Quadrant Model of Reality Book 1 Philosophy More

According to Aristotle there are four types of economy. They are

Square 1: Royal economy – The simplest and most important. It has a king.

Square 2:Satrapic economy—The medium between the economies. It consists of the provincial governor.

Square 3:Political economy—Most varied and easiest. It is “The economy of the city”.

Square 4:Personal economy— Least important, quite varied

- Practiced by the individual

In the Poetics Aristotle defined four genres of literature. He said they were Comedy, tragedy, epic poetry, and lyric poetry

In Aristotle's Physics he discusses motion. He says motion is the passage of matter into form. He states there are four kinds of motion. They are

Square 1: motion which affects the substance of a thing, particularly its beginning and its ending

Square 2: motion which brings about changes in quality

Square 3: motion which brings about changes in quantity, by increasing it and decreasing it

Square 4: motion which brings about locomotion, or change of place. Of these the last is the most fundamental and important.

In Platos book, The Phaedo, the theme is that Socrates wants to prove the immortality of the soul. I already discussed that in the Meno socrates does this through geometry and ultimately draws 16 squares in the sand, or in other words, the quadrant model. He begins his argument by drawing a literal quadrant, which he calls the double square. In the Phaedo, he gives four arguments for the immortality of the soul

Square 1:The Cyclical Argument, or Opposites Argument says Forms are eternal and unchanging, and as the soul always brings life, then it must not die, and is necessarily "imperishable". As the body is mortal and is subject to physical death, the soul must be its indestructible opposite. Plato then suggests the analogy of fire and cold, saying if cold is imperishable, and fire, its opposite, was within its sphere, it would necessarily withdraw intact like the soul during death. This is similar to the idea of the opposite charges of magnets.

Square 2: The Theory of Recollection explains that humans have some non-empirical knowledge (e.g. The Form of Equality) at birth, implying the soul existed before birth to carry that knowledge. He also suggests this in the Meno.

Square 3: The Affinity Argument, explains that invisible, immortal, and incorporeal things are different from visible, mortal, and corporeal things. Humans' souls are invisible. Humans bodies are visible. When humans' bodies die and decay, our soul will continue to live.

Square 4: The Argument from Form of Life, or The Final Argument explains that the Forms, incorporeal and static entities, are the cause of all things in the world, and all things participate in Forms. Socrates says beautiful things participate in the Form of Beauty and he says the number four participates in the Form of the Even. The soul, Socrates says, participates in the Form of Life, which means the soul can never die.

In the dialogue lysis Socrates states that there are four types of friendship. They are

Square 1: Friendship between people who are similar, interpreted by Socrates as friendship between good men.

Square 2: Friendship between men who are dissimilar.

Square 3: Friendship between men who are neither good nor bad and good men.

Square 4: Gradually emerging: friendship between those who are relatives

In Plato's book Philebus, Socrates proclaims that there are four kinds of Being. They are

Square 1. The limitless. These are the types of things of which we make relative comparisons such as more or less.

2. The limited. These are the types of things which can be given a definite measurement of number.

3. The mixed kind of being is mixes the first two, limiting and various types of limitless beings in the "world of becoming" and change which people experience, or in any means that aspect of it which is not arbitrary and aimless, but a more genuine kind of becoming that aims at being.

4. The cause of such genuine mixture, which limits the unlimited beings and orders nature. Socrates argues this is reason itself - not only human reason, but the greater reason of nature itself.

In Plato's book Phaedra, Socrates argues that great philosophy and art come from madness. Socrates describes four types of madness. They are

Square 1: From Apollo, the gift of prophecy;

Square 2: From Dionysus, the mystic rites and relief from present hardship;

Square 3: From the Muses, poetry;

Square 4: From Aphrodite, love.

Plato said that there are four states of altered consciousness. They are

Square 1: oracle presided by apollo. The first square is intellectual

Square 2: literal dionyses

Square 3: ecstatic possession artistic muses. The third sauare is doing

Square 4: erotic aphrodite. The fourth square is knowledfe which is related tk sex and death

Ficino distinguishes four mnemonic metaphorical processes through which the external world is reimagined through the creation of psychological perspective:

• wine, provides a metaphor for absorbing spirit from the earthy world around, drinking in food for the soul from the variability and fluidity of life in the moment. As a psychological participation in life, Moore contrasts such pleasure with conventional entertainment. (p. 78-83)
• aromas, serve as placemarkers for nourishing memories of the past that continue to be able to move the soul. Using a pun, and stretching a point, Moore argues that 'Ficino calls for the revival of a neglected sense, an olfactory awareness used to make 'scents' out of this world' (p. 83-85)
• music elicits reflections on the qualities of experiential time, abstracting from specific content to protray the dynamic patterns of life and of the soul. Moore argues that it is 'a kind of hermeneutic, a mode of interpreting life midway between blind experience and distant explanation.' We need to be musicians of the soul, with taste and a good ear. (p. 85-90)
• light in the sense of transrational intelligence (the 'reason of light') offers a new quality of understanding (in-sight), suggesting the fruitfulness of life, the perspicacity of our senses, the certitude of our intelligence and the bountifulness of grace. 'In this psychology we are concerned not with turning the light of reason on the dark, unknown, and troubling phenomena...but rather to discover within events and within ourselves the reasons or patterns or seeds...of that inner light, that internal universe and vestal fire.' (p. 90-94)

In order to transcend what Moore terms the 'steady, monotonous hum of the sane adjusted life' (p. 97) that dulls the soul, 'we require inner figures associated with specific kinds of nonrational consciousness' the platonic 'frenzies' or forms of 'madness':

• through the poetic imagination the soul is awakened and withdraws from literalism, establishing the basis for a psychological attitude;
• through a mode of fantasy, 'sacerdotal madness', serious attention is given to this psychological attitude, bringing not only fantasies but the deepest structuring patterns of the soul, its true mysteries, into view;
• through prophetic madness one experiences a shift in time perspective that moves attention away from discrete elements taking place in linear time to cyclic patterns and fragments of imagery that do not fit the linear scheme;
• through erotic madness, beauty lures the soul away from concreteness and literalism, activating the deeper strata of the soul (p. 96-114)

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Philo of Alexandria is considered one of the greatest ancient philosophers. He stated that there were diur tyoes of ecstasy. They are

Square 1: pathological

Square 2: extreme amazement

Square 3: passivity of mind

Square 4: divine possession

Philo claimed to be a prophet and gain divine knowledge from God, the fourth type, and that he claimed was the source of his writing.

The Hellenistic Jewish Biblical philosopher Philo Judaeus, born in Alexandria, (d. ca. 50 CE) presents his allegorical interpretation of the ladder in the first book of his De somniis. There he gives four interpretations, which are not mutually exclusive:[2] The angels represent souls descending to and ascending from bodies (some consider this to be Philo's clearest reference to the doctrine of reincarnation). In the second interpretation the ladder is the human soul and the angels are God's logoi, pulling the soul up in distress and descending in compassion. In the third view the dream depicts the ups and downs of the life of the "practiser" (of virtue vs. sin). Finally the angels represent the continually changing affairs of men.

The classic Torah commentaries offer several interpretations of Jacob's ladder. According to the Midrash, the ladder signified the exiles which the Jewish people would suffer before the coming of the Messiah. First the angel representing the 70-year exile of Babylonia climbed "up" 70 rungs, and then fell "down". Then the angel representing the exile of Persia went up a number of steps, and fell, as did the angel representing the exile of Greece. Only the fourth angel, which represented the final exile of Rome/Edom (whose guardian angel was Esau himself), kept climbing higher and higher into the clouds. Jacob feared that his children would never be free of Esau's domination, but God assured him that at the End of Days, Edom too would come falling down. The fourth square is always transcendent.

Albinus (Greek: Ἀλβῖνος; fl. c. 150 AD) was a Platonist philosopher, who lived at Smyrna, and was teacher of Galen. He is known for his ideas on drama. He is famous for dividing the Dialogues of Plato into four classes,

Square 1: logical- the first square is mental

Square 2: critical- the second square is homeostasis and order and that involves criticality

square 3: physical- the third square is the physical doing square

Square 4:, ethical

and mentions another division of them into Tetralogies, according to their subjects. He advises that the Alcibiades, Phaedo, Republic, and Timaeus, should be read in a series.

He divides Platos works into tetralogies, or groups of four, harkening the quadrant

According to David Hume there are four circumstances, on which depend all, or the greatest part of the ills, that harm sensible creatures, that Hume thinks God could have done differently. Hume says these ills may be unavoidable.

Square 1: Hume says that there does not need to be pleasure and pain but humans could just feel varying degrees of pleasure. For instance, if something is harmful to somebody he does not need to feel pain but just could feel a lot less pleasure. Hume does not think that pain was necessary to produce. The first quadrant is the sensation and perception square and Hume's circumstance is related to sensation and perception

Square 2: Hume thinks that God could have made laws of nature that exterminated the capacity to do ill. Hume does not see for instance why God made it so it was necessary that if man fell off a cliff he would fall to his death. Hume thinks if God was benevolent he would have made laws that would protect humans from such things. For instance if a person fell from a cliff gravity could soften. The second quadrant is homeostasis and structure which is related to natural laws

Hume thinks that God could get rid of general laws of nature and just set things up so people are benefitted. For instance there are storms and droughts. Instead, Hume says, why does

A benevolent God not change the winds to help the sailor and reduce the uncertainty for the sailor? Why, if a man has a brain disorder caused by a random genetic defect that causes him to be a psychopath, does God not just make it so there is not so much uncertainty and make it so there is no psychopaths by making the genetic laws so that does not happen. This second square. The second square is involved with laws and homeostasis.

Square 3: Hume does not see why God is frugal in what he endows. Hume says that God gives an animal intelligence like humans but makes him week. He gives a creature speed but reduces its power. He makes a creature strong but makes it dumb. The third square is the doing square. Why not make humans as fast as a cheetah as string as a bear and as smart as a human? The third quadrant is the physical square and Hume questions why the physical endowments of creatures are frugally parceled. He thinks if it were not so frugal this would eliminate ills.

Square 4: Hume says that there is inaccurate workmanship are too many flaws in reality. There are tornadoes volcanoes and too many extremes. He thinks if God evened this out and fixed the flaws this would eliminate ills

The Fourth Way (1957) is a book about the Fourth Way system of self-development as introduced by Greek-Armenian philosopher G.I. Gurdjieff and is a compilation of the lectures of P. D. Ouspensky at London and New York, 1921–1946, published posthumously by his students in 1957.[1][2] The term "The Fourth Way" has also come to be used as a general descriptive term for the body of ideas and teachings which Gurdjieff brought to the west from his study of eastern schools.[3] Ouspensky was given the task of bringing these ideas to a wider audience in an unadulterated form by Gurdjieff. The Fourth Way is considered to be the most comprehensive statement of Gurdjieff's ideas as taught by Ouspensky. The book consists of adaptations of Ouspensky's lectures, and the accompanying question and answer sessions. The 'Fourth Way' to which the title refers is a method of inner development - "the way of the sly man," as Gurdjieff described it. This way is to be followed under the ordinary conditions of everyday life, as opposed from the three traditional ways that call for retirement from the world: those of the fakir, the monk, and the yogi, which Gurdjieff maintained could only result in partial, unbalanced development of man's potential.

Ouspensky died in Lyne Place, Surrey, in 1947. Shortly after his death, The Psychology of Man's Possible Evolution was published, together with In Search of the Miraculous. A facsimile edition of In Search of the Miraculous was published in 2004 by Paul H. Crompton Ltd. London. Transcripts of some of his lectures were published under the title of The Fourth Way in 1957; largely a collection of question and answer sessions, the book details important concepts, both introductory and advanced, for students of these teachings.

Ouspensky's papers are held at Yale University Library's Manuscripts and Archives department.

Teaching

After Ouspensky broke away from Gurdjieff, he taught the "Fourth Way", as he understood it, to his independent groups.

Fourth Way

Gurdjieff proposed that there are three ways of self-development generally known in esoteric circles. These are the Way of the Fakir, dealing exclusively with the physical body, the Way of the Monk, dealing with the emotions, and the Way of the Yogi, dealing with the mind. What is common about the three ways is that they demand complete seclusion from the world. According to Gurdjieff, there is a Fourth Way which does not demand its followers to abandon the world. The work of self-development takes place right in the midst of ordinary life. Gurdjieff called his system a school of the Fourth Way where a person learns to work in harmony with his physical body, emotions and mind. Ouspensky picked up this idea and continued his own school along this line.[21]

Ouspensky made the term "Fourth Way" and its use central to his own teaching of the ideas of Gurdjieff. He greatly focused on Fourth Way schools and their existence throughout history.

