Quadrant Model of Reality Book 7 Science

Lets start with physics. Let's start with Aristotle, who was one of the first physicists. Aristotle believed that there were four elements that comprised everything. Aristotle thought that these elements were comprised of four qualities. These qualities are hot and cold and wet and dry.

This model corresponds to the personality model. Hot corresponds to abstract. Hot things rise. Hot things are weird. Abstract people are weird. Cold corresponds to concrete. Cold things sink. Cold things are normal. So is concrete people.

Wet corresponds with cooperative. Wet things fill their containers. Cooperative people try to fit in and in a sense fill their containers/environments.

Dry corresponds with utilitarian. Dry things are individuals. They are solid and do their own things. Utilitarian people are individuals who do what they want and aren't too influenced by others.

These four qualities yield four elements.

Square 1: wind. Wind is hot and wet. This corresponds to the idealist who is abstract and cooperative. Wind is hot in that it is weird and it rises. It is wet in that it fills its container

Square 2: water. Water is cold and wet. This corresponds to the guardian who is concrete and cooperative. Water is cold in that it is normal and sinks. It is wet in that it fills its container. The second square is homeostasis. Water is healing and cleans you.

Square 3: earth. Earth is cold and dry. This corresponds t the artisan who is concrete and utilitarian. Earth is cold in that it is normal and sinks. It is dry in that it is an individual. It does its own thing and it is solid. The third square is always the most solid. Earth is solid and hard.

Square 4: fire. Fire is hot and dry. This corresponds to the rational who is abstract and utilitarian. Fire is hot in that fire is weird and it rises. Fire is utilitarian in that it is an individual and seems solid and to do its own thing, as opposed to filling its container. Square 4 is separate from the previous three squares, but also always seems different from them. The fourth square always has a quality of being like pure energy. Air is kind of like wind, water, and earth because it is ephemeral like the wind, it flows like water, and it seems solid like Earth.

Square 5. Aristotle said that there is a possible fifth element called the aether. He related this element with the divine. The fifth is always related to the divine. The fifth is God. Aristotle said that nothing existed without the aether and the aether was in the stars. the fourth is always transcendent. But the fifth is always ultra transcendent.

Aristotle thought ha everything was composed of varying amounts of these elements. Various cultures throughout thee world also had a four/five element system. Some of the cultures had the fifth element as life, or the void. It is interesting tht one sounds like wind, two, sounds like water and has the t and w in it like water. three sounds like earth and has the erth in it. And four sounds like fire. Five souds like life, which is considered in some cultures to be the fifth element.

These four elements relate to the four phases of matter.

Square 1 is gas. This corresponds to wind.

Square 2 is liquid. This corresponds to water

Square 3 is solid. This corresponds to earth.

Square 4 is plasma. This corresponds to fire.Plasmas are electrically conductive, create magnetic fields and electric currents, and reeact a lot to electromagnetic forces. Positively charged nuclei swim in a "sea" of freely-moving disassociated electrons, and it is a lot like the way such charges exist in conductive metal, and an electron "sea" that allows matter in the plasma state to conduct electricity. In fact, fire is a plasma. Stars are plasma. The fourth, plasma, seems a lot different from the previous three states of matter. The fourth always seems not to belong. But the fourth is very important.

It is important to note that these are distinct phase shifts. Things are either a gas, liquid, solid or plasma. There is a possible fifth state of matter called the Einstein Bose condensate. Sometimes this is called the fifth state of matter. Again, this is transcendent like God. The fifth is always like God.

I discussed the four forces of nature. The four quadrants are usually established by the combination of two dichotomies. They are works on a small scale v. large scale, and brings together/attracts v. repels/separates For instance, with the four quadrants

square 1 the storng force- works on the small scale in and brings together

square 2 the weak force- works on the small scale and repels

square 3 electromagnetism- works on a large scale and repels

square 4 gravity- works on a large scale and brings together

square 5 dark matter- the extraordinary fifth.

