lobe

The part of the pancreas with endocrine function is made up of approximately 3 millioncell clusters called pancreatic islets. These small micro organs are arranged along the pancreas in the form of density routes. Four main cell types exist in the islets. They are relatively difficult to distinguish using standard staining techniques, but they can be classified by their secretion:

Square 1: α alpha cells secrete glucagon (increase glucose in blood),

Square 2: β beta cells secrete insulin (decrease glucose in blood), The first two squares are the duality

Square 3: δ delta cells secrete somatostatin (regulates/stops α and β cells). The third square is the doer square and encompasses the previous two. The quadrant model is a holistic model with each square building upon the next.

Square 4: PP cells, or γ (gamma) cells, secrete pancreatic polypeptide.. The fourth square is different and transcendent.

The molecules responsible for creating cell junctions include various cell adhesion molecules. There are four main types:

Square 1: selectins

Square 2:cadherins

,square 3: integrins,

Square 4:the immunoglobulin superfamily

The four dopaminergic pathways in the brain are

Square 1: mesolimbic pathway-sometimes referred to as the reward pathway, is a dopaminergic pathway in the brain.The pathway starts in the ventral tegmental area of the midbrain and connects to the nucleus accumbens. It is the most significant neural pathway in the brain in which changes occur in all known forms of addiction.

Square 2: mesocortical pathway-The mesocortical pathway is a dopaminergic pathway that connects the ventral tegmentum to the cerebral cortex, in particular the frontal lobes. It is essential to the normal cognitive function of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (part of the frontal lobe), and is thought to be involved in cognitive control, motivation, and emotional response.

This pathway may be the brain system that is abnormal or functioning abnormally in psychoses, such as schizophrenia.It is thought to be associated with the negative symptoms of schizophrenia, which include avolition, alogia and flat affect. This pathway is closely associated with the mesolimbic pathway, which is also known as the mesolimbic reward pathway.

Square 3: nigrostriatal pathway-connects the substantia nigra with the dorsal striatum.is particularly involved in the production of movement, as part of a system called the basal ganglia motor loop.Loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra is one of the main pathological features of Parkinson's disease,leading to a marked reduction in dopamine function in this pathway. The symptoms of the disease typically do not show themselves until 80-90% of dopamine function has been lost.

This pathway is also implicated in producing tardive dyskinesia, one of the side-effects of antipsychotic drugs. These medications (in particular the older typical antipsychotics) block D2 dopamine receptors in multiple pathways in the brain.

Square 4: tuberoinfundibular pathway.Dopamine released at this site regulates the secretion of prolactin from the anterior pituitary gland.

Some antipsychotic drugs block dopamine in the tuberoinfundibular pathway, which can cause an increase in blood prolactin levels (hyperprolactinemia). This can cause abnormal lactation (even in men), disruptions to the menstrual cycle in women, visual problems, headache and sexual dysfunction.

Malfunctioning in these is thought to be responsible for schizophrenia

There are four different types of glial cells found in the central nervous system: Ependymal cells, Astrocytes, Microglial cells, and oligodendrocytes.

The substantia nigra, along with four other nuclei, is part of the basal ganglia. The nuclei of the basal ganglia are

Square 1: striatum (caudate and putamen)-The striatum, also known as the neostriatum or striate nucleus, is a subcortical part of the forebrain and a critical component of the reward system. It receives glutamatergic and dopaminergic inputs from different sources and serves as the primary input to the basal ganglia system

Square 2: pallidum (globus pallidus, medial and lateral). This a sub-cortical structure of the brain. It is part of the telencephalon, but retains close functional ties with the subthalamus - both of which are part of the extrapyramidal motor system

Square 3: substantia nigra. The substantia nigra is a brain structure located in the mesencephalon (midbrain) that plays an important role in reward, addiction, and movement. Substantia nigra is Latin for "black substance", reflecting the fact that parts of the substantia nigra appear darker than neighboring areas due to high levels of neuromelanin in dopaminergic neurons.The substantia nigra is an important player in brain function, in particular, in eye movement, motor planning, reward-seeking, learning, and addiction

Square 4: subthalamic nucleus. principal neurons are glutamatergic, which give them a particular functional position in the basal ganglia system. In humans there are also a small number (about 7.5%) of GABAergic interneurons that participate in the local circuitry; however, the dendritic arborizations of subthalamic neurons shy away from the border and majorly interact with one another.[

The layers of the gall bladder are

Square 1 The epithelium is the innermost layer of the gallbladder, and is of simple columnar type. Underneath the epithelium is a lamina propria; together, these two layers are known as the mucosa. A distinctive feature of the gallbladder is the presence of Rokitansky–Aschoff sinuses, deep outpouchings of the mucosa that can extend through the muscular layer.

Square 2: The submucosa is a thin layer of loose connective tissue with smaller blood vessels. It contains many elastin fibres, lymphatics, and in the neck of the gallbladder, glands which secrete mucus. The lymphatics of this layer help to drain water when the bile is concentrated, and the mucous glands may create a surface that protects the wall of the biliary tree. The second square is protection and homeostasis.

Square 3: The muscular layer, formed by smooth muscular tissue. The interspersed muscle fibres lie in longitudinal, oblique and transverse directions, and are not arranged in separate layers. The muscle fibres here contract to expel bile from the gallbladder. The third square is the doing square. The muscle is the doing movement part.

Square 4:The perimuscular ("around the muscle") fibrous tissue, another layer of connective tissue. The fourth square is always different.

Square 5: The serosa is a thick layer that covers the outer surface of the gallbladder, and is continuous with the peritoneum, which lines the abdominal cavity. The serosa contains blood vessels and lymphatics. This is the first square of the second quadrant. The second quadrant is protection and homeostasis

The sclera (from the Greek skleros, meaning hard) also known as the white of the eye, is the opaque, fibrous, protective, outer layer of the eye containing collagen and elastic fiber. In humans the whole sclera is white, contrasting with the coloured iris.

The collagen of the sclera is continuous with the cornea. From outer to innermost, the four layers of the sclera are:

Square 1: episclera-The episclera is the outermost layer of the sclera.It is composed of loose, fibrous, elastic tissue and attaches to Tenon's capsule.

Square 2: stroma-The stroma of the iris is a fibrovascular layer of tissue. It is the upper layer of two in the iris.

The stroma is a delicate interlacement of fibres. Some circle the circumference of the iris and the majority radiate toward the pupil. Blood vessels and nerves intersperse this mesh.

Square 3: lamina fusca-The choroid consists mainly of a dense capillary plexus, and of small arteries and veins carrying blood to and returning it from this plexus. This is where the action is taking place. It os the doing section

Square 4: endothelium. Different from the previous three but sort of encompasses them, the nature of the quadrant model

The choroid, also known as the choroidea or choroid coat, is the vascular layer of the eye, containing connective tissue, and lying between the retina and the sclera. The human choroid is thickest at the far extreme rear of the eye (at 0.2 mm), while in the outlying areas it narrows to 0.1 mm. The choroid provides oxygen and nourishment to the outer layers of the retina. Along with the ciliary body and iris, the choroid forms the uveal tract.

The structure of the choroid is divided into four layers (classified in order of furthest away from the retina to closest):

Square 1: Haller's layer - outermost layer of the choroid consisting of larger diameter blood vessels;

Square 2: Sattler's layer - layer of medium diameter blood vessels;

Square 3: Choriocapillaris - layer of capillaries; Capillaries are responsible for blood flow. The third square is the square of action while the first two squares are more homeostasis and protection (conservation). The third square is the doing square.

Square 4: Bruch's membrane (synonyms: Lamina basalis, Complexus basalis, Lamina vitra) - innermost layer of the choroid. the forth part is different and transcendent.It is also called the vitreous lamina, because of its glassy microscopic appearance. It is 2–4 μm thick. The fourth part is always different almost seeming to not exist or not belong, which is the nature of the Bruch's membrane.