Pyotr Demianovich Ouspenskii (known in English as Peter D. Ouspensky, Пётр Демья́нович Успе́нский; 5 March 1878 – 2 October 1947),[1] was a Russian mathematician and esotericist known for his expositions of the early work of the Greek-Armenian teacher of esoteric doctrine George Gurdjieff, whom he met in Moscow in 1915. His first book, The Fourth Dimension, appeared in 1909; his second book, Tertium Organum, in 1912. A New Model of the Universe, as explained by Ouspensky in the foreword of the second edition, was written and published as articles by 1914, updated to include "recent developments in physics" and republished as a book in Russian in 1917. It was assumed that Ouspensky was lost to the Revolution's violence, it was then republished in English without his knowledge in 1931. Since the earliest lectures this work attracted a who's who of the philosophy crowd (see below) and has been to this day a widely accepted authoritative basis for a study of metaphysics, or rather, to exceed the limits of the same by his "psychological method", which he defines as (paraphrasing p. 75.) "a calibration of the tools of human understanding to derive the actual meaning of the thing itself." This term is one of three high concepts of the material presented, along with "the esoteric method" which as he sums up (p. 76) depends on the first to derive the possibility of something beyond ordinary human effort entirely. In high concept terms: "The idea of esotericism ... holds that the very great majority of our ideas are not the product of evolution but the product of the degeneration of ideas which existed at some time or are still existing somewhere in much higher, purer and more complete forms." (p. 47) Ouspensky's reputation is presently degenerated to being a follower of Gurdjieff rather than a partner (see below) and the apex of esotericism, self-knowledge, and metaphysical thought. The title itself promises a model of the universe, or unified theory of everything, which it is. He also wrote the novel Strange Life of Ivan Osokin, which explored the concept of eternal recurrence or the eternal return. He traveled in Europe and the East — India, Ceylon, and Egypt — in his search for knowledge. After his return to Russia and his introduction to Gurdjieff in 1915, Ouspensky spent the next few years studying with him, and supporting the founding of a school. According to Osho, when Ouspensky went to Gurdjieff for the first time, the latter was but an unknown fakir and Ouspensky made him well-known to his own reading public.[5] Denying the ultimate reality of space and time in his book Tertium Organum,[6] he also negates Aristotle's Logical Formula of Identification of "A is A" and finally concludes in his "higher logic" that A is both A and not-A.[7] Unbeknown to Ouspensky, a Russian émigré by the name of Nicholas Bessarabof took a copy of Tertium Organum to America and placed it in the hands of the architect Claude Bragdon who could read Russian and was interested in the fourth dimension.[8] Tertium Organum was rendered into English by Bragdon who had incorporated his own design of the hypercube[9][10] into the Rochester Chamber of Commerce building.[11] Bragdon also published the book and the publication was such a success that it was finally taken up by Alfred A. Knopf. At the time, in the early 1920s, Ouspensky's whereabouts were unknown until Bragdon located him in Constantinople and paid him back some royalties. Ouspensky's lectures in London were attended by such literary figures as Aldous Huxley, T. S. Eliot, Gerald Heard and other writers, journalists and doctors. His influence on the literary scene of the 1920s and 1930s as well as on the Russian avant-garde was immense but still very little known.[12] It was said of Ouspensky that, though nonreligious, he had one prayer: not to become famous during his lifetime. Ouspensky also provided an original discussion of the nature and expression of sexuality in his A New Model of the Universe; among other things, he draws a distinction between erotica and pornography. During his years in Moscow, Ouspensky wrote for several newspapers and was particularly interested in the then-fashionable idea of the fourth dimension.[13] His first published work was titled The Fourth Dimension[14] and he explored the subject along the ideas prevalent at the time in the works of Charles H. Hinton,[15] the fourth dimension being an extension in space.[16][17] Ouspensky treats time as a fourth dimension only indirectly in a novel he wrote titled Strange Life of Ivan Osokin[18] where he also explores the theory of eternal recurrence.

Hume is famous for his four dissertstions

Hume provides four reasons to think that there has never been sufficient evidence in favor of a miracle to render it probable.

Square 1: First, no miracle is supported by testimony of a sufficient number of trustworthy people to rule out the possibility of falsehood. The first square is based off of sensation and perception. He is claiming there is not enough witnesses.

Square 2: Second, while we should normally believe that which most closely accords itself with past experience, the sensations of surprise and wonder often lead us to unreasonable beliefs. There are many examples of tall tales that are not from reasonable inquiry but from a love of wonder. The second square is the feeling/faith square, and Hume thinks that people want to believe in these things because it makes them feel good.

Square 3: Third, Hume states that most reports of miraculous events occur amongst barbarous or ignorant people, who may not be sophisticated enough to disbelieve fabricated testimony. The third square is the bad square, related to the artisan who is not considered the most polite and sophisticated in terms of being good.

Square 4: Fourth, since every religion claims the veracity of its own miracles but discredits the miracles of every other religion, the evidence of all other religions opposes the evidence in favor of a miracle in any one particular religion. For instance, what a Hindu might consider a miracle would be considered a heresy by anyone of different faith. The fourth square points to a larger context snd makes comparisons

Out of his analysis of miracles, Hume establishes that religion is not based on reason but faith. Faith is the second quadrant and religion is a second square field of inquiry

There are four works in the nag hamadi texts that are gospels. There are other works in the nag hamadi collection but the four primary works are these gospels. The Nag Hamadi Gospels are

Square 1: Gospel of Thomas- sayings if jesus. The first square is mental

Square 2: Gospel of truth- meditation on jesus ministry. Second square is himeostasia

Square 3: the Gospel of the Egyptians- a sacramental text about an initiation ritual. The third square is doing

Square 4: the Gospel of Philip- sayings and the sacrament of the mystery of the bride chamber. The fourth dquare is mental and doing

Qualia is a very important topic in philosophy and the study of consciousness. Daniel Dennett identifies four properties that are commonly ascribed to qualia. According to these, qualia are:

Square 1: ineffable; that is, they cannot be communicated, or apprehended by any other means than direct experience.

Square 2: intrinsic; that is, they are non-relational properties, which do not change depending on the experience's relation to other things.

Square 3: private; that is, all interpersonal comparisons of qualia are systematically impossible.

Square 4: directly or immediately apprehensible in consciousness; that is, to experience a quale is to know one experiences a quale, and to know all there is to know about that quale.

V. S. Ramachandran and William Hirsteinproposed three laws of qualia (with a fourth later added), which are "functional criteria that need to be fulfilled in order for certain neural events to be associated with qualia" by philosophers of the mind:

Square 1: Qualia are irrevocable and indubitable. You don't say 'maybe it is red but I can visualize it as green if I want to'. An explicit neural representation of red is created that invariably and automatically 'reports' this to higher brain centres.

Square 2: Once the representation is created, what can be done with it is open-ended. You have the luxury of choice, e.g., if you have the percept of an apple you can use it to tempt Adam, to keep the doctor away, bake a pie, or just to eat. Even though the representation at the input level is immutable and automatic, the output is potentially infinite. This isn't true for, say, a spinal reflex arc where the output is also inevitable and automatic. Indeed, a paraplegic can even have an erection and ejaculate without an orgasm.

Square 3: Short-term memory. The input invariably creates a representation that persists in short-term memory—long enough to allow time for choice of output. Without this component, again, you get just a reflex arc.

Square 4:Attention. Qualia and attention are closely linked. You need attention to fulfill criterion number two; to choose. A study of circuits involved in attention, therefore, will shed much light on the riddle of qualia

Nicolai Hartmann is considered one of the greatest metaphysicians of all time. He described four levels of reality. They are

Hartmann's levels of reality are

Square 1: the inorganic level (German: anorganische Schicht)

Square 2: the organic level (organische Schicht). The first two squares are the duality.

Square 3: the psychical/emotional level (seelische Schicht). The third square is related to action and emotion.

Square 4: the intellectual/cultural level (geistige Schicht). The fourth square is related to the rational and intellect. It is Wilber's culture square

Hartmann stated four laws that apply to the levels of reality.

Square 1: The law of recurrence: Lower categories recur in the higher levels as a subaspect of higher categories, but never vice versa.

Square 2: The law of modification: The categorial elements modify in their recurrence in the higher levels (they are shaped by the characteristics of the higher levels).

Square 3: The law of the novum: The higher category is made up of of a diversity of lower elements, but it is a specific novum that is not included in the lower levels.

Square 4: The law of distance between levels: Since the different levels do not develop continuously but in leaps, they can be clearly distinguished.

Fascinatingly, these laws apply to the squares and nature of my model the quadrant model.

The Quadrature of the Parabola (Greek: Τετραγωνισμὸς παραβολῆς) is a treatise on geometry, written by Archimedes in the 3rd century BC. Written as a letter to his friend Dositheus, the work presents 24 propositions regarding parabolas, culminating in a proof that the area of a parabolic segment (the region enclosed by a parabola and a line) is 4/3 that of a certain inscribed triangle.

Archimedes is considered one of the greatest mathematicians of all time. Archhimedes most famous proof culminates when he proves that 1/4 + 1/16 + 1/64 + ... = 1/3

To complete the proof, Archimedes shows that

1 \,+\, \frac{1}{4} \,+\, \frac{1}{16} \,+\, \frac{1}{64} \,+\, \cdots\;=\; \frac{4}{3}.

The formula above is a geometric series—each successive term is one fourth of the previous term. In modern mathematics, that formula is a special case of the sum formula for a geometric series.

Archimedes evaluates the sum using an entirely geometric method. Essentially what archimedes does is draw a quadrant and a quadrant within one square of that quadrant and a quadrant within one square of that quadrant making a square which has been dissected into an infinity of smaller squares. Each successive purple square has one fourth the area of the previous square, with the total purple area being the sum

\frac{1}{4} \,+\, \frac{1}{16} \,+\, \frac{1}{64} \,+\, \cdots.

However, the purple squares are congruent to either set of yellow squares, and so cover 1/3 of the area of the unit square. It follows that the series above sums to 4/3.

The way that archimedes does this is by drawing a quadrant, and then a quadrant within one square of that quadrant, and a quadrant within one square of that quadrant and so on. The proof reflects the quadrant model pattern.

This was Archimedes main proof and the one that he was most famous for.

Archimedes proofs regarding calculus represent the quadrant model pattern. The proofs of calculus themselves geometrically portray the quadrant model pattern.

The reason why students are required to memorize the quadratic equation is so that they can plot points on a cartesian coordinate grid. A cartesian coordinate grid is a quadrant and it is the foundation of all mathematics. Descartes created the Cartesian coordinate system and he claims that God gave him the inspiration to do so.

In mathematics, the quaternions are a number system that extends the complex numbers. They were first described by Irish mathematician William Rowan Hamilton in 1843 and applied to mechanics in three-dimensional space. A feature of quaternions is that multiplication of two quaternions is noncommutative. Hamilton defined a quaternion as the quotient of two directed lines in a three-dimensional space or equivalently as the quotient of two vectors.

Quaternions find uses in both theoretical and applied mathematics, in particular for calculations involving three-dimensional rotations such as in three-dimensional computer graphics, computer vision and crystallographic texture analysis.[5] In practical applications, they can be used alongside other methods, such as Euler angles and rotation matrices, or as an alternative to them, depending on the application.

In modern mathematical language, quaternions form a four-dimensional associative normed division algebra over the real numbers, and therefore also a domain. In fact, the quaternions were the first noncommutative division algebra to be discovered. The algebra of quaternions is often denoted by H (for Hamilton), or in blackboard bold by \mathbb H (Unicode U+210D, ℍ). It can also be given by the Clifford algebra classifications Cℓ0,2(R) ≅ Cℓ03,0(R). The algebra H holds a special place in analysis since, according to the Frobenius theorem, it is one of only two finite-dimensional division rings containing the real numbers as a proper subring, the other being the complex numbers. These rings are also Euclidean Hurwitz algebras, of which quaternions are the largest associative algebra.

Quaternions reflect the quadrant model pattern and are crucial in mathematics, considered one of the greatest mathematical findings ever.

Hamilton was looking for ways of extending complex numbers (which can be viewed as points on a 2-dimensional plane) to higher spatial dimensions. He failed to find a useful 3-dimensional system (in modern terminology, he failed to find a real, three-dimensional skew-field), but in working with four dimensions he created quaternions. According to Hamilton, on 16 October he was out walking along the Royal Canal in Dublin with his wife when the solution in the form of the equation

\displaystyle i^2 = j^2 = k^2 = ijk = -1

suddenly occurred to him; Hamilton then promptly carved this equation using his penknife into the side of the nearby Broom Bridge (which Hamilton called Brougham Bridge). This event marks the discovery of the quaternion group.

A plaque under the bridge, was unveiled by the Taoiseach Éamon de Valera (himself a mathematician and student of quaternions), on 13 November 1958.

Hamilton described a quaternion as an ordered four-element multiple of real numbers, and described the first element as the 'scalar' part, and the remaining three as the 'vector' part. The fourth part is always different from the previous three.

In mathematics, a regular 4-polytope is a regular four-dimensional polytope. They are the four-dimensional analogs of the regular polyhedra in three dimensions and the regular polygons in two dimensions.

Regular 4-polytopes were first described by the Swiss mathematician Ludwig Schläfli in the mid-19th century, although the full set were not discovered until later.

There are six convex and ten star regular 4-polytopes, giving a total of sixteen.

The sixteen are the sixteen squares of the quadrant model.

In geometry, a Kepler–Poinsot polyhedron is any of four regular star polyhedra.

They may be obtained by stellating the regular convex dodecahedron and icosahedron, and differ from these in having regular pentagrammic faces or vertex figures.

These figures have pentagrams (star pentagons) as faces or vertex figures. The small and great stellated dodecahedron have nonconvex regular pentagram faces. The great dodecahedron and great icosahedron have convex polygonal faces, but pentagrammic vertex figures.

The theorem on friends and strangers is a mathematical theorem in an area of mathematics called Ramsey theory. It is an extremely popular well known problem in mathematics.

The problem can be solved for up to four people and four lines. But with five people or five lines it cannot be solved even with complex computing. With four lines and four people the problem is difficult. With five it cannot be solved. The nature of the quadrant model is the fourth is always different. The fifth is questionable.

One philosophical theory is that everything is in a constant state of flux, therefore there is not really any thing, because the only constant is change-- “you can never step into the same river twice” according to Heraclitus.  The principle behind everything is flux. Contemporary physicist say that particles are constantly going in and out of existence all the time. Biologist point out that a human constantly sheds skin, and cells in the humans body are constantly dieing and being replaced—a constant state of flux. Parmenides challenged this philosophy, saying that change is an illusion. Einstein was influenced by this idea; he was against the idea of quantum mechanics, which claimed that things were random and unknowable. Einstein said that he knew there was an order behind all things in the Universe--a perfect harmony, saying that “God does not play dice”. He called the universe a steady state. Einstein was said to be proven wrong when it was found that the Universe was expanding and accelerating in its expansion, and things are random, unknowable, and constantly changing, due to quantum mechanics. The constant used to discover the acceleration was a constant that Einstein had found. Einstein had discarded the constant, calling it a blunder, but it turned out to lead people to the idea that the Universe is accelerating. It turns out that maybe Einstein who said things are perfect and ordered and Bohr, who said they are random and disordered, may both be correct.

