Quadrant Model of Reality Book 1 Psychology and Sociology

CHAPTER 70: The Pattern of Four in Psychology

An interesting psychology experiment discovered that a human can focus well on only three things at one time; focusing on four things is possible, but difficult. It is impossible to focus on five things at once. This reveals the nature of the quadrant model. The first three are easy and similar.  Four things create a difference, while more becomes impossible. This is demonstrated in studies of a video game in which dots move around in a square as in a game of pong.   Three numbered dots can be readily tracked.  Tracking four dots becomes difficult, while tracking five is impossible. Another interesting experiment shows that a person can visualize only sixteen squares at one time. Kant, a German philosopher, as did Jung, believed that consciousness  produced physical reality. The number of things that one can keep track of is four, and a person can visualize only sixteen squares at one time. Perhaps, if it is true that consciousness produces physical reality, this is why physical reality manifests in the pattern of the quadrant model; in actuality the quadrant model produces consciousness, and conforms to the quadrant model. That is why four dots is the limit that consciousness can track, and why a person can visualize no more than sixteen squares.

Chapter 71: psychology- the ancient temperaments

Ancient philosophers in Greece and Rome thought that personality/temperament was shaped by humours in the body. They postulated the existence four temperaments:

*Square one: . Phlegmatic- related to keirsey’s the Idealist.

*Square two:melancholic. Related to keirsey’s Guardian.

*Square three: sanguine. Sanguine people enjoy having fun and seeking pleasure. They are dreamers, are more spontaneous and unpredictable—the Artisans are more spontaneous and whimsical, are often seen as bad, but are quite creative. Not planning everything leads to the likelihood of doing the unexpected and surprising. Artisans are perceivers preferring to leave things open. Because of multitasking they are often late an and destructive.

*Square four: choleric: related to leotards rational

*Square five: Supine: There were four ancient temperaments, but some current scientists have looked at this model and claimed the existence of a fifth they call, supine. Supine means "face to God"; the fifth is always associated with God. In the Five Temperaments theory, the classical Phlegmatic temperament is in fact deemed to be a neutral temperament, whereas the relationship-oriented introvert position of the Phlegmatic is  made the  "fifth temperament”- supine.

The fifth supine temperament is relationship oriented. The fifth square is the first square of Quadrant 2, belief. The second quadrant is about relationships.

If I recall correctly, when I took this test I was choleric

The Temperaments

melancholic	sanguine
choleric	phlegmatic

supine

Chapter 72: psychology- the four humours

Each of the four temperaments is associated with having an excess of one of four humours. The four humours fit the quadrant model.

*Square one: phlegm. Phlegm is associated with the idealist.

*Square two: black bike. Yellow bile is associated with the guardian.

*Square three: blood. Blood is associated with the sanguine temperament. Too much blood leads to being sanguine. Ancient philosophers thought blood came from the spleen.

*Square four:yellow bile . Related to the rational temperament.

The humours

black bile	blood
yellow bile	phlegm

Many modern psychologists and philosophers have developed personality models that parallel the ancient systems, all fitting the quadrant model pattern. Examples of modern philosophers and psychologists who had four personality model systems are Immanuel Kant (1724–1804), Rudolf Steiner (1861–1925), Alfred Adler (1879–1937), Erich Adickes (1866–1925), Eduard Spranger (1914), Ernst Kretschmer (1920), and Erich Fromm, and David Keirsey. Other models that parallel the Myers-Briggs personality system are socionics, and DisC. (1947). The models they used employed different names, but they all took the quadrant model pattern. A famous model of personality used by Match.com and other dating websites describes four types of lovers, and relates them to the four chemicals of the brain-- dopamine, testosterone, serotonin, and oxytocin.

The ancient philosophers noted above believed that  biological qualities influenced personality.  The Quadrant Model of Reality proposes that the group to which one belongs-- which is the second square--affects the belonger's thinking, emotions, and doing, thereby creating the personality.  Biology, as the third square field of science, and psychology, which is the fourth square field of science, are linked. The ancient philosophers also believed that biology and psychology were intricately related in the shaping of  personality.

In the socionics model, the information elements of personality--sensing, intuition, thinking and feeling--are associated with what the model describes as the fundamental components of physics--space, time, matter, and energy.

*Square one: sensing and space. The first square has a quality of being like space. Space seems empty, but is actually filled with energy. The fourth square is energy, and is separate while including the previous three. Matter is essentially energy.  The Idealist is always extremely entranced by the notion of

space, often declaring a need for “space”, and to create an "open space for possibilities".


*Square two: intuition and time. The second square has a characteristic of being like time. Time is linked with organization. Time and music are often associated because music is sound occurring in time patterns. The second square is hearing, while the first square is seeing, which is associated with space.  The Guardian is usually entranced by the notion of time.

*Square three: thinking and matter. The third square is linked with solid, physical matter. Artisans are very physical, and like to do things that manipulate material objects. It has been noted above that thinking, according to quantum physicists, does produce matter.

*Square four: feeling and energy. The fourth square always has a quality of being associated with energy. In the four molecular compounds the fourth is nucleic acids. ATP is an example of a nucleic acid; it provides energy for the body.  In the model of the four elements the fourth element is fire, which has a quality of being pure energy. Energy encompasses space, time, and matter. Space, time, matter, and energy, are described by physicists as being saturated with energy. Physics postulates that even empty space is saturated with energy. It is important to note that physicists consider space and time to be a duality.

Einstein considered space and time to be a fabric, describing them as practically the same thing, which is a characteristic of the first two squares to form a duality.  Space and time are often seen as opposites, as are thought and emotion. But psychologists point out that the limbic system of the brain, associated with emotion, and the cortex of the brain, associated with thought, are intricately linked. Moreover, studies show that if a part of the brain associated with emotion is damaged, one's ability to think is jeopardized as well. Similarly, Einstein described space and time as being extremely interconnected, rather than opposites.

Chapter 73: Psychology- Niednagel brain types

Jonathan P. Niednagel developed a system that categorizes brain types, which he claims was inspired by the Myers Briggs and Socionics personality models. They are

Square 1: Empirical-Animate' types (FEAL, FEAR, BEAL, BEAR), are thought to be the best in the region of the brain responsible for gross motor skills

Square 2: EI, or 'Empirical-Inanimate' types (FEIL, FEIR, BEIL, BEIR) are believed to excel with fine motor skills of the four groups

Square 3: CA, or 'Conceptual-Animate' types (FCAL, FCAR, BCAL, BCAR), excel in the auditory cortex

Square 4:CI, or 'Conceptual-Inanimate' types (FCIL, FCIR, BCIL, BCIR), are thought to be the best in the cerebral cortex, where there is abstract levels of reasoning

Chapter 74: Psychology: Hermann’s four thinking styles

Ned Herrmann put together the Triune Brain model of Paul McLean with the Left/Right Brain hemisphere theory of Roger Sperry and created a model of the human brain with two paired structures, which are the two halves of the cerebral system and the two halves of the limbic system.  The Reptilian brain being not included in this model, or else include along with the Limbic.  The four-sided model of thinking styles are attributed to four regions of the brain. These four quadrants (A, B, C, D)

Square 1A-logical. People with this mode of thinking are auditive,logical, factual, critical, technical and quantitative. Their preferred activities are collecting data, analysis, understanding how things work, judging ideas based on facts, criteria and logical reasoning. Therefore they are very mental. The first square is mental. The first square is the idealist.

Square 2: B-organized. People with this mode of thinking are into safekeeping, are structured, organized, are detailed, and planned. The second square is organization and homeostasis. Their preferred activities are following directions, detail oriented work, step-by-step problem solving, organization and implementation. The second square is the guardian.

Square 3: C-interpersonal.People with this mode of thinking are Kinesthetic, emotional, spiritual, sensory, and feeling. Kinesthetic means that they are good at doing things. The third square is doing. They prefer activities like listening to and expressing ideas, looking for personal meaning, sensory input, and group interaction. The third square is the artisan.

Square 4: D-imaginative.These people are visual, holistic, intuitive, innovative, and conceptual. Their preferred activities are looking at the big picture, taking initiative, challenging assumptions, visuals, metaphoric thinking, creative problem solving, and long term thinking. The fourth square is the rational.

There are four styles of communication normally people chose while communicating. Dr. Carl Jung, a famous and noted psychologist has described a unique model on this. Again there are two dichotomies. They are high assertiveness and low assertiveness, and high expressiveness and low expressiveness.

Square 1: Spirited (Expresser): Spirited people are high expressiveness and high assertiveness. Spirited communicators get excited easily and tend to ask “Who?” They dislike boring explanations and react by “selling” ideas or becoming argumentative. They like to be applauded and recognized and prefer to save on effort and rely heavily on hunches and intuition. For best results, they should be inspired to aim for bigger and better accomplishments.

Square 2: Considerate (Relater): Considerate people are low assertiveness and high expressiveness. Considerate communicators like positive attention, to be helpful and to be regarded warmly. Tend to ask “Why?” They dislike rejection, uncaring and unfeeling attitudes and reacts by becoming silent, withdrawn and introspective. They love to be with friends and nurture close relationships. For best results, they must be allowed to care and provide detail; be provided specific plans and activities to be accomplished.

Square 3: Systematic (Analytical): Systematic people are low assertiveness and low expressiveness. Systematic communicators seek a lot of data and ask many questions. They tend to ask “How?” They dislike making an error and being unprepared and react by seeking more information. They love to be measured by activity and busyness. In this regard, they aim to save face; they hate to make an error or be wrong. For best results, they should be given a structured framework and be provided time to make decisions at their own pace.

Square 4:Direct (Driver): Direct people are high assertiveness and low expressiveness. Direct communicators like to have their own way; they are usually decisive and have their own viewpoints. They tend to ask “What?” They dislike someone wasting their time by trying to decide for them and react by attempting to take more control of the situation. They love to be measured by results and are goal-oriented, save time, and be efficient. For best results, they should be allowed freedom to do things their own way.

Chapter 75: Psychology- Kolb’s Four Learning Styles

My first year in college my Chemistry professor taught my chemistry class the four learning styles. David A. Kolb's model is centered on his experiential learning model. Kolb's model presents two related approaches toward grasping experience: Concrete Experience and Abstract Conceptualization. It also demonstrates two ways of transforming experience: Reflective Observation and Active Experimentation. By combining these dichotomies you get four learning approaches. The quadrant model pattern is revealed by the four learning approaches. They are

Square 1: Square 1: Assimilator = Abstract Conceptualization + Reflective Observation: strong in inductive reasoning and creation of theories (e.g., philosophers) The assimilator is related to the idealist, who is abstract, but cooperative, and thus not a doer.

Square 2: Square 2: Diverger -Concrete Experience and Reflective Observation: They are good at imaginative ability and discussion (e.g., social workers). The diverger is connected with the guardian, who is concrete and not a doer, so thus reflective.

Square 3: Accommodator = Concrete Experience + Active Experiment: strong in "hands-on" practical doing (e.g., physical therapists) The accommodator is connected with the artisan who is active and thus a doer.

Square 4: Converger = Abstract Conceptualization + Active Experiment: strong in practical "hands-on" application of theories (e.g., engineers). The converger is linked to the rational who is both abstract and utilitarian, so thus a doer.

Chapter 76

Neil Flemming created the VARK model of learning styles. They are

Square 1:Visual learning. The first square sense is sight.

Square 2: Auditory learning. The second square sense is hearing.

Square 3: kinesthetic learning. The third square sense is touch.

Square 4: reading/writing learning. The fourth is different

Psychology researchers from the University of Missouri at Columbia have published a study in Addiction Research & Theory attempting to bring the conventional wisdom that there are many distinct ways to be drunk to its logical, scientifically-based conclusion. Their study, which involved 374 undergraduates at a large Midwestern university, drew from literature and pop culture in order to conclude that there are four types of drinkers: the Mary Poppins, the Ernest Hemingway, the Nutty Professor and the Mr. Hyde.

Square 1: The first and largest group — about 40% — was the Ernest Hemingways. Named for the writer who famously boasted that he could “drink hells any amount of whiskey without getting drunk,” Hemingways do not exhibit any major changes in personality when they transition from sober to drunk, the study contends.

Square 2: In contrast, Mary Poppins drinkers follow the “practically perfect in every way” description Poppins bestows on herself in the 1964 movie: they are already outgoing types who somehow get sweeter and happier with alcohol.

Square 3: After that come the Nutty Professors, named for the chemically-altered academic with a second personality immortalized by Eddie Murphy. They, the study says, are natural introverts who shed their inhibitions with special vigor when they drink, showing a flashier and more social side.

Square 4: And, lastly, there are the Mr. Hydes: the evil-twin drinkers who are, according to the study, “particularly less responsible, less intellectual, and more hostile when under the influence of alcohol

In his book, Making Comics, Scott McCloud created a chart categorizing artists according to four intentions — what artists are most interested in, in creating art. His categories are:

Square 1: The Formalist is interested in examining the boundaries of an art form, stretching them, exploring what the form is capable of. The Formalist is interested in experimenting, turning the form upside-down and inside-out, moving in new, bold, untried directions, inventing and innovating. Formalists are the cutting edge, the avant-garde, the ones willing to break tradition and established ways. Strict narrative or craft is not as important as trying something new and unexpected, playing with and breaking traditional concepts, getting to the heart of understanding what art itself is.

Individual - Objective - Artistry-first - Revolution-based

Square 2: The Classicist is the artist who focuses on beauty, craftsmanship, and a tradition of excellence and mastery. The esthetic experience of the art is what is important. Art is meant to move and affect an audience, deliver an emotional experience. Classicists strive to perfect their craft in order to produce the most effective work possible.

Collective - Objective - Artistry-first - Tradition-based

Square 3: The Animist is devoted to the content of art, above all else. The Animist's goal is telling the story, conveying the message, as directly as possible. All the craft in art is in service to the delivery of the content. The goal of art is to effectively deliver its content, with as little that distracts from that job as possible.

Collective - Subjective - Representation-first - Tradition-based

Square 4: The Iconoclast is interested in portraying raw, human experience in as honest and authentic a way as possible. Art is to hold a mirror to reality, and show the audience the hard, painful truths of existence. The Iconoclast resists pandering, comforting indulgences, or diluting the art, considering that to be selling out. Artistic integrity is critically important to Iconoclasts. Beauty, craft, and standard narrative may be cast aside in pursuit of the expression of the truth of human emotion.

Individual - Subjective - Representation-first - Revolution-based

Chapter 76.5: Psychology- Albert Bandura

Albert Bandura is a renowned psychologist famous for his Bobo doll experiment with which he mapped out his theory of observational leaning and social learning theory. Bandura's social cognitive learning theory articulates that there are four stages involved in observational learning. This theory is taught in every social psychology course. They are

Square 1:Attention: The observer must pay attention to learn. The observers expectation and level of emotional arousal affect the attention he pays. The first square is always mental and not action.

Square 2:Retention/Memory: Observers must recognize and remember the behavior. He codes or structures the information in an easily remembered form or mentally or physically rehearsed the model's actions. The second square is storage and structure.

Square 3:Initiation/Motor: Observers must be physically and/intellectually capable of producing the act. In many cases the observer possesses the necessary responses. But sometimes, duplicating the model's actions involves skills the observer does not possess. The third square is always doing.

Square 4:Motivation: Coaches also give pep talks, recognizing the importance of motivational processes to learning. The fourth encompasses the previous three. If you have the motivation you will do the previous three.

According to attribution theory, a theory created by Weiner, achievement can be attributed to four things. There are again two dichotomies in the model. They are External attribution v. Internal attribution and stable v. unstable. External attribution is when credit is given to an outside factor, agent or force. that falls outside your control, and you perceive you have no choice. Therefore your behavior is influenced, limited or even completely determined by influences outside your control and you are not responsible. An example is the weather. Internal Attribution is when causality is given to an inside factor, agent or force. Inside factors fall inside your own control and you can choose to behave in a particular way or not, and it is inherent to you. A generic example is your own intelligence. Stable attribution means that you believe that you will do good in the future. Unstable means that you do not see yourself being persistent. The four attributions are

Square 1:Luck. An external and unstable factor over which you exercise very little control. This applies to the idealist who is not great at doing things.

Square 2:Effort. An internal and unstable factor over which you can exercise a lot of control. This applies to the guardian who works hard.

Square 3: Ability. A relatively internal and stable factor over which you exercise much direct control. This is applied to the artisan who has skills.

Square 4:Level of task difficulty. An external and stable factor that is beyond your control. The fourth is always different from the previous three. If you think about it, the fourth kind of encompasses the previous three because in all attributions the task difficulty plays a factor.

I learned this model in a psychology class in college, and we were taught the fundamental attribution error, which says that people often attribute internal factors to others and internal factors to themselves. For instance, people often say that if they got an A it is because they are smart, but if their friend got an A it is because the test was easy.

Chapter 77: Psychology- DISC model’s four behavioral traits

William Moulton Marston developed the DISC model, a behavior assessment tool which centers on four different behavioral traits, which today are called:

Square 1: influence. Influence is related to the idealist. People with influence style are outgoing, enthusiastic, optimistic, high spirited, and lively. Idealists like to lift people up and inspire with good feelings. People with the influence style motivate others by influence and persuasion, have good communication skills, present well, friendly, are affable, inspire others, are intuitive, gregarious, and friendly. They are motivated by recognition and personal approval. Their emphasis on image can neglect substance.

Square 2: steadiness. Steadiness is related to the guardian. These people are even tempered, accommodating, patient, humble and tactful. They are reliable, dependable, process-orientated, listener, friendly, trustworthy, solid, ethical, finishes what others start and leave, methodical, decides according to process. They are motivated by time, space and continuity to do things properly. Their dependence on process can become resistance.

Square 3: compliance. Compliance is connected with the artisan. People with the compliant style are analytical, reserved, precise, private, and systematic. They are painstaking, investigative, curious, decides using facts and figures, correct, checker, detailed. They are motivated by attention to detail, perfection and truth. Their need for perfection can delay or obstruct

Square 4: dominance. Dominance is related to the rational. They are direct, goal oriented, and forceful. They are decisive, dominant, self-assured, forceful, task-orientated, instigate, lead and direct They are motivated by responsibility and achievement

Marston researched human emotions,and in his 1928 book Emotions of Normal People mapped out these behavioral traits.

Chapter 78: Psychology: Alfred Adler

Adler is a famous psychologist who characterized the four mistaken goals in children. They fit the quadrant model pattern. They are

Square 1: Assumed Inadequacy- Children may mistakenly believe that there is no way to belong so they give up and assume they are inadequate at belonging.

Square 2: Undue attention- children may mistakenly feel the way to belong is to keep others busy with them.

Square 3: Revenge- Childen who don't feel that they belong are hurt, and if they do not know how to deal with the pain they retaliate and hurt back. Revenge is characteristic of the artisan.