Bruch's membrane is the fourth layer of the choroid. It itself fits the quadrant model pattern. It consists of five layers (from inside to outside):

Square 1: the basement membrane of the retinal pigment epithelium. The first square is protection. As I talked about in the ninth chapter of the book the first square is the LIGHT.

Square 2: the inner collagenous zone. The second square is the protection square/homeostasis. The WORD.

Square 3: a central band of elastic fibers. This is the movement square. This is where the action happens. The third square is the FLESH.

Square 4: the outer collagenous zone. The fourth square is the TRUE WORD. There is a connection between the second and fourth squares. One is the word and one is the true word. One is the inner collagenous zone. The fourth is the outer. They are similar but opposites. That is the relationship between the second and fourth squares. They are opposites.

Square 5: the basement membrane of the choriocapillaris. The fifth square is the TRUE LIGHT. It is the beginning of a new quadrant. Notice the similarities in name between the basement membrane of the retinal pigment epithelium, the first square, and the basement membrane of the choriocapillaries, the fifth.

From anterior (front) to posterior (back), the layers of the iris are:

Square 1: Anterior limiting layer- protection

Square 2: Stroma of iris- protection. The first two squares are structure, protection and homeostasis.

Square 3: Iris sphincter muscle- The third square is the muscle. This is the action square. The third square is related to doing and action. The third square is the physical/solid square. No coincidence the third layer is related to action. This layer constricts the eye.

Square 4; Iris dilator muscle. The fourth square is also related to action and doing but it is transcendent. While the third layer constricts the eye, the fourth layer dilates it, making it open for light. This makes me think of the rational who is abstract and wants light.

Square 5: Anterior pigment myoepithelium- This is pigment. This is the first square of the second quadrant. The pigment provides color. Color, and beauty, are related to the second square, which is the square that keeps order and homeostasis.

Square 6: Posterior pigment epithelium- Again the second square is about order and homeostasis/beauty. Here is is providing pigment

The vertebrate retina has ten distinct layers. According to biologists hese can be simplified into 4 main processing stages: photoreception, transmission to bipolar cells, transmission to ganglion cells which also contain photoreceptors, the photosensitive ganglion cells, and transmission along the optic nerve. At each synaptic stage there are also laterally connecting horizontal and amacrine cells.

Biologists divide the each retina into quadrants with four In animals there is monochromacy and dichromacy. Trichromacy or trichromaticism is the condition of possessing three independent channels for conveying color information, derived from the three different cone types .Trichromacy is what a lot of creatures have. Humans have trichromacy with three cones but they also have one rod (the fourth square is different from the first three). Tetrachromacy is the highest level of chromacy but it is more rare. The fourth square is always different. The fifth square is always questionable. There are some butterflies and some birds that have pentachromacy. Pentachromacy describes the capability and capacity for capturing, transmitting, processing, and perceiving five independent channels of color information through the primary visual system.

Quadrantanopia, quadrantanopsia, or quadrant anopia refers to an anopia affecting a quarter of the field of vision. It can be associated with a lesion of an optic radiation.[1] While quadrantanopia can be caused by lesions in the temporal and parietal lobes, it is most commonly associated with lesions in the occipital lobe.[2] If Meyer's loop (temporal pathway) is lesioned, the vision loss is superior (colloquially referred to as "pie in the sky"); if Baum's loop (parietal pathway) is lesioned, the vision loss is inferior.[3]

According to biologists, digestion is separated into four steps:

Square 1: Ingestion: placing food into the mouth (entry of food in the digestive system),

Square 2:Mechanical and chemical breakdown: mastication and the mixing of the resulting bolus with water, acids, bile and enzymes in the stomach and intestine to break down complex molecules into simple structures. This is getting the food ready for absorption. The second square is preparation for movement.

Square 3: Absorption: of nutrients from the digestive system to the circulatory and lymphatic capillaries through osmosis, active transport, and diffusion. This is the doing spot, moving the nutrients around so that they can be used by the body so the body can operate.

Square 4:Egestion (Excretion): Removal of undigested materials from the digestive tract through defecation. The fourth square always points to a larger context and is transcendent. The fourth square often does not seem to belong.

quadrant streak

a technique for microbial inoculation in which a single colony is isolated on a culture plate divided into four sections.

fire-control quadrant[′fīr kən‚trōl ‚kwäd·rənt] (ordnance) A chemical device with a scale to measure angles and a leveling adjustment, used to measure the elevation angles of a weapon for obtaining the horizontal range of a weapon; it is attached to the gun, gun mount, or gun carriage.

The esophagus has four points of constriction. When corrosive substances are ingested, or a solid object is swallowed, it is most likely to lodge and damage these four points. These constrictions are because of particular structures that compress on the esophagus. These constrictions are:

At the start of the esophagus, where the pharynx joins the esophagus, behind the cricoid cartilage

Where it is crossed on the front by the aortic arch and the left main bronchus

Where it passes through the diaphragm. At the start of the esophagus, where the pharynx joins the esophagus behind the cricoid cartilage Where it is crossed on the front by the aortic arch and the left main bronchus

Where it passes through the diaphragm. The esophagus is divided into the four parts the cervical esophagus, the thoracic espophagus, the mid thoracic espophagus, and the lower thoracic esphagus

Chapter 54: Biology- Neurons

Neurons are the functional units of the brain.  Scientists think that thoughts are the product of the firing of electrochemical action potentials among neurons in the brain. The structure of the neuron divisions is based on the quadrant model pattern.

*Square one: dendrites

*Square two: cell body--forms the structure, characteristic of the second square

*Square three: axon, the third, action square where electrical stimulus travels. The third square is associated with action.

*Square four: synaptic terminal. The fourth part is social/society, is always different from the previous three, and points to a larger context--this leads to a new neuron.

Neuron

dendrite	axon
cell body	synaptic terminal

    Here's an excerpt from my book the quadrant model

The optic chiasm or optic chiasma (Greek χίασμα, "crossing", from the Greek χιάζω 'to mark with an X', after the Greek letter 'Χ', chi) is the part of the brain where the optic nerves (CN II) partially cross. The optic chiasm is located at the bottom of the brain immediately below the hypothalamus

From lateral to medial, the four deep cerebellar nuclei are the

Square 1: dentate

Square 2: emboliform

Square 3: globose

Square 4: fastigii. Some animals, including humans, do not have distinct emboliform and globose nuclei, instead having a single, fused interposed nucleus. I

These structural relationships are generally maintained in the neuronal connections between the nuclei and associated cerebellar cortex,

with the dentate nucleus receiving most of its connections from the lateral hemispheres,

the interposed nuclei receiving inputs mostly from the paravermis,

and the fastigial nucleus receiving primarily afferents from the vermis.

In the brain, the corpora quadrigemina (Latin for "quadruplet bodies") are the four colliculi—two inferior, two superior—located on the tectum of the dorsal aspect of the midbrain. They are respectively named the inferior and superior colliculus.

The corpora quadrigemina are reflex centers involving vision and hearing.

They reflect the quadrant image

The ventricular system is a set of four interconnected cavities (ventricles) in the brain, where the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is produced. Within each ventricle is a region of choroid plexus, a network of ependymal cells involved in the production of CSF. The ventricular system is continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord

The system comprises four ventricles:

Square 1: left lateral ventricles located in the cerebellum

Square 2: right lateral ventricle located in the cerebellum. The first two are the duality

Square 3: third ventricle.in the diencephalon of the forebrain between the right and left thalamus

Square 4: fourth ventricle. The fourth is different from the first three which os the nature of the quadrant model. It is located at the back of the pons and upper half of the medulla oblongata of the hindbrain

There are several foramina, openings acting as channels, that connect the ventricles. The interventricular foramina (also called the foramina of Monro) connect the lateral ventricles to the third ventricle through which the cerebrospinal fluid can flow.