Cummins quadrant model has two axes. One is context imbedded and context reduced. The other is cognitively demanding v cognitively undemanding. Cummins quadrant model model was shared with my by my PGCE English tutor Kate Glavina. It is designed for aiding thinking when designing learning for children with English as an additional language (EAL), but as is often the case with good practice designed for minority groups, I think it is actually good practice for all learners. It has certainly helped me to plan lessons that draw learners in and make the abstract relevant and engaging. Cummins splits learning into four quadrants of activity. The vertical scale moves from Cognitively un-demanding tasks, those which the learners find easy, to cognitively demanding tasks, which they will find hard. The horizontal moves from tasks with a high context, for instance using material or content the learners will find familiar and relate to, to abstract concepts which are much more challenging to relate to real experience, but are often the ‘Objectives’ that have been defined for them to learn. Any activity that learners take part in can sit somewhere in these quadrants. Cummins says as teachers we should make sure activities start in quadrant A, as activities which are cognitively undemanding, and which learners find easy to relate to are the best way to bring them in to the learning. We should then move to quadrant B, keeping the context high, but upping the challenge. Then, if needed, we should to move activities in quadrant C, the challenging but abstract concepts which many of our learning objectives are made up of. What about quadrant D? Do we really want learners taking part in activities which are not intellectually challenging and have no relevance to their lives? That is the realm of irrelevant worksheets and busywork which turns learners off- avoid quadrant D at all costs! As an example of how this might work, let’s look at a poetry lesson on alliteration. Many teachers might start this lesson by sharing the objective ‘To use alliteration in a poem’, and immediately explaining to children a definition of what alliteration is; the repetition of a letter or sound in the first syllable of words in a text. They may then look at an example of a poem which uses alliteration. Such a structure jumps straight in at quadrant C, the definition by itself is cognitively challenging, and is provided with no context for the learners to relate to. It then moves to B by introducing some context, but by that point learners may already be struggling to relate to it, particularly if they have EAL. Instead, following Cummins model, the teacher might start by sharing the poem with the learners, and discussing it’s meaning and significance for them. Starting in quadrant A gives them a hook into the learning without intimidating them, and allows them to bring their own meaning to the material. The teacher could then ask them to examine in small groups how the poet has technically achieved the effects they have discussed, allowing them to ‘discover’ the technique of alliteration, and thus upping the challenge and working in quadrant B. Then, and only then, a definition of the abstract literary device of alliteration could be discussed. This could be followed by the children writing their own poems, which is perhaps a move back to quadrant B as they will bring their own context to this, but they will still be engaging with quadrant C whilst applying this learning. This model does come with a warning, as it could be easy to infer from it that our aim is for learners to be working on abstract problems with no relevance, and that the linear path of the model just provides an effective way of getting there. Discussing abstract concepts can be useful, this model itself is an abstract concept you can use to shape your thinking. However, you do have to ask yourself, is this something you spend some time on to deepen thinking, or is abstract irrelevance your end goal? A simple shift in the order of activities can make a big difference to the relevance of learning, the acquisition of abstract concepts and the engagement of the learner. Cummins’ quadrants provide a model for something great teachers do; make learning relevant. However, as with all models this is not the only answer, and you still need to consider what the end goal for your learners is, and how much value working in the area of the decontextualised abstract has.

Over several decades of factor-analytic study, Cattell and his colleagues gradually refined and validated their list of underlying source traits. The search resulted in the sixteen unitary traits of the 16PF Questionnaire. These traits have remained the same over the last 50 years of research. In addition, the 16PF Questionnaire traits are part of a multi-variate personality model that provides a broader framework including developmental, environmental, and hereditary patterns of the traits and how they change across the life span (Cattell, 1973, 1979, 1980).[49][50] The validity of the factor structure of the 16PF Questionnaire (the 16 primary factors and 5 global factors) has been supported by more than 60 published studies (Cattell & Krug, 1986; Conn & Rieke, 1994; Hofer and Eber, 2002).[51][52][53] Research has also supported the comprehensiveness of the 16PF traits: all dimensions on other major personality tests (e.g., the NEO Personality Inventory, the California Psychological Inventory, the Personality Research Form, and the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator) have been found to be contained within the 16PF scales in regression and factor-analytic studies (Conn & Rieke, 1994; Cattell, 1996).[33] Since its release in 1949, the 16PF Questionnaire has been revised four times: once in 1956, once in 1962, once in 1968, and the current version was developed in 1993. The US version of the test was also re-standardized in 2002, along with the development of forms for children and teenagers; versions for the UK, Ireland, France and the Netherlands were re-standardised in 2011. Additionally, there is a shortened form available primarily for employee selection and the questionnaire has been adapted into more than 35 languages. The questionnaire has also been validated in a range of international cultures over time Recall that the number 16 is the 16 squares of the quadrant model

FOUR FORCES AFFECT THINGS THAT FLY (like airplanes) Weight is the force of gravity. It acts in a downward direction—toward the center of the Earth. Lift is the force that acts at a right angle to the direction of motion through the air. Lift is created by differences in air pressure. Thrust is the force that propels a flying machine in the direction of motion. Engines produce thrust. Drag is the force that acts opposite

Now I could give thousands of other examples of the quadrant model in reality. It is a fact that I established in my first book, the quadrant model of reality, that science, religion, art, philosophy, and history have been shaped by the quadrant model. i will not repeat examples that I gave from my first book. You can read the first book and get hundreds of examples of the quadrant model. In this book I plan to give  new examples, and mostly examples that are more intense and a lot of examples that are unorthodox and require in depth analysis.

I plan to go into fun topics like video games and board games and even the analysis of different quadrant forms, like swastikas and different types of crosses, and even extremely esoteric manners.

There are four kinematic equations that describe that motion of all objects. The fourth one is different from the previous three in that it is a quadratic equation. There is a possible fifth kinematic that is a quadratic equation also. The fourth always points to the fifth. But the fifth is not necessary. The fifth always doesn't seem necessary. Again there is only four kinematic equations that are needed, but there is also a possible fifth kinematic equation. The kinematic equations are the first thing you learn in physics.

square 1:vf=vi+at

square 2:x=.5(vf+vit)

square 3:vfsquared=visquared+2ax

square 4:x=vit+.5atsquared

square 5:x=vft-.5atsquared

There are four equations that describe the nature of light. A lot of people walk around with these equations on their shirts. They are the famous Maxwell's equations. Maxwell's equations inspired Einstein because they combined electricity and magnetism. Maxwell's big discovery was that light was an electromagnetic phenomenon, and that all light travels at the same speed. This helped lead Einstein to the general theory of relativity. These equations are basically the equations for light. They are

Square 1: Gaus's law

Square 2: Gaus's law for magnetism

Square 3: Maxwell-Farraday equation

Square 4: Ampere's circuital law

There is also the four laws of thermodynamics. These are

Law 1: helps define the notion of temperature

Law 2: descrubes that energy is conserved- the second square is always about homeostasis

Law 3: entropy- the third square is always construction

Law 4: entroyp of a system reaches a constant value at absolute zero.