Melissus of Samos argued that the Universe must be eternal, using four statements that proved this.  He said,

*Square one: Whatever comes to be must have a beginning

*Square two: The One did not have a beginning

*Square three: Therefore the One does not have a beginning

*Square four: Therefore the One is eternal

Melissus believed that there was one thing, or an Arche that underlies everything. This was a common notion among the pre-Socratics. This sounds like the notion of monotheism. Mellisus also argues that the One is incorporeal, changeless, and motionless, suggesting that he was aware of the quadrant model pattern. The quadrant model pattern is a changeless and eternal pattern that is a manifestation of  the Form of Being. Nothing can “be” but the one Form of Being. There cannot be no thing. So the form must be eternal. It is also never changing because it is the only thing that can be.

Gorgias, another pre-Socratic philosopher, is labeled as a nihilist.  He said that nothing can be known, and nothing exists. In the  quadrant model the eighteenth square is non-being; Being is the seventeenth. Existence is an interplay between being and non-being--things are constantly going in and out of existence, and according to physicists so does the universe itself.  According to the “Quadrant Model of Reality” nothing exists; everything is an expression of the quadrant Form of Existence. There is therefore no one thing. Everything is an illusion and connected to one formula/one form. The Gorgias argument fits the quadrant model pattern.  He claims:

*Square one: Nothing exists

*Square two: Even if something exists, nothing can be known about it

*Square three: Even if something can be known about it, knowledge of it can not be communicated to others. The third premise is about communication. The third is always about doing.

*Square four: Even if it can be communicated, it cannot be understood. The fourth is knowledge and understanding, which points beyond the previous three.

The quadrant model points to Parmenides's philosophy--things seem different, and seem to change, but regardless there is one formula and one Being underlying everything. Zeno agreed with Parmenides. Zeno is famous for four main paradoxes, which he says describe the impossibility of motion. These four paradoxes fit the quadrant model pattern. They are

*Square one: the dichotomy paradox

*Square two: Achilles and the tortoise paradox.

*Square three: The Arrow paradox.

*Square four: The Stade paradox. The fourth paradox is different from the previous three. This is the nature of the quadrant model pattern.

Zenos’ Paradoxes

Dichotomy Paradox	Arrow Paradox
Achilles and the Tortoise Paradox	Stade Paradox

The missing square puzzle involves four figures. The missing square puzzle is an optical illusion used in mathematics classes to help students reason about geometrical figures, or rather to teach them to not reason using figures, but only using the textual description thereof and the axioms of geometry. It depicts two arrangements made of similar shapes in slightly different configurations. Each apparently forms a 13×5 right-angled triangle, but one has a 1×1 hole in it. A true 13×5 triangle cannot be created from the given component parts. The four figures (the yellow, red, blue and green shapes) total 32 units of area. The apparent triangles formed from the figures are 13 units wide and 5 units tall, so it appears that the area should be \textstyle {S={\frac {13\times 5}{2}}=32.5} units. However, the blue triangle has a ratio of 5:2 (=2.5), while the red triangle has the ratio 8:3 (≈2.667), so the apparent combined hypotenuse in each figure is actually bent. With the bent hypotenuse, the first figure actually occupies a combined 32 units, while the second figure occupies 33, including the "missing" square. The amount of bending is approximately 1/28th of a unit (1.245364267°), which is difficult to see on the diagram of the puzzle, and was illustrated as a graphic. Note the grid point where the red and blue triangles in the lower image meet (5 squares to the right and two units up from the lower left corner of the combined figure), and compare it to the same point on the other figure; the edge is slightly under the mark in the upper image, but goes through it in the lower. Overlaying the hypotenuses from both figures results in a very thin parallelogram (represented with the four red dots) with an area of exactly one grid square, so the "missing" area.

Matsuyama has a missing square problem.

Mitsunobu Matsuyama's "Paradox" uses four congruent quadrilaterals and a small square, which form a larger square. When the quadrilaterals are rotated about their centers they fill the space of the small square, although the total area of the figure seems unchanged. The apparent paradox is explained by the fact that the side of the new large square is a little smaller than the original one. If a is the side of the large square and θ is the angle between two opposing sides in each quadrilateral, then the quotient between the two areas is given by sec2θ − 1. For θ = 5°, this is approximately 1.00765, which corresponds to a difference of about 0.8%.

Empedocles was a famous Greek pre-Socratic philosopher. He said that everything was based around the conflict of love and strife. He proposed a four stage cosmic cycle around the principal of love and strife.

*Square one: Pure domain of love, harmony. During this stage Empedocles says there is no life. This is the ideal stage. The first square is the Idealist. Life is bad, and in this stage there is not yet life.

*Square two: Contention between love and strife. During this stage there is a presence of life. There is a contention, but there is not yet any outright conflict. The second square is homeostasis. There is order in this square, but things are about to change.

*Square three: Pure domain of strife--chaos. Empedocles says in this stage there is outright conflict. The third square is the action square, it is bad and destructive. It is the doing square.  There is no life in this stage, according to Empedocles.

*Square four: Contention between strife and love. Life is present in this stage. This is different from stage two in that in it love is fighting strife, and in stage four strife is fighting love. The fourth square is pointing beyond life to death.

The tetrapharmacon of the Greek Philosopher Epicurus was what Epircurus and the Epicureans were most known for. The four-way cure for moral health went as follows

Square 1: There is nothing to fear in God

Square 2: There is nothing to fear in death. The first two is the duality

Square 3: Good can really be attained.

Square 4: Evil can be readily endured

The Stoics held with four basic categories, all viewed as bodies (substantial and insubstantial): (1) substance in the sense of substrate, primary formless matter; (2) quality, matter's organization to differentiate and individualize something, and coming down to a physical ingredient such as pneuma, breath; (3) somehow holding (or disposed), as in a posture, state, shape, size, action, and (4) somehow holding (or disposed) toward something, as in relative location, familial relation, and so forth.

Plato was concerned with the creation of an ideal society. He said that governments undergo transformations. His description of the process of  government change fits the quadrant model pattern. He calls this the five regimes.

*Square one: Timocracy--related to the Idealist. Plato says that timocracies are nice. The people in timocracies act as though they do not care about gold.  Idealists often act as though they are spiritual and do not want to take part in the physical world. But idealists also want to belong, are conservative, and like the status quo. Plato says that people in timocracies secretly worship gold,  but will not admit it. Socrates describes that that timocrats work on cultivating their virtues and intellects. This is the nature of the first square. But at the same time they are not content. Therefore timocracies become oligarchies. Asians are related to timocracies, sometimes acting as though they are not greedy, and are spiritual.  Asians are the first square ethnicity.

*Square two: Oligarchy--distinguishes between the rich and the poor, making the rich their administrators. Keirsey's Guardians are related to oligarchies. Guardians are all about order and homeostasis. Guardians respect authority, hierarchy, and order. Guardians tend to be wealthy because they plan and are organized. Socrates thought that oligarch rulers make small armies so the poor will not rebel against them. Therefore oligarchies deteriorate because outside forces are too strong. Oligarchies degenerate into democracies.

*Square three: Democracy. The third square is about fun and doing. The third square is spontaneity. The third square is related to Keirsey's Artisan. Socrates describes that the supreme good in a democracy is labelled as freedom, but the poor get poorer and the rich get richer; everything becomes a popularity contest, and things are not decided by actual competence. Socrates says in a

democracy diversity is supreme, and people are allowed to do whatever they want, which leads to the downfall of democracy, as people begin to consume things that they do not need, becoming hedonistic, pursuing their desires and lusts, and nothing else. Inevitably disillusionment with democracy follows, creating an opening for a tyrant to emerge.  Socrates says that the tyrant will be a smart man who is a philosopher. This leads to the fourth regime, the tyranny.

*Square four: Tyranny. The fourth is different from the previous three. The fourth is related to the Rational personality type. Rationals are philosophers,  This leaves a power vacuum where a philosophical, intelligent tyrant seizes control. The tyrant must kill his enemies, which makes many enemies. Then the tyrant has to protect himself and his family with a lot of body guards. There are many people who want to kill him, and in order to not be killed the tyrant has to continue to kill his enemies. But in so doing he makes more enemies. The tyrant has such complete power that he begins to act lawlessly, becoming extremely blood thirsty.   Socrates says that out of the tyranny emerges an aristocracy. The forth square is related to the philosopher and can be seen as bad.

*Square five: Aristocracy. Plato describes this as the ideal form of government, transcending all others. The fifth is related to God; the Kingdom of God. He makes a proposition of how a society can run in a three caste system, but realizes that this too will deteriorate. Finally he gives a metaphor of a perfect society, picturing each of the three castes as a type of animal. He says one is a human, one a lion, and one a bird. He said to put these three animals within a human, which represents the form of an ideal society. What Socrates described was the quadrant model pattern. Socrates put three elements within a fourth element; that is the nature of the quadrant model. In it there are three squares that are consumed by a fourth square. It is also interesting that philosophers note that this image is like a fractal image. It can be proposed that the human that these three elements are in is in another human with another lion and eagle. Then that human is another human with another lion and eagle next to it--so on and so forth, forever. Fractal mathematics is integral, physicists think, in the construction of reality. It is interesting that Plato may have intentionally drawn a fractal.

Platos’ governments

Timocracy	Democracy
Oligarchy	Tyrany

Aristocracy

Plato proposed the existence of four virtues that people possess. These virtues fit the quadrant model pattern. They are

*Square one: Wisdom. The first square is always related with the mind.  This is related with Keirsey's Idealist temperament.

*Square two: Temperance--related with the Guardian. Temperance is the ability to control oneself.

*Square three: Courage. This is related to the Artisan temperament. Courage is related with doing. The third square is doing. Courageous people are willing to put themselves on the line, doing things that are dangerous, and often considered bad or destrictive.

*Square four: Justice--the consequence of the harmony of the other three

virtues. In other words, Justice involves the other three virtues. The fourth is always different, yet encompasses the previous three. Where there is synergy between wisdom, temperance, and courage, there is justice. Justice is related to the Rational temperament.

Cicero sketched and is famous for his scheme of ethics, which was based on the traditional cardinal virtues. The four-fold scheme consisted of:

Square 1; A life of wisdom or contemplation,

Square 2:A life of justice and beneficence,

Square 3: A life of courage of loftiness and strength of mind, and

Square 4: A life of temperance or moderation and propriety.

Plato’s Virtues

Wisdom	Courage
Temperance	Justice

Plato's famous allegory of the cave was designed to describe reality. He said that apparent reality is only a shadow of true reality, which he called the World of Forms, an eternal and unchanging reality. Socrates said that reality derived from One Form.  The theory proposed by the Quadrant Model of Reality is that this form is the form of the cross.

Plato used an illustration called the divided line to describe the nature of reality. The divided line fits the quadrant model pattern.

*Square one: This is the square of imagining.  According to Plato this is the square of sensation and perception. The first quadrant is the sensation and perception quadrant. Plato describes that the world that is sensed and perceived is an illusion' this level of knowledge is therefore unsatisfactory. Plato said that sensations and perceptions are just shadows of the true reality.

*Square two: Plato labels this section of the divided line belief. The second quadrant is belief and faith.  Plato said that beliefs are about physical things in the physical world. He says that this section is also faith, that beliefs are not grounded in reality, and that physical things are not real.

*Square three: Plato labels this section of the divided line thinking. The third quadrant of the quadrant model is the thinking and doing quadrant. Plato describes that people at this level of knowledge perform mathematical reasoning. Mathematics is a form of doing; when you perform mathematics, a part of the performance is pointing and gesturing and writing itself. A part of thinking is actions performed with the body. This is the doing square.

Square four: Plato labels this square knowledge. The fourth quadrant of the quadrant model is the knowledge quadrant. Plato says that knowledge is recognition of the world of Forms, and that reality is a reflection of a true reality, which is a world of Ideas and Forms. He says that knowledge of this reality comes through conversations with people, which he calls dialectic. The fourth square is social, and points beyond itself.  Plato's dialogues themselves are his written records of conversations between Socrates and other people. Socrates would often take an opposite viewpoint of another person, and in his argument eventually try to come up with the Truth. This contrasted with sophists who would argue to try to prove a point that they were trying to make and didn't care about discovering the Truth. Plato says that ultimate knowledge is knowledge of the Form of the Good; out of this Form everything derives. This form is the form of the cross and the quadrant model pattern which permeates from it.

Plato’s Divided Line

Imagining	Thinking
Belief	Knowledge

Plotinus is the father of Neoplatonism and gnostic belief. He is the most famous philosopher who came after Plato and Aristotle. According to Plotinus there are four levels of being. The levels fit the quadrant model. They are.

Square 1: matter. This is the sensible world which Plotinus declared was an illusion. The first square is sensation and perception.

Square 2: the soul. this is the world soul and the soul of humans. Plotinus said time is the life of the soul. The second square is time.

Square 3: the intellect. Plotinus said that this was the world of forms and the demiurge who was the first mover who fashions all being through intellect.Gnostic philosophers say the demiurge fashioned material existence but they say He is actually kind of evil because the world is a mind of prison and illusion.

Square 4. The one. This is the ineffable Form of the Good that Plato describes, says Plotinus. As I portrayed in this book that form is the quadrant. Plotinus was said to have achieved union with the One four times in his life.

Plato says that knowledge of geometry is essential to knowing the world of Forms. Geometry is mathematics dealing with shapes. Plato gives a mathematical statement which suggests that the first section of the divided line is smaller than the second section, and the third section is the same as the second section, and the fourth section is bigger than the third section. But he also says that each section is larger than the section previous to it. This is a contradiction because he previously says that the third and second sections are the same size. Some people thought that Plato made a mistake in his mathematics. Others said that he purposefully did this to get people to question him, and also to show that contradictions in reality are a part of the nature of reality. Plato may also have been trying to reveal that his model of the divided line is holistic, I propose. The quadrant model is holistic, each square building on the previous square, with each square containing the elements of the square before it, while also adding to it.

Plato is known for the five platonic solids. In the dialogue of the Timeaus Socrates hypothesizes that these perfect polyhedrons are related to the five elements. Kepler used the platonic solids to explain the distances of the planets from each other, although scientists today say that Kepler was incorrect in his mathematics. Euclid, a famous Greek Mathematician, wrote the criteria for the platonic solids. The criteria fit the quadrant model pattern. They are

*Square one: Each vertex of the solid must coincide with one vertex each of at least three faces.