Square 1:interventricular foramina (Monro)

Square 2:cerebral aqueduct (Sylvius

Square 3:median aperture (Magendie

Square 4:right and left lateral aperture (Luschka)

The vestibular nuclei are the cranial nuclei for the vestibular nerve.

In Terminologia Anatomica they are grouped in both the pons and the medulla in the brainstem.

There are 4 subnuclei; they are situated at the floor of the fourth ventricle.

Square 1:medial vestibular nucleus (dorsal or chief vestibular nucleus

Square 2:lateral vestibular nucleus or nucleus of Deiters

Square 3:inferior vestibular nucleus

Square 4:superior vestibular nucleus

The parathyroid glands are small endocrine glands in the neck of humans and other tetrapods that produce parathyroid hormone. Humans usually have four parathyroid glands, variably located on the back of the thyroid gland, although considerable variation exists. The four glands take the quadrant formation image

The first endocrine gland is the pineal gland. The cells of the pineal gland fit the quadrant model image. They are

Cell type Description

Square 1: Pinealocytes The pinealocytes consist of a cell body with 4–6 processes emerging. They produce and secrete melatonin. The pinealocytes can be stained by special silver impregnation methods. Their cytoplasm is lightly basophilic. With special stains, pinealocytes exhibit lengthy, branched cytoplasmic processes that extend to the connective septa and its blood vessels.

Square 2: Interstitial cells Interstitial cells are located between the pinealocytes. They have elongated nuclei and a cytoplasm that is stained darker than that of the pinealocytes.These are homeostasis maintaining structure. The second square is homeostasis.

Square 3: Perivascular phagocyte Many capillaries are present in the gland, and perivascular phagocytes are located close to these blood vessels. The perivascular phagocytes are antigen presenting cells.The third square is the doers. These eat pathogens.

Square 4: Pineal neurons In higher vertebrates neurons are usually located in the pineal gland. However, this is not the case in rodents. The fourth is always different. These are in humans. The fourth is also related to the mind and intelligence and these are neurons.

Square 5:Peptidergic neuron-like cells In some species, neuronal-like peptidergic cells are present. These cells might have a paracrine regulatory function.

The fifth type is only found in some species. The fifth is always questionable.

The endocrine glands in the body as a whole fulfill the quadrant model pattern.

There are four main different types of muscle contraction: twitch, treppe, tetanus and isometric/isotonic. Twitch contraction is the process previously described, in which a single stimulus signals for a single contraction. In twitch contraction the length of the contraction may vary depending on the size of the muscle cell. During treppe (or summation) muscles do not start at maximum efficiency, instead they achieve increased strength of contraction due to repeated stimuli. Tetanus involves a sustained contraction of muscles due to a series of rapid stimuli, which can continue until the muscles fatigue. Isometric are skeletal muscle contractions that do not cause movement of the muscle. However isotonic are skeletal muscles contractions that do cause movement

Chapter 54.5

The bone is made up of four categories of cells whose natures fit the quadrant model pattern. They are

Square 1: osteoblasts build bones- The first square is good

Square 2: osteocytes hold the bone together- The second square is homeostasis.

Square 3: osteoclasts destroy the bone- The third square is bad and destruction

Square 4:lining cells. The fourth square encompasses the previous three and is different from the previous three. Lining cells protect the other cells. Lining cells tend to only be in adults. The fourth is always different from the previous three.

A leg bone is a bone found in the leg. These can include any the following:

Square 1: Femur – the thigh bone

Square 2: Patella – the knee cap

Square 3:Tibia – the shin bone, the larger of the two leg bones located below the knee cap

Square 4: Fibula – the smaller of the two leg bones located below the knee cap. The fourth os different from the other three

William Edgar Caldwell and Howard Carmen Moloy studied collections of skeletal pelves and thousands of stereoscopic radiograms and finally recognized three types of female pelves plus the masculine type. In 1933 and 1934 they published their typology, including the Greek names since then frequently quoted in various handbooks:

Square 1: Gynaecoid (gyne, woman). The gynaecoid pelvis is the so-called normal female pelvis. Its inlet is either slightly oval, with a greater transverse diameter, or round. The interior walls are straight, the subpubic arch wide, the sacrum shows an average to backward inclination, and the greater sciatic notch is well rounded. Because this type is spacious and well proportioned there is little or no difficulty in the birth process. Caldwell and his co-workers found gynaecoid pelves in about 50 per cent of specimens.

square 2: anthropoid (anthropos, human being), The platypelloid pelvis has a transversally wide, flattened shape, is wide anteriorly, greater sciatic notches of male type, and has a short sacrum that curves inwards reducing the diameters of the lower pelvis. This is similar to the rachitic pelvis where the softened bones widen laterally because of the weight from the upper body resulting in a reduced anteroposterior diameter. Giving birth with this type of pelvis is associated with problems, such as transverse arrest. Less than 3 per cent of women have this pelvis type.

Square 3: platypelloid (platys, flat), The android pelvis is a female pelvis with masculine features, including a wedge or heart shaped inlet caused by a prominent sacrum and a triangular anterior segment. The reduced pelvis outlet often causes problems during child birth. In 1939 Caldwell found this type in one third of white women and in one sixth of non-white women.

Square 4: android (aner, man).The anthropoid pelvis is characterized by an oval shape with a greater anteroposterior diameter. It has straight walls, a small subpubic arch, and large sacrosciatic notches. The sciatic spines are placed widely apart and the sacrum is usually straight resulting in deep non-obstructed pelvis. Caldwell found this type in one quarter of white women and almost half of non-white women.

There are four types of amniote skull, classified by the number and location of their fenestra. These are:

Square 1: anapsida – no openings

Square 2: Synapsida – one low opening (beneath the postorbital and squamosal bones)

Square 3: Euryapsida – one high opening (above the postorbital and squamosal bones); euryapsids actually evolved from a diapsid configuration, losing their lower temporal fenestra.

Square 4: Diapsida – two openings

Evolutionarily, they are related as follows:

Amniota

Class Synapsida

Order Therapsida

Class Mammalia – mammals

(Unranked)Sauropsida – reptiles

Subclass Anapsida

(unranked) Eureptilia

Subclass Diapsida

(unranked) Euryapsida

Class Aves – birds

There are four classes of hormones. They are

Square 1: amine hormones

Square 2: peptide hormones

Square 3: protein hormones

Square 4: steroid hormones

Chapter 55: Biology- The Components of the Blood
Blood has four components. The four components are
Square 1: red blood cells. They provide oxygen.
Square 2: white blood cells. Red and white blood cells are the duality. White blood cells offer protection, participating in the immune system of the body. The second square is homeostasis.
Square 3: platelets. These are the doers and the most physical. The third square is always the most physical. They are responsible for clotting blood.
Square 4 plasma. Plasma is different from the other three, which is characteristic of the fourth square.                

Blood is made up of hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is a heterotetramer, (αβ)2)

In mammals, the protein makes up about 96% of the red blood cells' dry content (by weight), and around 35% of the total content (including water).Hemoglobin has an oxygen-binding capacity of 1.34 mL O2 per gram,which increases the total blood oxygen capacity seventy-fold compared to dissolved oxygen in blood. The mammalian hemoglobin molecule can bind (carry) up to four oxygen molecules. The reason it carries four oxygen molecules at one time is it is shaped like a quadrant.

Hemoglobin's quaternary structure comes from its four subunits in roughly a tetrahedral arrangement. The hemoglobin takes the literal form of a quadrant

In most vertebrates, the hemoglobin molecule is an assembly of four globular protein subunits.

In adult humans, the most common hemoglobin type is a tetramer (which contains 4 subunit proteins) called hemoglobin A, consisting of two α and two β subunits (taking on the form of a quadrant) non-covalently bound, each made of 141 and 146 amino acid residues, respectively. This is denoted as α2β2.