The standard model of particle physics is perhaps the most comprehensive and popular model that describes the nature of particles in physics. This model is essentially the quadrant model pattern. In this model there is three generations of fermions each with four particles. There is also four bosons. Fermions are particles that obey different laws than bosons. This is the quadrant model pattern. The first three quadrants are the three generations of fermions. the fourth quadrant is the four bosons. Physicists know that this is the way that particle physics is structured, but they do not know why it is structured this way. I say that I can explain way. I say the reason why the standard model of particle physics is structured the way it is is because the purpose of reality is to express the quadrant model pattern, and that is what the standard model of particle physics does

Quadrant 1: The first generation of fermions. Notice how the first two squares is the duality. The first two squares are always a duality. The duality is the up and the down quark. the third square is the electron. The electron is the doer. The third square is always the doer. The electron is constantly moving and changing position, where as the up quark and the down quarks make up the protons and neutrons in the nucleus. The electron neutrino is the fourth. What is fascinating is, remember that the fourth never seems to belong with the previous three. Well it ook a long time for scientists to discover neutrinos. And scientists discovered that electron neutrinos can become electrons and down quarks and up quarks. So electron neutrinos are kind of different from the previous three, yet they encompass them.

square 1:up quark

square 2:down quark

square 3: electron

square 4:electron neutrino.

Quadrant 2: The second generation of fermions. Notice the similar pattern. There is the charm quark and the strange quark which is the duality. The muon is the doer. the muon neutrino is the fourth that is different, yet it can become the previous three. The fourth is separate yet encopasses the previous three

square 1: charm quark

square 2: strange quark

square 3: muon

square 4: muon neutrino

Quadrant 3: We see the same pattern. We see the duality, the third that is the doer, and the fourth that is different from the previous three.

square 1: top quark

square 2: bottom quark

square 3: tau

square 4: tau neutrino

Quadrant 4. Recall that the first three squares are always very connected. The fourth is always different. Remember in the case of thinking, emotion, doing and dreaming I described how thinking and emotion and doing and dreaming seemed extremely interconnected, and dreaming seemed different. But while dreaming seemed different, I also realized that dreaming was interconnected with the previous three. The same pattern holds true here. the first three generationsof matter are fermions, and fermions are all very similar. Then there is four bosons. These bosons are

square 1: gluon

square 2: photon

square 3: z boson

square 4:w boson

What is fascinating is that there is a 17th particle called the God particle. Recall that I described that the 17th square transcends the first four quadrants. The 17th is outside of the quadrant model. It is the first square of the fifth quadrant. The 17th is God. It is no coincidence that the 17th partice, the Higgs Boson is the God particle, and it was the last to be found. Without the Higgs Boson, none of the other particles can exist, because the Higgs boson creates matter. The Higgs Boson is Being. Recall the 17th square is Being. The 17th square is God.

Psychologist Julian Jaynes categorized divination into the following four types:[citation needed] Julian Jaynes is renowned for his bicameral hypothesis, and the idea that all ancient humans were "schizophrenic". Omens and omen texts. Chinese history offers scrupulously documented occurrences of strange births, the tracking of natural phenomena, and other data. Chinese governmental planning relied on this method of forecasting for long-range strategies. It is not unreasonable to assume that modern scientific inquiry began with this kind of divination; Joseph Needham's work considered this very idea.[citation needed] Sortilege (cleromancy). This consists of the casting of lots, or sortes, whether with sticks, stones, bones, beans, coins, or some other item. Modern playing cards and board games developed from this type of divination.[citation needed] Augury. This ranks a set of given possibilities. It can be qualitative (such as shapes, proximities, etc.): for example, dowsing (a form of rhabdomancy) developed from this type of divination. The Romans, in classical times, used Etruscan methods of augury such as hepatoscopy (actually a form of extispicy) (for example, Haruspices examined the livers of sacrificed animals). Augury is normally considered to specifically refer to divination by studying the flight patterns of birds. But also, the use of the rooster through alectryomancy may be further understood within that religious character and likewise defined as a cockfight, or cockfighting[5] with the intent of communication between the gods and man.[citation needed] Spontaneous. An unconstrained form of divination, free from any particular medium, and actually a generalization of all types of divination. The answer comes from whatever object the diviner happens to see or hear. Some religions use a form of bibliomancy: they ask a question, riffle the pages of their holy book, and take as their answer the first passage their eyes light upon. Other forms of spontaneous divination include reading auras and New Age methods of feng shui such as "intuitive" and "fuzion".[citation needed] In addition to these four broad categories, there is palmistry, also called chiromancy, a practice common to many different places on the Eurasian landmass;[6] it has been practised in the cultures of India, Tibet, China, Persia, Sumeria, Ancient Israel and Babylonia. In this practice, the diviner examines the hands of a person for whom they are divining for indications of their future.