*Square two: At each vertex of the solid, the total, among the adjacent faces, of the angles between their respective adjacent sides must be less than 360°.

*Square three: The angles at all vertices of all faces of a Platonic solid are identical: each vertex of each face must contribute less than 360°/3 = 120°.

*Square four: Regular polygons of six or more sides have only angles of 120° or more, so the common face must be the triangle, square, or pentagon. The platonic solids are Square one: tetrahedron; Square two: cube; Square three: octahedron; Square 4: dodecahedron; Square 5: icosahedron.

These solids are all connected to each other, and relate to each other. The dodecahedron was seen as divine, and its existence was kept secret. A fascinating thing is that some physicists have suggested that the shape of the Universe is a dodecahedron. A dodecahedron is like the shape of a soccer ball. It is interesting that biologist have discovered that viruses take shapes such as the shape of the icosahedron. Plato said each one represented one of the five elements. The fifth Plato said was transcendent and represented the Universe as a whole or God. It is interesting to note that physicists today do say that the Universe may be the shape of a dodecahedron, because evidence points to that. The fifth is always ultra transcendent. The dodecahedron was so transcendent that the Ancie philosophers like the Pythaogoreans said that its existence could not be known to the normal average human

Square 1: icosahedron. The icosahedron Plato said was air.

Square 2: octahedron. Plato said this was water.

Square 3:Cube. Plato said this was stable and related to Earth

Square 4:tetrahedron . Plato said it was pointy like fire.

Square 5: dodecahedron. Plato said it is the shape of the Universe and was like God. The fifth square is related to God.

The tetrahedron is the first manifested polyhedra,believed by Plato to equate with the element of fire.

in our Fibonacci circle,it is generated by the interaction of the star configuration formed by the 3,the 6 and the 9.

In qabalistic thinking,the tetrahedron is held to self-replicate into a star tetrahedron,as a primary manifestation of duality.In the instance of our device this means that it drops below and forms another tetrahedron from the remaining 3,6 and 9.

The vertices of this emergent star tetrahedron (the Merkaba) supply all the points of manifestation of the next two solids,The cube and the Octahedron,a pairing of solids which are held to manifest coterminously with each other

Pythagorean Tetrad Four is the first number formed by the addition and multiplication of equals.. To the Pythagoreans this symbol and number represented justice as it is the first number that is divisible every way into equal parts.’’

Plato searched for an ideal form of government, and evoked a world of Forms for being the organizing principle behind reality. Aristotle used both his intuition as well as his experience to describe reality.   He was very prolific in his ideas, even studying olympic athletes who won olympic events. Among other things, he is known for his four causes, which fit the quadrant model pattern. These four causes are causes of movement.

*Square one: Material cause--determined by the material of which it is composed. The material cause of a basketball might be rubber.

*Square two: Formal cause--related to the arrangement of a thing.  Aristotle uses the example of octaves, and the 2:1 ratio of the string being the cause of the octave. The formal cause of a basketball might be its density and the way its texture is arranged. The second square is order and structure--the nature of the second square.

*Square three: Moving cause/efficient cause. The third square is the doing square; it is always related to movement. The moving cause according to Aristotle is something apart form the object being moved; it is interacting with the object, causing it to move. The efficient cause of a basketball may be a basketball player.

*Square four: Final cause--the purpose for which something is being moved. The purpose of moving a basketball is to have it go through a net. The purpose of a bullet might be to kill a living organism. These four causes inspired Tinbergen's four questions. Aristotle argued that there must be a primary mover that caused everything to move. Aristotle says that for every effect there was a cause, and there must have been a first cause. This, some scientists say is corroborated by the big bang theory. Physicists who study the multiverse and M theory suggest that the first cause might have been two primordial membranes colliding, the product of which was the big bang. Others say that this Universe was created from another Universe in the multiverse, which leaves a question regarding what created the multiverse that created this universe. Still Aristotle says there needs to have been a primary mover. Many have taken this to mean that Aristotle believed in a God that started everything.

A Hoberman sphere is not a true sphere, but a polyhedron known as an icosidodecahedron. The Hoberman sphere can be unfolded by allowing certain members to spread apart. This can be accomplished by feeding out a string or cable in the larger models. The operation of each joint is linked to all the others in a manner conceptually similar to the extension arm on a wall-mounted shaving mirror.

Clearly the shape of the swastika (6-leg version) plays a critical role in the operation of this sphere.

note the 16 point configuration is similar to the 16 wind Compass Rose that we find in St. Peter’s Square.

16 is the number of squares in the quadrant model

Aristotle’s causes

Material Cause	Moving Cause
Formal Cause	Final Cause

The four major philosophical arguments for the existence of God are

Square 1: the ontological argument

Square 2: the first cause argument

Square 3: the argument from design,

Square 4: the moral argument.

Franz Brentano held that any major philosophical period has four phases: (1) Creative and rapidly progressing with scientific interest and results; then declining through the remaining phases, (2) practical, (3) increasingly skeptical, and (4) literary, mystical, and scientifically worthless – until philosophy is renewed through a new period's first phase. (See Brentano's essay "The Four Phases of Philosophy and Its Current State"

C. S. Peirce, usually a trichotomist, discussed four methods for overcoming troublesome uncertainties and achieving secure beliefs: (1) the method of tenacity (policy of sticking to initial belief), (2) the method of authority, (3) the method of congruity (following a fashionable paradigm), and (4) the fallibilistic, self-correcting method of science (see "The Fixation of Belief", 1877); and four barriers to inquiry, barriers refused by the fallibilist: (1) assertion of absolute certainty; (2) maintaining that something is absolutely unknowable; (3) maintaining that something is absolutely inexplicable because absolutely basic or ultimate; (4) holding that perfect exactitude is possible, especially such as to quite preclude unusual and anomalous phenomena (see "F.R.L." [First Rule of Logic], 1899).

Paul Weiss built a system involving four modes of being: Actualities (substances in the sense of substantial, spatio-temporally finite beings), Ideality or Possibility (pure normative form), Existence(the dynamic field), and God (unity). (See Weiss's Modes of Being, 1958

John Boyd (military strategist) made his key concept the decision cycle or OODA loop, consisting of four stages: (1) observation (data intake through the senses), (2) orientation (analysis and synthesis of data), (3) decision, and (4) action. Boyd held that his decision cycle has philosophical generality, though for strategists the point remains that, through swift decisions, one can disrupt an opponent's decision cycle.

Richard McKeon outlined four classes (each with four subclasses) of modes of philosophical inquiry: (1) Modes of Being (Being); (2) Modes of Thought (That which is); (3) Modes of Fact (Existence); (4) Modes of Simplicity (Experience) – and, corresponding to them, four classes (each with four subclasses) of philosophical semantics: Principles, Methods, Interpretations, and Selections

Pythagoras was another pre-Socratic philosopher. He is credited for having discovered the pythagorean theorem, which says that the square of two sides of a right angle triangle equals the square of the hypotenuse of the triangle. It is also argued that one of his students made the discovery, but Pythagoras took the credit for it. He had his own academy, which resembled a cult--the group worshipped the tetragrammaton, a pyramid with one dot, then two dots, then three, then four. It is the set up of bowling pins, which resembles the  quadrant model, in that there are four sections, each one building upon the next. The Pythagoreans worshipped this symbol. Another important symbol in ancient cultures was the tessellation of the isosceles triangle. This yielded an isosceles triangle within three isosceles triangles. This symbol was also seen as highly sacred, apparently because it represents the quadrant model Form of Existence. There are four squares, and the fourth is within the previous three, repeating the nature of the quadrant model pattern--the fourth encompasses the previous three.

The pythagoreans believed that the foundation of existence was mathematics. The Pythagoreans believed all mathematical science was to be divided into four parts, portraying the quadrant model pattern. The four parts were. Again, the pythagoreans envisioned a two fold. One dichotomy was quantity in regard to its character in itself and quantity in relation to others. The other was magnitude which was either stationary or in motion. These two dichotomies yielded the quadrivium, which was how the ancients divided the science.

Square 1: arithmetic is number in itself

Square 2: music is number in time

Square 3: geometry is number in space

Square 4: cosmology is number in space and time.

In Plato’s dialogue Meno, Socrates tries to prove the immortality of the soul by showing that knowledge was recalling. Socrates said that souls are originally from the world of forms, and when people learn things, they are not really learning, but are recalling what they already knew from the world of forms. To do this Socrates drew in the sand 16 squares and performed geometry with a slave boy. Socrates showed that the slave boy could understand the geometry despite having never received an education. Socrates said therefore the boy must be recalling what he knew from the world of forms. It is important to see though that to prove the immortality of the soul Socrates drew 16 squares into the sand. Socrates drew the quadrant model.

       

CHAPTER XXVII: The Pattern of Four in Political Spectrums

Political spectrums fit the quadrant model of reality. An example is the Nolan chart. The Nolan chart has two dichotomies. One is much political freedom and little political freedom. The other is much economic freedom and little economic freedom. This yields four types.

*Square one: Much personal freedom and little of economic freedom. These are liberals. Having much personal freedom allows for doing things like staying up late and partying and doing drugs. Liberals tend to fight for women’s rights to behave as they wish, having abortions if they want, and for minorities rights and gay rights. The first square corresponds with idealists, who are abstract, and thus open minded. Liberals are “politically correct”, but ironically they fight against people who are not politically correct. The first square is the Idealist personality type, who are abstract and cooperative. Being abstract corresponds with a desire for personal freedom and open mindedness and seeing everybody as one and thus having compassion for everybody, and being cooperative corresponds for a desire for government control over economic arenas. Liberals tend to be communists. The first square race is Asians. Asian cultures throughout Asia, including Russia, have been the most associated with being communist. People think communists are for equal rights for everybody, but really communists give considerable power to the state for economics, and the state discriminates against races, and helps the group in power. Communist nations have always brought about discrimination and oppression based on race. Idealists often act as though they are very compassionate and want equal rights for everybody, but really they have agendas and often in their desire to centralize power in the state, know that the power will be used to continue white supremacy. Idealists tend to like White people because White is the second square, and idealists are the first square. Liberals actually like the group in power, and by giving power to the state they help to maintain the status quo. Idealists love the status quo, and covertly worship the upper class, although they act as though they are compassionate for all people. Liberals do the same. Liberals tend to want economic controls to fight things like global warming and other issues, but they have other agendas. The first quadrant is awareness, and liberals are cautious of global problems. Idealists tend to be aware and perceptive, and want things like global warming and the harming of animals to be mitigated by economic controls. Szasz, a psychiatrist who is against psychiatry though, argues that liberals use their proclaimed politically correct desire for compassion for the less fortunate and all people to really harm the less fortunate. For instance, he describes that liberals like to state that they want to help “mentally ill people”, but really they use their proclaimed compassion to force people labelled mentally ill against their will to be “helped” through harmful medication that actually hurts them. He argues that liberals talk the same way about Black people, speaking to Black people and about Black people as if they are children and they want to help them, but then placing government programs and an environment that is not optimal for Black people.

*Square two: Little personal freedom and much economic control. These are statists. Little personal freedom corresponds with being concrete, and wanting much economic control corresponds with being cooperative. Unlike abstract liberals, the concrete statists are not concerned with political correctness, and are more against things like women’s rights to get abortions and peoples rights to do drugs. This square corresponds to the Guardian personality type. Guardians are concrete and cooperative Statists are associated with belonging; they all do the same things. The second quadrant is the belonging quadrant. The second square race is White people, who tend to be more into belonging and desire for everybody to have the same and correct belief system and behaviors and if you do not then they look down on you and employ insider outsider good guy bad guy consciousness. White is the second square race, and White countries throughout history have been associated with being statist. White people have the stereotype of being tight assed and like the status quo.

*Square three: Conservatives--want less personal freedom and more economic freedom. More economic freedom means that they want a free market. They want less personal freedom, because they are not abstract and open minded like liberals, but are more concrete and simple minded and ego driven. Conservatives corresponds with the Artisan who is concrete and utilitarian. Utilitarians want free markets. Artisans want to excel, have their own businesses, and care less about equality, and they want to do what they want. They are more  independent individuals. But artisans are concrete. Abstract idealist people are open minded and like to act as though all people are equal and that women should be allowed to do what they want and minorities and everybody. Liberals are stereotypically sensitive and perceptive, and want government control to fight global warming and the harming of animals and other liberal agendas. Black is the third square race. Artisans and Black people stereotypically are not as sensitive and want freedom to do what they want to do economically, not caring about the environment, but they are stereotypically not as open minded and don’t see everything as one like abstract people, so they do not care about seeming politically correct as much, and rather than beating around the bush with their racism and desires to harm unwanted people of society, like Szasz says liberals do, they blatantly let people know how they feel and are not afraid to hurt peoples’ feelings. Black is the third square race, and Black people have the stereotype of being conservative. Black people stereotypically are not very concerned with things like global warming and wanting a centralized economic mechanism to determine what cars you can drive and being nice to everybody and so on and so forth. Liberals tend to be into things like environmentally friendly cars and eco friendly houses. Black people stereotypically are not too concerned and aware of such things. Black countries stereotypically are more conservative. It is the stereotype that African countries are not big fans of gay rights, or women’s rights like the right of abortion and to wear whatever you want, and so on and so forth. An explanation for why Black people might be more into economic freedom and less into personal freedom is there is a lot of genetic diversity among Blacks, so Blacks do not mind having non communistic societies where Blacks try to outdo other Blacks. But also they do not like personal freedoms like gay rights and freedom of abortion because each Black person wants to spread his genes as much as possible, and with abortion illegal each one has a higher chance of doing so. Also Blacks do not want to have gay children who will not spread their genes. Whites and Asians are more communal, wanting little economic freedom, perhaps because Whites and Asians are so genetically related, and there is little genetic diversity within the races, so they wqant equality among all of their members. This would be a biological explanation to explain the differences.