There are four known classes of hemoglobins

Square 1: hemoglobin A,

Square 2: hemoglobin A2,

Square 3: hemoglobin B,

Square 4hemoglobin F are paralogs of each other.

Tetrapharmakos, or "The four-part cure", is Epicurus' basic guideline as to how to live the happiest possible life. This poetic doctrine was handed down by an anonymous Epicurean who summed up Epicurus' philosophy on happiness in four simple lines:

Square 1: Don't fear god,

Square 2: Don't worry about death;

Square 3: What is good is easy to get, and

Square 4: What is terrible is easy to endure.

— Philodemus, Herculaneum Papyrus, 1005, 4.9–14

The bible is obsessed with blood. Everything about blood embodies the quadrant model image

Laminin is a protein found in the extracellular matrix, the sheets of protein that form the substrate of all internal organs also called the basement membrane. It is the major non-collagenous component of the basal lamina. It has four arms that can bind to four other molecules. The three shorter arms are good at binding to other laminin molecules, which is what makes it so great at forming sheets. The long arm is capable of binding to cells, which helps anchor the actual organs to the membrane.Laminin is vital to making sure overall body structures hold together. Improper production of laminin can cause muscles to form improperly, leading to a form of muscular dystrophy. Basically it is the rebar of the body.what is most amazing is actually what laminin looks like, or the sight of it. Laminin is actually in the shape of a cross. Laminin, the very thing that holds our bodies together, is in the shape of a cross.

The antibody isotypes fit the quadrant model pattern. The fourth is different and the fifth is ultra different. The fourth square always points to the fifth

Square 1: IgA

Square 2: IgG

Square 3: IgD

Square 4: IgE,

Square 5: IgM,

IgG antibodies are large molecules of about 150 kDa made of four peptide chains. It contains two identical class γ heavy chains of about 50 kDa and two identical light chains of about 25 kDa, thus a tetrameric quaternary structure.

There are four IgG subclasses (IgG1, 2, 3, and 4) in humans, named in order of their abundance in serum (IgG1 being the most abundant).

Monomers of IgE consist of two heavy chains (ε chain) and two light chains, with the ε chain containing 4 Ig-like constant domains, revealing the four fold

In general there are 4 main cellular compartments, they are:

The nuclear compartment comprising square 1: the nucleus

Square 2: The intercisternal space which comprises the space between the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum (which is continuous with the nuclear envelope)

Square 3: Organelles

Square 4: The cytosol

There are four types of stem cells

Square 1: isco parthenotes

Square 2: Embryonic stem cells

Square 3: iPs stem cells

Square 4: adult stem cells

The quadriceps femoris (/ˈkwɒdrɨsɛps ˈfɛmərɨs/) (Latin for "four-headed muscle of the femur"), also called simply the quadriceps, quadriceps extensor, or quads, is a large muscle group that includes the four prevailing muscles on the front of the thigh. It is the great extensor muscle of the knee, forming a large fleshy mass which covers the front and sides of the femur.

It is subdivided into four separate portions or 'heads', which have received distinctive names:

Three muscles lie deep to rectus femoris and originate from the body of the femur, which they cover from the trochanters to the condyles. This is the interconnected triad. They are

Square 1: Vastus lateralis is on the lateral side of the femur (i.e. on the outer side of the thigh).

Square 2: Vastus medialis is on the medial side of the femur (i.e. on the inner part thigh).

Square 3: Vastus intermedius lies between vastus lateralis and vastus medialis on the front of the femur (i.e. on the top or front of the thigh), but deep to the rectus femoris. Typically, it cannot be seen without dissection of the rectus femoris.

Square 4: Rectus femoris occupies the middle of the thigh, covering most of the other three quadriceps muscles. It originates on the ilium. It is named from its straight course. This is the transcendent fourth

Square 5: There is a fifth muscle of the quadriceps complex that is often forgotten and rarely taught called articularis genus. The fifth is always questionable and ultra transcendent

All four quadriceps are powerful extensors of the knee joint.

The human hamstring fulfills the quadrant model pattern. The fourth part is different from the first three.

The three muscles of the posterior thigh (semitendinosus, semimembranosus, biceps femoris long & short head) flex (bend) the knee, while all but the short head of biceps femoris extend (straighten) the hip. The three 'true' hamstrings cross both the hip and the knee joint and are therefore involved in knee flexion and hip extension. The short head of the biceps femoris crosses only one joint (knee) and is therefore not involved in hip extension. With its divergent origin and innervation it is sometimes excluded from the 'hamstring' characterization. Regardless it is often included. Like gravity is the fourth force that is different, so is the short head of the biceps femoris. The four muscles of the hamstring are

Square 1:semitendinosus

Square 2:semimembranosus

Square 3:biceps femoris - long head

Square 4:biceps femoris - short head

The hamstring as well as the quadriceps are extremely important for running and jumping, and they exude the quadrant model image.

Hamstrings are antagonists to the quadriceps

Chapter 56: Biology- The Embryo Divisions

The human embryo divisions are based on the quadrant model pattern.  Biologists   have been unable to determine the reasons behind the the germ layer divisions. The human

embryo divisions are Re-presentations of the Quadrant Model of Reality—they are the Real and Intangible Form of Existence presented in discernible form.  

The germ layers of the embryo are:

*Square one: endoderm. Forms the digestive tube and the lining cells of the glands that form the digestive tube, including those of the liver and pancreas, the epitheliumm of the auditory tube and tympanic cavity; the trachea bronchi and air cells of the lungs; th urinary bladder and part of the urethra, and the follicle lining of the thyroid gland and thymus. The endoderm forms the stomach, colon, liver, pancreas, urinary bladder, epithelial parts fo the trachea, lungs pharynx, thyroid, parathyroid, and trachea.

*Square two: Mesoderm. The chorda-mesoderm develops into the notochord. The intermediate mesoderm develops into kidneys and gonads. The paraxial mesoderm develops into cartilage, skeletal muscle, and dermis. The lateral plate mesoderm develops into the circulatory system, which includes the spleen and heart, and the wall of the gut, and wall of the human body .The mesoderm forms muscle, bone, cartilage, connective tissue, adipose tissue, the circulatory system, the lymphatic system, the serous membrane, the notochord, the dermis, and the genitourinary system. This square is structure. The first two squares are the duality. They seem to form structures that are conservative and for homeostasis. The nature of the first two squares are both more conservative. The second square is the most about structure and homeostasis.

*Square three: ectoderm. The ectoderm generates the outer layer of the embryo, and it forms from the embryo's epiblast. The ectoderm develops into the surface ectoderm, neural crest, and the neural tube.  The surface ectoderm produces hair, epidermis, lens of the eye, nails, cornea, tooth enamel, sebacesous glands, and the epithelium of the mouth and nose.  The neural crest of the ectoderm produces the adrenal medulla, the peripheral nervous system, melanocytes, facial cartilage, and dentin of teeth. The neural tube of the ectoderm yields the spinal cord, motor neurons, the brain, the retina, and posterior pituitary. As you can see motor neurons and things associated with movement like the adrenal medulla are in the third layer. The third layer is solid and about doing.

*Square four: Neural crest. The fourth layer is different from the previous

three. Sometimes it is not even considered a different germ layer, but due to its importance, biologists consider it a fourth germ layer. The fourth is always different, questionable, and always  somewhat transcendent.

The Human Embryo

endoderm	ectoderm
mesoderm	neural crest

Chapter 57: Biology- Mendelian Genetics

The mechanism of inheritance for genetics was considered a mystery before Mendel.  At first nobody noticed his work; he died with his work unnoticed. But now Mendelian genetics is considered the mechanisms of inheritance.  Based on punnett squares, which are essentially quadrants. The model punnett square is a dihybrid cross in which two

heterozygote parents cross their genes.