The Sippewissett Salt Marsh is located along the lower eastern Buzzards Bay shoreline of Cape Cod, approximately 5 miles north of Woods Hole and 1 mile southwest of West Falmouth, Massachusetts in the United States. The marsh has two regions, the Great Sippewisset Marsh to the north and Little Sippewisset Marsh to the south, separated from each other by a narrow tongue of land (Saconesset Hills). The marsh extends into an estuary in which the intertidal zone provides a dynamic environment that supports a diverse ecology, including threatened and endangered species such as the roseate tern (Sterna dougallii).[1] The ecology of the salt marsh is based in and supported by the microbial mats which cover the ground of the marsh. The marsh has four layers The Sippewissett Salt Marsh houses a diverse, laminated intertidal microbial mat approximately 1-cm-thick. The mat is characterized by regular influx of sea water, high amounts of sulfide and iron and the production of methane. The mat contains 4 to 5 distinctly colored layers. The color of each layer can be attributed to the microbial community composition and the biogeochemical processes they perform at each of the layers. The mats are often coated by macro- and micro- green algae that adhere to the surface.[2] The top, green-brown layer is composed of cyanobacteria and diatom species. A blue-green intermediate layer is formed by Oscillatoria species. Purple sulfur bacteria are found in the pink central layer. Below the pink layer, an orange-black layer is formed predominately by a single species of purple sulfur bacteria, Thiocapsa pfennigii, and spirochetes. The thin, bottom layer is made up of green sulfur bacteria belonging to the Prosthecochloris genus, though this layer is not always present. Below the mat is iron sulfide-rich sediments and remnants of decaying mats. Green layer[edit] The top 1mm of the green layer is often gold due to the dominant cyanobacteria and diatom species. Specific cyanobacteria identified are Lyngbya, a sheeted cyanobacterium, and Nostoc and Phormidium, which are filamentous cyanobacteria, and Spirulina spp. Diatom species identified include Navicula. Below this top gold layer extends 5mm and is dominated by Lyngbya and Oscillatoria species[4] The green layer is also composed of green sulfur bacteria which oxidize sulfur during their growth and are strict photolithotrophs.[citation needed] Pink layer The pink layer extends 3mm below the green layer. The color is due to the presence of carotinoids which are the primary pigments of the phototrophic purple sulfur bacteria.[5] Amoebobacter, Thiocapsa, Chromatium and Thiocystis are among the species of purple sulfur bacteria identified.[3] Purple sulfur bacteria can utilize a number of different electron donors for their anaerobic phototrophic growth including: hydrogen sulfide, sulfur, thiosulfate and molecular hydrogen. Their diverse utilization of many electron donors makes this layer stand out in the microbial mat community.[citation needed] Black layer The bottom layer makes up the lower 2mm of the mat before the depth drops below the chemocline. The black color is due to the high amounts of iron sulfide generated by the green sulfure reducing bacteria.[4] The layer consists mostly of green sulfur bacteria belonging to the Prosthecochloris genus, which are a small group of prosthecate bacteria containing many knobby projections[3] Organisms in this layer decompose organic matter formed by the upper layers, thus recycling the matter. Gray layer The thin, bottommost layer lies below the chemocline and contains fewer organisms than the slightly thicker black layer. The gray color is due to the presence of pyrite. Here, the empty shells of diatoms can be found. Microbial species here are dominated by methylotrophic methanogens which generate the methane observed in the salt marsh. This layer is not active year round; the organisms are largely dormant in the winter.

The tiger stripes of Enceladus consist of four sub-parallel, linear depressions in the south polar region of the Saturnian moon . Near the center of this terrain are four fractures bounded on either side by ridges, unofficially called "tiger stripes". This is where scientists think they can find life in the solar system outside of Planet Earth. It is one of the biggest finds in science. No coincidence that there are the four tiger stripes, reminiscing the quadrant four.

The Galilean moons are the four largest moons of Jupiter—Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto.

Kepler-186 is a main-sequence M1-type dwarf star, located 151 ± 18 parsecs (492 ± 59 light years) away in the constellation of Cygnus. The star is slightly cooler than the sun, with roughly half its metallicity. It is known to have five planets, including the first Earth-sized world discovered in the habitable zone: Kepler-186f.[2] The star hosts four other planets discovered so far, though Kepler-186 b, c, d, and e are too close to the star, and so too hot, to have liquid water. This is one of the most studied planets by astronomers. It is seen as extremely important because astronomers think it could have life on it. It is on another solar system Within two first years of gathered data, the signals of four inner planetary candidates were found. Discussion of planets in the system was taking place in August and November 2013.[6] In February 2014, those planets were confirmed through the "verification by multiplicity" method. The fifth outermost candidate was confirmed in the same manner in April 2014.[7] The possibility that the signals in the light curve of the star were actually from something else has been ruled out by an investigation with the W. M. Keck and Gemini Observatories, using speckle imaging and adaptive optics techniques, which, while unable to resolve the planets, were able to rule out other possibilities than the system of planets The fifth is always ultra transcendent The five planets discovered around Kepler-186 are all expected to have a solid surface. The smallest one, Kepler-186b, is only 8% larger than Earth, while the largest one, Kepler-186d, is almost 40% larger. The four innermost planets are probably tidally locked, but Kepler-186f is further out, where the star's tidal effects are much weaker, so there may not have been enough time for its spin to slow down that much. Because of the very slow evolution of red dwarf stars, the age of the Kepler-186 system is poorly constrained, although it is likely to be greater than a few billion years.[9] There is a roughly 50-50 chance it is tidally locked. Since it is closer to its star than Earth is to the Sun, it will probably rotate much more slowly than Earth; its day could be weeks or months long (see Tidal effects on rotation rate, axial tilt and orbit). Again the first four in the quadrant model are connected with the fourth different. The fifth is always ultra transcendent.