Square 4: Misguided Power- Children may mistakenly think that to belong, they need to be controlling other or controlling a situation or showing others can't boss them around. This mistaken goal is characterized by the rational.

Dreikurs had a similar set of mistaken goals to Adler

Chapter 79: Psychology Kretschmer

Kretschmer was the first person to divide schizophrenia and manic depression. He divided people into four character styles. They were

Square 1:hyperesthetic (sensitive)- schizoid

Square 2: depressive (melancholic)- cycloid

Square 3:hypomanic (gay) cycloid

Square 4: anesthetic (cold) schizoid

Chapter 80: Psychology- Erich Fromm’s character orientations

Erich Fromm was famous for his theory on character orientation. Erich Fromm's character orientations fit the quadrant model pattern. They are

Square 1:Receptive Orientation. People with this orientation receive satisfaction from outside factors, and thus they passively wait for others to provide them with things that they need. For example, they want someone to provide them with love and attention. They do not give these things away and lose loved ones who are close to them because they do not talk about their feelings or troubles. They do not let go of past issues, often trivial, and create a feeling of a secure present and future. They see minor, innocent things as a threat to their security with a spouse or loved one. They have a lack of creativity.

Square 2:Hoarding Orientation. These people save what they get, including their opinions, feelings, and material possessions.It may be love, power, or someone’s time.

Square 3: Exploitative Orientation Exploitative-oriented people aggressively take what they want because they do not want to passively receiving it. They get what they want by any means necessary, even by stealing or snatching.

Square 4:Marketing Orientation- They see themselves as commodities and value themselves against the criterion of their ability to sell themselves.[2] They have less positive qualities than the other orientations and are basically empty.

Chapter 81: Psychology- Enneagram personality model

The Enneagram personality model fits the pattern of the quadrant model of reality. There are 9 types of personalities in the enneagram. They are

Square 1: Type 1-The Reformer- the rational, idealistic type. Principled, Purposeful, Self-Controlled, and Perfectionistic. This is the sensitive square, because it is the first square of the first quadrant. The first square is always mental.

Square 2: Type 2- The Helper- The Caring, Interpersonal Type: Demonstrative, Generous, People-Pleasing, and Possessive. This is the perceptive square, being that it is the second square of the first quadrant. The second square is related to helping others. The second square is relational.

Square 3: Type 3- The Achiever.The Success-Oriented, Pragmatic Type: Adaptive, Excelling, Driven, and Image-Conscious. The third square is the doer square. The achiever is a doer. This is the third square of the first quadrant so this is the responder square.

Square 4:Type 4- The Individualist- The Sensitive, Withdrawn Type: Expressive, Dramatic, Self-Absorbed, and Temperamental. This is square 4 of quadrant 1, the aware person. The fourth is always different.

Square 5: Type 5-The Investigator. Intense, Cerebral Type: Perceptive, Innovative, Secretive, and Isolated. The fourth always points to the fifth. This is square 1 of quadrant 2. Square 1 is always more mental. Square 5 is very mental. This is the believing square.

Square 6:Type 6- The loyalist-The Committed, Security-Oriented Type: Engaging, Responsible, Anxious, and Suspicious. This is square 2 of quadrant 2. Square 2 is the relational quadrant about homeostasis. This is the faith square. Faith is very relational.

square 7: Type 7- The enthusiast- The Busy, Fun-Loving Type: Spontaneous, Versatile, Distractible, and Scattered. Square 7 is the third square of the second quadrant. This is the behaving square. The third square is related with doing. The enthusiast is a doer.

Square 8: Type 8- The Challenger- The Powerful, Dominating Type: Self-Confident, Decisive, Willful, and Confrontational. This is square 4 of quadrant 2. The belonged. Square 4 is always kind of bad like square 3.

Square 9: Type 9- The peacemaker-The Easygoing, Self-Effacing Type: Receptive, Reassuring, Agreeable, and Complacent. This is square 1 of quadrant 3. So this is a doer. Quadrant 3 is doing. but since it is square 1 this type likes harmony and peace.

If I recall correctly when I took this test I was type 5.

Chapter 82: Psychology- hypostatic model of personality

According to the hypostatic model, human personality consists of four components or hypostases. These patterns of behavior are connected to specific systems in the brain, and are conceptualized by virtually every culture as being characteristic and/or essential to humans.

Square 1: the basic cognitive component – "Homo Sapiens" (the intelligent person), which is related with sensory areas of the cerebral cortex. The first square is the idealist who is very intelligent.

Square 2: the verbal subsystem – "Homo Loquens" (the speaking, communicating, and self- controlling person), which is associated with the activities of association areas. The second square is the guardian who is very self controlled.

Square 3: the emotional and motivational subsystem – "Homo Potens" (the powerful and energetic person), which is connected with the activity of the limbic system. The third quadrant is emotion and doing. This type is related to the artisan, who is powerful and energetic.

Square 4: the pragmatic (motor) component – "Homo faber" (the productive and industrious person), which is linked to motor cortex activity. This is related to the rational.

Chapter 83: Psychology- Kilman conflict model

The Thomas Kilmann conflict model is a model used for conflict resolution. The nature of the model reflects the quadrant model pattern. There are five types of conflict. The model is founded on two dimensions. One is assertive and unassertive. Assertive people attempt to satisfy their own concerns. Unassertive people do not attempt to satisfy their own concerns. The other dimensions is cooperative and uncooperative. Cooperative people want to satisfy other peoples concerns. Uncooperative people do not want to satisfy other people's concerns. The types are

Square 1: Accommodating- unassertive and cooperative. This type of conflict resolution is associated with the idealist. Unassertive is connected with being abstract. Abstract people are more in their minds, and they see the connections of things and feel connected to others and are not as concerned with themselves. Being cooperative is connected with the cooperative dynamic of the idealist, who is very concerned about others. Idealists are responsible, putting others before themselves. Idealists wish to belong. They are the first square and the first square has not yet reached the belonging second square. By helping others idealists consolidate their efforts to belong.

Square 2: Collaborating- assertive and cooperative. The second square is all about helping and being cooperative. Guardians are cooperative people. But also guardians are concrete and look out for themselves. A part of the reason why they cooperate is so they can belong.

Square 3: Competing- assertive and uncooperative. This type is associated with the artisan who looks out for himself, and thus is concrete, but is not so concerned over social harmony, being utilitarian.

Square 4: Avoiding is unassertive and uncooperative. This is the rational who just does not want to get involved in conflict at all. He is not trying to satisfy others concerns and he is not even trying to satisfy his own concerns. The avoiding person does not care if he hurts others feelings, and thus is utilitarian, and he is abstract, not even recognizing any necessity to smoothe over interpersonal drama which is an illusion in the first place and based off of annoying melodrama and soap opera.

Square 5:Compromising is moderate in both assertiveness and cooperativeness. Gilman adds this possible fifth type of conflict resolution. The fifth is always questionable.

Chapter 84: Psychology- Hersey and Blanchard’s leadership styles

Hersey and Blanchard's leadership style theory is called the situational leadership theory. It is a famous model for laying out types of leadership.They categorized all leadership styles into four behavior types, which they named S1 to S4. They are

Square 1:S1: Telling - This behavior type is a one-way communication where the leader defines the roles of the individual or group and provides the what, how, why, when and where to do the task.

Square 2: S2: Selling - while the leader is still giving the direction, he is now using two-way communication and providing the socio-emotional support that will allow the individual or group being influenced to buy into the process. The second square is support and homeostasis.

Square 3: S3: Participating - The third behavior type is decision-making about aspects of how the task is accomplished and the leader is providing fewer task behaviours while maintaining high relationship behavior. The third square is doing.

Square 4: S4: Delegating - the leader is still involved in decisions, but the process and responsibility has been given to the individual or group. The leader stays involved to monitor progress. The fourth square is transcendent. Now the leader watches as new leaders emerge.

The right leadership style will depend on the person or group being led. The Hersey-Blanchard Situational Leadership Theory demonstrates four levels of maturity M1 through M4. The model again is based on two dimensions. One is having skills and not having skills. The other is taking responsibility and not taking responsibility.

Square 1: M1 - They still lack the specific skills required for the job in hand and are unable and unwilling to do or to take responsibility for this job or task. This is the idealist who is not a doer.

Square 2: M2 - They are unable to take on responsibility for the task being done, will try to work at the task. They are novice but enthusiastic. This is the guardian who is not a doer but tries to do what he can.

Square 3: M3 - They are experienced and able to do the task but do not have confidence and are not willing to take on responsibility. The third square is the doing square.

Square 4: M4 - They are experienced at the task, and comfortable with their own ability to do it well. They do the task, and take responsibility for the task.

According to Ken Blanchard, "Four combinations of competence and commitment make up what we call 'development level.'"

Square 1: D1 - Low competence and high commitment.  According to Blanchard the person originally has low competence but at least is excited and enthusiastic. This is like the idealist.

Square 2: D2 - Low competence and low commitment. The next stage is when the person still has low competence, but his enthusiasm wanes. This is the guardian.

Square 3: D3 - High competence and low/variable commitment. Eventually the person becomes good at it but his enthusiasm still is not very high. Here he is the doer, the artisan.

Square 4:D4 - High competence and high commitment. Finally he is a master. This is the flow-er, the rational.

4-H is a global network of youth organizations whose mission is "engaging youth to reach their fullest potential while advancing the field of youth development". The four H's fit the quadrant model pattern. They are

Square 1: I pledge my head to clearer thinking. The first square is the idealist who is mental.

Square 2: My heart to greater loyalty. The second square is the guardian who is relational.

Square 3: My hands to larger service. The third square is the artisan who is the doer.

Square 4: health to better living. The fourth square is transcendent.

for my club, my community, my country, and my world. There is a fourfold there at the end too.

Anna Dietrich established that there was four types of creativity. In my psychology class at UCSD I learned these types. The types of creativity are based on a dichotomy. The dichotomy is deliberate/spontaneous, and emotional/cognitive. They are

Square 1: Deliberate and cognitive: The cognitive square corresponds to abstractness.The deliberate square corresponds to cooperative.This emerges from sustained work in a discipline. For example, Thomas Edison, who invented the electric light bulb, was a deliberate and cognitive creator. He ran experiment after experiment before he would come up with an invention.

According to Dietrich, Deliberate and cognitive creativity comes from the pre-frontal cortex (PFC) in your brain. The PFC makes it so you can pay focused attention and make connections among information that you have gathered in other parts of your brain. In order for deliberate, cognitive creativity to occur, you need to already have a sufficient amount of knowledge about one or more particular topics. Idealists tend to have a large amount of knowledge. Idealists are the first square personality.

Square 2: Personal breakthrough “a-ha” moments – a-ha moments are emotional and deliberate. This creativity is associated with the Guardian. The guardian is concrete, and thus emotional. He is not cognitive and abstract. the guardian is also cooperative and thus deliberate, and not utilitarian and spontaneous. Personal breakthrough creativity happens after a personal crisis personal crisis (relationship break-up, got fired, gone through a bankruptcy), when a flash of insight about yourself and what chain of bad decisions in your life occurs. This type of creativity also involves the PFC, which is the deliberate part. But according to Dietrich this type of emotional creativity is also connected to the cingulate cortex, which is tied to processing complex feelings that are related to how you interact with others, and your place in the world. And the cingulated cortex is connected to the PFC. This kind of creativity happened for me when I realized why it was that I was kicked out onto the streets and became homeless when I originally wrote this book.

Square 3: Epiphanies” —Epiphanies are emotional, and spontaneous. Emotional is tied to being concrete. Spontaneous is connected with being utilitarian. Epiphanies are therefore related to artisans. The amygdala is associated with spontaneous and emotional creativity, according to Dietrich, as it is where basic emotions are processed. When the conscious brain and the PFC are resting, spontaneous ideas and creations can occur.This kind of creativity is linked to artists and musicians. The artisan is connected with art. These kind of spontaneous and emotional creative moments are quite powerful, such as an epiphany, or a religious experience. Knowledge is not required for this type of creativity, but there is often skill (writing, artistic, musical) necessary to make something from the spontaneous and emotional creative idea. Artisans tend not to have too much information and abstract consciousness, but they do tend to have a lot of skills.

Square 4:Isaac Newton “Eureka” moments — Eureka moments are cognitive and spontaneous creativity. This type of creativity occurs when you are searching for an answer and you go to lunch, or taking a shower and you get a flash of insight about how to staff the project. This is an example of spontaneous and cognitive creativity. According to Dietrich deliberate and cognitive creativity comes from the pre-frontal cortex (PFC) in your brain, which pays focused attention and makes connections among information that you have stored in other parts of your brain. You need to already have a knowledge about one or more particular topics, and put together existing information in new and novel ways. This was the type of creativity that occurred when I discovered the quadrant model of reality, or as Dietrich mentions, when Newton discovered his insight on gravity. This type of creativity is associated with rationals, who are abstract, and thus cognitive, gathering a lot of information, and utilitarian, and thus spontaneous.

Graham Wallace is famous for his book "Art of Thought". In the book Wallace outlines the four stages of creativity. I also learned this theory in a class at UC San Diego on cognition. The four stages of creativity are

Square 1: Preparation stage- During the preparation stage, the problem is “investigated in all directions”. Here the person accumulates the intellectual resources out of which to construct the new ideas. This stage is fully conscious and contains part research, part planning, and also entering the right frame of mind and attention. This stage is very mental, and is associated with the idealist therefore.

Square 2: Incubation stage- Stage two is a period of unconscious processing, during which no direct effort is exerted upon the problem at hand. In this stage unconscious, involuntary (or, as he terms it, “foreconscious” and “fore voluntary”) take place.

Square 3: Illumination stage. The third square is the doing stage. This is a flash of insight that occurs, although it is not done by the conscious self. He describes it as a sort of chance opportunity, and a kind of formation. The idea in a sense forms. The third square is the solid square, and I picture an idea taking shape finally in illumination.

Square 4: Verification. Here the results of illumination are verified, but Wallace describes this stage as sort of encompassing the previous three, because he describes that as you verify you continue to prepare and incubate new ideas as well as that which you have had illuminated and you continue to have new illuminations. Therefore, his model fits the quadrant model pattern.

Hans Eyensck studied personality through factor analysis. He claims to have discovered that temperament is linked with biology, and that people are born with certain personality traits.  He looks at models, like the ancient temperament model and the Kerisey temperament model, stating that they are related to his findings on personality.

A very popular model among psychologists regarding personality is the “Big 5” Personality Traits model.  The model was earlier called the “Big 4”, but after further factor analysis psychologists came to the conclusion that there is a fifth personality factor. Some psychologists note that existence of the fifth personality factor is somewhat questionable—a quality expressed in the  fifth square.

The five factors of the Big 5 fit the quadrant model pattern.

*Square 1: Openness to experience. People are either inventive and curious, or consistent and cautious. The first square is the mind square. Openness has to do with curiosity. Idealists, the first quadrant temperament, are very curious. The idea of openness has a connotation of being linked with the mental. The first square is very mental. Openness has the quality of being intellectual, and related to an appreciation for novelty. Idealists are very interested in the bizarre, and  spiritual things, liking to read science fiction and often practicing meditation. Their love of nature makes them more likely to believe in supernatural things like levitation, etc. Idealists are sensors and perceivers.  To sense something implies not quite “having a handle on it”. Idealists have the tendency to be not extremely rational; they can get carried away, having a  difficult time distinguishing between the possible and impossible, or the real and unreal often explaining their uncertainty as  having a supernatural force behind it.

*Square two: Conscientiousness. People are either efficient and organized, or easy going and careless. The second square is associated with organization and homeostasis.  Conscientiousness connotes an ability to be organized, disciplined, and dutiful. Guardians are very disciplined, reliable, faithful, well planned, and on time. They are important to a smooth running, orderly society. In the presence of too many Artisans and perceptive individuals, and too few judgers chaos will reign.

*Square three: Extraversion. People are either outgoing/energetic or solitary/reserved. Extraversion is associated with what you do in this model. The third square is about doing.

*Square four: Agreeableness. People are either friendly and cooperative or analytical and distant--suspicious and antagonistic. The fourth square is social and always connotes being in a larger context.  Agreeableness connotes relating positively to the outside world.

*Square five: Neuroticism. People are either sensitive and nervous or secure and confident. Neuroticism is associated with the tendency to have unpleasant

emotions like anger, anxiety, depression, and a feeling of vulnerability. It is often related to emotional stability. The first four squares are the sensor,  perceiver, responder, and the aware person. The fifth square is the belief square, belief has an emotional valence. Neuroticism is questioned as a separate factor; the fifth is always questionable and somewhat detached.

The Big 5 Personality Traits

Openness	Extraversion
Conscientiousness	Agreeableness

Neuroticism

There is another personality model linked to the big 5, named the “16 personality factor model”, which measures sixteen personality factor traits. Again, this model is aligned with the quadrant model of reality pattern having 16 squares.

The Freudian model of child development coincides with the quadrant model pattern.  Four stages of development are postulated.

*Square one: Oral. Freud believed that the stage of development from birth to one year of age is associated with the mouth. He believed that children during this stage are either orally aggressive or orally passive.  He claimed that an oral stage fixation led people to be passive, immature, gullible, and manipulative.  These are qualities often associated with the Idealist who can passively submit to authority. Tending to be immature they have difficulty differentiating reality from fiction. An Idealist may be more likely to believe that  a mythical figure  literally  did the  supernatural  things  ascribed  to him,

even claiming to believe when not believing. They can be manipulative and disingenuous in attempts to inspire others.

*Square two: Anal. Freud identified the anal stage of development was occurring between 1 and 3 years of age. This stage is associated with the bowel and  bladder. Freud coined the phrases anal retentive and anal expulsive. The former are very organized and neat; the latter are careless, defiant, disorganized, and reckless. This stage again is associated with organization. That is the nature of the second stage. The second stage is about homeostasis.  The amount  which somebody is anal means how much he is into homeostasis. The Keirsey equivalent  is the Guardian who tends to be more planned, organized, and concerned with   maintaining the status quo.

*Square three: Phallic. Freud believed that the phallic stage of development occurs from 3 to 6 years of age. He associated this stage with the genitalia, believing that during this stage the male child starts experiencing the oedipal complex--wanting to kill the father and have sex with the mother. The female child on the other hand starts feeling the Elektra complex--Elektra was a Greek goddess who wanted to kill her mother and have sex with her father.  Carl Jung also considered the possible existence of the Elektra Complex. The third square--the doing square—has a bad and destructive connotation. The total oedipal complex has a negative quality to it.  By contrast the first two squares are more conservative.  The personality type related to the third square is the Artisan who tends to be destructive.