Four possibilities emerge:

*Square one: BB—two dominant alleles, and yields blue

*Square two: Bb—one dominant, one recessive allele, and yields blue

*Square three: bB--one recessive allele, one dominant allele, and yields blue

        *Square four: bb--two recessive alleles, and yields green.

The first three squares are the same--the nature of the quadrant model. The first three are very connected, and the fourth is very different. Mendel was a monk, more evidence that science and religion have always been connected. Religion was possibly the first example of scientific inquiry.  Science has always contributed to religious knowledge, and religion has always contributed to scientific knowledge. An example of this is that scientists say that there was a big bang during which something came out of nothing, a proposition close to what is found in the Bible.

Punnett Squares

BB	bB
Bb	bb

Drosophila melanogaster is a fruit fly, a little insect about 3mm long, of the kind that accumulates around spoiled fruit. It is also one of the most valuable of organisms in biological research, particularly in genetics and developmental biology. Drosophila has been used as a model organism for research for almost a century, and today, several thousand scientists are working on many different aspects of the fruit fly. Drosophila is so popular, it would be almost impossible to list the number of things that are being done with it. Originally, it was mostly used in genetics, for instance to discover that genes were related to proteins and to study the rules of genetic inheritance. More recently, it is used mostly in developmental biology, looking to see how a complex organism arises from a relatively simple fertilised egg. Embryonic development is where most of the attention is concentrated, but there is also a great deal of interest in how various adult structures develop in the pupa, mostly focused on the development of the compound eye, but also on the wings, legs and other organs.

Drosophila has four pairs of chromosomes: the

Square 1: X/Y sex chromosomes and square 2: the autosomes 2,

Square 3: autosomes 3

Square 4: autosomes 4. The fourth chromosome is very tiny and rarely heard from

Notice the quadrant model pattern. The first three are similar and used for the model organism of biology, the fruit fly, but the fourth pair is different.

Polytebe Chromosomes are the magic markers that first put Drosophila in the spotlight. As the fly larva grows, it keeps the same number of cells, but needs to make much more gene product. The result is that the cells get much bigger and each chromosome divides hundreds of times, but all the strands stay attached to each other. The result is a massively thick polytene chromosome, which can easily be seen under the microscope.

polytene picture Even better, these chromosomes have a pattern of dark and light bands, like a bar code, which is unique for each section of the chromosome. As a result, by reading the polytene bands, you can see what part of the chromosome you are looking at. Any large deletions, or other rearrangements of part of a chromosome can be identified, and using modern nucleic acid probes, individual cloned genes can be placed on the polytene map.

The standard map of the polytene chromosome divides the genome into 102 numbered bands (1-20 is the X, 21-60 is the second, 61-100 the third and 101-102 the fourth); each of those is divided into six letter bands (A-F) and those are subdivided into up to 13 numbered divisions (the picture above shows band 57.

What makes fruit fly the model organism for biologists is the chromosomes. And the chromosomes fit the quadrant model pattern

Thomas Hunt Morgan's work with the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster identified chromosomes as the vector of inheritance for genes. Drosophila became one of the first, and for some time the most widely used, model organisms,and Eric Kandel wrote that Morgan's discoveries "helped transform biology into an experimental science."

The four types of arrangement for flagellum are

square 1: peritrichous

square 2: lophotrichous

sqaure 3: Amphitrichous

square 4: monotrichous

There are four types of chromosomes based upon the position of the centromere. Chromosomes are necessary for reproduction of all living creatures.A chromosome is a packaged and organized structure containing most of the DNA of a living organism. Chromosomes themselves are shaped like quadrants or crosses, with a four arm structure

1) Metacentric : In this type of chromosome the centromere occurs in the centre and all the four chromatids are of equal length.

2) Submetacentric : In this type of chromosome the centromere is a little away from the centre and therefore chromatids of one side are slightly longer than the other side.

3) Acrocentric : In this type of chromosome the centromere is located closer to one end of chromatid therefore the chromatids on opposite side are very long. A small round structure, attached by a very thin thread is observed on the side of shorter chromatid. The small round structure that is a part of the chromatid is termed as satellite. The thin strands at the satellite region are termed as Nucleolar Organiser Region.

4) Telocentric : In this type of chromosome the centromere is placed at one end of the chromatid and hence only one arm. Such telocentric chromosomes are not seen in human cells.

quadrat (ˈkwɒdrət) n 1. (Botany) ecology an area of vegetation, often one square metre, marked out for study of the plants in the surrounding area 2. (Environmental Science) the frame used to mark out such an area

Chapter 58: Biology- Darwins inferences

Charles Darwin revolutionized the science of biology.  He offered five  proposals that fit the quadrant model pattern.

*Square one: Species have great fertility, which allows for producing more offspring than can grow to adulthood.

*Square two: Populations remain roughly the same size, with  little fluctuations.

*Square three: Food resources are limited, but remain constant.

*Square four: In sexually reproducing species, rarely are two individuals identical; variation is rampant.

His first three observations differ from his fourth and fifth, which are only inferences. The fourth always indicates the nature of the fifth.

*Square five: A majority of this variation is heritable.

These observations and inferences fit the quadrant model pattern. The first three are connected, while the fourth is different and indicates the nature of the fifth.

Chapter 59: biology- the structure of the cornea

The quadrant model can be seen in the structure of the cornea. The quadrant model pattern is revealed in all domains of the human body.

*Square one: cornelial epithelium. This is an extremely thin epithelial multicellular tissue layer, which prevents bacteria from entering. The first square is always protective and conservative. The first square is the LIGHT.

*Square two: Bowman area, also known as the anterior limiting membrane, is

an extremely protective layer, protecting the next layer of the eye. The nature of the second square is the protector and the Guardian. The second square is always the most protective. This is a tough layer composed mostly of collagen. The second square is the WORD.

*Square three: Corneal stroma, a thick and transparent layer. The third square is always the most physical, solid, and action-oriented. The third square is associated with doing. In the corneal stroma there is collagen fibers and sparsely distributed interconnected keratocytes, which are cells for repair and maintenance.  The third square is the doing square where the action is occurring. The third square is the FLESH.

*Square four: Descemets membrane. (also known as posterior limiting membrane) This is a thin acellular layer that serves as the basement membrane for the next layer, the Corneal epithelium. It is important to note that the  fourth

layer seems not to belong. It is different from the other three. The Descemets membrane is a thin acellular layer, appearing almost as if it does not exist, a common attribute of the fourth square. Like the thermosphere, the fourth layer of the atmosphere, in which the air was extremely rarefied as if nothing was there, or like the rational who only makes up 5 percent of the population.. Also the Descemets membrane is a basement layer for the fifth layer. The fourth always points to the fifth, indicating what is to follow. This layer is made of mostly collagen type IV fibrils. It is also important to note that this square is the TRUE WORD fourth square; it is connected with the second square, which is the WORD. It is no coincidence that the fourth layer is called the posterior limiting membrane, and the second layer the anterior limiting membrane. The second and fourth layers are opposites, but connected.  In the Wilbur model the second square is culture, and the fourth square is social/society. These concepts are similar but different, almost opposites, but connected, informing each other.

*Square five: Corneal endothelium. This square is the TRUE LIGHT. The first square, which is the light is the corneal epithelium. The fifth layer is the Corneal endothelium. There is a connection between the first and fifth square in that the first is the light and the fifth is the true light. This layer is a simple squamous or low cuboidal monolayer. Apparently the term endothelium is a misnomer. The first layer and the fifth are similar; the difference is that the cells of the endothelium do not regenerate. Like the forth it is simple, the forth points to the fifth.

The cornea

cornelial epithelium	Corneal stroma
Bowman’s area	Descemet’s area

Corneal endothelium

Chapter 60: biology- the layers of the brain cortex

The layers of the cortex of the brain reflect the quadrant model pattern.