Kepler-186b — 0.0378 3.8867907 <0.24 83.65° 1.08 R⊕ Kepler-186c — 0.0574 7.267302 <0.24 85.94° 1.25 R⊕ Kepler-186d — 0.0861 13.342996 <0.25 87.09° 1.39 R⊕ Kepler-186e — 0.1216 22.407704 <0.24 88.24° 1.33 R⊕ Kepler-186f — 0.3926 129.9459 <0.34 89.9° 1.11 R Notice how the first four are similar but the fourth is different. Kepler 186f is the ultra transcendent one, the only planet that astronomers think in another solar system that likely has life. It is ultra transcendent and a lot different from the first four. This is considered the most important solar system found outside of the Earths solar system. It fits the quadrant model image.

The water cycle is simply the complete journey that water makes in its life, from one place to the other, and from one state to the other. As the word ‘cycle’ suggests, there is no starting point. This means that we can begin at any point and follow its path until it gets to where we started again. Where does water come from, and where does all the rainwater end up? What about the melting snow? Why is it not filling up the lakes and lagoons and even the seas? How did the snow and rainwater find its way up in the sky in the first place? Today we will learn a bit more about what really happens to water in all the various places on earth. Let us see the cycle and stages in this diagram: Stage 1: Evaporation and transpiration Let us begin with the oceans and large water bodies. Their large surface areas absorb the suns’ energy (heat), warming the their surfaces. As the water heats up, it evaporates (turns from liquid to vapor). In addition to that, green plants (forests and all vegetation cover) also release moisture into the air in a process called transpiration. Rising air currents, resulting from unequal air pressure, lifts the vapor high up into the atmosphere. hydrolic cycle stagesStage 2: Condensation Up there, cooler temperatures cause the vapor to condense (vapor turning back into liquid). Winds and air masses move the moisture around a bit, forming clouds. With time, they become heavier with water. This develops into rain-bearing clouds. hydrolic cycle stagesStage 3: Precipitation The water now falls from the sky in the form of rain, snow, sleet and hail. hydrolic cycle stagesStage 4: Runoff and Infiltration As the water falls to the ground, they find their way on the ground surface into puddles, streams and rivers. This is by the natural force of gravity, aided by slopes and gullies on sloping surfaces.

There are four main stages in the water cycle. They are evaporation, condensation, precipitation and collection. Let's look at each of these stages. Evaporation: This is when warmth from the sun causes water from oceans, lakes, streams, ice and soils to rise into the air and turn into water vapour (gas). Water vapour droplets join together to make clouds! Condensation: This is when water vapour in the air cools down and turns back into liquid water. Precipitation: This is when water (in the form of rain, snow, hail or sleet) falls from clouds in the sky. Collection: This is when water that falls from the clouds as rain, snow, hail or sleet, collects in the oceans, rivers, lakes, streams. Most will infiltrate (soak into) the ground and will collect as underground water. The water cycle is powered by the sun's energy and by gravity. The sun kickstarts the whole cycle by heating all the Earth's water and making it evaporate. Gravity makes the moisture fall back to Earth. The water cycle is one of the most important processes for life. It is no coincidence it reflects the quadrant model pattern

The human abdomen is divided into regions by anatomists and physicians for purposes of study, diagnosis, and therapy.[1] [2] In the four-region scheme, four quadrants allow localisation of pain and tenderness, scars, lumps, and other items of interest, narrowing in on which organs and tissues may be involved. The quadrants are referred to as the left lower quadrant, left upper quadrant, right upper quadrant and right lower quadrant, as follows. The left lower quadrant (LLQ) of the human abdomen is the area left of the midline and below the umbilicus. The LLQ includes the left iliac fossa and half of the left flank region. The term is not used in comparative anatomy, since most other animals do not stand erect. The equivalent term for animals is left posterior quadrant. The left upper quadrant (LUQ) extends from the median plane to the left of the patient, and from the umbilical plane to the left ribcage. The equivalent term for animals is 'left anterior quadrant'. The right upper quadrant (RUQ) extends from the median plane to the right of the patient, and from the umbilical plane to the right ribcage. The equivalent term for animals is 'right anterior quadrant'. The right lower quadrant (RLQ) extends from the median plane to the right of the patient, and from the umbilical plane to the right inguinal ligament. The equivalent term for animals is 'right posterior quadrant'. In the LLQ if abdominal pain or signs of peritonitis are localised, colitis, diverticulitis, ureteral colic or pain due to ovarian cysts or pelvic inflammatory disease, may be suspected. Examples of tumours in the left lower quadrant include colon cancer or ovarian tumour. The LUQ may be painful or tender in appendicitis, and in the case of intestinal malrotation. The RUQ may be painful or tender in hepatitis, cholecystitis, and peptic ulcer. The RLQ may be painful and/or tender in such conditions as appendicitis.

The axes of a two-dimensional Cartesian system divide the plane into four infinite regions, called quadrants, each bounded by two half-axes.