*Square four: Libertarians--favor both personal and economic freedom. This corresponds with the Rational, who is abstract and utilitarian. Libertarians are not worried about forced economic equality, so they are not into stifling economic freedom.  They say that there is not a scarcity of resources. They point out things that are myths in the modern world, like when there is plenty in one place this causes scarcity in another. They say that this is a myth and that just because one group is thriving it does not mean it is because it is causing the groups that are not thriving not to thrive. So long as there is no  global control system they say this is not true that one peoples prosperity causes another people’s lack of prosperity. So they fight against central economic controls, and do not want a central organization fighting things like global warming, which they say is a pretense for more sinister motivations. Libertarians do not want any economic controls, and feel that if there is a free market, then things will work out and the environment and problems like global warming will be naturally mitigated. They say there is not a limited amount of resources in the world and there does not need to be economic controls. Libertarians are abstract and are open minded, and they are politically correct and they do see everybody as one and want what is best for women, and the disenfranchised, and minorities, and so forth. They do not want laws stifling peoples’ personal freedoms, so they say that if women want abortions that should be ok, and if people want to do drugs they should be allowed to and if gays want to get married, let them. They argue that people should be allowed to do what they want. Szasz is a libertarian and argues that people should have the personal freedom to deny coerced medical treatment in psychiatry, and not be forced by liberals who want to “help” them to take the treatment they prescribe. But being utilitarian, libertarians feel the best way for a just society to be accomplished is with little government economic control. The race associated with the fourth square is brown people. Libertarians say that if people want to be racist they can, if they want to be for gay marriage they can, if they do not want to they can. Libertarians say that there should be personal freedom and no economic coercion. They point out that a lot of people say things like “fuck racism” but they employ the same consciousness that racism employs, good guy bad guy consciousness, pointing at people called racist and saying they are the bad guys like how racists look at people of a race and call them bad. Libertarians say that the government creates environments that produces racism and they say that governmental interference should be taken out and people would be happier. They say that the government creates environments where whites feel threatened by Blacks and this creates racism. For instance there are laws that say if a teacher says anything bad about Black he gets fired but they say that blacks can be racist against whites and there is less repercussions and they say that such laws facilitate racism. They point out that there is not a free market and the government helps corporations stay rich and the corporations contribute to atmospheres that maintain white supremacy and the status quo.  For example, libertarians argue that corporations maintain organizations like bet that do not help Black people but harm the Black community. Libertarians believe that if the government stayed out of personal and economic freedoms and people didn't feel coerced to be certain ways people would be better off. For instance, libertarians say that Martin Luther King did not help blacks because he gave the government more power. The government was given more power to try to enforce integration, but this was the same government that enslaved blacks and benefitted off of white supremacy. So libertarians argue by giving the government more power, in fact what happened was the government implemented new legislation that maintained the status quo. Libertarians argue that the government should not have been given more power and blacks should have been allowed to decide whether they want to integrate or not and nobody should be forced to do something, because libertarians feel the government has sinister motivations. If you think about it, libertarianism kind of boils down the ideology of let people be what they want to be, whether it be conservative, liberal, or statist, and do not bother them. Again, the forth kind of encompasses the previous three.

The Nolan Political Spectrum Chart

liberals	conservatives
statists	libertarians

Another example of a political chart that fits the quadrant model pattern is the political compass. This chart is very similar to the Nolan chart. Another popular political chart is the Pournelle chart. This chart also fits the quadrant model pattern. There are two axis on this chart. One dichotomy is irrational vs. reason enthroned. This axis is called rationalism. The other dichotomy is state as the ultimate evil vs. state worship. This axis is called statism. These two dichotomies yield four results which resemble the quadrant model pattern. They are:

*Square one: Reason enthroned and state worship. According to Pournelle this includes welfare liberals, communists, and socialists. This corresponds with the idealist personality type. Reason enthroned corresponds with being abstract,

and state worship corresponds with being cooperative. Asians are the first square and Asians are associated with communism.

*Square two: Irrational and state worship. This is tied to the Guardian personality type. Irrational relates to being concrete, and state worship relates to being cooperative. This square, according to Pournelle, includes the Nazis and the fascists. It would also include an orthodox Jewish society.  Nazism and Orthodox Judaism are very similar. People have made national socialism synonymous with evil, but really it is not. Europeans are the second square and Europeans are related with Nazism and fascism.

*Square three: Irrational and state as the ultimate evil. This relates with the Artisan personality type. Irrational relates to being concrete, and seeing the state as evil corresponds to being utilitarian. Utilitarians want to do what they want. They do not want people telling them what to do.  Pournelle says that anarchists and the american counterculture fit into this category. Blacks are the third square race and Blacks are the most associated with anarchism and counterculture.

*Square four: Reason enthroned and state as the ultimate evil. This relates to the rational personality type. Reason enthroned relates to being abstract and state as the ultimate evil relates to being utilitarian. This model is exactly analogous to Nolan’s model. Again the Libertarians fit in this category. Pournelle says examples of systems that belong in this category are Libertarians, Max Stiner, and Ayn Rand. They encourage people to excel and think this is good for everybody ultimately, which is related to the concept of the flow. Brown people are the forth square race. The forth encompasses the previous three and brown people are in all of these types but are most associated with libertarianism.

In capitalist economic structures, supply and demand is an economic model of price determination in a market. It concludes that in a competitive market, the unit price for a particular good will vary until it settles at a point where the quantity demanded by consumers (at current price) will equal the quantity supplied by producers (at current price), resulting in an economic equilibrium for price and quantity. The four basic laws of supply and demand are:[137]:37 If demand increases (demand curve shifts to the right) and supply remains unchanged, a shortage occurs, leading to a higher equilibrium price. If demand decreases (demand curve shifts to the left) and supply remains unchanged, a surplus occurs, leading to a lower equilibrium price. If demand remains unchanged and supply increases (supply curve shifts to the right), a surplus occurs, leading to a lower equilibrium price. If demand remains unchanged and supply decreases (supply curve shifts to the left), a shortage occurs, leading to a higher equilibrium price.

Business cycle with it specific forces in four stages according to Malcolm C. Rorty, 1922 Revival Prosperity Liquidity Depression

In 1860 French economist Clement Juglar first identified economic cycles 7 to 11 years long, although he cautiously did not claim any rigid regularity.[6] Later[when?], economist Joseph Schumpeter (1883–1950) argued that a Juglar Cycle has four stages: expansion (increase in production and prices, low interest-rates) crisis (stock exchanges crash and multiple bankruptcies of firms occur) recession (drops in prices and in output, high interest-rates) recovery (stocks recover because of the fall in prices and incomes)

The Soviet economist Nikolai Kondratiev (also written Kondratieff) was the first to bring these observations to international attention in his book The Major Economic Cycles (1925) alongside other works written in the same decade.[3][4] Two Dutch economists, Jacob van Gelderen and Samuel de Wolff, had previously argued for the existence of 50- to 60-year cycles in 1913. In 1939, Joseph Schumpeter suggested naming the cycles "Kondratieff waves" in his honor. Since the inception of the theory, various studies have expanded the range of possible cycles, finding longer or shorter cycles in the data. The Marxist scholar Ernest Mandel revived interest in long-wave theory with his 1964 essay predicting the end of the long boom after five years and in his Alfred Marshall lectures in 1979. However, in Mandel's theory, there are no long "cycles", only distinct epochs of faster and slower growth spanning 20–25 years.[citation needed] The historian Eric Hobsbawm wrote of the theory: "That good predictions have proved possible on the basis of Kondratiev Long Waves—this is not very common in economics—has convinced many historians and even some economists that there is something in them, even if we don't know what." [5] Characteristics of the cycle Kondratiev identified three phases in the cycle: expansion, stagnation, recession. More common today is the division into four periods with a turning point (collapse) between the first and second phases. Writing in the 1920s, Kondratiev proposed to apply the theory to the 19th century: 1790–1849 with a turning point in 1815. 1850–1896 with a turning point in 1873. Kondratiev supposed that, in 1896, a new cycle had started.

1. (1600–1780) The wave of the Financial-agricultural revolution 2. (1780–1880) The wave of the Industrial revolution 3. (1880–1940)Third square is doing. The wave of the Technical revolution 4. (1940–1985) The wave of the Scientific-technical revolution. The fourth is the rational.. 5. (1985–2015) The wave of the Information and telecommunications revolution. The ultra transcendent

Karl Marx was the founder of the philosophy named after him, Marxism, which taught that the proletariat masses were exploited by the bourgeoise upper class, and therefore one day will revolt and establish a more just society. Central to Marx's theory was his notion of alienation. Marx declares that there are four types of alienation. They are

Square 1: Alienation of the worker from the work — from the product of his labour

Square 2: Alienation of the worker from working — from the act of producing

Square 3: Alienation of the worker from himself, as a producer — from his Gattungswesen (species-essence)

Square 4:IV) Alienation of the worker from other workers

It was out of this alienation, and the central tenet of Marx's theory was alienation of the workers, a revolution would be spawned

According to Marx, the mode of production which determines the general character of social, political, and spiritual processes of life is the main cause of social change.

As methods and techniques of production change the social relations which follow them also change. Against this background Marx describes four stages in history. They are:

a. Primitive Communism

b. Slavery

c. Feudalism

d. Capitalism

Machiavelli is one of the most famous political philosophers of all time. Machiavelli taught princes how to rule. He taught princes that their subjects should fear them, and he is said to have been very practical and pragmatic and historians call him a realist. Machiavelli side stepped Christian morality which would say that it is a virtue to be loved, and instead taught that it is better to be cruel than merciful, and to invoke fear on your subjects. However, some have proposed that Machiavelli was sardonic and was lampooning people with such views, and there are historians who say that there is evidence for this stance. Machiavelli, in his classic The Prince, models four types of principalities. They are

Square 1: Hereditary principalities, which are inherited by the ruler

Square 2: Mixed principalities, territories that are annexed to the ruler's existing territories

Square 3New principalities, which may be acquired by several methods: by one's own power, by the power of others, by criminal acts or extreme cruelty, or by the will of the people (civic principalities) The third is always bad.

Square 4: Ecclesiastical principalities, namely the Papal States belonging to the Catholic church. The fourth is transcendent.

In his book he also lays out the types of armies. They are

Square 1: Mercenaries or hired soldiers, which are dangerous and unreliable. They cannot be trusted because they are not fighting with fervor for their land and are just fighting for wages. The first square is not the doer and not that great at doing.

Square 2: Auxiliaries, troops that are loaned to you by other rulers—also dangerous and unreliable. These are better than mercenaries, but the second square still is not the doing square.

Square 3: Native troops, composed of one's own citizens or subjects—by far the most desirable kind. The third square is the doing square with the most ability

square 4: Mixed troops, a combination of native troops and mercenaries or auxiliaries—still less desirable than a completely native army. The fourth square encompasses the previous three. This is the nature of the quadrant model of reality.

The book itself is divided into four parts. They are

Square 1: Chapters 1-11 discuss the different types of principalities or states, Square 2: Chapters 12-14 discuss the different types of armies and the proper conduct of a prince as military leader,

Square 3: Chapters 15-23 discuss the character and behavior of the prince. The third square is the doing square

Square 4: Chapters 24-26 discuss Italy's desperate political situation.

George Orwells book 1984 was a classic novel about a dystopia future where a totalitarian regime new world order takes over and keeps the masses enslaved and worshipful of Big Brother, who represents the state which they are forced to revere. Orwells book 1984 , as well as his book animal farm, are critical looks at communism. Orwell notices that communistic regimes demand worship of the state, and while they offer nice sounding ideas, what they produce is detrimental. Instead of worshipping God, the people worship the state, and the state exploits them. In 1984 there are four ministries that control people's lives. Every aspect of people's lives is controlled. But there is no religious morality in the new world order. A fear that people have against communism is that it is liberal and replaces God with the state, and gets rid of morality. For instance, in this new world order pornocorp is funded by the state and gives its citizens porn, keeping the exploited masses appeased and dehumanized so that they will stay in their places. They four ministries actually do the opposite of what their names suggest. They are
Square 1: the ministry of peace which concerns itself with war, fighting any groups that seek to overthrow the communist regime. The end of the book raised the question of the wars are actually made up and fabricated in order to keep the citizens afraid and in their places.
Square 2: the ministry of truth which concerns itself with lies, teaching people falsehoods in order to keep them in their places and content
Square 3: the ministry of love which performs torture against dissidents of the state. Thomas Szasz is a psychiatrist who condemned communism because he felt that it's liberal ideologies were used to torture dissidents through psychiatry under the facade of helping them with "mental illnesses".
Square 4: the ministry of plenty which created starvation and lack of rations keeping the masses weak and unable to revolt.
A famous lie that is taught to the citizens of this new world order is 2 + 2 is 5. Two plus two is four is a truth that Socrates pointed out everybody knew. Two plus two is four is the make up of the quadrant model. But in this society people are taught that there is no truth. A fear of communism was that it was so liberal that it enforced that there was no truth in morality or anything.
People say that Orwell was lampooning modern society, and people cynically say that 1984 is the current world order.
George Orwell has another book about a dystopian future called a brave new world. In the book there is a four caste system, resembling the quadrant model pattern. In the Hindu Vedas there is a drug called soma. Again, in communist societies people are liberal so there is less strict moral codes, so people are encouraged to have orgies and take a drug called soma which keeps them pacified and sort of automatons for the state. Thomas Szasz again was hostile toward communistic ideology, seeing it as a liberal way of harming unwanted members of society while pretending to help them, Szasz would argue that the soma in today's world, which keeps the masses tranquilized and in their places is psychiatric medication. Orwell would see Kim

Jung ins North Korea as an example of the totalitarian state he fought against where the leader is worshipped and the masses are exploited.

The “9/11” disaster reveals the quadrant model as follows:

*Square one: World trade center tower one

*Square two: World trade center tower two. These two are the duality. To many throughout the world the world trade center represents greed and empire.

*Square three: Pentagon. The third is the most solid; it is a war building and a building for the United States military.

*Square four: The fourth plane landed on the ground and disappeared. The fourth always seems not to belong with the other three. The fourth always seems different and almost as if not to exist.