*Square one: the molecular layer is THE LIGHT. It has few scattered neurons, and is mostly extensions of apical dendritic tufts of pyramidal neurons and horizontally oriented axons, as well as glial cells. Some Cajal Retzius and spiny stellate cells are here. Inputs to the apical tufts are thought to be associated with learning and attention. The first square in the Wilbur model is the MIND. The first square is associated with learning, and in the Keirsey model is the Idealist. Idealists are very learned and aware. This square is sensation.

*Square two: the external granular layer has small pyramidal neurons and many stellate neurons. Pyramidal neurons are important in neuroplasticity and cognition. This square is the WORD. This is Wilbur's cultural square, and  is the Guardian. This square is perception. Neuroplasticity is healing which is associated with the second square homeosasis.

*Square three, the external pyramidal layer has mostly small and medium sized pyramidal neurons having non-pyramidal neurons with vertically oriented intracortical axons. This third square is the doing layer; it is the FLESH. In the Wilbur model it body square and it is the Keirsey Artisan. This square is response. These neurons are realated to doing.

*Square four: the internal granular layer. This square is the TRUE WORD. The second square is the word, and is the external granular layer. The fourth square is the true word and the internal granular layer. There is always a connection between the second and fourth squares, and they are always sort  of opposites. The fourth square is Wilber's social/society square and it is the rational. This square is awareness.

*Square five: the internal pyramidal layer. This is the true light. It contains large pyramidal neurons, which go to axons leaving the cortex and running

down to subcortical structures. The fifth is always very transcendent. This square is belief.

*Square six:This is the Polymorphic or multiform layer, contains few large pyramidal neurons and many small spindle-like pyramidal and multiform neurons. This one kind of builds on the fifth square and that is the nature of the sixth square. This square is faith.

Layers 1, 2, and 3 are known as supergranular layers, and are described as different from layer 4; layer four is different, while layers 1, 2, and 3 are intricately connected reflecting the nature of the quadrant model pattern.

It is important to note that many things in nature are structured according to layers, and these layers always fit the quadrant model pattern. I could go into numerous other examples of the quadrant model pattern being expressed in the body, everywhere from the ordering of the glands of the body as well as the layers of skin and other such examples, but these explanations are very detailed and complicated and not necessary to illustrate the basic principle and purpose of this book, which is just to show simply how the quadrant model of reality is to be imagined.

Chapter 61: biology- social behaviors

Social evolution is a sub-discipline of evolutionary biology. Social biology deals with social behaviors, categorizing them based on fitness consequences that they yield for the actor and recipient. The consequences fit the quadrant model pattern.

*Square one: Mutually beneficial. This is a behavior that increases the direct fitness of both the actor and the recipient. This is like the idealist. The idealist likes to help others and the idealist can help himself.

*Square two: Altruistic. This is a behavior that increases the fitness of the recipient, but the actor suffers a loss. This is like the guardian who will take the shirt off of his back for you.

*Square three: Spiteful. The third square is always the opposite of the first square. The third square is the flesh and the first square is the light. This is like the artisan. The artisan can be pretty wild and destructive.

*Square four: Selfish. A behavior that increases the direct fitness of the actor, but the recipient suffers a loss. This is the rational. The rational needs a lot of help from others to sustain his abstract consciousness. But often people may describe the rational as useless and even hurting others because the rational can be against the status quo.

Evolutionary biologists question why there is altruistic behavior if the purpose of behavior is to help spread genes to future generations. The reasoning that they submit is kin selection. Evidence shows that people will help members of their kin because this helps to spread their genes to future generations. A mathematician named Pierce proved through mathematics that there is actually no such thing as altruistic behavior, but what appears to be altruism is in fact behavior designed to spread genes to future generations.

Social behaviors

Mutually beneficial	Spiteful
Altruistic	Selfish

Chapter 62: biology- types of speciation

Speciation is an evolutionary process that produces new species. It has been observed in animals usually when animals of the same species are separated. The forms of speciation  take the quadrant model pattern.

*Square one: allopatric. In allopatric speciation, a population divides into two geographically separate populations. This can happen due to habitat fragmentation. For instance, continents can separate. A scientist a long time ago hypothesized that all of the Earths’ continents were one continent. He was called crazy. But evidence later showed that species of plants and animals at the parts of continents that looked as though they were once connected seemed biologically related. But when a species separates due to geographical barriers, then speciation occurs. The species on one side of the barrier evolves to its geography, and the species on the other side of the barrier evolves to its geography.   Eventually  they become so different  that they can no longer mate

with each other, thus they become separate species.

*Square two: peripatric speciation. In peripatric speciation, new species are created in isolated, smaller peripheral populations that cannot exchange genes with the main population.

*Square three: parapatric speciation. There is partial separation of the zones of two diverging populations, but mating between the two populations decreases and stops until two separate species are formed.

*Square four: sympatric speciation. This is when diverging populations are in the same location, but a group stops mating with the other, and speciation occurs. The fourth doesn't seem to belong. Some scientists think that there is evidence of sympatric evolution, but others argue that there has never been a case.

Some biologists say that speciation can be observed in human populations; when separated from each other for a long period of time, genetic differences accrue between them. Anthropologists have studied this extensively. An example of this occurred in Spain when human populations separated for a while they developed language differences. In a region called Longedoc, which means “land of doc”, where people used “doc” to mean “yes”. This area  geographically distant from other areas, developed a different language. Anthropologists have discovered that language differences coincide with genetic differences between populations. By studying differences in languages of different groups, anthropologists can predict genetic differences. The more ethnic group languages differ, the more genetically dissimilar they are.

Chapter 63: biology- the sexual response cycle

The stages of the sexual response cycle fit the quadrant model pattern. The stages  are

*Square one: excitement--the body readies sexual activity. The first square is not action, neither is the second. The third square is action. The third square is doing. The first square is the thinking square.

*Square two: plateau. Here muscle tension increases in preparation for the orgasm, but it is not yet the action of orgasm.

*Square three: orgasm is the climax--the action phase. The orgasm is involuntary muscle contraction action. In men there is ejaculation of semen.

*Square four: resolution--the body slowly returns to normal levels of functioning. The nature of the fourth square is that it does not seem to belong; it is in a different, somewhat transcendent state, like it is not there.  it is a neutral state. The fourth level of the atmosphere is rarefied air, or the Rational fourth personality type comprises only five percent of the human population, and doesn’t seem to exist.

Sex cycle

excitement	orgasm
plateu	resolution

Chapter 64: biology- types of Dna

According to biologists there are four types of DNA. DNA recall, is the blueprint for creating organisms. DNA tells proteins what to do, and proteins build organisms. DNA is passed from parents to offspring. Different types of DNA are passed by Moms and Dads. The types of DNA are

*Square one: Y Chromosomal DNA

*Square two: X Chromosomal DNA. Notice how the first two are the duality

*Square three: Autosomal DNA

*Square four: Mitochondrial DNA.

DNA Types

Y Chromosomal DNA	Autosomal DNA
X Chromosomal DNA	Mitochondrial DNA

Rosalind Franklin took the x

Ray refraction image if dna that watson and crick stole, which lead to the discovery of the structure of dna. The x ray refraction that sparked the insight was an image of an x or a quadrant. This image gave watson and crick the idea that dna was helical and they took this image from Franklin withkut her knowing about it

Chapter 65: biology- parts of mitochondria

There are five distinct parts to a mitochondrion. They fit the quadrant model pattern. They are
Square 1: the outer mitochondrial membrane
Square 2: the intermembrane space
Square 3: the inner membrane contains proteins with five types of functions
Square 4: the cristae space
Square 5: the matrix

chapter 66 biology- mitochondria complexes

There are four complexes in the mitochondrion that make up the electron transport chain. The electron transport chain creates energy for the cell by producing atp, and the electron transport chain navigated the ought these four complexes. They resemble the quadrant model pattern. They are
Square 1: complex 1
Square 2: complex 2
Square 3: complex 3
Square 4. Complex 4

The atp produced by the process of the electron transport chain that creates energy for the body of organisms to function. It is no coincidence such an important process fits the quadrant model pattern

Chapter 67: biology- oogenesis and spermatogenesis

Oogenesis is the process in women in which they produce an ovum. In the end of the process four ovum are produced, but three are discarded and one remains with the potential for fertilization. In the quadrant model pattern the fourth has a different quality than the other three. The process to create the ovum also fits the quadrant model pattern.