These are often numbered from 1st to 4th and denoted by Roman numerals: I (where the signs of the two coordinates are (+,+)), II (−,+), III (−,−), and IV (+,−). When the axes are drawn according to the mathematical custom, the numbering goes counter-clockwise

starting from the upper right ("northeast") quadrant.

"Galactic quadrants" within Star Trek are based around a meridian that runs from the center of the Galaxy through Earth's solar system,[7] which is not unlike the system used by astronomers. However, rather than have the perpendicular axis run through the Sun, as is done in astronomy, the Star Trek version runs the axis through the galactic center. In that sense, the Star Trek quadrant system is less-geocentric as a cartographical system than the standard. Also, rather than use ordinals, Star Trek designates them by the Greek letters Alpha, Beta, Gamma, and Delta.

A long tradition of dividing the visible skies into four precedes the modern definitions of four galactic quadrants. Ancient Mesopotamian formulae spoke of "the four corners of the universe" and of "the heaven's four corners",[6] and the Biblical Book of Jeremiah echoes this phraseology: "And upon Elam will I bring the four winds from the four quarters of heaven" (Jeremiah, 49:36). Astrology too uses quadrant systems to divide up its stars of interest. And the astronomy of the location of constellations sees each of the Northern and Southern celestial hemispheres divided into four quadrants.

A galactic quadrant, or quadrant of the Galaxy, refers to one of four circular sectors in the division of the Milky Way Galaxy. Quadrants are described using ordinals—for example, "1st galactic quadrant"[1] "second galactic quadrant,"[2] or "third quadrant of the Galaxy."[3] Viewing from the north galactic pole with 0 degrees (°) as the ray that runs starting from the Sun and through the galactic center, the quadrants are as follow: 1st galactic quadrant – 0° ≤ longitude (ℓ) ≤ 90°[4] Due to the orientation of the Earth with respect to the rest of the Galaxy, the 2nd galactic quadrant is primarily only visible from the northern hemisphere while the 4th galactic quadrant is mostly only visible from the southern hemisphere. Thus, it is usually more practical for amateur stargazers to use the celestial quadrants. Nonetheless, cooperating or international astronomical organizations are not so bound by the Earth's horizon. Based on a view from Earth, one may look towards major constellations for a rough sense of where the borders of the quadrants are:[5] (Note: by drawing a line through the following, one can also approximate the galactic equator.) For 0°, look towards the Sagittarius constellation. (The galactic center) For 90°, look towards the Cygnus constellation. For 180°, look towards the Auriga constellation. (The galactic anticenter) For 270°, look towards the Vela constellation. 2nd galactic quadrant – 90° ≤ ℓ ≤ 180°[2] 3rd galactic quadrant – 180° ≤ ℓ ≤ 270°[3] 4th galactic quadrant – 270° ≤ ℓ ≤ 360° (0°)[1]

M theory is an attempt by physicists to combine all of the forces of nature into one theory. The way that they do this is they theorieze that particles are in fact vibrating strings. This theory yielded 5 main theories called string theories that explained the nature of reality as a symphony of vibrating strings. These string theories were combined by Edward Witten into one. This is known as M theory. M theory recognizes that the differnt string theories are different aspects of one ultimate theory. Witten combined the separte string theories, noticing that they were all interrelated. This is similar to when I noticed how thinking, emotion, doing, and dreaming are all differetn aspects of the same thing. This is how M theory fits the quadrant model pattern

square 1: type I string theory

square 2: type II A string theory

square 3: type II B string theory

square 4: Heterotic SO(32)

square 5: Heterotic E8xE8

Edward Witten combined these string theories, noticing that they were all interconnected. Notice how these string theories fit the quadrant model pattern. The first three string theories are very related. Then the fourth is different. The fourth is heterotic. The fourth also indicates the nature of the fifth. Heterotic E8xE8 apparently is extremely transcendent and people associate it with divine. The fifth alway has a quality that is like God. But notice how this fits the quadrant model pattern. M theory is called the theory of everything for physics.

That is enough of physics for now. Now to chemistry. I talked about the atomic orbitals

square 1: s orbitals are spherical orbitals

square 2: p orbitals are like two balloons or kind of like two spheres. The s and the p orbitals are the duality.

square 3: d orbitals

square 4 f orbitals

Each orbital builds on the next. The fourth is a lot different from the previous three. This is the quadrant model pattern.