The Solonian Constitution was created by Solon in the early 6th century BC. At the time of Solon the Athenian State was almost falling to pieces in consequence of dissensions between the parties into which the population was divided. Solon wanted to revise or abolish the older laws of Draco. Solon promulgated a code of laws embracing the whole of public and private life, the salutary effects[2] of which lasted long after the end of his constitution.

Under Solon's reforms, all debts were abolished and all debt-slaves were freed.

Solon instituted a timocracy, and those who did not belong to the nobility received a share in the rights of citizens,according to a scale determined by their property and their corresponding services to the Athenian State. For this purpose he divided the population into four classes, founded on the possession of land.

Square 1: Pentacosiomedimni

Square 2: Hippeis

Square 3: Zeugitae

Square 4: Thetes. The fourth class was different from the other three, the nature of the quadrant model.

Solon's legislation only granted to the first three of these four classes a vote in the election of responsible officers, and only to the first class the power of election to the highest offices; as, for instance, that of archon. The first three classes were bound to serve as hoplites; the cavalry was raised out of the first two, while the fourth class was only employed as light-armed troops or on the fleet, and apparently for pay. The others served without pay. The holders of office in the State were also unpaid.

Each division had different rights; for example, the pentacosiomedimnoi could be archons, while thetes could only attend the Athenian assembly. The fourth class was excluded from all official positions, but possessed the right of voting in the general public assemblies (the Heliaia) which chose officials and passed laws. They had also the right of taking part in the trials by jury which Solon had instituted.

Solon established as the chief consultative body the Council of the Four Hundred, in which only the first three classes took part, and as chief administrative body the Areopagus which was to be filled up by those who had been archons.

The bible is full of 40s and 400s. I do not think it is a coincidence. It think numbers preceding in four are so important because they bring to mind the quadrant.

The stately quadrille is a term popularly used to describe the constantly shifting alliances between the Great Powers of Europe during the 18th century. The ultimate objective was to maintain the balance of power in Europe, and to stop any one alliance or country becoming too strong. It takes its name from the quadrille, a dance in which the participants constantly swap partners.

The most widely cited instance of this was in 1756 when Britain and Austria abandoned the long-standing Anglo-Austrian Alliance and instead made new alliances with former enemies Prussia and France respectively in what was known as the Diplomatic Revolution

Deming is best known in the United States for his 14 Points (Out of the Crisis, by W. Edwards Deming, Preface) and his system of thought he called the System of Profound Knowledge. The system comprises four components or "lenses" through which to view the world simultaneously: Appreciating a system Understanding variation Psychology Epistemology, the theory of knowledge

Deming advocated that all managers need to have what he called a System of Profound Knowledge, consisting of four parts: Appreciation of a system: understanding the overall processes involving suppliers, producers, and customers (or recipients) of goods and services (explained below); Knowledge of variation: the range and causes of variation in quality, and use of statistical sampling in measurements; Theory of knowledge: the concepts explaining knowledge and the limits of what can be known. Knowledge of psychology: concepts of human nature.

System of Magoroh Maruyama

(Mindscapes, social patterns and future development of scientific theory types. Cybernetica, 1980, 23, 1, pp. 5-25)

The system has four epistemological mindscapes:

1.1 H-mindscape (homogenistic, hierarchical, classificational): Parts are subordinated to the whole, with subcategories neatly grouped into supercategories. The strongest, or the majority, dominate at the expense of the weak (whether values, policies, problems, priorities, etc). Logic is deductive and axiomatic demanding sequential reasoning. Cause-effect relations may be deterministic or probabilistic.

1.2 I-mindscape (heterogenistic, individualistic, random): Only individuals are real, even when aggregated into society. Emphasis on self-sufficiency, independence and individual values. Design favours the random, the capricious and the unexpected. Scheduling and planning are to be avoided. Non-random events are improbable. Each question has its own answer; there are no universal principles.

1.3 S-mindscape (heterogenistic, interactive, homeostatic): Society consists of heterogeneous individuals who interact non-hierarchically to mutual advantages. Mutual dependency. Differences are desirable and contribute to the harmony of the whole. Maintenance of the natural equilibrium. Values are interrelated and cannot be rank-ordered. Avoidance of repetition. Causal loops. Categories not mutually exclusive. Objectivity is less useful than 'cross-subjectivity' or multiple viewpoints. Meaning is context dependent.

1.4 G-mindscape (heterogenistic, interactive, morphogenetic): Heterogeneous individuals interact non-hierarchically for mutual benefit, generating new patterns and harmony. Nature in continually changing requiring allowance for change. Values interact to generate new values and meanings. Values of deliberate (anticipatory) incompleteness. Causal loops. Multiple evolving meanings.

Maruyama has recently (54) compared his four types with an extensive survey of epistemological data grouped by O J Harvey into four "systems" (56).

System I: high absolutism, closedness of beliefs, high evaluativeness, high positive dependence on representatives of institutional authority, high identification with social roles and status position, high conventionality, high ethnocentrism.

System II: deep feelings of uncertainty, distrust of authority, rejection of socially approved guidelines to action accompanied by lack of alternative referents, psychological vacuum, rebellion against social prescriptions, avoidance of dependency on God and tradition.

System III: manipulation of people through dependency upon them, fairly high skills in effecting desired outcomes in his world through the techniques of having others do it for him, some autonomous internal standards especially in social sphere, some positive ties to the prevailing social norms.

System IV; high perceived self-worth despite momentary frustrations and deviation from the normative, highly differentiated and integrated cognitive structure, flexible, creative and relative in thought and action, internal standards that are independent of external criteria, in some cases coinciding with social definitions and in other cases not.

The two authors find that they agree on three types and differ on the nature of the fourth (which Jungian's would presumably consider as corresponding to a partially "repressed function" they have in common). It is much to be regretted that such surveys have not explored the epistemologies in "developing" countries to a greater degree, nor the extent towhich different epistemologies are co-present in the same culture, group, individual or life-cycle.

2. System of Geert Hofstede

(Culture's Consequences: international diffrences in work-related values. Sage, 1984)

Four indices of work-related values:

2.1 Power distance: Namely the attitude to human inequality. The index developed groups information on perceptions of an organizational superior's style, colleague's fear to disagree with the superior, and the type of decision-making that subordinates prefer in a superior.

2.2 Uncertainty avoidance: Namely the tolerance for uncertainty which determines choices of technology, rules and rituals to cope with it in organizations. The index developed groups information on rule orientation, employment stability and stress.

2.3 Individualism: Namely the relationship between the individual and the collectivity which prevails in a given society, especially as reflected in the way people choose to live and work together. The index distinguishes between the importance attached to personal life and the importance attached to organizational determination of life style and orientation.

2.4 Masculinity: Namely the extent to which biological differences between the sexes should or should not have implications for social activities that are transferred by socialization in families, schools, peer groups and through the media. The index developed measures the extent to which people endorse goals more popular with men or with women.

3. System of Kinhide Mushakoji

(Scientific revolution and interparadigmatic dialogue. Tokyo, United Nations University, GPID project, 1978)

Four modalities through which the human mind grasps reality:

3.1 Affirmation: Leading to affirmative action in the form of support, commitment, initiative, proposition, cooperation, consensus formation, empowering, 'opening'.

3.2 Negation: Leading to negative action in the form of sanction, withdrawal (of support), denial, disassociation, delimitation, criticism, opposition, promotion of dissent, disempowering, 'closing'.

3.3 Affirmation and negation: Leading to ambiguous action, non-violent resistance, 'dumb insolence', 'giving with one hand and taking with the other', 'double dealing', 'stick and carrot tactics', the 'yes but no' response of the frustrated cross-examinee.

3.4 Non-affirmation and Non-negation: Leading to action in the form of indifference, indecision, non-action (in the oriental sense), 'neither confirm nor deny', 'opening and closing'.

4. System of Will McWhinney

(Paths of Change: strategic choices for organizations and society. Sage, 1991)

Four modes of reality construction (resolution and change):

4.1 Analytic mode: Based on empirical thinking and depends on hypo-deductive and inductive methods, using all logics, theories and information available to the senses to identify possible solutions, predict implications, and evaluate outcomes. Currently associated with the scientific and quantitative methods. Provides no guide for the processes of change but determines (or predicts) outcomes. Change is driven by the sense of efficiency, of optimally organizing to produce that which can be produced.

4.2 Dialectic mode: Composed of a variety of methods which may appear to be totally distinct and arising from contrary world views based on unitary premises (and therefore held to be intimately related). Encompasses the mode of argument, of disputation among partisans of opposing views and of adversarial encounter -- all as methods of unification. Change serves to cleanse the system of error, correct for deviation from the norm, or protect the domain of truth. In the formation of synthesis, evolution occurs as a historically driven imperative that progressively cleanses the organization of impure functions.

4.3 Axiotic mode: Based on value exploration, resolving issues by developing new, and shared, evaluations of events. May work through 'recontexting' or 'transformation' of images by which an issue is 'dissolved'. Concerned with questions of morality, fairness and interpersonal behaviour as having value in and of themselves. Changes induced may affect the ideology of a system and thus be profoundly disturbing to and often blocked by those of unitary belief.

4.4 Mythic mode: Based on methods of symbolic creation. At the deepest level, mythic events create new meaning, literally producing something out of nothing. Resolution is produced by transcending existing structures and meanings that are given to words, situations, objects, and stories. Mythic inventions successful in engendering large scale change are those which are in tune with the needs of the cultural system into which they are injected. They are typically associated with charismatic leadership that captures the will and faith of the involved population. Major methods are those associated with creative endeavour, use of intuition and strong adherence to premises of the mythic reality.

5. System of S Pepper

(World Hypotheses: a study in evidence. University of California Press, 1942)

Four world hypotheses:

5.1 Formism: Grounded on the common sense experience of similarity and a correspondence theory of truth, expressed in the case of geography in a preoccupation with mapping.

5.2 Mechanism: Based on a causal adjustment theory of truth, taking the machine as the root metaphor, resulting in a preoccupation with special systems and functional mechanisms in the case of geography.

5.3 Organicism: Based on a coherence theory of truth, regarding every event as a more or less concealed process within an organic whole.

5.4 Contextualism: Based on an operational theory of truth, seeing the world as an arena of unique events.

6. System of Mary Douglas

(Natural Symbols: explorations in cosmology. Pelikan, 1973)

Four systems of natural symbols in which the image of the body is used in different ways to reflect and enhance each persons experience of society:

6.1 Body conceived as an organ of communication: 'The major preoccupations will be with its functioning effectively; the relation of head to subordinate members will be a model of the central nervous system, the favourite metaphors of statecraft will harp upon the flow of blood in the arteries, sustenance and restoration of strength.'

6.2 Body seen as a vehicle of life: As such 'it will be vulnerable in different ways. The dangers to it will come...from failure to control the quality of what it absorbs through its orifices; fear of poisoning, protection of boundaries, aversion to bodily waste products, and medical theory that enjoins frequent purging.'

6.3 Practical concern with possible uses of bodily rejects: As such it will be 'very cool about recycling waste matter and about the pay-off from such practices....In the control areas of this society controversies about spirit and matter will scarcely arise.'

6.4 Life seen as spiritual, and the body as irrelevant matter: 'In these types of social experience, a person feels that his personal relations, so inexplicably unprofitable, are in the sinister grip of a social system. It follows that the body tends to serve as a symbol of evil, as a structured system contrasted with pure spirit which by its nature is free and undifferentiated. The millennialist...believes in a Utopian world in which goodness of heart can prevail without institutional devices'.

In Microsoft Windows, the Calculator utility can be set to Scientific mode (called Programmer mode in some versions), which allows conversions between radix 16 (hexadecimal), 10 (decimal), 8 (octal) and 2 (binary), the four bases most commonly used by programmers. In Scientific Mode, the on-screen numeric keypad includes the hexadecimal digits A through F, which are active when "Hex" is selected. In hex mode, however, the Windows Calculator supports only integers.

The original calculators had four operations, plus minus multiplication, and division

The four division algebras R, C, H, O,

The Lo Shu Square is made up of quadrants.

Lo Shu Square (simplified Chinese: 洛书; traditional Chinese: 洛書; pinyin: luò shū; also written 雒書; literally: Luo (River) Book/Scroll), or the Nine Halls Diagram (simplified Chinese: 九宫图; traditional Chinese: 九宮圖; pinyin: jiǔ gōng tú), is the unique normal magic square of order three (every normal magic square of order three is obtained from the Lo Shu by rotation or reflection). Lo Shu is part of the legacy of the most ancient Chinese mathematical and divinatory (Yi Jing 易經) traditions, and is an important emblem in Feng Shui (風水), the art of geomancy concerned with the placement of objects in relation to the flow of qi (氣) "natural energy"

The odd and even numbers alternate in the periphery of the Lo Shu pattern; the 4 even numbers are at the four corners, and the 5 odd numbers (outnumbering the even numbers by one) form a cross in the center of the square. The sums in each of the 3 rows, in each of the 3 columns, and in both diagonals, are all 15 (the number of days in each of the 24 cycles of the Chinese solar year). Since 5 is in the center cell, the sum of any two other cells that are directly through the 5 from each other is 10 (e.g., opposite corners add up to 10, the number of the Ho Tu (河圖

One flat world 2D swastika can be reversed engineered geometrically i.e. taken apart and made into the shapes N Z which can easily be manipulated into two triangles which in turn can easily be manipulated into one 3D tetrahedron. Thank you Bucky Fuller.

Types of cross

The Iron Cross (German: About this sound Eisernes Kreuz (help·info), abbreviated EK) was a military decoration in the Kingdom of Prussia, and later in the German Empire (1870–1918) and Nazi Germany (1939–1945). It was established by King Friedrich Wilhelm III of Prussia and first awarded on the 10th of March in 1813 during the Napoleonic Wars (EK 1813). The recommissioned Iron Cross was also awarded during the Franco-Prussian War (EK 1870), World War I (EK 1914), and World War II (EK 1939, re-introduced with a swastika added in the center). The Iron Cross was normally a military decoration only, though there were instances of it being awarded to civilians for performing military functions. Two examples of this were civilian test pilots Hanna Reitsch who was awarded the Iron Cross 2nd Class and 1st Class and Melitta Schenk Gräfin von Stauffenberg, who was awarded the Iron Cross 2nd Class, for their actions as pilots during World War II.