*Square four: Latency. The latency stage of development occurs from age 6 to puberty. During this stage there are dormant sexual feelings and sexual lack of fulfillment. The fourth square is always associated with sex and knowledge. This stage has a quality of being different from the other three, which are associated with enjoying the body and having fun.  The fourth alway has a quality of being very different.like the rational.

*Square five: Genital. The Genital stage goes from puberty to death. Freud declares that in this stage sexual interests mature. The consequence of psychological fixation in this stage Freud says is frigidity, impotence, and unsatisfactory relationships. The fourth and fifth stages are extremely linked, both being related to sex. The fifth stage builds on the fourth reflecting the nature of the quadrant model pattern.  The fourth stage is the true word.; the fifth stage is the true light.

Freudian Child Development

Oral stage	Phallic stage
Anal stage	Latent stage

Genital stage

Psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan describes the four discourses. They are

Square 1:Discourse of the Master – Struggle for mastery / domination / penetration. Based on Hegel's Master-slave dialectic

Square 2: Discourse of the University – Provision and worship of "objective" knowledge — usually in the unacknowledged service of some external master discourse.

Square 3: Discourse of the Hysteric – Symptoms embodying and revealing resistance to the prevailing master discourse.

Square 4: Discourse of the Analyst – Deliberate subversion of the prevailing master discourse.

Lacan identifies four partial drives: the oral drive (the erogenous zones are the lips, the partial object the breast, the verb is "to suck"), the anal drive (the anus and the faeces, "to shit"), the scopic drive (the eyes and the gaze, "to see") and the invocatory drive (the ears and the voice, "to hear"). The first two drives relate to demand and the last two to desire.

The sexual response cycle in humans has four stages. They fit the quadrant model pattern. They are

Square 1: Excitement phase

Square 2: Plateau phase. This is sexual excitement before the orgasm.

Square 3: Orgasmic phase.

Square 4: Resolution phase. The fourth square is always different and almost doesn't seem to belong or be necessary.

Another very famous model of childhood development is the Piaget model in which four stages of childhood development are outlined; they can be viewed as aligning with the quadrant model pattern.

*Square 1: the sensorimotor stage. This stage is from birth to 2 years. The square is Wilbur's instinctual stage of consciousness. In this stage an infant understands the world through the sensations.   The first quadrant is sensation,  

perception, response, and awareness. During this stage infants lack object permanence. If you put an object in front of an infant, and hide it, the infant thinks it disappeared. Even after initially wanting it, the infant will lose interest in it. The first square is the Idealist temperament connoting gullibility. The first square is awareness. When aware of something, while not completely understanding it there is only “a sense” of what it is—only an impression without a firm grip on reality. This is the nature of infants in Piaget's first stage of development.

*Square two: preoperational stage. This stage is from 2 to 7 years.  This quadrant of belief, faith, behavior, and belonging is associated with Wilbur's magical, religious stage of consciousness. Children now have object permanence, are. less gullible, but are not yet rational. Their thinking is magical and pre-rational.  They have a quality of consciousness called animism leading them to think that spirits and gods are behind everything.   They can be irrational and unable to do comparison tasks. Children are social in this stage, but  are unable to recognize that others have a perspective differing from their own.   They  enjoy talking to other children; the second square is always social. But again, the children have difficulty being aware of the views of others--when they talk it is more like they are talking to themselves. During this stage they are obsessed with morality as they learn about right and wrong. The nature of the second stage is moral. The third square of the second quadrant is behavior. Keirsey’s guardian is associated with this stage.

*Square three: Concrete operations; this stage is from 7 to 11 years. The third square corresponds with Wilbur's rational, interpersonal stage of consciousness. During this stage children can do comparison tasks and take the perspective of others. This is the thinking, emotion, doing, and dreaming stage of development. They are more rational, but have a difficulty with abstract thought--the child's thoughts are able to be manipulated in the absence of the object. Piaget claims that their ideas are dominated by appearances, and by doing; the third square is about doing.  This stage is related to Keirsey's Artisans who are logical but not good at abstractions and  contemplation.

*Square four: Formal operational stage. This stage of development is from 11 years to 16 years.  Children now are able  to contemplate,  think abstractly,  and compose complex thoughts.  The fourth quadrant is contemplation and knowledge. Children can imagine possible worlds that are very different from their usual experience.   This is known as hypothetic-deductive reasoning. The adolescent can now use propositional logic to make assertions without real world circumstances readily present. In the concrete operational stage, in contrast, children need to have concrete evidence to make assertions. This stage is related to a Rational, who is contemplative and seeks knowledge and Truth.

*Square five: Some psychologists following Piaget have asserted that there is a fifth stage of development; the fifth square is always questionable. Debates in psychology center around whether processes are continuums or  distinct stages. Piaget and others predict distinct stages, which progress via phase transitions, as do states of matter in physics in which things are either a solid, liquid, gas, or plasma, but are clearly not a continuum.   Biologists note that these distinct stages in Piaget's model are marked by abrupt changes in the brain and language capacities.

Piaget’s Model of Child Development

sensorimotor	concrete operational
preoperational	formal

When children learn numbers it takes a long time for them to understand 1, 2, and 3, and they actually do not understand the nature of number at this level. It takes them even longer to understand 4. It takes a very long time for a child to understand 4. And at 4 the child still does not understand the nature of number, that each number is adding to the other. Developmental psychologists say that something magical happens at the number 5 and the child understands number. The four is always different. The fifth is ultra transcendent. Psychologists say it takes even longer for the child to understand 5 but once the child does he magically understands the nature of number, whereas before he did not.

The vervet monkey makes alarm calls if it sees a predator while it is trying to get nuts on the ground. But the vervet monkey often likes to cheat his fellow monkeys in order to get more nuts by making a call when there is no predator, so that when the other vervet monkeys run to the trees he gets the remaining nuts. Biologists see this as an example of genetic darwinism, showing in species competition. They note that the monkey is more likely to do it if the other monkeys are not related. But biologists mapped out the phenomenon and noted that on the first call all the monkeys react. On the second call all of the monkeys react. On the third call about all of the monkeys react. On the fourth call from the same individual few of the monkeys react, but they still react. On the fifth warning call of an individual, even if there is a real threat, none of the monkeys will react. The fourth is always different. The fifth is ultra transcendent.

Stanislov Grof is a celebrated transpersonal psychologist who studied birth trauma. According to Grof there are four "hypothetical dynamic matrices in charge of the processes related to the perinatal level of the unconsciousness", called "basic perinatal matrices". These BPM's correspond to the stages of birth during the process of childbirth. Grof argued that during times of extraordinary distress, you undergo a kind of death in which these birth experiences are relived. They are

Square 1: BPM 1- the amniotic universe. This is the symbiotic unity between the Mother and the fetus.This state can be connected with experiences of a lack of boundaries and obstructions, such as the ocean and the cosmos. The extraordinary sentiment of the sacred and spiritual quality of BPM I is the experience of cosmic unity. The first square is the idealist, and the idealist is associated with spirituality and optimism.

Square 2: BPM 2-Cosmic Engulfment and No Exit. This matrix begins with the onset of labor. The experience of chemicals and the pressures of labor "interrupt the fetus’ blissful connection with the mother and alter its pristine universe." Experiencing this layer gives rise to a sense of "no escape", loneliness and helplessness is overwhelming.

Square 3: BPM 3- The Death-Rebirth Struggle.This matrix is associated with the move of the fetus through the birth channel. The third square is always the doing square. This matrix is concerned with a struggle for survival. When experiencing this layer, strong aggression and demonic forces are contacted. Memories associated with this matrix involve struggles, fights, and adventurous activities. The third square is always considered bad and violent.

Square 4: BPM 4-The Death-Rebirth Experience. The fourth square is associated with death. According to Grof, this matrix is connected to the stage of delivery, the actual birth of the child. Tension, pain and anxiety is released. The symbolic counterpart is the Death-Rebirth Experience. The transition from BPM III to BPM IV may involve a sense of total annihilation. Grof refers to this stage as an ego death. I discussed that the fourth square is the flow and knowledge. and is related to the death of the ego.

Transactional analysis is a psychoanalytic therapy wherein social transactions are analyzed to determine the ego state of the patient (whether parent-like, childlike, or adult-like) as a basis for understanding behavior.[1] In transactional analysis, the patient is taught to alter the ego state as a way to solve emotional problems. The method deviates from Freudian psychoanalysis which focuses on increasing awareness of the contents of unconsciously held ideas. Eric Berne developed the concept and paradigm of transactional analysis in the late 1950s.[ Berne stated there are four life positions that a person can hold and holding a particular psychological position has profound implications for how an individual operationalizes his or her life. The positions are stated as: I'm OK and you are OK. This is the healthiest position about life and it means that I feel good about myself and that I feel good about others and their competence. I'm OK and you are not OK. In this position I feel good about myself but I see others as damaged or less than and it is usually not healthy, I'm not OK and you are OK. In this position the person sees him/herself as the weak partner in relationships as the others in life are definitely better than the self. The person who holds this position will unconsciously accept abuse as OK. I'm not OK and you are not OK. This is the worst position to be in as it means that I believe that I am in a terrible state and the rest of the world is as bad. Consequently, there is no hope for any ultimate supports Berne states that there are four types of diagnosis of ego states. They are: "behavioural" diagnosis, "social" diagnosis, "historical" diagnosis, and "phenomenological" diagnosis. A complete diagnosis would include all four types. It has subsequently been demonstrated that there is a fifth type of diagnosis, namely "contextual", because the same behaviour will be diagnosed differently according to the context of the behaviour

The phrase I'm OK, You're OK is one of four "life positions" that each of us may take. The four positions are: Square 1:I'm Not OK, You're OK Square 2: I'm Not OK, You're Not OK Square 3: I'm OK, You're Not OK Square 4: I'm OK, You're OK The most common position is I'm Not OK, You're OK. As children we see that adults are large, strong and competent and that we are little, weak and often make mistakes, so we conclude I'm Not OK, You're OK. Children who are abused may conclude I'm Not OK, You're Not OK or I'm OK, You're Not OK, but this is much less common. The emphasis of the book is helping people understand how their life position affects their communications (transactions) and relationships with practical examples. I’m OK, You’re OK continues by providing practical advice to begin decoding the physical and verbal clues required to analyze transactions. For example, Harris suggests signs that a person is in a Parent ego state can include the use of evaluative words that imply judgment based on an automatic, axiomatic and archaic value system: words like ‘stupid, naughty, ridiculous, disgusting, should or ought’ (though the latter can also be used in the Adult ego state). Harris introduces a diagrammatic representation of two classes of communication between individuals: complementary transactions, which can continue indefinitely, and crossed transactions, which cause a cessation of communication (and frequently an argument). Harris suggests that crossed transactions are problematic because they "hook" the Child ego state of one of the participants, resulting in negative feelings. Harris suggests that awareness of this possibility, through TA, can give people a choice about how they react when confronted with an interpersonal situation which makes them feel uncomfortable. Harris provides practical suggestions regarding how to stay in the Adult ego state, despite the provocation. Having described a generalized model of the ego states inside human beings, and the transactions between them, Harris then describes how individuals differ. He argues that insights can be gained by examining the degree to which an individual’s Adult ego state is contaminated by the other ego states. He summarizes contamination of the Adult by the Parent as "prejudice" and contamination of the Adult by the Child as "delusion". A healthy individual is able to separate these states. Yet, Harris argues, a functioning person does need all three ego states to be present in their psyche in order for them to be complete. Someone who excludes (i.e. blocks out) their Child completely cannot play and enjoy life; while someone who excludes their Parent ego state can be a danger to society (they may become a manipulative psychopath who does not feel shame, remorse, embarrassment or guilt). Harris also identifies from his medical practice examples of individuals with blocked out Adult ego states, who were psychotic, terrified and varied between the Parent ego state's archaic admonitions about the world and the raw emotional state of the Child, making them non-treatable by therapy. For such cases, Harris endorses drug treatments, or electro-convulsive therapy, as a way to temporarily disrupt the disturbing ego states, allowing the “recommissioning” of the Adult ego state by therapy. Harris reports a similar approach to treating Manic Depression. The second half of the book begins by briefly describing the six ways that TA practitioners recognize individuals use to structure time, to make life seem meaningful. Harris continues by offering practical case studies showing applications of TA to Marriage and the raising of both Children and Adolescents. This section of I’m OK, You’re OK concludes as Harris describes when TA can be relevant to an individual’s life, and how and by whom it might be delivered. He promotes the idea that TA is not just a method for specialists, but can be shared and used by many people. Having described such a structured method of dealing with the challenges of human psychology, the final two chapters of the book discuss the question of improving morality and society. In particular, he asks, if we are not to succumb to domination by the Parent ego state, how can individuals enlightened through TA know how they should live their lives? Starting from his axiomatic statement I’m OK, You’re OK, he acknowledges that accepting it at face value raises the same philosophical dilemmas as the problem of evil does for believers in a just, omnipotent God. Harris continues to explore aspects of Christianity with reference to TA, together with more generalized questions about the nature of religion. The final chapter of I’m OK, You’re OK refers to social issues contemporary at the time of writing, including the Cold War, Vietnam war and the contemporary controversial research of individuals’ response to authority conducted by psychologist Stanley Milgram. Harris applies TA to these issues and concludes his book with the hope that nations will soon gain the maturity to engage in Adult to Adult dialogue, rather than conducting diplomacy in the collective archaic ego states of Parent or Child, which he sees as causing war and disharmony.

The Sekhmet Hypothesis was first published in book form in 1995 by Iain Spence.[1] It suggested a possible link between the emergence of youth cultural symbols in relation to the 11 year solar cycles. The hypothesis was published again in 1997 in the journal Towards 2012[2] and covered in 1999, in Sleazenation magazine.[3] The four life scripts relate to each other with the following dialogue:[14] Friendly Weakness - I'm not okay, you're okay Hostile Weakness - I'm not okay, you're not okay Friendly Strength - I'm okay, you're okay Hostile Strength - I'm okay, you're not okay A diversified and holistic guide to the four life scripts was first introduced by Dr. Timothy Leary and three of his colleagues in 1951.[15] Leary suggested there were balanced, healthy forms of behaviour in relation to each of the life scripts and extreme, unhealthy forms of behaviour in relation to each of the scripts.[16][17] By the late 1960s psychologists such as Eric Berne,[18] Thomas Harris [19] and Claude Steiner [20] had changed Leary's holistic guide to one which favoured Friendly Strength over all the other scripts. By 2000, Spence had dismissed the solar side of the hypothesis, suggesting it had no scientific basis. He demonstrated how he believed the dates of solar maximum did not correlate with any heightened activity of youth culture.[21] However, he continued with the study of the four life scripts and their possible relationship to cultural youth trends. The hypothesis suggests that the flower children of the sixties and the mellow side of reggae culture presents a collective mood of "friendly weakness" while punk culture and certain aspects of rap culture present an archetype of 'hostile weakness'. In the late eighties and nineties, rave culture along with early drum and bass supposedly presents a mood based mainly on 'friendly strength'.[22] The hypothesis suggests that most people are not hard wired to any particular life script and likewise young people are generally fluid enough to move between different pop trends with ease and some humour. Grunge for example is viewed as an atavistic hybrid, drawing on elements of both punk and hippie culture.[23] The social symbolism of the hypothesis is also compared to the archetypal symbolism of Ezekiel's quaternity in the Christian Bible.[23] Ezekiel is said to have had a vision of the winged man (angel), the bull, the lion and the eagle. The same quaternity was later incorporated into illuminated manuscripts such as the Book of Kells. Spence has corresponded flower power and late reggae culture (Bob Marley, cannabis use, dub, dreadlocks) to the gentle angel; the rebellious mood of early rap and punk culture to the sullen bull and the leonine strength of drum and bass and rave culture to the proud lion.[23] Grant Morrison and Iain Spence have split views on the subject of hostile strength played out through youth culture. Morrison suggests that the trend has come and gone with the film The Matrix (1999) along with commanding symbolism in the nu metal scene. Spence meanwhile suggests that the mood is yet to materialise within pop culture as a major trend but acknowledges that hostile strength symbolism has already emerged through the more commanding aspects of hip hop, gabber and metal sub-cultures. He has criticised Morrison's reference to The Matrix in relation to the hypothesis suggesting the film is not related to any specific youth trend.[23] Morrison already has a link to the film having influenced the story with his mythology of The Invisibles.[

The Vaults of Erowid discuss the psychedelic experience in a FAQ that provides a partial overview of ideas expressed in Timothy Leary's book The Psychedelic Experience: A Manual Based on the Tibetan Book of the Dead. They classified five levels of psychedelic experience.[7] It is important to note that this rating scale is not to be confused with the 4-level Shulgin Rating Scale for the activity of psychedelic drugs, developed by Alexander Shulgin. Level 1 (Mild) This level produces a mild 'stoning' effect, perhaps with some low degree of visual alteration/enhancement (i.e. brighter colors, or shifty peripheral vision). Some short-term memory anomalies. Music can sound richer and more vibrant. This level of psychedelic intoxication can be achieved with common doses of cannabis and MDMA, light doses of MDA, and light doses of psilocybin mushrooms. Level 2 (Moderate) Bright colours and visuals (i.e. things start to move and breathe). Some flowing geometric 2-dimensional patterns become apparent upon shutting eyes. Confused or reminiscent thoughts. Change in short-term memory leads to continual distractive thought patterns. Vast increase in abstract thought becomes apparent as the natural brain filter is bypassed. Can be achieved with very strong doses of cannabis, common to strong doses of hash oil, light doses of LSD, light to common doses of psilocybin mushrooms, light to common doses of mescaline, strong to heavy doses of MDMA, and common doses of MDA and 2C-B. Level 3 (Strong) Very obvious visuals, everything looks curved and warped, patterns and kaleidoscopes seen on walls and faces (Albert Hofmann, the discoverer of LSD, described how during his bicycle ride home after his first deliberate LSD self-administration: “Everything in my field of vision wavered and was distorted as if seen in a curved mirror”). Some mild hallucinations such as rivers flowing in wood grain or 'mother of pearl' surfaces. Remarkably vibrant and powerful flowing colourful multi-dimensional geometric patterns are seen when the eyes are closed. There is some confusion of the senses (synesthesia). Time distortions and 'moments of eternity'. Simple tasks such as walking, reading, or writing become difficult at times. Can be achieved with common doses of LSD, psilocybin mushrooms, mescaline, and ayahuasca. Can also be achieved with very high doses of cannabis (usually reachable only by oral administration). Level 4 (Profound) Strong hallucinations, i.e. objects morphing into other objects. Destruction or multiple splittings of the ego. Things start talking to you or you find that you are feeling contradictory things simultaneously. Some loss of reality. Time becomes meaningless. Some believe they experience out-of-body experiences and ESP type phenomena.[8] Blending of the senses (especially seeing sound/music). Can be achieved with strong doses of LSD, psilocybin mushrooms, mescaline, and common to strong doses of ayahuasca. Level 5 (Ineffable) This type of experience occurs during high-dose, high-intensity psychedelic sessions. Experiences include total loss of visual connection with reality (unable to tell if eyes are open or closed). The senses cease to function in the normal way (synaesthesia). Total loss of ego. Sense of merging with space, other objects or the universe. The apparent loss of reality becomes so severe that it seemingly defies explanation. The earlier levels seem relatively easier to explain in terms of measureable changes in perception and thought patterns. This level is different in that there is the sensation that the actual universe within which things are normally perceived ceases to exist. Satori enlightenment (and other such labels) (**).[9] Classic religious/mystical phenomena are commonly reported at this dosage/intensity level; in particular the experience of mystical death/rebirth. Trippers have described experiences of connection to an "all-knowing presence" or a "universal knowledge", which many equate with extra-terrestrials, artificial intelligence, God, love, nothingness/void, transcendent unity, or enlightenment. Can be achieved with strong doses of vaporized DMT, very strong doses of psilocybin mushrooms, very strong doses of LSD, strong doses of salvinorin A, and high but sub-anesthetic doses of ketamine. The fourth square is always transcendent and different from the previous three. The fifth is always ultra transcendent. The fourth points to the nature of the fifth. The fifth is questionable. Ineffable means you cannot even speak of it.