There are 4 major categories of stiochiometry problems. Stocpiometric problems are very important in chemistry and learned by every chemistry student. It is important to remember, though, that in every situation you need to start out with a balanced equation. 1. Mole-Mole Problems Problem: How many moles of HCl are needed to react with 0.87 moles of Al? Step 1: Balance The Equation & Calculate the Ratios 2Al:6HCl (1:3) 2Al:2AlCl3 (1:1) 2Al:3H2 (1:1.5) Step 2: Find the Moles of the Given 0.87 moles of aluminum are reacted with hydrochloric acid Step 3: Calculate the moles using the ratios moles HCl = 0.87molAl x 3molHCl/1molAl = 2.6 mol HCl 2. Mass-Mass Problems (Strategy: Mass g Mole g Mole g Mass) Problem: How many grams of Al can be created decomposing 9.8g of Al2O3? Step 1: Balance The Equation & Calculate the Ratios 2Al2O3:4Al (1:2) 2Al2O3:3O2 (1:1.5) Step 2: Find the Mass of the Given 9.8g Al2O3 are decomposed Step 3: Calculate the moles of the given (mol/g) 9.8g Al2O3 x (1mol Al2O3/102g Al2O3) = 0.096 mol Al2O3 Step 4: Calculate the moles using the ratios 0.096 mol Al2O3 x (2 mol Al/1 mol Al2O3) = 0.19 mol Al Step 5: Calculate the mass using the new moles 0.19 mol Al x (27g Al/1 mol Al) = 5.1g Al 3. Mass-Volume Problems (Strategy: Mass g Mole g Mole g Volume) Problem: How many liters of H2 are created from the reaction of 20.0g K? Step 1: Balance The Equation & Calculate the Ratios 2K:2H2O (1:1) 2K:2KOH (1:1) 2K:1H2 (2:1) Step 2: Find the Mass of the Given 20.0g K are used in the reaction Step 3: Calculate the moles of the given (mol/g) 20.0g K x (1 mol K / 39g K) = 0.513 mol K Step 4: Calculate the moles using the ratios 0.51 mol K x (1mol H2 /2mol K) = 0.266mol H2 Step 5: Calculate the volume using the new moles 0.266 mol H2 x (22.4L H2 /1mol H2) = 5.75L H2 4. Volume-Volume Problems Problem: How many liters of SO2 will be produced from 26.9L O2? Step 1: Balance The Equation & Calculate the Ratios 2O2:1S2 (2:1) 2O2:2SO2 (1:1)   Step 2: Find the volume of the given 26.9L O2 Step 3: Calculate the moles of the given 26.9L O2 x (1 mol O2 / 22.4L) = 1.20 mol O2 Step 4: Calculate the moles using the ratios 1.20 mol O2 x (1mol SO2 /1mol O2) = 1.20 mol SO2 Step 5: Calculate the volume using the new moles 1.20 mol O2 x (1mol SO2 /1mol O2) x (22.4L /1mol) = 26.9L SO2

There are four quantum numbers that describe an electron completely. These are

square 1- SHELL the principal quantum number. This is the shell that an electron is in.

square 2- SUBSHELL azimuthal quantum number. This describes the subshell and gives the magnitutde of the orbital angular momentum. This influences the shape of the atomic orbital, and influences chemical bonds and bond angles. The second square is homeostasis and is about relationships and structure and order.

square 3- ENERGY SHIFT (orientation of the subshells shape) magnetic quantum number. This describes the orbital within the subshell and yeilds the projection of the orbital angular momentum along a specified axis. The third square is the doing square.

square 4- SPIN OF THE ELECTRON. the spin projection quantum number. This quantum number is different from the rest. the fourth is always different from the previous three. It describes the spin (intrinsic angular momentum) of the electron within that orbital, and gives the projection of the spin angular momentum S along the specified axis:

There are the four thermodynamic potentials that every chemistry student learns. They are

square 1: internal energy. Internal energy is found when there is a constant Volume and constant entropy.

square 2: Helmholtz free energy- this is found when there is constant volume and constant temperature.

square 3: Enthalpy- this is found when there is constant pressure and constant temperature

square 4: Gibbs Free Energy- this is found when there is constant temperature and constant pressure.

square 5: Grand potential. There is a fifth potential that is not really needed called the grand potential. The fifth always seems like it is not needed.

The Earths atmosphere fits the quadrant model pattern. There are four layers of the Earth's atmosphere. Again, there is a possible fifth, that the fourth points to. What matters is not the number of things, but the pattern in which they occur, which is revealed by the qualities each has.

A tuple is a finite ordered list of elements. a complex number can be represented as a 2‑tuple, a quaternion can be represented as a 4‑tuple, an octonion can be represented as an 8‑tuple and a sedenion can be represented as a 16‑tuple.

In computing, a nibble (often nybble or even nyble to match the vowels of byte) is a four-bit aggregation,[1] or half an octet. It is also known as half-byte[2] or tetrade.[3] In a networking or telecommunication context, the nibble is often called a semi-octet,[4] quadbit,[5] or quartet.[6] A nibble has sixteen (24) possible values. A nibble can be represented by a single hexadecimal digit and called a hex digit.[7] A full byte (octet) is represented by two hexadecimal digits; therefore, it is common to display a byte of information as two nibbles. Sometimes the set of all 256 byte values is represented as a table 16×16, which gives easily readable hexadecimal codes for each value. 4-bit computer architectures use groups of four bits as their fundamental unit. Such architectures were used in early microprocessors and pocket calculators and continue to be used in some microcontrollers. 16 is the squares of the quadrant model The sixteen nibbles and their equivalents in other numeral systems:

In computing, quadruple precision (also commonly shortened to quad precision) is a binary floating-point-based computer number format that occupies 16 bytes (128 bits) in computer memory and whose precision is about twice the 53-bit double precision. This 128 bit quadruple precision is designed not only for applications requiring results in higher than double precision,[1] but also, as a primary function, to allow the computation of double precision results more reliably and accurately by minimising overflow and round-off errors in intermediate calculations and scratch variables: as William Kahan, primary architect of the original IEEE-754 floating point standard noted, "For now the 10-byte Extended format is a tolerable compromise between the value of extra-precise arithmetic and the price of implementing it to run fast; very soon two more bytes of precision will become tolerable, and ultimately a 16-byte format... That kind of gradual evolution towards wider precision was already in view when IEEE Standard 754 for Floating-Point Arithmetic was framed." [2] In IEEE 754-2008 the 128-bit base-2 format is officially referred to as binary128.