The design of the cross symbol was black with a white or silver outline. It was ultimately derived from the cross patty occasionally used by the Teutonic Order from the 13th century.[1] The black cross patty was also used as the symbol of the German Army from 1871 to March/April 1918, when it was replaced by the bar cross. In 1956, it was re-introduced as the symbol of the Bundeswehr, the modern German armed forces.

EM Miller theoriezed that the Celtic cross was a time telling device and that Jesus on the cross represented the flow, or time standing still.

According to legend, Constantine I adopted this Greek phrase, “εν τούτῳ νίκα”, (in this, win) as a motto after his vision of a chi rho on the sky just before the Battle of Milvian Bridge against Maxentiuson 28 October 312. The early Christian symbol consists of a monogram composed of the Greek letters chi (X) and rho (P), the first two letters in the name Christ (Greek: Χριστός). In later periods thechristogram “IHS” both stood for the first three letters of “Jesus” in Latinized Greek (Ιησούς, LatinizedIHSOVS) and “in hoc signo” from the legend.

Cross burning or cross lighting is a practice widely associated with the Ku Klux Klan, although the historical practice long predates the Klan's inception–as far back as Peter of Bruys (1117–1131), who burned crosses in protest of the veneration of crosses. In the early 20th century, the Klan burned crosses on hillsides or near the homes of those they wished to intimidate.

The simple theory of a `quadrant' balance is used to show how a balance of this type should be designed to give minimum variation of sensitivity over a given range of load. A form of the balance which is used for textile testing purposes is described, and figures are given to indicate the degree of accuracy which has been attained with four balances covering different ranges.

Sir William Thomson’s Quadrant Electrometer #10560 J. White, Glasgow Thomson invented the quadrant electrometer in 1853. As with the electrostatic voltmeter, the quadrant electrometer utilizes the electrical force between charged electrodes. A butterfly-shaped electrode composed of two quadrants of a circular disk is supported by a torsion fiber inside a stationary circular box composed of four quadrants, opposite pairs of which are electrically connected. The rotation of the suspended electrode depends on the potentials applied to the various electrodes. A beam of light reflected from a mirror attached to the fiber is shown on a scale and is deflected as the fiber is rotated. The serial number of this instrument is 152.

The Victoria Cross (VC) is the highest military decoration awarded for valour "in the face of the enemy" to members of the armed forces of various Commonwealth countries, and previous British Empire territories.[3] It is first in the order of wear in the United Kingdom honours system, and takes precedence over all other orders, decorations, and medals, including the Order of the Garter. It may be awarded to a person of any military rank in any service and to civilians under military command. The VC is usually presented to the recipient or to their next of kin by the British monarch at an investiture held at Buckingham Palace.

A saltire is a heraldic symbol in the form of a diagonal cross, like the shape of the letter X in Roman type. Saint Andrew is said to have been martyred on such a cross.

The Camuni or Camunni were an ancient population located in Val Camonica during the Iron Age (1st millennium BC); the Latin name Camunni was attributed to them by the authors of the 1st century. They are also called ancient Camuni, to distinguish them from the current inhabitants of the valley (the Camuni or Camunians). The Camunni were among the greatest producers of rock art in Europe; their name is linked to the famous rock engravings of Valcamonica.

On it there is a swastika

The Swastika Stone is a stone adorned with a Swastika located on the Woodhouse Crag, on the northern edge of Ilkley Moor in West Yorkshire. The design has a double outline with five curved arms enclosing several so-called 'cup' marks, the like of which can be found on other stones nearby.

The design is unique in the British Isles, so its close similarity to Camunian rose designs in Italy have led some to theorise that the two are connected. In fact, the troops stationed in Ilkley during Roman occupation were recruited from the Celtic Lingones. This tribe was native to Gaul, but in around 400 BC, some migrated across the Alps to the Adriatic coast. Some believe the Ilkley Lingones were recruited from here rather than from Gaul. It is possible that the Italian Lingones passed through the Valcamonica region at some point, took on the swastika designs they found as part of their tribal symbolism, and carved it on the nearby moor when stationed in Ilkley.[1]

UK children's author Terry Deary has suggested the carving depicts a boomerang.[2]

The looped square resembles a quadrant

The looped square (⌘) is a symbol consisting of a square with outward pointing loops at its corners. It is referred to by this name, for example, in works regarding the Mississippian culture.[1] It is also known as the place of interest sign[2] when used on information signs, a practice which started in Nordic countries in the late 1960s.[3] Also, the symbol is known as Saint John's Arms or Saint Hannes cross (related to Swedish sankthanskors, Danish johanneskors, and Finnish hannunvaakuna), as Gorgon loop, and as command key symbol due to its use on the command key on Apple computer keyboards.

It is an ancient symbol used by several cultures, but remains in common use today. It belongs to a class of symbols which are called valknute in Norway.

The symbol appears on a number of old objects in Northern Europe. It features prominently on an image stone from Hablingbo, Gotland, Sweden, that was created between 400 and 600 AD.[5]

It is also similar to a traditional heraldic emblem called a Bowen knot.[6]

In Finland, the symbol was painted or carved on houses and barns, and domestic utensils such as tableware, to protect them and their owners from evil spirits and bad luck. The oldest surviving example is a pair of 1000-year-old (Finnish pre-Christian period) wooden skis decorated with the symbol.[7][8]

The looped square also appears on artifacts of the Mississippian culture of the southeastern United States.[1]

Modern use[edit]

In modern times, the symbol is commonly found in Ukraine, Belarus, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Iceland, Lithuania, Norway, and Sweden as an indicator of locations of cultural interest, beginning in the Scandinavian countries in the late 1960s.[3] There has been modern speculation that it was chosen for its resemblance to an aerial view of Borgholm Castle;[9] however, the symbol is well-represented in Scandinavian artifacts that predate the current castle by centuries.[5]

The symbol later gained international recognition via computing. It is used on Apple keyboards as the symbol for the command key.[10]

The earliest known object with swastika-motifs is a bird made from the tusk of a mammoth from the paleolithic settlement of Mezine, Ukraine dated to 10,000 BCE.[15]

Among the earliest cultures utilizing swastika is the neolithic Vinča culture of South-East Europe (see Vinča symbols). More extensive use of the Swastika can be traced to Ancient India, during the Indus Valley Civilization.

The swastika is a repeating design, created by the edges of the reeds in a square basket-weave. Other theories attempt to establish a connection via cultural diffusion or an explanation along the lines of Carl Jung's collective unconscious.

The genesis of the swastika symbol is often treated in conjunction with cross symbols in general, such as the sun cross of pagan Bronze Age religion. Beyond its certain presence in the "proto-writing" symbol systems emerging in the Neolithic,[16] nothing certain is known about the symbol's origin. There are nevertheless a number of speculative hypotheses. One hypothesis is that the cross symbols and the swastika share a common origin in simply symbolizing the sun. Another hypothesis is that the 4 arms of the cross represent 4 aspects of nature - the sun, wind, water, soil. Some have said the 4 arms of cross are four seasons, where the division for 90-degree sections correspond to the solstices and equinoxes. The Hindus represent it as the Universe in our own spiral galaxy in the fore finger of Lord Vishnu. This carries most significance in establishing the creation of the Universe and the arms as 'kal' or time, a calendar that is seen to be more advanced than the lunar calendar where the seasons drift from calendar year to calendar year. The luni-solar solution for correcting season drift was to intercalate an extra month in certain years to restore the lunar cycle to the solar-season cycle. The Star of David is thought to originate as a symbol of that calendar system, where the two overlapping triangles are seen to form a partition of 12 sections around the perimeter with a 13th section in the middle, representing the 12 and sometimes 13 months to a year. As such, the Christian cross, Jewish hexagram star and the Muslim crescent moon are seen to have their origins in different views regarding which calendar system is preferred for marking holy days. Groups in higher latitudes experience the seasons more strongly, offering more advantage to the calendar represented by the swastika/cross. (Note relation to the sun cross.)

Alexander Cunningham suggested that the Buddhist use of the shape arose from a combination of Brahmi characters abbreviating the words su astí.

The Christian cross had been used as a symbol of Christianity from Late Antiquity. Beginning in the 11th century, and increasingly during the age of the Crusades, a variety of variant forms of cross symbols were developed for the purposes of the emerging system of heraldry. The cross symbol was also used on flags from the medieval period, and in modern times also on numerous national flags.

The Cross of All Nations is a monumental cross located in Qanat Bakish, a locality close to the Lebanese town of Baskinta. The cross was built near a church dating back to 1898 on a land belonging to the Lebanese Maronite Order. At 73.8 metres (242 ft) tall, the Cross of All Nations is the largest illuminated cross in the world, it was inaugurated on September 13, 2010 on the eve of the Feast of the Exaltation of the Cross.[1] It was built by the Maronite Church and an organization of French Catholics the "Association Terre de Dieu" led by the brothers Jesus and Francois Ibanez. The inauguration was held after a Mass in the presence of Lebanese officials, the French ambassador to Lebanon Denis Pieton, high ranking clergy and thousands of believers. Following the ceremony, fireworks were set off and doves were released. The Feast of the Exaltation of the Cross commemorates the discovery of the Cross of Christ by St. Helen, the mother of Roman emperor Constantine, on September 14, 326. In Lebanon the feast is celebrated each year in Christian towns and cities with crowded processions during which people carry torches and visit mountain tops where they plant crosses, hold prayer services and start bonfires.[1][2][3][4] The cross is 73.8 metres (242 ft) tall (one tenth the height of mount Golgotha) and 37 metres (121 ft) wide. The cross's 8 metres (26 ft) deep base contains 500 cubic meters of concrete and 5 tons of steel, the cross's body itself is made up of 170 tons of steel and is lit by 1800 spotlights. Work on the monument started on 25 November 2008 and was done in 27 June 2010 and cost around 1.5 million USD mainly acquired through donations.[2][3][5] The cross is equipped with two elevators that allow up to 300 visitors to access a 300 square metres (3,200 sq ft) platform located at its vertical beam.[

The Ruckenkreuz (Rucken Cross) is an 8.4 metre tall, 2.80 metre wide memorial cross of reinforced concrete. It stands on a rocky mountain at Blaubeuren, Baden-Württemberg, Germany, in memory of the inhabitants of Blaubeuren killed in World War I. The Ruckenkreuz was completed on November 21, 1926. Geographical coordinates: 48°24′38″N 9°47′30″E

Ostlandkreuz (German for "Eastern Lands Cross") or Kreuz des deutschen Ostens ("Cross of the German East") is the name of memorial crosses in Germany remembering the expulsion of Germans after World War II from the former Sudetenland areas of Czechoslovakia, from the so-called "Recovered Territories" of Poland and the Soviet part of the former Province of East Prussia. While most of these crosses stand in cemeteries, some are erected as landmarks on mountains.

A memorial cross (sometimes called an intending cross) is a cross, which was built as memorial to commemorate a special event; or it may be a simple form of headstone to commemorate the dead. In England King Edward I had memorial crosses, the so-called Eleanor Crosses, erected in memory of his wife Eleanor of Castile who died in November 1290. Three of the original twelve crosses have survived. In Germany today, the custom has arisen of erecting crosses (Unfallkreuze or "accident crosses") as roadside memorials at the spot where someone has been killed. These are maintained for shorter or longer periods of time and decorated e.g. with flowers or candles. In South Germany, especially in Bavaria, memorial crosses exist for those who died several generations ago. Some of these crosses are at very remote places. These, too, usually commemorate a fatal accident. These roadside memorial crosses should not be confused with wayside crosses, which are erected in the Bavarian region on the edge of paths and tracks, and are there simply to give walkers the opportunity to say a short prayer. Other memorial crosses commemorate war dead and victims of terrorism. The largest memorial cross in the world is the Monumento Nacional de Santa Cruz del Valle de los Caidos near El Escorial in Spain. It has a height of 152.4 metres.

A khachkar, also known as an Armenian cross-stone[1] (Armenian: խաչքար, pronounced [χɑtʃʰˈkʰɑɾ], խաչ xačʿ "cross" + քար kʿar "stone") is a carved, memorial stele bearing a cross, and often with additional motifs such as rosettes, interlaces, and botanical motifs.[2] Khachkars are characteristic of Medieval Christian Armenian art.[1][3] Since 2010, khachkars, their symbolism and craftsmanship are inscribed in the UNESCO list of Intangible Cultural Heritage.[4]

The current Basque coat of arms (Spanish: Escudo del País Vasco, Basque: Euskal autonomi erkidegoaren armarria[1]) is the official coat of arms of the Basque Country, Autonomous community of Spain. It consists of a party per cross representing the three historical territories of Álava, Gipuzkoa and Biscay, as well as a fourth, void quarter. The arms are ringed by a regal wreath of oak leaves, symbolic of the Gernikako Arbola. The fourth quarter constituted since the late 19th century the linked chains of Navarre; however, following a legal suit by the Navarre Government claiming that the usage of the arms of a region on the flag of another was illegal, the Constitutional Court of Spain ordered the removal of the chains of Navarre in a judgement of 1986.

The Southern Basque Country depicted in a publicity poster and including the original Laurak Bat coat of arms (1950s)

The Laurak Bat coat of arms used by the Basque Government until 1985

After the end of home rule in 1839-1841, the Basque governments started a mutual approach out of common concerns in face of their exposure to Spanish centralism. The movement intensified after 1866, and a motto was coined, the "Laurac bat", 'the four make one', echoing the "Irurac bat" of the Royal Basque Company, which in turn crystallized in a coat of arms including the four historic Basque districts in Spain (called variously the Sister Provinces, the Chartered Territories, the Basque Country, the Basque-Navarrese Country, etc.), to represent their common bonds, as claimed during that period by the chartered provincial governments,[4] or the 1931 draft Statute of the Basque Country.