The hormone T4 has four atoms of iodine, while T3 has three atoms of iodine. T4 and T3 regulate metabolism, growth, heart rate, body temperature, and affect protein synthesis. The hormone calcitonin is produced by thyroid parafollicular cells. Calcitonin helps to regulate calcium concentrations by lowering blood calcium levels when the levels are high. Thyroid Hormone Regulation Thyroid hormones T4 and T3 are regulated by the pituitary gland. This small endocrine gland is located in the middle of the base of the brain. It controls a multitude of important functions in the body. The pituitary gland is termed the "Master Gland" because it directs other organs and endocrine glands to suppress or induce hormone production. One of the many hormones produced by the pituitary gland is thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). When levels of T4 and T3 are too low, TSH is secreted to stimulate the thyroid to produce more thyroid hormones. As levels of T4 and T3 rise and enter the blood stream, the pituitary senses the increase and reduces its production of TSH. This type of regulation is an example of a negative feedback mechanism. The pituitary gland is itself regulated by the hypothalamus. Blood vessel connections between the hypothalamus and pituitary gland allow hypothalamic hormones to control pituitary hormone secretion. The hypothalamus produces thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). This hormone stimulates the pituitary to release TSH. Thyroid Problems When the thyroid gland is not functioning properly, several thyroid disorders may develop. These disorders can range from a slightly enlarged gland to thyroid cancer. An iodine deficiency may cause the thyroid to become enlarged. An enlarged thyroid gland is referred to as a goiter. When the thyroid produces hormones in excess of the normal amount, it causes a condition called hyperthyroidism. When the thyroid does not produce enough thyroid hormone, hypothyroidism occurs. Many instances of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism are caused by autoimmune thyroid diseases. In autoimmune disease, the immune system attacks the body's own normal tissues and cells. Autoimmune thyroid diseases can cause the thyroid to become overactive or to stop producing hormones entirely. Parathyroid Glands Parathyroid glands are four small tissue masses located on the posterior side of the thyroid. These glands vary in number, but typically two or more may be found in the thyroid. Parathyroid glands contain many cells that secrete hormones and have access to extensive blood capillary systems. Parathyroid glands produce and secrete parathyroid hormone. This hormone helps to regulate calcium concentrations by increasing blood calcium levels when these levels dip below normal. Parathyroid hormone counteracts calcitonin, which decreases blood calcium levels. Parathyroid hormone increases calcium levels by promoting the break down of bone to release calcium, by increasing calcium absorption in the digestive system, and by increasing calcium absorption by the kidneys. Calcium ion regulation is vital to the proper functioning of organ systems such as the nervous system and muscular system.

The day count for menstrual cycle begins on the first day of menstruation when blood starts to come out of the vagina. In this section, the length of menstrual cycle has been assumed to be 28 days (which is the average among women). The entire duration of a Menstrual cycle can be divided into four main phases:

Menstrual phase (From day 1 to 5)

Follicular phase (From day 1 to 13)

Ovulation phase (Day 14)

Luteal phase (From day 15 to 28)

Square 1:Menstrual phase begins on the first day of menstruation and lasts till the 5th day of the menstrual cycle. The following events occur during this phase:

The uterus sheds its inner lining of soft tissue and blood vessels which exits the body from the vagina in the form of menstrual fluid.

Blood loss of 10 ml to 80 ml is considered normal.

You may experience abdominal cramps. These cramps are caused by the contraction of the uterine and the abdominal muscles to expel the menstrual fluid.

Square 2:Follicular phase (day 1-13)

This phase also begins on the first day of menstruation, but it lasts till the 13th day of the menstrual cycle. The following events occur during this phase:

The pituitary gland secretes a hormone that stimulates the egg cells in the ovaries to grow.

One of these egg cells begins to mature in a sac-like-structure called follicle. It takes 13 days for the egg cell to reach maturity.

While the egg cell matures, its follicle secretes a hormone that stimulates the uterus to develop a lining of blood vessels and soft tissue called endometrium.

Square 3:Ovulation phase (day 14)

On the 14th day of the cycle, the pituitary gland secretes a hormone that causes the ovary to release the matured egg cell. The released egg cell is swept into the fallopian tube by the cilia of the fimbriae. Fimbriae are finger like projections located at the end of the fallopian tube close to the ovaries and cilia are slender hair like projections on each Fimbria. The third square is the doing square. This is when the action of the release of the egg occurs.

Square 4:Luteal phase (day 15-28)

This phase begins on the 15th day and lasts till the end of the cycle. The following events occur during this phase:

The egg cell released during the ovulation phase stays in the fallopian tube for 24 hours.

If a sperm cell does not impregnate the egg cell within that time, the egg cell disintegrates.

The hormone that causes the uterus to retain its endometrium gets used up by the end of the menstrual cycle. This causes the menstrual phase of the next cycle to begin. The fourth square is death. It is disintegration and transformation

Joseph Luft and Harrington Ingham are psychologists who invented the Johari window to help people better understand their relationships with others and to better understand themselves. The Johari window is based off of two dualities. They are known to others and not known to others, and known to self and not known to self. People are given a list of adjectives out of which they need to pick some that they feel describe their own personality. The subjects peers get the same list, and each pick equal number of adjectives that describe the subject. These adjectives are then put into a quadrant grid grid. The four parts of the Johari window are

Square 1: Open or Arena: Adjectives that are selected by both the participant and his or her peers are put in the Open or Arena quadrant. This quadrant is traits of the subjects that both they themselves and their peers are aware of.

Square 2: Hidden or Façade: Adjectives selected only by subjects, but not by any of their peers, are placed into the Hidden or Façade quadrant, showing information about them their peers are unaware of. It is then up to the subject to disclose this information or not.

Square 3: Blind : Adjectives that are not selected by subjects but only by their peers are placed into the Blind Spot quadrant. These are information that the subject is not aware of, but others are, and they can decide whether and how to inform the individual about these "blind spots".

Square 4: Unknown: Adjectives that were not selected by either subjects or their peers remain in the Unknown quadrant. This is the participant's behaviors or motives that were not recognized by anyone participating.

In Rev. Robert Jardine's The Elements of the Psychology of Cognition, the only book he is known for, he points out

four primary relations of consciousness

Square 1: difference

Square 2: resemblance

Square 3: simultaneity.

Square 4: succession. Each of these are relations of perception

His second fourfold based on a duality between Internal-External and Quantitative-Qualitative. These are relations between objects in our thought. Thus these yield

Square 1: Internal Quantitative:

Relations of figure, size, shape, motion, number, and so on, of the constituent parts or elements of objects, classes or systems. These relations may be any of the four primary relations or any combination of them.

Square 2: External Quantitative:

Relations of any of the four primary kinds or any combinations of them between the figure, size, shape, motion, duration, number, and so on, of objects, classes or systems which are external to one another.

Square 3: External Qualitative:

Relations between external objects or systems with reference to qualities made known by sense, moral or aesthetical qualities, characters, habits, conditions and any other characteristics of objects of knowledge which may be appropriately called qualitative.

Square 4:Internal Qualitative:

Relations between the qualities of objects of our knowledge, or classes of objects, these qualities being made known to us by the sensations or ideas which they produce in our minds.

Gretchen Rubin's is an author who outlined the Four Tendencies. They are

Square 1: Upholders. Meet outer and meet inner expectations

Square 2: Obliger. Meet outer resist inner expectations

Square 3: Questioner. Resist outer meet inner expectations

Square 4: Rebel. Resist outer resist inner expectations

Sleep is an important subject of study in psychology.  Dreaming is very common during sleep.  Sleep is divided into four stages that reflect the quadrant model pattern.

*Square one: NREM--stage 1:  This first stage of sleep is marked by alpha waves  and theta waves in the brain. During this stage the sleeper many experience hypnagogic hallucinations.  The first square personality type is the Idealist who, being very aware, is said to be subject to having hallucinations; they are highly intuitive, but their grasp of reality is often not firm.  Frequent jokes are made that Idealists believe in things like fairies.

*Square two: NREM--stage 2, the second stage of sleep. Sleep spindles and k complexes, which are types of brain waves, are associated with this stage. The person is now firmly asleep. Interestingly, psychologists hypothesize that this stage is linked with homeostasis in the body. The second stage is always homeostasis..

*Square three: NREM--stage 3, the third stage of sleep, also known as deep sleep. This stage is marked by delta waves in the brain. It is interesting that this is the stage in which sleep walking, sleep talking, and bedwetting occurs. Remember that the third square is the doing square. The third square is also destructive and associated with negative things. The first two squares are more conservative. The third square though is breaking out of the comfort. Sleep walking and sleep talking is doing. Also this is the stage of sleep that is associated with night terrors, where people have very disturbing, scary dreams.

*Square four: REM sleep--stage 4.   The  first three squares are always extremely similar, whereas the fourth always has a very different quality.  The first three are non-rapid eye movement stages of sleep; the fourth is called rapid eye movement.  During this stage the body is completely paralyzed.  The fourth square is associated with death--the paralysis of the body is like a death.

The debates  regarding  continuums  and  distinct stages  in psychology occur  in  the understanding of sleep stages. In the quadrant model there are separate but connecting squares; all are interlinked, but very distinct. This is the nature of the squares in the quadrant model.

Sleep Stages

NREM Stage 1	NREM Stage 3
NREM Stage 2	REM

In Life's Other Secret (1999), Ian Stewart suggests the ubiquitous swastika pattern arises when parallel waves of neural activity sweep across the visual cortex during states of altered consciousness, producing a swirling swastika-like image, due to the way quadrants in the field of vision are mapped to opposite areas in the brain. The swastika is the quadrant/cross

Carl Sagan in his book Comet (1985) reproduces Han period Chinese manuscript (the Book of Silk, 2nd century BC) that shows comet tail varieties: most are variations on simple comet tails, but the last shows the comet nucleus with four bent arms extending from it, recalling a swastika. Sagan suggests that in antiquity a comet could have approached so close to Earth that the jets of gas streaming from it, bent by the comet's rotation, became visible, leading to the adoption of the swastika as a symbol across the world.[18] Bob Kobres in his 1992 paper Comets and the Bronze Age Collapse contends that the swastika like comet on the Han Dynasty silk comet atlas was labeled a "long tailed pheasant star" (Di-Xing) because of its resemblance to a bird's foot or footprint,[19] the latter comparison also being drawn by J.F.K. Hewitt's observation on page 145 of Primitive Traditional History: vol. 1.[20] as well as an article concerning carpet decoration in Good Housekeeping.[21] Kobres goes on to suggest an association of mythological birds and comets also outside China.[19]

The Four Quadrants

The idea of classifying risk by distribution of observations (normal or fat-tailed) and our ability to understand the interconnectedness of the risk (simplicity or complexity) was suggested by Nassim Taleb. The classification concept is excellent, but we feel it has not been well developed. The main take-away is to “stay away from the fourth quadrant” where statistics and models fail. This paper is intended as a guide for assigning risks to quadrants and for risk managing them optimally.

Earlier four-quadrants risk literature classifies risk by significance of impact and likelihood of occurrence. Both metrics are useless since we frequently understand neither in advance.

Copyright © 2010 INSEAD 1 06/2010-5714

QUADRANT 1 Predictable Gaussian World (Simplicity and Normal Distribution)

A Gaussian world is safe (no big surprises) and events and observations are normally distributed.

There are two categories of observations in the first quadrant:

1. Binary

a. Outcomes are of the yes/no, black/red, heads/tails variety.

b. In a heads/tails coin toss, a sufficient number of tosses (let’s say 1,000) will lead to a normal distribution – the classic bell-shaped curve.

c. No single outcome can dramatically change the mean.

2. Small Range

a. The distance from the minimum possible reading to the maximum possible reading is small.

b. Measure the height of enough MBA students (let say 1,000) and you will end up with a relatively small range and a normal distribution.

c. No single outcome can dramatically change the mean. Add the tallest MBA student in the world (213cm?) to the 1,000 student average of 178 cm, and the average increases to just 178.03 cm. No drama.

d. While height, weight and commuting time conform to this “no single reading can significantly change the average” concept, the wealth of individuals does not. The average net worth of a Mexican is $13,000. Take 1,000 Mexicans, add the $53 billion net worth Carlos Slim to the group, and the average net worth of the 1,001 sample jumps to $52.96 million. The distribution of wealth of individuals is not normal and therefore this data series does not belong in Q1. (Wealth tends to follow a power distribution).

Payoff

Distribution

Simple (win/lose)

Complex (almost anything)

Normal (Bell Curve)

Coin toss; Height

Q1

Q3

Fat-Tailed or Indeterminate

Q2

Q4

Copyright © 2010 INSEAD 2 06/2010-5714

Everyone likes a Gaussian world – normally distributed and safe – where predictions without errors are easy. Such perfect environments are every risk manager’s dream.

Risks are binary or cover a small range of possibilities, and are not life-threatening. Only probability is important – not magnitude.

Much scientific and academic research is based on a Gaussian Quadrant 1 environment (Black-Sholes pricing model) due to the high degree of predictability.

Examples of Q1 Risks:

Binary • Roulette: Red/black • Coin toss: Heads/tails • Digital Options: Win/lose • Mortality: Life/death • Elections: Win/lose

Small range • Height or weight of people • Commuting time (subway uncertainty in the absence of terrorist threats) • Length of a movie • Daily temperature range in Singapore • Longevity • Automobile insurance claims

Q1 Checklist:

• One additional extreme reading cannot change the average significantly.

• No leverage exists.

• Out of 1,000 coin tosses, you can be extremely wrong many times (guessing tails or heads come up) and not be devastated.

• The payoff is “Simple” • The distribution is “Normal”

Risk Management Tools:

“At-Risk”-type (VaR) risk management models are perfect for such risks since probabilities derived from historical data work well. There are no “outliers” or surprises.

Or Fire your risk managers if you only play in Quadrant 1; you won’t need them.

Copyright © 2010 INSEAD 3 06/2010-5714

QUADRANT 2 Risk Models CAN Work – Simple Payoffs with Fat or Indeterminate Tails

As with Q1, the payoff is simple. The anticipated outcome either happens, or it doesn’t. The difference with Q2 is that we don’t understand the distribution very well – numerous tame observations can be followed by one observation with a dramatic and potentially devastating impact. And we don’t know when that dramatic event will take place.

We don’t usually recognize the presence of a Q2 risk at first glance, though if we think about it for a second, the risk becomes apparent and we can define it. We can easily understand and estimate the possible outcomes of a potential tail event.

We just can’t predict HOW FAT the tail will be nor WHEN it will occur. If “size matters” and “timing is everything”, then we have a problem in Q2. The good news is that Q2 risks are manageable.

To compare Q2 to Q1, let’s look at two fruit trees:

Payoff

Distribution

Simple (win/lose)

Complex (almost anything)

Normal (Bell Curve)

Q1

Q3

Fat-Tailed or Indeterminate

Coconuts

Q2

Q4

Apple Tree (Q1)

Coconut Tree (Q2)

Number of fruits that can potentially fall

Several hundred to thousands

10

Ability to predict when they will fall

High – many per day when ripe

No idea. When you least expect it

Weight of fruit

150 gm

2,000 gm

Height of fruit on tree

3m

25m

Impact if one hits you on the head

Surprise

Concussion or death

Risk management

Wear a hat, but really not necessary

Don’t sit under the coconut tree. Place a strong wire skirt around the tree trunk (high up) to catch falling coconuts

Simple or complex system

Simple – an apple either falls or it doesn’t

Simple – a coconut either falls or it doesn’t

Normal or fat-tailed or indeterminate distribution

Normal – one apple won’t hurt you

Fat–tailed or indeterminate – just one can kill you

Copyright © 2010 INSEAD 4 06/2010-5714

Examples of Q2 Risks – an accident waiting to happen

• Coconut uncertainty • Most linear financial products (without leverage) • Wealth destruction from house burning down • Shark attack (discovery channel!) • Falling airplane parts • Tsunami • Nine eleven • Oil spills (BP in April 2010) • Ponzi schemes (Madoff) • Subway uncertainty (for cities where terrorism is a threat)

Risk Management Tools

• Know the risks – define them – raise awareness • Rules-based solutions – plan what to do, if and when • Reduce, cap, mitigate, avoid or

• Insure risks, but make sure the insurer can pay. Also ensure a sovereign government (reflecting social pressure) cannot retroactively uncap your insurance and make your potential liability infinite.

While the payoffs on Q2 are simple (happens/doesn’t happen), risk solutions are most often difficult. If the risk solutions are simple (avoidance – don’t go outside, don’t work in a high rise, don’t swim in the ocean) then there is often a significant opportunity cost.

Risk

Risk Management

Coconut uncertainty

Don’t sit under the tree

Skirts to catch falling coconuts

Linear financial products

Use a stop loss (weak)

Buy a “crash put” (strong)

House burning down

Install sprinkler system Build a moat

Buy fire insurance

Shark attack

Don’t swim in the water

Swim in a fenced/netted area

Falling airplane parts

Don’t go outside

Don’t live under air routes

Tsunami

When the tide goes way out, head for higher ground or stay in the water significantly offshore

Build your house or resort on a cliff.

Nine eleven

Don’t work in high-rises. Don’t teach flying students who don’t want to land.

Equip everyone above the 30th floor with a quick-release parachute.

Oil spills

Engineering building codes

Alternative energy sources

Ponzi schemes

Basic due diligence

If something is “too good to be true”, it probably isn’t true.