Square 1: there is an oogonium

Square 2: the oogonium becomes a primary oocyte.

Square 3: the primary oocyte becomes a secondary oocyte

Square 4: the secondary oocyte becomes an ovum

In spermatogenesis, the process by which men make sperm, the same pattern occurs where one spermatogonium, becomes four sperm. The four sperm recall the quadrant. Ultimately only one of the four sperm created will have a chance at facilitating reproduction.

After fertilization, the conceptus travels down the oviduct towards the uterus while continuing to divide mitotically without actually increasing in size, in a process called cleavage. After four divisions, the conceptus consists of 16 blastomeres (the 16 squares of the quadrant model), and it is known as the morula.

Scientists say they have no idea why a cell has to do this, why it has to develop into 16 cells. It is a mystery to them. They say they do not know its function, why it happens, or anything, they just say it happens and that's it. I say it is not a mystery it is to reveal the quadrant model pattern, the form of existence.

The stages of segmentation of a fertilized mammalian ovum are .

Square 1: a. Two-cell stage.

Square 2: b. Four-cell stage. The quadrant

Square 3: c. Eight-cell stage. Two quadrants.

Square 4: d. Morula stage. 16 cells. Representing the 16 squares of the quadrant model. The four quadrants. the morula stage is different from the previous stages.

Square 5:e. Morula stage 64 cells. (the four quadrant models in one quadrant)

The zygote divides several times to form a mass of cells called a morula, which is an embryonic stage consisting of a solid, compact mass of 16 or more cells. The morula is the first embryonic stage where mammalian cells can be categorized as being either internal or external. The cells continue to divide, and when the mammalian morula reaches the 64 cell stage, the internal and external cells become separate lineages. This is the 64 pattern made up of tetrahedrons that Haramein talks about.

In mammals (except monotremes), the inner cell mass will ultimately form the "embryo proper", while the trophectoderm will form the placenta and extra-embryonic tissues. However, reptiles have a different inner cell mass. The stages are prolonged and divided in 4 parts.

The zona pellucida (plural zonae pellucidae, also egg coat or pellucid zone) is a glycoprotein layer surrounding the plasma membrane of mammalian oocytes. It is a vital constitutive part of the oocyte.

There are four major zona pellucida glycoproteins, termed

Square 1: ZP1-4.

Square 2: ZP1,

Square 3: ZP3 and

Square 4: ZP4 bind to capacitated spermatozoa and induce the acrosome reaction. Successful fertilization depends on the ability of sperm to penetrate the extracellular matrix that surrounds the egg.

In early embryogenesis of most eutherian mammals, the inner cell mass (abbreviated ICM and also known as the embryo blast).

At the transcription level, the transcription factors

Square 1: Oct4,

Square 2: Nanog,

Square 3: Cdx2,

Square 4: Tead4 have all been implicated in establishing and reinforcing the specification of the ICM

In embryology, cleavage is the division of cells in the early embryo. There are four types of cleavage

Square 1:Determinate cleavage (also called mosaic cleavage) is in most protostomes. It results in the developmental fate of the cells being set early in the embryo development. Each blastomere produced by early embryonic cleavage does not have the capacity to develop into a complete embryo.

Square 2:A cell can only be indeterminate if it has a complete set of undisturbed animal/vegetal cytoarchitectural features. It is characteristic of deuterostomes - when the original cell in a deuterostome embryo divides, the two resulting cells can be separated, and each one can individually develop into a whole organism.

Square 3: In the absence of a large concentration of yolk, four major cleavage types can be observed in isolecithal cells (cells with a small even distribution of yolk) or in mesolecithal cells (moderate amount of yolk in a gradient) - bilateral holoblastic, radial holoblastic, rotational holoblastic, and spiral holoblastic, cleavage.[2] These holoblastic cleavage planes pass all the way through isolecithal zygotes during the process of cytokinesis. Coeloblastula is the next stage of development for eggs that undergo these radial cleavaging. In holoblastic eggs the first cleavage always occurs along the vegetal-animal axis of the egg, the second cleavage is perpendicular to the first. From here the spatial arrangement of blastomeres can follow various patterns, due to different planes of cleavage, in various organisms.

Bilateral

The first cleavage results in bisection of the zygote into left and right halves. The following cleavage planes are centered on this axis and result in the two halves being mirror images of one another. In bilateral holoblastic cleavage, the divisions of the blastomeres are complete and separate; compared with bilateral meroblastic cleavage, in which the blastomeres stay partially connected.

Radial

Radial cleavage is characteristic of the deuterostomes, which include some vertebrates and echinoderms, in which the spindle axes are parallel or at right angles to the polar axis of the oocyte.

Rotational

Mammals display rotational cleavage, and an isolecithal distribution of yolk (sparsely and evenly distributed). Because the cells have only a small amount of yolk, they require immediate implantation onto the uterine wall in order to receive nutrients.

Rotational cleavage involves a normal first division along the meridional axis, giving rise to two daughter cells. The way in which this cleavage differs is that one of the daughter cells divides meridionally, whilst the other divides equatorially.

Spiral

Spiral cleavage is conserved between many members of the lophotrochozoan taxa, referred to as Spiralia. Most spiralians undergo equal spiral cleavage, although some undergo unequal cleavage. This group includes annelids, molluscs, and sipuncula. Spiral cleavage can vary between species, but generally the first two cell divisions result in four macromeres, also called blastomeres, (A, B, C, D) each representing one quadrant of the embryo. These first two cleavages are oriented in planes that occur at right angles parallel to the animal-vegetal axis of the zygote.At the 4-cell stage, the A and C macromeres meet at the animal pole, creating the animal cross-furrow, while the B and D macromeres meet at the vegetal pole, creating the vegetal cross-furrow. With each successive cleavage cycle, the macromeres give rise to quartets of smaller micromeres at the animal pole. The divisions that produce these quartets occur at an oblique angle, an angle that is not a multiple of 90°, to the animal-vegetal axis. Each quartet of micromeres is rotated relative to their parent macromere, and the chirality of this rotation differs between odd and even numbered quartets, meaning that there is alternating symmetry between the odd and even quartets. In other words, the orientation of divisions that produces each quartet alternates between being clockwise and counterclockwise with respect to the animal pole. The alternating cleavage pattern that occurs as the quartets are generated produces quartets of micromeres that reside in the cleavage furrows of the four macromeres. When viewed from the animal pole, this arrangement of cells displays a spiral pattern.

D quadrant specification through equal and unequal cleavage mechanisms. At the 4-cell stage of equal cleavage, the D macromere has not been specified yet. It will be specified after the formation of the third quartet of micromeres. Unequal cleavage occurs in two ways: asymmetric positioning of the mitotic spindle, or through the formation of a polar lobe (PL).

Specification of the D macromere and is an important aspect of spiralian development. Although the primary axis, animal-vegetal, is determined during oogenesis, the secondary axis, dorsal-ventral, is determined by the specification of the D quadrant. The D macromere facilitates cell divisions that differ from those produced by the other three macromeres. Cells of the D quadrant give rise to dorsal and posterior structures of the spiralian.[7] Two known mechanisms exist to specify the D quadrant. These mechanisms include equal cleavage and unequal cleavage.