In 1936, the Provisional Government of Euzkadi, presided over by the first president, José Antonio Aguirre, adopted the shield with the arms of the three provinces of Álava, Gipuzkoa, Biscay comprised in the 1936 Statute (the Basque Provinces, as established in the 1833 administrative design), and Navarre. The president of the government affirmed in the preamble to the Decree of 19 October 1936, and thereby approved, the emblem and flag that was to be used by the Basque Country. Thus the shield of the Government of Euzkadi contained the arms of Álava, Gipuzkoa, Biscay and Navarre in a single blazon of four quarters surrounded by a crown of oak leaves. The Provisional Government of Euzkadi stated that "the flag must be that which gathers Basque unity and which the use, ever more frequent in the Basque lands, has sanctioned as such symbol of their unity."[5]

As an official shield, like the 1936 Basque Autonomous Community, disappeared after the pro-Franco victory in the Spanish Civil War, but the coat of arms continued in unofficial use, it was even used in its flag by the rightist pro-rebel newspaper from Donostia El Diario Vasco during wartime (data for 2 May 1937). On 2 November 1978, the Consejo General del País Vasco (General Council of the Basque Country), restored the republican shield, albeit modified as follows:

The Álava quarter lost the motto "En aumento de la justicia contra malhechores"[6] and both the designs of the castle and of the arm with sword were changed. The castle is now on top of a grey rock and the arm and sword are light blue in colour.

In the Biscay quarter, the wolves of the arms of the Haro family were suppressed in 1986 and the field changed from gules to argent, the bordure from argent to gold, the crosses from sinople to gules, and the ground (terrase) from sinople to maroon.[7][8][9][10]

In the Gipuzkoa quarter, the field changed from argent to gold, and the ground (terrase) was removed, leaving only the trees and the waves.[11][12]

The fourth quarter once contained the linked chains of Navarre; however, following a legal suit by the Navarre government claiming that the usage of the arms of a region on the flag of another was illegal, the Constitutional Court of Spain forced the Basque government to remove the chains of Navarre, leaving the red background.[13]

In 1991 the Basque Government standardised the colours used in the shield.[14]

Basque nationalists, but not only, have used an unofficially recognised Basque coat of arms, the Zazpiak Bat. It has been argued that it differs from the original one by being divided into six squares and by including the coat of arms of the Basque regions in France.[15] The motto "Zazpiak bat" was coined by Antoine-Thomson d'Abbadie in the late 19th century

The lauburu or Basque cross (Basque: lauburu, "four heads") is a traditional Basque swastika with four comma-shaped heads. Today, it is a symbol of the Basque Country and the unity of the Basque people. It is also associated with Celtic peoples, most notably Galicians and Asturians. It can be constructed with a compass and straightedge, beginning with the formation of a square template; each head can be drawn from a neighboring vertex of this template with two compass settings, with one radius half the length of the other.

Flannel shirts are popular and are often comprised of quadrants.

Tartan kilt patterns: The set of many tartans highlights the way in which particular patterns emerge through being variously coloured. Each is however a particular pattern very much frozen in time. The concern here is with a visualization that would allow the particular arrangement of colours in a given tartan to emerge as part of a morphing process between all such tartan patterns -- rows moving backwards and forwards and changing colour and width, as with columns.

In Armenia swastika is called "arevakhach" and "kerkhach" (Armenian: կեռխաչ) and is the ancient symbol of eternity and eternal light (i.e. God). Swastikas in Armenia were found on petroglyphs. During the bronze age it was depicted on cauldrons, belts, medallions and other items. Among the oldest petroglyphs is the seventh letter of the Armenian alphabet - "E" (which means "is" or "to be") - depicted as half-swastika.

The earliest swastika in Armenia belongs to the Neolithic period of human cultural evolution, found on rock art dating back about 7000-5000 BC. The Indo-European ‘Aryan’ tribes who lived in what later came to be known as the Armenian Highlands were one of the earliest cultures to be using the swastika as a religious symbol. The main value of the Arevakhach is the sun, and the light, the movement of life, prosperity, joy, eternity and good luck.

Swastikas can also be seen on early Medieval churches and fortresses, including the principal tower in Armenia's historical capital city of Ani. The same symbol can be found on Armenian carpets, cross-stones (khachkar) and in medieval manuscripts, as well as on modern monuments as asymbol of eternity.

A terra-cotta found in a Phoenician tomb from Cyprus shows a Sun-priestess

having swastikas on her attire and carrying a vase

note it appears in the right thigh area we have 7 around 1 center dot = 8

left thigh area (viewer’s right) is a 8 around 1 dot scheme = 9

Ancient Greek architectural, clothing and coin designs are replete with single or interlinking swastika motifs. There are also gold plate fibulae from the 8th century BC decorated with an engraved swastika.[48] Related symbols in classical Western architecture include the cross, the three-legged triskele or triskelion and the rounded lauburu. The swastika symbol is also known in these contexts by a number of names, especially gammadion,[49] or rather the tetra-gammadion. The name gammadion comes from the fact that it can be seen as being made up of four Greek gamma (Γ) letters. Ancient Greek priestesses would tattoo the symbol, along with the tetraskelion, on their bodies. Ancient Greek architectural designs are replete with the interlinking symbol.

In Ancient Greece there is and image of Athena with swastikas on her robe in the thigh area

The swastika (sanskrit for: "well being") or tetra-gammadion (as it was called in ancient Greece), is a combination of four gimel (or "gammas" in Greek), which are symbols of movement towards reward or punishment.

Gimel is associated with a person in motion; symbolically, a rich man running after a poor man to give him charity, or divine assistance or retribution (some forms of the swastika suggest left facing gimel to be retribution). Either form of "gift" is for the well-being of the receiver (a form of regulation & balance), whether curse or blessing. This defines the swastika as a constant motion of the restoration and maintenance of life (or spiritual growth).

This is the basis for it's associations with the sun, and with Raphael (who is the angel of restoration, good will and blessing). Although it can easily be identified as a simple solar model, it's translation is more than portrait.

The "arms" of the symbol are either 3 or 4 in number. The "turning" impression that the symbol displays is a cycle of rejuvenation or return. Raphael is the angel over healing, because he is a personification of restoration. That is, restoration of anything to it's intended, created, or pure form. The symbol expresses this in it's cycle of "returning" & has been used as much to represent homecomings & migration, or the coming of spring in the year... etc.

All throughout history and all over the world, it has also been associated with travels (especially the "return home" - which is also a form of restoration), fortune, harvest and healing. All of these attributes are also properties of Raphael, and universal symbolisms of the sun.

The Wiphala (Quechua pronunciation: [wɪˈpʰɐlɐ]) is a square emblem, commonly used as a flag, representing some native peoples of all the Andes that include today's Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador and parts of Argentina, Chile and Colombia It is made up of quadrant squares.

Here are some flags with crosses on them Flag of England Flag of Scotland and San Andres Flag of Quebec Flag of Nova Scotia Flag of Red Cross Flag of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta Flag of the Navy, Italy Arms of Schwyz, Switzerland Flag of the Carabinieri gendarmerie, Italy Arms of Kreuzlingen, Switzerland Flag of Madeira Autonomous Region Flag of Portugal (1095) Southern cross appearing on a number of flag Flag of the President of Finland includes the Cross of Liberty, 3rd Class in the canton and the same like design is also found in presidential decorations, as the Crand Cross of the White Rose of Finland with the fir cross Collar The coat of arms of the Hungarian kingdom, from the 15th century Flag of Rio de Janeiro St Piran's Flag (Flag of Cornwall) Victory Cross in the Flag of Asturias

16 major upanishads

Quadrant 1:

square 1: sensation

square 2: perceptions

square 3: response

square 4: awareness

Quadrant 2:

square 5: belief

square 6: faith

square 7: behavior

square 8: belonging

Quadrant 3

square 9: thinking

square 10: emotion

square 11: doing

square 12: dreaming

Quadrant 4:

square 13: contemplation

square 14: passion

square 15: flowing

square 16: knowing

Quadrant 5

square 17: being

square 18: nonbeing

square 19: becoming (ephemerality)

The Whole Quadrant Model

sensation	response	thinking	doing
perception	awareness	emotion	dreaming
belief	behavior	contemplation	flowing
faith	belonging	passion	knowing

                                                                                nonbeing,

becoming

BEING

Conclusion- I just scratched the surface of the implications of the quadrant model and examples of the quadrant model in nature and reality. Existence is a manifestation of the quadrant model. I want to conclude with how I discovered the quadrant model. I sort of discovered it on accident. I was reading the Bible. I was on the chapter where Jesus was crucified. My Grandpa earlier that week had told me about Wilber’s personality model where he described thinkers, emoters, doers, and dreamers and described them in a quadrant. I thought about this model and I believed there should be only three personality types, thinkers, emoters, and doers, because I didn’t understand what it meant to be a dreamer. Then I thought about how dreaming is separate yet encompassed thinking emotion and doing. Then I immediately connected the idea of the quadrant to the idea of the cross. Coincidentally I was reading the chapter in the Bible which describes Jesus being crucified. I thought how thinking and emotion were a duality that were intricately connected. I realized doing was also interlinked with thinking and emotion. I believed these were all aspects of the same thing. I recognized that dreaming was separate from thinking, emotion, and doing, but encompassed them. Then I had the epiphanie that this pattern was seen in other things. I connected this pattern to the forces of nature and many other things. At that point I realized I was onto something. The next day in a biology class the class was watching a movie on Watson and Crick. I went to the bathroom and contemplated. When I came back I sat down and the contemplation, passion, flowing, and knowing quadrant came to me. I went to meet with my friend Michael and told him what I had discovered. Later that week I came up with the belief, faith, behavior, and belonging quadrant. Finally I came up with the sensation, perception, response, and awareness quadrant. During this whole period I had felt that I was in touch with the cosmos and connected to the cosmos in a sort of magical way. I felt that I was being guided to my realizations and so many coincidences and synchronicities and things that defy explanation were occurring that it was kind of incredible. Well before I discovered the quadrant model I would tell people that reality was an illusion and I would tell them that it is a metaphor of a True Reality, and I’m not sure that they knew what I meant and I wasn’t even 100 percent certain how to describe what I knew to be so. I remember knowing this though since I was extremely young, as long as I can remember. Now I think it has been proven. St. Paul said “we see through a mirror dimly, only then shall we see face to face”. In other words he described that in this realm people do not see things as they really are. The reality that I find myself in now is a shadow, it is a sort of illusion. Reality is merely a representation of the quadrant model pattern.

Summary

The Quadrant Model of Reality is a revolutionary book. It represents a paradigm shift in the way that people view reality. No longer can it be argued that reality is random. The Quadrant Model of Reality is a sort of theory of intelligent design. It states that nature is manifested around a principal pattern. This pattern is elucidated in the theory the quadrant model. Things in reality are often structured in layers or compartments or sections. There is often continuums in reality, but these continuums are also broken down into discrete sections. The quadrant model of reality argues that the ordering and structure of reality is not random but is based on a specific pattern. For instance the layers of the atmosphere are four and each level has certain qualities and characteristics. The layers of soil are also four and each layer embodies certain qualities and characteristics. The stomach is divided into compartments and each compartment has distinct characteristics. The particles of the Universe are ordered in a model called the standard model of particle physics. The quadrant model argues that the structure of the standard model, the atmosphere, the soil, the planets, the human eye, the forces of nature, the bible, the Vedas, and everything that is important is not accidental and random like a lot of scientists say, but is purposeful and based on a pattern, which is called the quadrant model pattern. Each square in the quadrant model embodies certain qualities and characteristics. There are 16 squares in all, and four quadrants in all. The book The Quadrant Model of Reality proposes that reality is organized along the basis of the quadrant model pattern. This book is a groundbreaking, earth shattering work that signals a brand new perspective on existence that completely defies and overpowers and subsumes any theory created before it, and the quadrant model theory is to this point the most accurate and successful explanation of the nature of existence. It seems almost impossible to believe that one simple model can explain all of existence exhaustively. Many have stated that they have come up with such theories, successful theories of everything, but they have not. There is a movie called the theory of everything describing Stephen Hawking's life, but his theory of everything is not really a theory of everything. His theory of everything is a theory of physics only. The quadrant theory of everything includes his theory within it as well as, well, everything else that is not in the domain of physics. The quadrant model of reality is the closest thing to a theory of everything ever devised. It seems unbelievable that there really can be one simple theory; one principle; one model that can explain existence perfectly and succinctly. But there is, and that theory is the quadrant model of reality. Hopefully you enjoy. Because this book signals a global consciousness shift, a sort of enlightenment, and one that is much needed in a world that many find to be confusing and overwhelming. And people are searching for answers and a way to make sense of a world that they are growing to believe is senseless. The quadrant model proposes that things aren't so complicated and complex as many would like you to believe, but that everything is centered around one organizing principle, and the cosmos which may seem to be random and chaotic, is really ordered beyond you can imagine. No this theory is not wishful thinking, or an attempt to simplify the cosmos in a way that is not intellectually honest. There is no attempt in this book to try to cram things conveniently into a theory where they don't belong. The theory doesn't involve searching for patterns and trying to force patterns where there is none. The quadrant model is not another example of Jim Carey's movie 23 where Mr.Carey is trying to prove his theory that the number 23 is everywhere and as a result tries to find the number 23 everywhere and believes he does. The quadrant model of reality is a descriptive theory of nature that proves the famous Ockam's razor- the most simple, elegant, and beautiful explanation is the one that is most likely to be correct. The quadrant theory is a metaphysical theory on the nature of being, and it answers the most important questions ever asked- What is being and why is being the way it is? Why do we exist and why do things exist the way they are? And the quadrant theory answers these questions in an amazingly simple way, and the simplicity of the model in no way detracts from its extraordinary accuracy and descriptive power. The quadrant model pattern is in fact the formula that underlies all of reality, and is the formula out of which reality reveals itself. The quadrant theory is the ultimate revelation, the final revelation of existence. This theory is the apocalypse- nothing has ever surpassed this and nothing ever will.