Subway uncertainty (where terrorism threat possible)

Don’t take the subway

Increase surveillance

Copyright © 2010 INSEAD 5 06/2010-5714

QUADRANT 3 Complexity & Normal Distributions – Think Engineering

Quadrant 3 deals primarily with physical laws where normal distributions exist. The outcome can be predicted with a high degree of certainty. No leverage is involved. The consequences of being wrong are extreme, yet the likelihood of error is small. Errors are most often human, not physical (exceeding O-ring temperature guidelines in the Space Shuttle Challenger, pilots attempting to land in bad weather instead of diverting to a safer airport), so risk management involves hiring smart engineers, rational operators and making systems resilient.

Examples of Q3 Risks

Physics

In Quadrant 3, numerous independent parts work together to form a complex interdependent whole. The independent parts are usually mechanical in nature and conform well to traditional statistical methods.

Biology and Social Systems ARE NOT in Q3

Distributions can stray far from the bell-shaped “normal” where biological or social systems are concerned. The spread of SARS could be limited to Hong Kong one day, and then spread throughout Canada the next day after one infected Hong Kong carrier hopped on a plane to Toronto. The growth of Facebook connections looks much more exponential than normal. When a YouTube video goes “viral” power distributions are at work.

Q3 Auto Example

An automobile is made up of thousands of independent parts (nuts, bolts, hoses, wires) that form many independent systems (electrical, engine, fuel, cooling, drive train, and brakes) that interact to make a complex car. Each of the independent systems has simple statistical properties that can be replicated (mass produced) with tiny margins of error. The result is thousands of complex vehicles where the expected performance can be forecast with precision. The performance distribution is normal, yet the system is complex.

Payoff

Distribution

Simple (win/lose)

Complex (almost anything)

Normal (Bell Curve)

Q1

Moon Landing

Q3

Fat-Tailed or Indeterminate

Q2

Q4

Copyright © 2010 INSEAD 6 06/2010-5714

Q3 Lunar Exploration Example

The first human landing on the moon – clearly a complex undertaking – involved the interaction of gravity, orbits, earth spin, pressure, oxygen, electrical, mechanical, propulsion engineering and numerous other parts and systems. Computing power was laughable by today’s standards. Yet the landing was precise and without incident. The lunar landing was a truly complex task where the expected result fell within a very small range of possibilities.

Risk Management Tools - Resilience and the Many R’s

The complex risks of Q3 can only be managed by introducing sufficient redundancy and fail- safe mechanisms.

The role of resilience in integrated risk management has gained much traction in recent years. As Walter Ammann noted in his presentation to the 2009 Global Risk Forum in Davos:

• “Resilient systems reduce the probability of failure, the consequences of failure and the time needed for recovery.

• Resilience reflects a concern for improving the capacity of physical and human systems to respond to and recover from extreme events.

• Resilience is both inherent strength and the ability to be flexible and adaptive after environmental shocks and disruptive events.”

The building blocks of a resilient system, referred to in various research papers as the 3, 4 or 5R’s, are;

• Redundancy • Reliability • Robustness • Resourcefulness • Rapid response • Regulation

Questions We Need to Ask:

Why are Quadrant 3 tails thin? Is it because we are truly playing in the land of normal distributions, or is there simply insufficient historical data or laboratory research to form a statistically significant distribution? Many distributions appear normal until the fat tail hits.

Are Q3 risks so safe that sound models, rational operators and resilient systems are sufficient to remove the risk of extreme events, or do we suffer from the illusion of control?

Copyright © 2010 INSEAD 7 06/2010-5714

QUADRANT 4 Risk Models Don’t Apply – Complex Systems &Fat or Indeterminate Tails

• Q4 extreme risk events are infrequent, yet their impact is massive (same characteristics as our Q2 coconut). In fact, their infrequency often lulls us into a false sense of security and overconfidence in our ability to avoid catastrophe.

• The complexities and interconnectedness in Q4 are enormous, yet risks are often invisible or ignored.

• Leverage – often excessive – is usually present in Q4.

• Our ability to forecast the timing and magnitude of Q4 risk events is poor – approaching the impossible. The world is just too complex and too interconnected to figure out how a Q4 risk will materialize. So we mistakenly try to forecast harder, with more inputs and better models.

• Risk models don’t work in Q4.

• Since risk models don’t work, the modellers try to tweak and calibrate models to make them work better. (We have a tendency to make small incremental changes – iterations – in our attempt to find solutions instead of completely discarding bad models and starting afresh with a clean slate).

• Modellers try to modify and adapt risk measures that work in Q1 (VaR) to account for leverage, unpredictability and fat tails (expected loss), but they just introduce the illusion of control. We think we can model and risk manage fat-tailed Q4 risks, but we can’t.

• Nassim Taleb refers to Q4 as “Extremistan”.

• The social impact of a Q4 fat-tail event is enormous (people lose jobs, houses, retirement funds, have heart attacks, get arrested and spend time in jail, governments fail, new laws and regulations are introduced).

Examples of Q4 Risks

• Lehman – leveraged and interconnected financial system risks leading to a systemic meltdown. Few people knew that Lehman was a counterparty to so many trades. Without

Payoff

Distribution

Simple (win/lose)

Complex (almost anything)

Normal (Bell Curve)

Q1

Q3

Fat-Tailed or Indeterminate

Q2

Leveraged Finance

Q4

Copyright © 2010 INSEAD 8 06/2010-5714

government action (printing money) almost all banks and investment dealers in the US (and many in parts of Europe) would probably have gone bankrupt and anarchy would have prevailed. A clear Q4 risk.

• AIG – agreed to insure credit risks that exceeded their capital by more than 10 times. The risk was simple (a debtor either defaults or it doesn’t), yet the conditions leading to defaults were unpredictable. Complexity and leverage – definitely Q4.

• Bubonic plague, SARS – any virus spread by air or contact. Fast, modern transportation allows viruses to spread more rapidly than ever before. Traditional statistics of mean and standard deviation cannot help us when the spread of viruses reaches the logarithmic or power distribution phase. Vaccines or isolation help where models fail.

• Economic systems are Q4 phenomena.

• Leveraged financial products. If you bought a Greek government bond at par with 10 time’s leverage, and the bond’s price drops (yields rise) by 10% within one month, your investment has gone to zero.

• Short gamma (short, short-dated options). • Complex or “structured financial products”. Even the issuers often fail to understand the

complexities of their products.

• Lloyds of London names. High net worth individuals wrote insurance policies for centuries and generated a substantial and steady income. When the US courts ruled in favour of asbestos-related injuries, which Lloyds names had insured in what are now regarded as badly-worded policies, names were “called” and many went bankrupt. A better-worded contract that capped claims would have placed Lloyds’ names in Q2.

• The internet – not all Q4 risks are bad. Many of the most influential inventions and innovations are Q4 surprises. Complex, interconnected systems, significant leverage and major impact. (think: the hand phone, fax machine, computer)

Risk Management Tools – Are There Solutions to Q4 Risks?

It is important to accept the fact that we cannot manage or model the risks in Q4. We must get out of Q4!

• Reduce the impact of relationships and complexities we do not understand. • Chop the tails:

− − −

Limit the downside contractually Buy “crash puts” Change the risk profile to that of Q2 or Q3.

• Many banks, hedge funds, businesses and individuals have gone to zero (or less) due to a misguided belief in their ability to model Q4 risks.

• Do NOT rely on statistics or models.

Copyright © 2010 INSEAD 9 06/2010-5714

• Employ the resilience guidelines discussed in Q3 – build in redundancies. (humans have two kidneys but only need one), make your business robust (some parts of the business do well in an economic downturn), become resourceful and act quickly.

• Reduce leverage. A Simple Q4 Housing Scenario Identical houses are offered for sale in the same neighbourhood for $1 million each.

Conservative Joe from Q2 has been saving all his life and pays cash for his $1million house. He has bad memories of the 1993 Toronto real estate market when prices collapsed by 60%. Joe buys his house with 100% equity.

Aggressive Fabio from Q4 has no cash, applies for and receives a $1million mortgage from the local bank. Fabio has just finished reading a best-selling book on “How to Profit from the Coming Real Estate Boom with No Money Down”. This is a small town, and the bank has 10 depositors who have each placed their $100k retirement savings on deposit. Deposit insurance has not been invented. Fabio buys his house with 100% debt.

Housing prices collapse by 60%.

Q2 Joe is not happy, but his life doesn’t change. He still lives in his house. No drama.

The bank repossesses Q4 Fabio's house, and tries to sell it at auction in a falling market. The 10 bank depositors get wind of this, all try to withdraw their cash simultaneously and create a run on the bank. The bank has insufficient cash and declares bankruptcy. The depositors lose 60% of their retirement savings and will have to work longer, retire later and live in a depressing trailer park. Fabio buys a nice house for $300k at a forced auction.

Who wins and who loses in Q4?

The depositors thought they were being conservative by placing their money with a bank, but they took on leveraged and interconnected complex risk that was difficult to map. They had limited upside potential (the interest paid on their deposits), while their downside was the loss of all their savings. (If deposit insurance had been invented, the taxpayers would have borne the loss instead of depositors).

Fabio thought he was being aggressive, but he really just purchased a free call option on a house with tremendous appreciation potential. He had positive asymmetric risk – no downside and unlimited upside.

Over the course of history, many of the largest personal fortunes have been made by leveraged long real estate portfolios. And many of the most spectacular bank failures have been a result of mortgage lending. Both play in Q4.

Copyright © 2010 INSEAD 10 06/2010-5714

Summary

A risk is either simple – a coconut falls and hits you on the head, or it doesn’t – or complex – AIG insures a credit risk, and then another, and then hundreds of billions more, which all go bad and destroy all US investment banks within a week and compel the government to spend trillions of taxpayers’ money that they don’t have, which threatens social systems, which gives people heart attacks, which starts congressional hearings, which destroys careers, which lands people in jail – well, we assume you get the picture.

And a risk is ether normally distributed – casinos rely on this Gaussian world – or fat-tailed where a small Mediterranean country with clear waters, sunny skies, sandy beaches, a long history, delicious olive oil, marginal wine and an excessive sovereign debt can potentially destroy the official currency of 16 nations

The fourth quadrant in the

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Square 1: metal decay

Square 2: unusual propagation

Square 3:dialectic propoagation

Square 4: new propogation

There are four types of brain waves

Square 1: Beta waves occur when attentive and alert to external stimuli or exert specific mental effort. Beta waves also occur during deep sleep, REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep when the eyes switch back and forth.

The amplitude of beta rhythms tends to be less than for alpha rhythms. This does not mean that there is less electrical activity rather that the "positive" and "negative" activities are starting to counterbalance so that the sum of the electrical activity is less.

Desynchronization or alpha block occurs instead of the wave like pattern of alpha waves.So, the beta wave represents excitement of the cortex to a higher state of alertness or tension. It builds upon the first square

Square 2: Alpha brain waves occur between 8 - 13 Hz i.e.,the alpha state operates at a lower cycle, 7-14 cycles per second level. In general, the alpha rhythm is the prominent EEG wave pattern of an adult who is awake but relaxed with eyes closed.

When you relax and clear your mind of wandering thoughts or choose to ignore them, your brain generates alpha waves. In the alpha state, one is open to suggestion as the conscious logical mind is subdued.

Each region of the brain has a characteristic alpha rhythm but alpha waves of the greatest amplitude are recorded from the occipital and parietal regions of the cerebral cortex. Psychic experiences can happen in the alpha state. Both daydreaming and sleep dreaming occur while in the alpha

Beta brain waves occur between 14 - 30 Hz but during intense mental activity can reach 50 Hz i.e., Beta waves characterize the conscious waking state at 14 cycles per second and up.

Square 3:Theta brainwaves occur between 4 - 7 Hz i.e.,the theta state is 4 - 7 cycles per second. When you enter this type of mental activity such as daydreaming, fantasy, imagination, ideas, inspirational thinking, your brain generates theta brain waves.

Theta wave generation can be stimulated by a number of activities and sources. While it is possible to have psychic experiences in the alpha state, the most thoughtful experiences occur at the theta level. If you drive for a long while on a straight road, you can go into Theta state.

The theta level opens the door to fall down even deeper into the psychic/astral world.. At this level, one is able to experience astral travel and psychic communication, achieve enlightenment, and enter into other dimensions.

Square 4: Delta brainwaves occur below 3.5 Hz i.e., brain wave activity in the delta state ranges from 0 - 4 cycles per second. This is total unconsciousness, deep, dreamless sleep. When you are asleep and not dreaming, the brain generates delta waves.

Delta brain waves may increase during difficult mental activities requiring concentration. The occurrence and amplitudes of delta and theta rhythms are highly variable within and between individuals.

Four parenting types have been identified and described.  Baumrind was the first psychologist to study parenting, distinguishing three parenting styles.  Macoby and Martin later identified a fourth, which conforms to the nature of the quadrant model--the fourth always seems not to belong. The following parenting types relate to the quadrant model.

*Square one: Authoritative--responsive and demanding. The first square is the Idealist square. Idealists recall are abstract and cooperative. Abstract people are responsive. Abstract people are intelligent in that they see patterns and connections. They are articulate. But Idealists are also cooperative. Cooperative people are demanding in that they follow rules and they think that other people should follow rules as well. Idealists are very into the notion of responsibility. Response is the third square of the first quadrant. Idealists are responsive. But because they are responsible they are very concerned with the notion of self reliance, and are very demanding. They do things themselves, expecting others to do the same.

*Square two: Authoritarian--unresponsive and demanding. The second square is the Guardian square. Guardians are concrete and cooperative. Concrete people are unresponsive, focused on facts and detail, and are not deep thinkers. They excel in being useful.  Because they are not abstract they are not as responsive. Guardians are also demanding because, like idealists, they are cooperative, valuing social harmony and order. Perceivers, who are third and fourth square oriented, usually do not read directions and instructions, whereas second square oriented people do, making them  needed. The element that this corresponds to is water which is cold and wet.

*Square three: Neglectful--unresponsive and undemanding. The third square is the Artisan square; they are concrete and utilitarian, unresponsive because they are not abstract thinkers and not extremely articulate. Concrete people are more into facts and details and thus do not value deep understanding. Artisans are utilitarian and undemanding, do what works while not caring about social harmony. Utilitarians are not cooperative, less likely to read the manual. Utilitarians are more spontaneous, wild, and view others through their own consciousness. Spontaneity does not demand others to plan, therefore Artisans are undemanding yet destructive.

*Square four: Indulgent--responsive and undemanding. This square corresponds with the Rational who is abstract and utilitarian. Abstract people see connections, and value deep understanding, therefore they are responsive. But rationals are utilitarian, therefore spontaneous and inclined to want others to be the same. People view others through their own consciousness. so a Rational is less demanding on children. The element that the indulgent parent corresponds to is fire, which is hot and dry.

Parenting Styles

Authoritative- responsive and demanding	Neglectful- unresponsive and undemanding
Authoritarian- unresponsive and demanding	Indulgent- responsive and undemanding

There are four Parenting styles that reflect the quadrant model pattern. There are also two dichotomies that yield the four attachment styles. One dichotomy is self esteem and

thoughts about self; this is either positive or negative. The other dichotomy is sociability and thoughts about others. This is either positive or negative.

*Square one: Secure; The secure attachment type has positive thoughts about self and positive thoughts about others. The secure attachment type is related to the idealist. Abstract thought is related to positive thoughts about yourself. Abstract thinkers see the oneness and connection of things. If you are abstract you will have a positive thought about yourself. Being cooperative means that you see others positively. Cooperative people are themselves trustworthy, so they see others as similar to themselves, and thus trust others. Idealists are themselves trustworthy. They are responsible. People look at others through their own lenses. Because idealists are trustworthy, idealists trust others. Idealists, recall, are easily persuaded by authority. Idealists trust authority.

*Square two: Anxious-preoccupied; Anxious preoccupied people have negative thoughts about themselves and positive thoughts about others. This attachment type is associated with the guardian, who is concrete and cooperative. Concrete people are not abstract thinkers. They do not see the connections of things and the oneness of things. Concrete people may not be extremely confident in their own intellectual abilities. Thus guardians do not have necessarily positive thoughts about themselves. Guardians, however, are cooperative. Guardians themselves are very loyal. Remember, the second quadrant is belief and faith behavior and belonging. People who behave listen to orders. Guardians respect orders and trust authority. Guardians are faithful and make good friends because they are loyal and look at others through the lens of their own consciousness.  Guardians thus have positive thoughts about others.

*Square three: Fearful-avoidant personality types have negative thoughts about themselves and others. The third square is associated with the Artisan temperament, which is concrete and utilitarian.  Being utilitarian, they are spontaneous, do what they want and what they think works ,and  care less about conforming to social considerations, maintaining the status quo, and not ruffling up feathers. As a result Artisans cannot be totally trusted and  can therefore be considered “bad” or destructive.   Artisans want respect and will be willing to hurt people to gain it, often putting themselves first  before others. Being not too cooperative or trustworthy, they see others the same way. Thus they have negative thoughts about others. The third square has a quality of being destructive and bad. The fearful-avoidant attachment style is seen basically as a negative style.

*Square four: Dismissive-avoidant; Dismissive avoidant people have positive thoughts about themselves and negative thoughts about others. The fourth square is associated with the rational temperament. Rationals are abstract and utilitarian. Abstract people can see connections and understand patterns and understand things deeply. Abstract people tend to think positive thoughts about themselves.

Attachment Styles

Secure- Positive thoughts about self, positive thoughts about others	Fearful-Avoidant- Negative thoughts about self, negative thoughts about others
Anxious-Preoccupied- Negative thoughts about self, positive thoughts about others	Dismissive Avoidant- Positive thoughts about self, positive thoughts about others

Psychiatrists use the Diagnostic and statistical Manual to diagnose diseases. The history of the manual fits the quadrant model pattern.

Square 1: DSM 1- The DSM 1 saw mental illnesses as reactions to stimuli. The first square is response, which is about reactions to stimuli- ie responses, which is quadrant 1.

Square 2: DSM 2- Was more influenced by Freud. The DSM 2 saw homosexuality as a mental illness. The second square is always more strict and more moral. But the criticism of it was it was not scientific. The third square involves thinking so therefore should be more scientific.

Square 3: DSM 3- The DSM 3 begins to sell mental illnesses as due to biological imbalances of chemicals in the brain. The third square is always the most physical, and the DSM 3 elucidates mental disorders as physical phenomena.

Square 4: DSM 4- Homosexuality is no longer seen as a mental illness. The third and fourth squares are less into morality and rules and less strict. It adds upon the previous three DSMS. The DSM 4 is more complex and adds a lot of names and nomenclature. The fourth is always transcendent and a lot different from the first three.

Square 5: DSM 5- Very similar to the DSM 4. The fourth always points to the fifth. Many psychiatrists say that the DSM 5 is not needed. The fifth is always questionable.