In equal cleavage, the first two cell divisions produce four macromeres that are indistinguishable from one another. Each macromere has the potential of becoming the D macromere. After the formation of the third quartet, one of the macromeres initiates maximum contact with the overlying micromeres in the animal pole of the embryo.This contact is required to distinguish one macromere as the official D quadrant blastomere. In equally cleaving spiral embryos, the D quadrant is not specified until after the formation of the third quartet, when contact with the micromeres dictates one cell to become the future D blastomere. Once specified, the D blastomere signals to surrounding micromeres to lay out their cell fates.

In unequal cleavage, the first two cell divisions are unequal producing four cells in which one cell is bigger than the other three. This larger cell is specified as the D macromere. Unlike equally cleaving spiralians, the D macromere is specified at the four-cell stage during unequal cleavage. Unequal cleavage can occur in two ways. One method involves asymmetric positioning of the cleavage spindle. This occurs when the aster at one pole attaches to the cell membrane, causing it to be much smaller than the aster at the other pole. This results in an unequal cytokinesis, in which both macromeres inherit part of the animal region of the egg, but only the bigger macromere inherits the vegetal region. The second mechanism of unequal cleavage involves the production of an enucleate, membrane bound, cytoplasmic protrusion, called a polar lobe. This polar lobe forms at the vegetal pole during cleavage, and then gets shunted to the D blastomere. The polar lobe contains vegetal cytoplasm, which becomes inherited by the future D macromere.

Square 4: In the presence of a large amount of yolk in the fertilized egg cell, the cell can undergo partial, or meroblastic, cleavage. Two major types of meroblastic cleavage are discoidal and superficial.

Discoidal

In discoidal cleavage, the cleavage furrows do not penetrate the yolk. The embryo forms a disc of cells, called a blastodisc, on top of the yolk. Discoidal cleavage is commonly found in monotremes, birds, reptiles, and fish that have telolecithal egg cells (egg cells with the yolk concentrated at one end).

Superficial

In superficial cleavage, mitosis occurs but not cytokinesis, resulting in a polynuclear cell. With the yolk positioned in the center of the egg cell, the nuclei migrate to the periphery of the egg, and the plasma membrane grows inward, partitioning the nuclei into individual cells. Superficial cleavage occurs in arthropods that have centrolecithal egg cells (egg cells with the yolk located in the center of the cell).

Embryogenesis is the process by which the embryo forms and develops. In mammals, the term refers chiefly to early stages of prenatal development, whereas the terms fetus and fetal development describe later stages.

Cell division with no significant growth, producing a cluster of cells that is the same size as the original zygote, is called cleavage. At least four initial cell divisions occur, resulting in a dense ball of at least sixteen cells (the quadrant model) called the morula.

Morula is a stage of embryonic development in animals,

Square 1: 16-cell phase

Square 2: 32-cell phase,

Square 3: 64-cell phase. The morula is produced by embryonic cleavage , the rapid cell division of the zygote with virtually no growth. The morula is a solid ball; after the 64-cell phase, it develops into a hollow ball,

Square 4:the blastula- 128 cells

Chapter 68: biology- Chomsky hierarchy in linguistics

Noam Chomsky revolutionized linguistics with his theories on grammar. Chomsky proposed that language, and the rules governing it, is an innate capacity built into humans. Chomsky developed the "Chomsky hierarchy", which presents four types of languages. They are

Square 1: Type 0 grammars. The first level is RECURSIVELY ENUMERABLE languages, which can be recognized by Turing machines.

Square 2: Type 1 grammars. The second level is context sensitive languages. These languages can be recognized by a nondeterministic Turing machine whose tape is bounded by a constant times the length of the input.

Square 3: Type 2 grammars. The third level is context-free languages. These languages are exactly all languages that can be recognized by a non-deterministic pushdown automaton.

Square 4: Type 3 grammars. The fourth level is regular languages. These languages are exactly all languages that can be decided by a finite state automaton.

The four-sides model (also known as communication square or four-ears model) is a communication model by Friedemann Schulz von Thun. According to this model every message has four facets[1] though not the same emphasis might be put on each. The four sides of the message are fact, self-revealing, relationship, and appeal. The four sides of communication The matter layer contains statements which are matter of fact like data and facts, which are part of the news. In the self-revealing or self-disclosure the speaker - conscious or not intended - tells something about himself, his motives, values, emotions etc. In the Relationship-layer is expressed resp. received, how the sender gets along with the receiver and what he thinks of him. The Appeal contains the desire, advice, instruction and effects that the speaker is seeking for. Every layer can be misunderstood individually. The classic example of Schulz von Thun is the front-seat passenger which tells the driver: "Hey, the traffic lights are green". The driver will understand something different regarding to the ear with which he will hear and will react differently. (on the matter layer he will understand the "fact" "the traffic lights are green", he could also understand it as "Come on, drive! ."-"command", or on the "relationship" could hear a help like "I want to help you or if you hear behind it: I am in a hurry it reveals part of yourself "self-revelatory".") The emphasis on the four layers can be meant differently and also be understood differently. So the sender can stress the appeal of the statement and the receiver can mainly receive the relationship part of the message. This is one of the main reasons for misunderstandings. The matter layer What I inform about: On the matter layer the sender of the news gives data, fact and statements. It is the task of the sender to send this information clearly and understandably. The receiver proves with the Matter ear, whether the matter message fulfills the criteria of truth (true/untrue) or relevance (relevant/irrelevant) and the completeness (satisfying/ something has to be added). In a long-term team the matter layer is clear and needs only a few words. The self-revealing What I reveal about myself: In every news there is information about the sender. On the layer of the self-revealing or self-disclosure the sender reveals himself. This message consists of conscious intended self-expression as well as unintended self-revealing, which is not conscious to the sender(see also Johari window). Thus every news becomes information about the personality of the sender. The self-revealing ear of the receiver perceives, which information about the sender are hidden in the message. The relationship layer What I think about you (you-statement) and how we get along (we-statement): The relationship layer expresses how the sender gets along with the receiver and what he thinks about him. Depending on how he talks to him (way of formulation, body language, intonation ...) he expresses esteem, respect, friendliness, disinterest, contempt or something else. Depending on which message the receiver hears with relationship ear, he feels either depressed, accepted or patronized. A good communication is distinguished by communication from mutual apprecitation. The appeal What I want to make you do: Who states something, will also affect something. This appeal-message should make the receiver do something or leave something undone. The attempt to influence someone can be less or more open (advice) or hidden (manipulation). On the Appeal ear the receiver asks himself: "What should I do, think or feel now?" citation: " Mothers are very appeal-influenced by children." Mum! The shoes .... Yes! I'll be right there to put them on for you.

Extreme exuberant extraordinary excellent exceptional exquisite these are all words that connote something transcendent. They all have x in them. X is the quadrant. Four letter words are known as cuss words. They are considered taboo. Words include fuck and dick. I described that sex is related to knowledge, which is the sixteenth square, and thus transcendent and different. XXX is related to sex pornography and XX is related to alcohol, which is also related to sex, as it lowers inhibitions. I describe in another book how rabbis think that biting of the fruit of knowledge was really biting out of a grape/ drinking wine, which led to Adam having sex with Eve.

Chapter 69: biology- the cell cycle

The cell cycle fits the quadrant model pattern. It is as follows

Square 1:Gap 1- Cells increase in size in Gap 1, produce RNA and synthesize protein. An cell cycle control mechanism activated during this period makes sure that the cell is ready for DNA synthesis.

Square 2: S Phase: In order to create two similar daughter cells, the complete DNA instructions in the cell must be duplicated. DNA replication occurs during this phase.

Square 3: Gap 2 (G2): During the gap between DNA synthesis and mitosis, the cell will continue to grow and produce new proteins. At the end of this gap is another control checkpoint (G2 Checkpoint), which can tell if the cell can go onto M (mitosis) and divide.

Square 4:Mitosis or M Phase: Cell growth and protein production stop at this stage in the cell cycle, and the cell's energy is put into division into two similar daughter cell. The fourth square is death and points to a larger context. Mitosis is death and rebirth.