Selye proposed that there are four variations of stress. On one axis, there is good stress (eustress) and bad stress (distress). On the other is overstress (hyperstress) and understress (hypostress).

Stressors are more likely to affect an individual's health when they are "chronic, highly disruptive, or perceived as uncontrollable". In psychology, researchers generally classify the different types of stressors into four categories: 1) crises/catastrophes, 2) major life events, 3) daily hassles/microstressors, and 4) ambient stressors.

Marcia developed the Identity Status Interview, a method of semi-structured interview for psychological identity research, that investigates an individual's extent of exploration and commitment across different life areas. Evaluating the material provided in this interview by using a scoring manual developed by Marcia and colleagues yields four possible outcomes.

The four identity statuses he distinguished were: foreclosure, identity diffusion, moratorium, and identity achievement.

Foreclosure

"The foreclosure status is when a commitment is made without exploring alternatives. Often these commitments are based on parental ideas and beliefs that are accepted without question". As Marcia himself put it, "the individual about to become a Methodist, Republican farmer like his Methodist, Republican farmer father, with little or no thought in the matter, certainly cannot be said to have "achieved" an identity, in spite of his commitment".

Adolescents may foreclose on the handed-down identity willingly or under pressure. The case of "negative-identity" occurs when adolescents adopt an identity in direct opposition to a prescribed identity. Marcia saw the evidence for the endorsement of authoritarian values by foreclosures as fully commensurate with a view of them as becoming the alter egos of their parents.

Marcia stressed that once an identity crisis has been experienced, returning to the foreclosure status was no longer a possibility.

Identity diffusion

Adolescents unable to face the necessity of identity development avoid exploring or making commitments by remaining in an amorphous state of identity diffusion, something which may produce social isolation. The least complex and mature of the four identity statuses,Identity Diffusion is the mark of those who have neither explored nor made commitments across life-defining areas. They may or may not have experienced an identity crisis, with some reporting having little interest in such matters and others reporting repeated indecision.

Marcia suggested that those with identity diffusion "do not experience much anxiety because there is little in which they are invested. As they begin to care more...they move to the moratorium status, or they become so disturbed that they are diagnosed schizophrenic";or may end up adopting a negative and self-destructive identity-role.

Moratorium

Identity moratorium is the status of individuals who are in the midst of a crisis, whose commitments are either absent or are only vaguely defined, but who are actively exploring alternatives. Marcia notes that "moratoriums...report experiencing more anxiety than do Ss in any other status...The world for them is not, currently, a highly predictable place; they are vitally engaged in a struggle to make it so".

Despite such anxiety, the postmodern trend has been for more people to spend more time in the status, a phenomenon Gail Sheehy termed Provisional Adulthood.

Identity achievement

Once a crisis has been experienced and worked through, Marcia considered, "a likely progression would be from diffusion through moratorium to identity achievement".The latter is thus the status of individuals who have typically experienced a crisis, undergone identity explorations and made commitments. Marcia found some evidence to support his "theoretical description of S[tudent]s who have achieved an identity as having developed an internal, as opposed to external, locus of self-definition".

Diagnostic and Statistical Manuals

DSM 1	DSM 3
DSM 2	DSM 4

DSM 5

There is a famous model of competence. In the model there are two dichotomies. One is conscious and unconscious and the other is competent incompetent. The dualities yield four results.

Square 1: Unconscious incompetence. This is the idealist. Idealists are abstract which corresponds to being unconscious. But they are cooperative which corresponds to being incompetent. Cooperative people do what others do and what brings social harmony as opposed to what works. Unconscious incompetent relates to response, which is the first quadrant. When you respond you are not necessarily conscious of what you are doing and not necessarily competent. You are just reacting.

Square 2: Conscious incompetence. This corresponds with the guardian. Guardians are concrete, which relates to being conscious. Concrete people are aware of what’s going on and the facts of things and their surroundings. But guardians are cooperative, which means they are incompetent. They do what is socially right as opposed to what works. This relates to behaving which is the second quadrant. When you behave you do what others tell you to do because you are not competent.

Square 3: Conscious competence. This corresponds to the artisan. Artisans are concrete so they are conscious. They are utilitarian so they are competent. Conscious competence relates to doing which is the third quadrant.

Square 4. Unconscious competent. This corresponds to the rational. Unconscious competence relates to the flow, which is the fourth quadrant. When you are good at something and it is unconscious then you flow.

Square 5. There is a theoretical fifth level. The fifth is always questionable. This is conscious competence after being unconscious competent. This is becoming conscious of what you do unconsciously. The fifth level is the God level.

Competence levels

Unconscious incompetent	Conscious competent
Conscious incompetent	Unconscious competent

According to scientists there are four states of consciousness. The states are derived from a dichotomy of thoughts and no thoughts and a sense of I and no sense of I. They are

Square 1: dreaming. In dreaming there is no sense of I but there are thoughts.

Square 2: awake. When awake there is a sense of I and there are thoughts

Square 3: deep sleep. In deep sleep there is no sense of I and no thoughts

Square 4: transcendental consciousness. Square four is always different. Originally scientists only said that there were three stars of consciousness. Now they add transcendental consciousness, saying that although it is rare, with practice and training you can attain a sense of I and simultaneously have no thoughts. This is like the flow

There are known knowns" is a phrase from a response United States Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld gave to a question at a U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) news briefing on February 12, 2002 about the lack of evidence linking the government of Iraq with the supply of weapons of mass destruction to terrorist groups.

Square 1:Known Knowns:

These are things that we know we know

Square 2: Known Unknowns:

These are things that we know that we do not know

Square 3:Unknown Unknowns

These are things that we don't know we don't know

Psychoanalytic philosopher Slavoj Žižek says that beyond these three categories there is a fourth, the unknown known, that which we intentionally refuse to acknowledge that we know: "If Rumsfeld thinks that the main dangers in the confrontation with Iraq were the 'unknown unknowns', that is, the threats from Saddam whose nature we cannot even suspect, then the Abu Ghraib scandal shows that the main dangers lie in the "unknown knowns"—the disavowed beliefs, suppositions and obscene practices we pretend not to know about, even though they form the background of our public values."

Square 4: unknown knowns

Rumsfeld named his autobiography Known and Unknown: A Memoir, and The Unknown Known is the title of Errol Morris's 2013 biographical documentary about Rumsfeld

The science of Psychology identifies four emotions. Scientists say that there are four basic emotions, although they used to think there were six.

*Square one: sad. The Idealist is sad because of being aware of so much, needs help, and is overwhelmed.

*Square two: happy. Guardians are happy because they successfully belong.

*Square three: mad/disgust. Artisans are mad because of their drive to achieve and be an authority figure.

*Square four: Scared/surprised. Insights evoke the emotion of surprise. Also being in the flow because being “on the edge” results in not knowing what is going to happen next, after much contemplation (insights occur that are unexpected).  This emotion is associated with the insightful, rational temperament.

Emotions

Sad	Mad/disgust
Happy	Scared/surprised

The history of clinical psychology can be divided into four stages.

*Square one: The Psychoanalytic, introduced by Freud, has qualities of the first square. It is weird and requires trust in authority. Psychoanalysis lost popularity after Freud because it was thought that the psychoanalysis depended on him. The psychoanalyst sits in a superior position of authority, which implies the requirement of trust from the patient.  The Idealist, who is in the first square are trusting of authority.

*Square two: The Humanistic, which was a revisory response to Psychoanalysis. Humanistic psychology relates to the Guardian temperament, and emphasizes a process of self-understanding in relation with others, therefore it is very socially oriented.

*Square three:  The  Behavioral, which views all behavior as a conditioned response to stimuli, considering negative behavior as due to learned inappropriate responses to stimuli.  The task of behavior therapists is to recondition the responses. The third square is always related to doing.

*Square four: The Cognitive, an approach very different from the previous three; but it encompasses them. Cognitive therapists teach people to deal with their problems by changing their thinking. The fourth square is very mental.

An experimental branch of psychology has postulated their own four approaches.

*Square one: introspectionism. In introspectionism the subjects study the contents of their own minds. This is definitely related to the idealist, who tries to understand him/herself, and is very concerned with achieving higher levels of self awareness.

*Square two: behaviorism, which is a study of behavior instead of the contents of the mind. This is definitely related to Guardians who are not extremely intuitive, looking instead to tangible facts and details.

*Square three: Cognitivism, which uses sophisticated research techniques to study operations of the human mind, based on computer models and metaphors. This is related more to the Artisan.

*Square 4: volutionary psychology- cognitivism, which considers the mind to be a blank slate--like a blank computer drive--that is programmed by subsequent experience. Evolutionary biologists are smarter than this. Artisans are more simplistic in their views, like cognitive psychologists. Evolutionary psychologists understand that there are innate dispositions in humans; they look at these through an evolutionary framework. An example of this would be how they explain why humans like dogs, and why humans bred dogs the way they did. Evolutionary psychologists explain that humans evolved within tribes. They say that in these tribes, babies were very important, because babies were essential for the survival of the tribe and its genes. Evolutionary psychologists realize that dogs were bred by humans through artificial selection, to look cute and like babies. Humans have an

automatic proclivity to like babies, because babies are essential for the survival of human genes. Dogs, evolutionary psychologists realize, have been bred to have traits that remind humans of babies. Humans find dogs with big eyes and big heads, like babies, to be cute. Therefore humans take care of these dogs. The humans feel like they are taking care of babies,

because the dog looks like a baby, and the humans psychological hardwiring makes the human see it as cute because it looks like a baby, and makes the human feel like he wants to take care of it. Evolutionary psychologists even look at the way humans speak to dogs with “baby talk”, and say that this represents that humans see dogs to be very like babies.

Erik Erikson, despite having many more than four stages, has a model that fits the quadrant model of reality--as stated above, it is not the number of things, but the order and pattern in which they emerge that reveals the pattern.

*Square one: Stage 1 is basic trust vs. basic mistrust. This stage covers from birth to the first year of life. The first square is associated with trust, as is the  Idealist. The first square, along with the second are conservative. The first square is not  capable of nurturing relationships, which is the second square, but it wants to be there. The baby in this stage wants to learn if he should trust his mother.

*Square two: Stage 2 is autonomy vs. shame--from age 1 to 3. This is related to Freud's anal stage, because Erikson observes that the baby is trying to learn potty training, and is into order--the nature of the second square is homeostasis. The second square is on its way to the third square, which is always the doing square. The baby is trying to determine its readiness to do things. Only in the third square does one become an individual doer, and be concerned with what others think. The second square is conformist.

*Square three: stage 3 is initiative vs. guilt from 3 to 6 years old.  Erikson calls this stage purpose. The child is trying to do thing independently. This stage is about doing--the third square is always about doing. Guilt is a feeling of regret after having done something that is not approved. This stage is about doing things, and whether the baby feels proud or bad after doing it.

*Square four: stage 4 is industry vs. inferiority. Erickson calls this stage competence. This happens from 6 to 11 years, during which children compare their  worth to others, thereby broadening their world. The fourth stage always points to a larger context. In Wilbur's quadrant model the fourth square is social/society. Here children try to discover how they measure up to others.

*Square five: stage 5--identity vs. role confusion, called “fidelity”, is from 12 to 18 years old. The fifth square is the first square of the second quadrant. The first four squares in Quadrant 1 are sensation, perception, response, and awareness. The first square of Quadrant 2 is belief. The second quadrant is the most associated with relationships; fidelity is tied to relationships. Erikson says that in this stage the child is struggling with what to believe; the fifth square is belief. The child is trying to decide if he should conform his views to others and to his parents, or if he should go his own way.

*Square six: stage 6 is intimacy vs. isolation, extending from 18 to 35. This is the second square of Quadrant 2, therefore it is the most relational. The second

square of the second quadrant is faith. In this stage, Erikson notes that relationships including dating, family, and friends are very important. The second square is the most relational. The second square of the Quadrant 2 is by far the most about relationships. In this stage the person wants to create love and intimacy. Those who fail to create lasting relationships in this stage feel isolated and alone.

*Square seven: stage 7 is generativity vs. stagnation. This stage is from ages 35 to 64. This is the third square of the Quadrant 2, the most associated with relationships. The third square is tied with doing; generativity means productivity in doing, a clear fit with the quadrant model pattern. People in this stage know what is important; the person is either happy with his career or discontent with what he is doing and deciding that he wants to do something else. Child rearing and other doing activities yield provide a sense of meaning and purpose. The third square is always about doing. It is also about relationships because of worry regarding family and intimate friends.

*Square 8: stage 8 is ego integrity vs . despair. This stage is from age 65 and on. This is the belonging square. Erickson describes that people are now reaching the end of their lives and they are retiring. During this stage they look back upon their lives and decide whether what they did they are proud of or not. In other words, this stage is very tied to belonging. People are trying to figure out if they are happy with themselves or not. People who are happy with what they look back upon feel integrity, and those who are not feel despair.

The order of these stages and their attributes fit the quadrant model pattern perfectly. It does not matter that the number exceeds four; what matters is how the ordering fits within the quadrant model pattern.

Erickson’s stages of child development

basic trust v. basic mistrust	initiative v. guilt
autonomy v. shame	industry v. inferiority
identity v. role confusion	generativity v. stagnation
intimacy v. isolation	ego integrity v. despair

Behaviorism was a very important field of inquiry in psychology. BF Skinner's work on operant conditioning was fundamental to the behaviorist outlook. In operant conditioning there are four effects that can occur through reinforcement and punishment, both positive and negative. Positive means a stimulus is delivered following a response; negative means a stimulus is withdrawn following a response. Reinforcement is a consequence that causes a behavior to occur more often; punishment is a consequence that causes a behavior to occur less often.

These four concepts yield four types of effects. Operant conditioning is centered around the quadrant model pattern.

*Square one: Positive reinforcement—an effect that happens when a response is followed by a rewarding stimulus, causing the  behavior to increase. For instance, food can be given to a dog whenever it barks, and as a result the behavior of barking will increase.

*Square two: Negative reinforcement. This effect Skinner calls punishment, which happens when a response is followed by a stimulus, such as a shock, that causes the behavior to decrease. For instance, a shock that hurts a dog can be given to a dog until it barks, and then it stops being shocked. In this case when the operator wants the dog to bark the  shocking continues it until the dog barks.

*Square three: Positive punishment--happens when a response is followed by a stimulus, such as producing a shock until the behavior decreases. The positive

aspect of this denotes the addition of a stimulus, such as a shock, that decreases the frequency of the behavior. An example is that whenever the dog barks the shock occurs, causing the dog to stop barking.

*Square four. Negative punishment. Skinner also calls this penalty. This happens when a response is followed by the removal of a stimulus, resulting in a decrease in behavior. An example of this would be, whenever the dog barks, food is withheld; as a result the dog stops barking.

Operant conditioning

Positive reinforcement	Positive punishment
Negative reinforcement	Negative punishment

In evolutionary psychology are found Tinbergen's four questions. Tinbergen was a Dutch biologist who studied animal behavior. In my biology class on animal behavior, these four questions was literally all we talked about the whole quarter. The questions are:

*Square one: Causation--also called mechanisms. Causation asks what the stimuli are that create the response, and questions how the response has been modified by recent learning.

*Square two: Development--also called ontogeny. This questions how the behavior changes with age and what early experiences were necessary for the behavior to appear.

*Square three: Function--also called adaptation. This questions how the behavior affects the animal's chances of survival and reproduction. This one is about doing; Function is doing. That is the nature of the third square.

*Square four: Evolution--also called phylogeny. This is how the behavior affects similar behavior in similar species, and how it may have arisen due to evolution. The question asks why structural associations evolved in the way they did. There is a connection between the second square and the fourth square; the second square is culture, and the fourth social/society. The second square is the word, and the fourth square is the true word. Freud said that ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny, indicating that in the human womb the embryo evolves along the evolutionary history of life that led to humans. For instance, at first the embryo looks like a fish, then it looks like an amphibian, then it looks like a reptile, then it looks like a rodent, and it seems to evolve through the evolutionary history of life in its development to look like a human.

Tinbergen’s four questions

Causation	Function
Development	Evolution

CHAPTER   XXI:  The Pattern of Four in the Continents and Oceans

The four Continents of the Earth were once connected but separated to four separate bodies of land.  They fit the quadrant model pattern. According to the principle underlying the quadrant model of connectivity between quadrants, it makes sense that all of the continents were once connected. The squares are separate, but very interlinked. This principle is seen in the forces of physics. There are four forces, but physicists say that these forces were all once one. They are separate, but they are also connected. The continents are

*Square one: Afro-Eurasia

*Square two: America

*Square three: Antarctica

*Square four: Australia--the fourth always seems to not belong. It is often not thought to be a separate continent.

The Continents

Afro-Eurasia	Antarctica
America	Australia

The oceans also fit the quadrant model pattern. They are

*Square one: Pacific Ocean

*Square two: Atlantic Ocean. These two are the duality

*Square three: Indian Ocean

*Square four: Antarctic Ocean

*Square five: Arctic Ocean. The fourth and the fifth are always very connected. The fourth points to the fifth. The Antarctic and Arctic names sound the same. The fourth is the true word. The fifth is the true light.

The Oceans

Pacific Ocean	Indian Ocean
Atlantic Ocean	Antarctic Ocean

Arctic Ocean

Environmental and earth science study the interactions of four major systems or “spheres”.

Square 1: The geosphere consists of the inner core outer core, mantle and crust of the Earth.

Square 2: The atmosphere contains all of the Earth’s air and is divided into troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere and ionosphere.

Square 3: The hydrosphere contains all of the solid, liquid and gaseous water on Earth, extending from the depths of the sea to the upper reaches of the troposphere where water is found. Ninety-seven percent of the hydrosphere is found in salty oceans, and the remainder is found as vapor or droplets in the atmosphere and as liquid in ground water, lakes, rivers, glaciers and snowfields.

Square 4: The biosphere is the collection of all Earth’s life forms, distributed in major life zones known as biomes: tundra, boreal forest, temperate deciduous forest, temperate grassland, desert, savannah, tropical rainforest, chaparral, freshwater, and marine

The layers of the ocean

Square 1: epipelagic zone. This is the layer where sunlight infuses.

Square 2: mesopelagic zone. In this layer the sunlight is faint.

Square 3: bathypelagic zone. This layer is the dark zone. There are bioluminescent creatures here and actually a lot of them. Sperm whales can dive to this level. The third square has a kind of bad/dark quality to it.

Square 4: abyssopelagic zone. This layer is known as the abyss. The fourth is always different from the previous three and related to death. Whereas there are a lot of creatures in the bathypelagic zone, this zone is freezing temperatures and only some invertebrates live there.

Square 5: Hadalpelagic zone. This layer is like the abyss but it is the trenches beneath the ocean basin. The fourth squares qualities points to the fifth. The creatures that live in this zone are similar to zone 4.

Square 1: FOREST FLOOR

The Forest Floor is the ground layer. Since almost no sunlight reaches the Forest Floor it is very dark. The quality of the soil is extremely poor and very few plants are found growing in this area. There is of course moss, ferns and some low growth plants and vine roots taking root. But it is rich in microorganism and this environment makes quick work of decomposition making a natural compost that is exceeding rich. Giant Anteaters, Beetles, Frogs, Lizards, Snakes – including the giant Anaconda, Termites, and insects of every kind thrive by the millions in the moist, dark climate of the Forest Floor.

Square 2:Square 2: UNDERSTORY LAYER

The Understory Layer is directly underneath the Canopy Layer and on top of the Forest Floor. Growth here is very dense. The Understory Layer is a dark, sometimes almost impenetrable natural habitat entwined with vines, shrub and broadleaf trees. This layer provides superior camouflage and many of the species who live here crossover between this layer and the Canopy Layer. Trees here average 12’-15’ feet in height and have exceptionally large leaves to compensate for the lack of sunlight. The leaves are so large in fact, just one single leaf could be used for an umbrella. The Understory Layer teams with life. Many species living in this layer are nocturnal. Here you will find several species of Tree Frogs, Bats, Owls, and an amazing array of insect species like the famous team working “Leaf Cutter Ants”. Intermingling between layers is done by many species but especially by the many varieties of Monkeys, Sloths, Jaguars and Leopards.

Square 2: UNDERSTORY LAYER

The Understory Layer is directly underneath the Canopy Layer and on top of the Forest Floor. Growth here is very dense. The Understory Layer is a dark, sometimes almost impenetrable natural habitat entwined with vines, shrub and broadleaf trees. This layer provides superior camouflage and many of the species who live here crossover between this layer and the Canopy Layer. Trees here average 12’-15’ feet in height and have exceptionally large leaves to compensate for the lack of sunlight. The leaves are so large in fact, just one single leaf could be used for an umbrella. The Understory Layer teams with life. Many species living in this layer are nocturnal. Here you will find several species of Tree Frogs, Bats, Owls, and an amazing array of insect species like the famous team working “Leaf Cutter Ants”. Intermingling between layers is done by many species but especially by the many varieties of Monkeys, Sloths, Jaguars and Leopards.

Square 3: CANOPY LAYER

The Canopy Layer is found directly beneath the Emergent Layer. The Canopy Layer is the primary life sustaining layer with an abundance of food and forms a natural roof over the remaining two layers beneath. It consists of a thick layering branch system of limbs and vines that create natural vistas and form a natural umbrella. This layer absorbs ultra-violet rays from the sun protecting the plant and animals species beneath the Canopy Layer from UV rays. The Canopy Layer also retains moisture and makes a natural shield to prevent “wash-outs” during the tremendous rain deluge from the tropical rainy seasons.

Orchid growing in the Canopy Layer

Many Epiphytic Plants, commonly called “air plants” like Bromeliads and Orchids grow in the Canopy Layer. The roots of these plant do not reach the ground or live in soil. Instead they thrive by absorbing moisture and nutrients through an aerial root system by attaching themselves to a host. The Canopy Layer is also home to many species, including Birds, Butterflies, Monkeys, Parrots, the slow moving Sloth, Tree Frogs, Toucans, Jaguars and Leopards.

Square 4:EMERGENT LAYER

The Emergent Layer is the highest level of the Rainforest. Giant trees reach to the sky. It is not uncommon for the hardwood evergreens and broad-leaf Rainforest trees to reach an amazing 180 to 200’ in height. The Emergent Layer of the Rainforest is the brightest layer receiving the most sunlight. From the Rainforest treetops you can see the rolling mist of condensation as it forms into clouds dissipating from the dense layers beneath. The Emergent Layer is the world’s finest Natural Aviary. Rainforests are home to nearly 1/3 of our planet’s bird species including thousands of species of birds, including Hummingbirds and Eagles. Many other species of Bats, Butterflies and Monkeys also seek food, nesting & shelter here as they look for a safe-haven away from the predators of the forest. The Emergent Layer is directly above the Canopy Layer.

The voyages of Christopher Columbus fit the quadrant model pattern. They were

Square 1: Voyage 1. In 1492 90 men left from Palos Spain. The Nina the Pinta and the Santa Maria were the ships. Here Columbus discovered Hispanola. Columbus brought back pearls and gold

Square 2: Voyage 2: Christopher Columbus left for Spain 1493 with 17 ships. He had 1200 men, known as the Grand Fleet. Columbus went to Haiti where he had left 39 men from his last voyage, and found all of his men had been slaughtered by Amerindians and their fortress was burned down.

Square 3: Voyage 3. In 1493 Columbus set sail for Hispanola. He went to Trinidad and South America.

Square 4: Voyage 4: In 1502 Columbus had a fourth voyage that is not as well known and was not very successful because of a hurricane. The fourth is always different from first previous three

Mount everest is the highest mountain in the world. With its stature, many mountain climbers have attempted to ascend it to its peak. Many have died on the trek. There are four camps to the top of Mt Everest. They are

Square 1: Camp 1. This is a flat area of endless snow. But it is not as dangerous. The first square is relatively safe.

Square 2: Camp 2. This is a rocky spot where there is a lot of food. It is recommended to eat as much as possible because after this camp you only survive on instants. The second square is the guardian and it is related to security. This camp is still relatively safe.

Square 3: Camp 3. The third square is destructive and seen as bad. In this camp you need ropes and one slip you can fall to your death. Camp three is dangerous. Here you head toward Lhotse wall.

Square 4: Camp 4. The fourth square is always related to death. Here everybody is scared, people do not talk, and there is purely concentration. Things are also strange up at this zone because the atmosphere is different because you are so high. The fourth camp is literally called the death zone. The camps of Mt Everest fit the quadrant model pattern.

CHAPTER   XXII:  The Pattern of Four in Game Theory and Economics

Game theory is used by biologists and psychologists to explain the behavior of organisms. The fundamental game of game theory is the prisoner’s dilemma. The movie, “The Beautiful Mind”, is about the man who came up with this theory, and how he discovered it.   He is considered to have suffered from schizophrenia. Richard Dawkins, in studying game theory, discovered that nice guys do not finish last, but actually finish first. There is a common concept that the bad guy gets the girls. But evolutionary biologists think that nice guys actually are more likely to survive and spread their genes. Nash equilibriums and the prisoner's dilemma are essentially the quadrant model. The prisoner’s dilemma is

*Square one: both players cooperate -1,1

*Square two:player 1 cooperates player 2 defects 0, -10

*Square three: player 1 defects player 2 cooperates -10, 0

*Square four: both players defect -5, -5.

Game theory studies decision making, and what decisions yield the best results. Dawkins concludes that based on game theory nice guys should finish first, and evidence in the real world may indicate the same.

Game Theory Atomic Game

both players cooperate	player 1 defects player 2 cooperates
Player 1 cooperates player 2 defects	both players defect

The Game of Life, also known simply as Life, is a cellular automaton devised by the British mathematician John Horton Conway in 1970.[1] It is a hugely important game in the study of biology. It is played in quadrants.

The "game" is a zero-player game, meaning that its evolution is determined by its initial state, requiring no further input. One interacts with the Game of Life by creating an initial configuration and observing how it evolves or, for advanced players, by creating patterns with particular properties.

The universe of the Game of Life is an infinite two-dimensional orthogonal grid of square cells, each of which is in one of two possible states, alive or dead. Every cell interacts with its eight neighbours, which are the cells that are horizontally, vertically, or diagonally adjacent. At each step in time, the following transitions occur:

Square 1: Any live cell with fewer than two live neighbours dies, as if caused by under-population.

Square 2: Any live cell with two or three live neighbours lives on to the next generation.

Square 3: Any live cell with more than three live neighbours dies, as if by over-population.

Square 4: Any dead cell with exactly three live neighbours becomes a live cell, as if by reproduction

Conway chose his rules carefully, after considerable experimentation, to meet these criteria:

Square 1: There should be no explosive growth.

Square 2: There should exist small initial patterns with chaotic, unpredictable outcomes.

Square 3: There should be potential for von Neumann universal constructors.

Square 4: The rules should be as simple as possible, whilst adhering to the above constraints.[9]

Patterns relating to fractals and fractal systems may also be observed in certain Life-like variations. For example, the automaton B1/S12 generates four very close approximations to the Sierpiński triangle when applied to a single live cell. The Sierpiński triangle can also be observed in Conway's Game of Life by examining the long-term growth of a long single-cell-thick line of live cells,[38] as well as in Highlife, Seeds (B2/S), and Wolfram's Rule 90.[39]

Immigration is a variation that is very similar to Conway's Game of Life, except that there are two ON states (often expressed as two different colours). Whenever a new cell is born, it takes on the ON state that is the majority in the three cells that gave it birth. This feature can be used to examine interactions between spaceships and other "objects" within the game.[40] Another similar variation, called QuadLife, involves four different ON states. When a new cell is born from three different ON neighbours, it takes on the fourth value, and otherwise, like Immigration, it takes the majority value.[41] Except for the variation among ON cells, both of these variations act identically to Life

Gross domestic product is the size of an economy. It is based on four factors

Square 1: consumption (C)

Square 2: investment (I),

Square 3: government spending (G)

square 4: net exports (X – M).

Clement Juglar said that economic cycles have four stages. They are

Square 1: expansion (increase in production and prices, low interest-rates)

Square 2: crisis (stock exchanges crash and multiple bankruptcies of firms occur)

Square 3: recession (drops in prices and in output, high interest-rates)

Square 4: recovery (stocks recover because of the fall in prices and incomes)

CHAPTER   XXIII:  Pattern of Four in Sociology

Karl Marx is the father of the social conflict theory, which is a component of the 4 paradigms of sociology.

Marx believed that western society developed through four main epochs—primitive communism, ancient society, feudal society and capitalist society.

Marx designates human history as encompassing four stages of development in relations of production.

Primitive Communism: as in co-operative tribal societies.

Slave Society: a development of tribal to city-state; aristocracy is born.

Feudalism: aristocrats are the ruling class; merchants evolve into capitalists.

Capitalism: capitalists are the ruling class, who create and employ the proletariat.

The four schools of sociology are

1) Functionalism (Macro sociological)

Functionalism is the relationship and interdependency between all social groups, big and small. When a change occurs to one, others will be affected as well.

An example of this would be the relationship between the economy and new grads. Back in 2008, when the economy was hit with the financial crash, many new grads weren't able to find professional employment because the majority of companies were trying to lower the number of people working for them, not increase it.

Functionalism is also broken into three sub-groups:

Manifest Function - The intended result.

Latent Function - The unintended result.

Dysfunction - The harmful result.

2) Conflict Theory (Macro sociological)

Conflict theory looks at the inequalities of life/society.

An example would be the narrative of some very wealthy people using their money and status to persuade the government into creating policies which are beneficial to them, but are (the majority of the time) harmful to people who are living at the bottom of the economic totem pole.

3) Symbolic Interaction (Micro sociological)

W.I. Thomas

Symbolic interaction looks at how individuals interact with one another. Symbolic interactionists believe that society, or people's social reality, is created as people interact with one another, and not something that has been predetermined.

Here's an example. If we, as a group, were to collectively view immigrants as a negative element of society, then immigrants will be a negative element of society because this is the definition that we have developed in our minds. The root of this example is based on the Thomas Theorem.

4) Feminists Perspective (Macro and micro-sociological)

The feminists perspective looks at the inequality among the sexes, due to the dominance of men in major social institutions such as education and work. It also looks at the efforts of women to overcome discrimination.

An example of this would be the pay discrimination between men and women. If one male and one female with the same looking resume and same personality traits were to work at the same job, with desks side by side, studies have shown that the man would have a higher pay than the woman. This is why many women protests outside big corporations for equal pay.

So there it is. These are the four paradigms of society.

Following Psychology, the fourth square field of science, is a possible fifth square field of science known as Sociology. Scholars say that through reductionism, all fields of science can be narrowed down to physics, chemistry, biology, and psychology, but sociology is a possible fifth. Anthropology, a part of sociology,  is the study of humans. Anthropologists enumerate four levels of society, noting that they are distinct levels requiring a sort of phase shift to transition from one level to the next.  Societies throughout the world undergo transformations along these lines. The four kinds of society are

*Square one: Bands

*Square two: Tribes

*Square three: Chiefdoms

*Square four: States.

Bands consist of small kin groups, no larger than an extended family or clan. The first square is conservative and related to the family. Bands are egalitarian and ideal. Idealists tend to like the notion of egalitarianism and sharing. They are sensitive, as is the nature of the first square.  Tribes are societies based largely on kinship, especially corporate descent groups. The second square is the most related to family. Tribes are not completely egalitarian, and are not extremely hierarchical. There are usually two classes, the chiefs and the commoners.

Chiefdoms led by chiefs, occur when multiple tribes get together. In chiefdoms there is more inequality, probably due in part to the fact that there is more genetic diversity. Chiefdoms are also more violent; the third square is always very violent. In the Bible King David was apparently a chief. Anthropologists point out that in cultural stories of mythic heroes the chiefs are often related to gods, or depicted as somewhat distant or separate from the people--the chiefs often kill their subjects.  King David is depicted as possibly not completely related to Israel. Rabbis say that he was possibly the offspring of his Israelite mother, and possibly a Philistine father. David reportedly killed many people, including Israelites. A single lineage/ family elite usually rules a chiefdom. Chiefdoms are very violent, and according to most Anthropologists this is due to the fact that there is more genetic diversity, and more hierarchy and division. These societies are divided among kings, nobles, freemen, and serfs. The Artisan is a dreamer and known to be violent in their search for “more”. The consequence of this dynamic is stratification.

A state is formed when Chiefdoms get together to create complex social hierarchies, organization, and institutional governments. This is like the Rational. States have elements of all of the previous three types of society, but transcend them in complexity and effectiveness--the nature of the fourth square.

Levels of Society

Bands	Chiefdoms
Tribes	States

Lenski was a famous sociologist who believed that human culture evolved due to technology. He demarcated four stages in social evolution. They are square 1: hunter gatherers

Square 2: simple and complex horticulture

Square 3: agrarian societies. Lenski says that this is when societies get violent. The third square is violence

Square 4: industrial societies

Square 1: In stage one, pre-industrial society, death rates and birth rates are high and roughly in balance. All human populations are believed to have had this balance until the late 18th century, when this balance ended in Western Europe. In fact, growth rates were less than 0.05% at least since the Agricultural Revolution over 10,000 years ago. Population growth is typically very slow in this stage, because the society is constrained by the available food supply; therefore, unless the society develops new technologies to increase food production (e.g. discovers new sources of food or achieves higher crop yields), any fluctuations in birth rates are soon matched by death rates. This stage there is new technologies being developed so it is mental and innovative like the idealist.

Square 2: In stage two, that of a developing country, the death rates drop rapidly due to improvements in food supply and sanitation, which increase life spans and reduce disease. The improvements specific to food supply typically include selective breeding and crop rotation and farming techniques. Other improvements generally include access to technology, basic healthcare, and education. For example, numerous improvements in public health reduce mortality, especially childhood mortality. Prior to the mid-20th century, these improvements in public health were primarily in the areas of food handling, water supply, sewage, and personal hygiene. One of the variables often cited is the increase in female literacy combined with public health education programs which emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. In Europe, the death rate decline started in the late 18th century in northwestern Europe and spread to the south and east over approximately the next 100 years. Without a corresponding fall in birth rates this produces an imbalance, and the countries in this stage experience a large increase in population. The second stage is always good and due to homeostasis/ support and organization. This is the guardian.

Square 3: In stage three, birth rates fall due to access to contraception, increases in wages, urbanization, a reduction in subsistence agriculture, an increase in the status and education of women, a reduction in the value of children's work, an increase in parental investment in the education of children and other social changes. Population growth begins to level off. The birth rate decline in developed countries started in the late 19th century in northern Europe. While improvements in contraception do play a role in birth rate decline, it should be noted that contraceptives were not generally available nor widely used in the 19th century and as a result likely did not play a significant role in the decline then. It is important to note that birth rate decline is caused also by a transition in values; not just because of the availability of contraceptives. Here there is a transition in values and people tend to do more what they want. They are not marrying to have a lot of children but are more promiscuous and have abortions. This is the artisan.

Square 4: During stage four there are both low birth rates and low death rates. Birth rates may drop to well below replacement level as has happened in countries like Germany, Italy, and Japan, leading to a shrinking population, a threat to many industries that rely on population growth. As the large group born during stage two ages, it creates an economic burden on the shrinking working population. Death rates may remain consistently low or increase slightly due to increases in lifestyle diseases due to low exercise levels and high obesity and an aging population in developed countries. By the late 20th century, birth rates and death rates in developed countries leveled off at lower rates. This is the rational. This stage is death because with low birth rates and low death rates eventually the civilization fades away.

Anthropologist Mary Douglas and political scientist Aaron Wildavsky developed the Grid-group Cultural Theory, also known as the culture theory at risk.Two dichotomies of sociality are described. High grid is a lot of differentiation between members of the group. High group is strong cohesion among members of the group. This yields four possibilities.

Square 1:Egalitarian: High group and low grid. This relates to the idealist.

Square 2:Hierarchist: High group and high grid. This corresponds to the guardian.

Square 3: Fatalist: Low group and high grid. This connects with the artisan.

Square 4:Individualist: Low group and low grid. This is related with the rational.

Lewis Henry Morgan said a society’s energy consumption measures it's advancement. Like the kardashev scale, He distinguishes between five stages of human development

Square 1: people use the energy of their own muscles

Square 2In the second, they use the energy of domesticated animals.

Square 3. In the third, they use the energy of plants (so White refers to agricultural revolution here). Again, white notes that agricultural revolutions bring the most violence. The third square is linked with violence.

Square 4: they learn to use the energy of natural resources: coal, oil, gas.

Square 5: nuclear energy. The fourth always indicates the nature of the fifth. They are both using "unnatural" means for gaining energy

Randall Collins, a sociologist, stated that there are four aspects. They are

square 1: Social

Square 2: Cultural

Square 3: Political

Square 4: Economic

Collins wrote “Four Sociological Traditions”, a history of sociology organized around the development of four classic schools of thought

square 1: the conflict tradition of Marx and Weber

Square 2: ritual solidarity of Durkheim

Square 3: microinteractionist tradition of Mead, Blumer, and Garfinkel

Square 4: the utilitarian/rational choice tradition.

In discussing the dilemmas of the organized society, Charles Handy, a management scientist, distinguishes three types of management problem: (a) steady-state, programmable, predictable problems that can be handled by systems; (b) development problems designed to deal with new situations; and (c) exceptional problems or emergencies where speed and instinct are essential (125, p. 45)

Handy identifies four styles of organization and management

which respond to these problems. He points out that any organization will tend to make use of all these styles, although the larger the organization the more evident will be their role in the blend of styles used. The manager therefore has to embrace within himself all four of the styles, using each in appropriate circumstances, since none is sufficient to contain all combinations of problems (even though style-bound managers may believe it possible). Each has a place under certain circumstances.

For convenience, Handy labels each of the four philosophies of management (and the corresponding organizational culture) with the name of a Greed god (11):

Zeus style: this is the club culture of the "old boy network" in which the crucial links are the empathy radiating out in a web-like manner from the patriarch or inner circle. It is excellent for speed of decision in high rish enterprises but relies heavily on trust, dependent on common background. Power lies at the centre.

Appolonian style: this is the role-structured, hierarchical organization portrayed in standard organization charts, split into divisions at the base, linked by a board at the top. It is excellent for routine tasks in which stability and predictability are taken for granted, and no one is irreplaceable. Power lies at the top.

Athenian style: this is based on a network of task-oriented units responding to new one-off problems. Resources are drawn from various parts of the network to focus on a particular problem. It is excellent where innovative responses are required and experiments are encouraged. Power lies in the interstices.

Dionysian style: this is the style in which the organization is perceived as existing to help the individual in it achieve his idiosyneratic purposes, and preserve his identity and freedom. Coordination is accepted as an "administrative" necessity but no ultimate authority is recognized other than the peer group. This tyle is excellent where the talent or skill of the individual is the crucial asset of the organization.

Handy points out that the ways of each style are anathema to the others. Linkage between these modes is however essential. He distinguishes three elements of effective linkage: cultural tolerance, allowing each mode to develop its own methods of control: bridging mechanisms, including exchanges of correspondence, liaison groups and task forces; and a common language. He argues that the organization of the future will be a membership organization, multi-purpose and dispersed, combining the search for community, the economics of quality, and the revolution in communications.

Weber is one of the most famous sociologists of all time. Working at half a century later than Marx, Weber claims there to be in four main social classes: the upper class, the white collar workers, the petite bourgeoisie, and the manual working class. Weber's theory more-closely resembles contemporary Western class structures, although economic status does not currently seem to depend strictly on earnings in the way Weber envisioned.

Routine activity theory, developed by Marcus Felson and Lawrence Cohen, draws upon control theories and explains crime in terms of crime opportunities that occur in everyday life.[38] A crime opportunity requires that elements converge in time and place including (1) a motivated offender, (2) suitable target or victim, and (3) lack of a capable guardian.[39] A guardian at a place, such as a street, could include security guards or even ordinary pedestrians who would witness the criminal act and possibly intervene or report it to police.[39] Routine activity theory was expanded by John Eck, who added a fourth element of "place manager" such as rental property managers who can take nuisance abatement measures.[

Travis Hirschi identified four main characteristics: "attachment to others", "belief in moral validity of rules", "commitment to achievement", and "involvement in conventional activities".[23] The more a person features those characteristics, the less likely (s)he is to become deviant (or criminal). On the other hand, if these factors are not present, a person is more likely to become a criminal. Hirschi expanded on this theory with the idea that a person with low self control is more likely to become criminal

In sociology there are four types of differentiation: segmentation, stratification, center-periphery, and functional.

Square 1:Segmentary differentiation divides parts of the system on the basis of the need to fulfill identical functions over and over. For instance, an automobile manufacturer has functionally similar factories for the production of cars at many different locations. Every location is organized in much the same way; each has the same structure and fulfills the same function – producing cars

Square 2: Stratificatory differentiation is a vertical differentiation according to rank or status in a system conceived as a hierarchy. Every rank fulfills a particular and distinct function in the system, for instance (and to return to the automobile analogy) the automoible manufacturing company president, the plant manager, trickling down to the assembly line worker. In Segmentary Differentiation inequality is an accidental variance and serves no essential function, however, inequality is systemic in the function of stratified systems. A stratified system is more concerned with the higher ranks (president, manager) than it is with the lower ranks (assembly worker) with regard to "influential communication." However, the ranks are dependent on each other and the social system will collapse unless all ranks realize their functions. This type of system tends to necessitate the lower ranks to initiate conflict in order to shift the influential communication to their level.

Square 3: Center-periphery differentiation is a link between Segmentary and Stratificatory, an example is again, automobile firms, may have built factories in other countries, nevertheless the headquarters for the company remains the center ruling, and to whatever extent controlling, the peripheral factories.

Square 4:Functional differentiation is the form that dominates modern society and is also the most complex form of differentiation. All functions within a system become ascribed to a particular unit or site. Again, citing the automobile firm as an example, it may be "functionally differentiated" departmentally, having a production department, administration, accounting, planning, personnel, etc. Functional Differentiation tends to be more flexible than Stratifactory, but just as a stratified system is dependent on all rank, in a Functional system if one part fails to fulfill its task, the whole system will have great difficulty surviving. However, as long as each unit is able to fulfill its separate function, the differentiated units become largely independent; functionally differentiated systems are a complex mixture of interdependence and independence. E.g., the planning division may be dependent on the accounting division for economic data, but so long as the data is accurately compiled the planning division can be ignorant of the methodology involved to collect the data, interdependence yet independence (Ritzer 2007:98).

The question of what and how many function systems actually do exist is still up for discussion. Recent publications assume the existence of 10 function systems: politics, the economy, science, art, religion, the legal system, the health system, sports, education, and the mass media system (Roth and Schutz 2015) and illustrate how their relevance to society is subject to change in time and social space.

The book the Fourth Turning speaks about a fourfold generational cycle in American history.

The Strauss–Howe generational theory, created by authors William Strauss and Neil Howe, identifies a recurring generational cycle in American history. Strauss and Howe lay the groundwork for the theory in their 1991 book Generations, which retells the history of America as a series of generational biographies going back to 1584.[1] In their 1997 book The Fourth Turning, the authors expanded the theory to focus on a fourfold cycle of generational types and recurring mood eras in American history.[2] They and their consultancy, LifeCourse Associates, have expanded on the concept in a variety of publications since then.

Turnings

While writing Generations, Strauss and Howe discovered a pattern in the historical generations they examined which revolved around generational events which they call turnings. In Generations, and in greater detail in The Fourth Turning, they identify the four-stage cycle of social or mood eras (i.e. turnings).

High

According to Strauss and Howe, the First Turning is a High. This is a post-Crisis era when institutions are strong and individualism is weak. Society is confident about where it wants to go collectively, though those outside the majoritarian center often feel stifled by the conformity.[19]

According to the authors, America's most recent First Turning was the post-World War II American High, beginning in 1946 and ending with the assassination of President John F. Kennedy on November 22, 1963.[20]

Awakening

According to the theory, the Second Turning is an Awakening. This is an era when institutions are attacked in the name of personal and spiritual autonomy. Just when society is reaching its high tide of public progress, people suddenly tire of social discipline and want to recapture a sense of personal authenticity. Young activists look back at the previous High as an era of cultural and spiritual poverty.[21]

Strauss & Howe say America’s most recent Awakening was the “Consciousness Revolution,” which spanned from the campus and inner-city revolts of the mid-1960s to the reelection of Ronald Reagan in the mid-1980s.[22]

Unraveling

According to Strauss and Howe, the Third Turning is an Unraveling. The mood of this era is in many ways the opposite of a High: Institutions are weak and distrusted, while individualism is strong and flourishing. Highs come after Crises, when society wants to coalesce and build. Unravelings come after Awakenings, when society wants to atomize and enjoy.[23] They declare that America’s most recent Unraveling was the Long Boom and Culture War, beginning in the mid-1980s and ending in the late 2000s.

Crisis

According to the authors, the Fourth Turning is a Crisis. This is an era in which institutional life is destroyed and rebuilt in response to a perceived threat to the nation’s survival. Civic authority revives, cultural expression redirects towards community purpose, and people begin to locate themselves as members of a larger group.[24] America’s most recent completed Fourth Turning began with the stock market crash of 1929 and climaxed with the end of World War II. The G.I. Generation (a Hero archetype, born 1901 to 1924) came of age during this era. Their confidence, optimism, and collective outlook epitomized the mood of the era.[25] According to the authors, the Millennial Generation (Hero archetype, born 1982 to 2004), show many traits similar to those of the G.I. youth, including rising civic engagement, improving behavior, and collective confidence.[26]

Cycle

Each turning lasts about 20–22 years. Four turnings comprise a full cycle of approximately 80 to 90 years,[27] which the authors term a saeculum, after the Latin word meaning both “a long human life” and “a natural century.”[28]

Generational change drives the cycle of turnings and determines its periodicity. As each generation ages into the next life phase (and a new social role) society’s mood and behavior fundamentally changes, giving rise to a new turning. Therefore, a symbiotic relationship exists between historical events and generational personas. Historical events shape generations in childhood and young adulthood; then, as parents and leaders in midlife and old age, generations in turn shape history.[29]

Each of the four turnings has a distinct mood that recurs every saeculum. Strauss and Howe describe these turnings as the “seasons of history.” At one extreme is the Awakening, which is analogous to summer, and at the other extreme is the Crisis, which is analogous to winter. The turnings in between are transitional seasons, similar to fall and spring.[30] Strauss and Howe have identified 26 turnings over 7 saecula in Anglo-American history, from the year 1435 through today.

At the heart of Strauss & Howe's ideas is a basic alternation between two different types of eras, Crises and Awakenings. Both of these are defining eras in which people observe that historic events are radically altering their social environment.[31] Crises are periods marked by major secular upheaval, when society focuses on reorganizing the outer world of institutions and public behavior (the last American Crisis was the period spanning the Great Depression and World War II). Awakenings are periods marked by cultural or religious renewal, when society focuses on changing the inner world of values and private behavior (the last American Awakening was the “Consciousness Revolution” of the 1960s and 1970s).[32] During Crises, great peril provokes a societal consensus, an ethic of personal sacrifice, and strong institutional order. During Awakenings, an ethic of individualism emerges, and the institutional order is attacked by new social ideals and spiritual agendas.[33] According to the authors, about every eighty to ninety years—the length of a long human life—a national Crisis occurs in American society. Roughly halfway to the next Crisis, a cultural Awakening occurs (historically, these have often been called Great Awakenings).[32]

In describing this cycle of Crises and Awakenings, Strauss and Howe draw from the work of other historians and social scientists who have identified long cycles in American and European history. The Strauss–Howe cycle of Crises corresponds with long cycles of war identified by such scholars as Arnold J. Toynbee, Quincy Wright, and L.L. Ferrar Jr., and with geopolitical cycles identified by William R. Thompson and George Modelski.[34] Strauss and Howe say their cycle of Awakenings corresponds with Anthony Wallace’s definitive work on revitalization movements,[35] Strauss and Howe also say recurring Crises and Awakenings correspond with two-stroke cycles in politics (Walter Dean Burnham, Arthur Schlesinger Sr. and Jr.), foreign affairs (Frank L. Klingberg), and the economy (Nikolai Kondratieff) as well as with long-term oscillations in crime and substance abuse.

In the Strauss Howe generational theory, four generational archetypes are discussed. The two different types of eras and two formative age locations associated with them (childhood and young adulthood) produce four generational archetypes that repeat sequentially, in rhythm with the cycle of Crises and Awakenings. In Generations, Strauss and Howe refer to these four archetypes as Idealist, Reactive, Civic, and Adaptive.[37] In The Fourth Turning (1997) they update this terminology to Prophet, Nomad, Hero, and Artist.[38] The generations in each archetype not only share a similar age-location in history, they also share some basic attitudes towards family, risk, culture and values, and civic engagement. In essence, generations shaped by similar early-life experiences develop similar collective personas and follow similar life-trajectories.[39] To date, Strauss and Howe have identified 25 generations in Anglo-American history, each with a corresponding archetype. The authors describe the archetypes as follows: Prophet Abraham Lincoln, born in 1809. Strauss and Howe would identify him as a member of the Transcendental generation. Prophet generations are born near the end of a Crisis, during a time of rejuvenated community life and consensus around a new societal order. Prophets grow up as the increasingly indulged children of this post-Crisis era, come of age as self-absorbed young crusaders of an Awakening, focus on morals and principles in midlife, and emerge as elders guiding another Crisis.[40] Nomad Nomad generations are born during an Awakening, a time of social ideals and spiritual agendas, when young adults are passionately attacking the established institutional order. Nomads grow up as under-protected children during this Awakening, come of age as alienated, post-Awakening adults, become pragmatic midlife leaders during a Crisis, and age into resilient post-Crisis elders.[40] Hero Young adults fighting in World War II were born in the early part of the 20th century, like PT109 commander LTJG John F. Kennedy (b. 1917). They are part of the G.I. Generation, which follows the Hero archetype. Hero generations are born after an Awakening, during an Unraveling, a time of individual pragmatism, self-reliance, and laissez faire. Heroes grow up as increasingly protected post-Awakening children, come of age as team-oriented young optimists during a Crisis, emerge as energetic, overly-confident midlifers, and age into politically powerful elders attacked by another Awakening.[40] Artist Artist generations are born after an Unraveling, during a Crisis, a time when great dangers cut down social and political complexity in favor of public consensus, aggressive institutions, and an ethic of personal sacrifice. Artists grow up overprotected by adults preoccupied with the Crisis, come of age as the socialized and conformist young adults of a post-Crisis world, break out as process-oriented midlife leaders during an Awakening, and age into thoughtful post-Awakening elders.[40] An average life is 80 years, and consists of four periods of ~20 years Childhood → Young adult → Midlife → Elderhood A generation is an aggregate of people born every ~20 years Baby Boomers → Gen X → Millennials → Post-Millennials ("Homeland Generation") Each generation experiences "four turnings" every ~80y High → Awakening → Unraveling → Crisis A generation is considered "dominant" or "recessive" according to the turning experienced as young adults. But as a youth generation comes of age and defines its collective persona an opposing generational archetype is in its midlife peak of power. Dominant: independent behavior + attitudes in defining an era Recessive: dependent role in defining an era Dominant Generations Prophet: Awakening as young adults. Awakening, defined: Institutions are attacked in the name of personal and spiritual autonomy Hero: Crisis as young adults. Crisis, defined: Institutional life is destroyed and rebuilt in response to a perceived threat to the nation's survival Recessive Generations Nomad: Unraveling as young adults. Unraveling, defined: Institutions are weak and distrusted, individualism is strong and flourishing Artist: High [when they become] young adults. High, defined: Institutions are strong and individualism is weak

The Fourth Way is an attempt, although certainly not shared by all (or even most) pluralists, to conceptualize a pluralist political schema. Coined by Pluralist Party leader Jonathan Bishop, the Fourth Way is meant to represent a particular approach to pluralist integrated bargaining where one finds two opposing viewpoints; the third way represents a (centerist) compromise between two such conflicting points of view, whereas the fourth way describes a process of harmonisation via the adoption of a position most likely to achieve general consensus.[5] For instance, in political systems, the first way might be for a government to make public services based on the involvement of private sector firms, the second way using public sector organisations, and the third way to use a Public–private partnership. The fourth way would be to allow the public to choose the service provider best for them based on their principles and values and not the ideological biases of government or civic officials. Likely, this fourth way will eventually manage to establish its own view as the generally accepted view, and then over time become the first way as science and society develop. This can only occur as the result of the negotiation process within the pluralistic framework, which implies the "operator" as a general rule of a truly pluralistic framework, i.e. the state in a pluralistic society, must not be biased. Social scientist Julian A.G. Glassford argues that the Fourth Way model ought to incorporate the pragmatic pluralist contention that ideological factors which clearly threaten plurality ought to be excluded.[6] Many pluralists (like Isaiah Berlin or Michael Oakeshott), while perhaps sympathetic to the Fourth Way's premises, would entirely reject any such formalized system. To Oakeshott, for example, laying out any single system of rules problematically reduces politics to an abstraction, which is better (and more honestly) based on a pluralist temperament in a given political climate than any systematic schema

In Geoffrey Greif’s book Buddy System: Understanding Male Friendships, he identifies four categories of friendships:

Must friend: a best friend, a member of your inner circle, a person you count on when something big happens in your life

Trust friend: a friend who shows integrity, someone you feel comfortable with, that you’re always glad to see, but not in your inmost circle; perhaps someone you’d like to be closer to, if you had the time or opportunity

Rust friend: a person you’ve known for a long, long time; you’re probably not going to get any closer to that person, unless something changes, but a part of your life

Just friends: a person you see — at a weekly poker game, at your child’s school — who is enjoyable company, but you have no desire to socialize outside a specific context or to get to know that person bett

Using the simple four geometric shapes of a green triangle, a red circle, a blue X, and a pink square (Triangle, Circle, X, Square) to label its action buttons rather than traditionally used letters or numbers, the PlayStation Controller established a trademark which would be incorporated heavily into the PlayStation brand. In an interview with Teiyu Goto, designer of the original PlayStation Controller, he explained what the symbols mean: The circle and cross represent "yes" and "no," respectively; the triangle symbolizes a point of view and the square is equated to a sheet of paper there to be used to access menus.[

Anthropologists claim that there were four original civilizations out of which civilization emerged. These civilizations had a system of writing. Anthropologists claim that the Mesoamerican societies were not civilizations because they did not have a writing system. But they are a possible fifth original civilization. The great original civilizations grew around great rivers, a constant source of sustenance enabling a civilization to emerge and become self-sustaining. The four great original civilizations fulfill the pattern.

*Square one: China. Chinese civilization is the Asian civilization. Asians are the first square.

*Square two: the Mesopotamians, the second square. They were more intellectual and more related to science. The first square is associated with the mind. The second square race is White.

*Square three: the Egyptians, the third square. The egyptians were very religious; the second square is associated with religion. The Egyptian society was so shaped by concern with the afterlife that the pharaohs built huge pyramids to preserve their bodies. The pharaohs thought that if their mummies were preserved, they had a place in the afterlife. Also, some would argue, the pyramids were built only to demonstrate  the prestige and power of the Pharaoh and his family lineage. The third square race is Black and there were Black Egyptians like the Nubians.

*Square four: Indus Valley civilization. The fourth is always different from the previous three. This civilization is not well known, and only recently discovered. Its cities were built based upon quadrant grids. This civilization is mysterious; the fourth square is a mysterious square, and often seem as if nothing is there. Brown people are the fourth square race.

*Square five: Historians say that the Meso-american civilizations were not civilizations because they lacked a writing system. But great cities like Tenochtitlan were also built based on a quadrant pattern. The grid of Tenochtitlan was a quadrant. The fifth is always questionable.

I discussed that when the Aztecs would sacrifice humans they would march the humans in four lines, reminiscing the quadrant model. The Egyptian army marched in four columns into battle. The columns were named after the gods Amen, Rah, Pteh, and Sutekh. I studied famous battles of famous armies like that of Alexander the Great of ancient times and the battles would reflect the quadrant model pattern.