square 1: troposphere. This is where the Earths weather takes place and where humans are found.

square 2: stratosphere. This is the protective layer of the atmosphere. The second square is always protection and homeostasis. The stratoshphere contains the ozone layer, which protects the Earth from UV radiation.

square 3: mesosphere. The third square is always solid and always associated with doing. Just below the mesopause, the air is so cold that even the very scarce water vapor at this altitude can be sublimated into polar-mesospheric noctilucent clouds. These clouds are made of crystals of water ice. They are luminous. I think of this as them being the doers. They seem solid. The third square seems the most solid. It is the artistic square.

square 4: thermosphere. there is an extremely low density of air molecules. It is almost like nothing is there. The fourth is always different from the previous three. The fourth is a lot different from the previous three. The air molecules are so far apart is almost as though nothing is their. The air is called rarefied air.

square 5:exosphere. Mostly four layer sof the atmosphere are described by scientists because a lot say that the exosphere is not that different from the thermosphere. The fourth is always very connected to the fifth. The fourth square always points to the fifth. The fourth points to the fifth.The qualities of the fourth indicate the qualties of the fifth. Like the thermosphere, the exosphere is composed of rarefied air.

The four seasons fit the quadrant model Square 1: Spring. The first square is birth Square2:Summer. Summer is associated with being very nice. It is the most social time when people play together. The second quadrant is about relationships and it is life. It is the normal square. Square 3:Fall. Fall is destruction. The leaves fall during fall. The third square is destruction and often seen as bad. Square 4:Winter. Winter is death. The fourth square is death

The planets fit the quadrant model pattern. A big point that I am making now is that scientists have always tried to explain things through naturalisitc phenomena. Scientists try to explain why the planets are the way they are, but they don't really know why. One example of this is scientists say that there is an asteroid belt after mars because this is probably leftover debris from two planets that collided and were destroyed. I however, say that scientists are wrong in all of their attempts to say why things are the way they are. The ultimate answer to why things are the way they are is that it reveals the quadrant model pattern, which is the Form of Existence. The reason the planets are organized the way they are is to reveal the quadrant model pattern.

Let me explain.

The first four planets are called terrestrial planets.

These planets are the first quadrant planets

square 1: Mercury. Mercury is tiny. Mercury is the sensor. Mercury goes very close to the sun. It is full of craters. It is weird. The first square is always weird. Mercury is the first square of the first quadrant. It is the senser. Mercury is very weird.

square 2:Venus. Venus is the perceiver. Venus is the second square. The second square is homeostasis. The second square is always pretty. Venus is pretty. Upon closer inspection though its atmosphere is made up of sulfuric acid which is deadly to humans. So it looks pretty but it is not that wonderful of a place. But nonethelesss it has a superficial quality of being pretty, and that is the nature of the second square.

square 3:Earth. Earth is the responder. The third square is the doing square. The third square is action. The third square is also bad. Earth is kind of a bad place. It is full of wars and destruction. Earth is where a lot of action goes on. It is the only known planet with life on it.

square 4: Mars. Mars is the aware square. The fourth has a quality of not belonging, and also of seeming like there is nothing there. For instance, Rationals only make up 5 percent of the population and they are a lot different from the other three tempearments. Mars is the an interesting planet. Scientists think that life used to be on it and that it used to be full with water. Some scientists even propose that life from Earth came from asteroids from Mars. But now Mars is vacant. Although there is always a kind of suspicion that there is life on the planet. The fourth is always kind of mysterious.

After mars there is the asteroid belt. I do not think that this is a coincidence. The asteroid belt demarcates the boundary between one quadrant and another. There has already been four squares. Now there needs to be another four squares. The asteroid belt demarcates the boundary between the first qudrant and the second quadrant. The first four planets are terrestrial planets, which are planets made of rock. The next four planets are gaseous planets. It is important to note that these next four planets are the second quadrant. The second quadrant is always the prettiest. The second quadrant is belief, faith, behavior and belonging. The second quadrant is also protection. These planets are very large, and it is true that they do protect Earth from asteroids because most asteroids are sucked into their gravitational fields.

This is quadrant 2. I am not gong to write it as square one of quadrant 2 but I am just going to say for the first square, square 5, since it is the fifth square in total.

square 5: Jupiter. Jupiter is a gaseous planet. It is the believer planet. It is the fifth planet. It is pretty large. The second quadrant is always structure. It is large but it is not very solid. It is made up of gas. It is the first square of the second quadrant, so it makes sense that it won't be very solid. Some scientists think that Jupiter may have been a failed star itself. Jupiter has a ring. Jupiter is pretty. The second quadrant is always pretty. Belief gives you comfort.

square 6: Saturn. Saturn is the second square of the second quadrant. It has to be the prettiest of them all. It is not solid. It is gaseous. That makes sense because this is the second square of the second quadrant. The second square is always the most pretty, so Saturn is extremely pretty. Saturn has very nice rings.

square 7: Uranus. Uranus is the third square of the second quadrant. Uranus is the behaver planet. It is interesting that Uranus is a gaseous planet, but it has a solid core. Because it is the third square, it is becoming more solid. Uranus is still in the second quadrant so it is still pretty. It has a ring.

square 8: Neptune: Neptune is the belonger planet. Neptune is still in the second quadrant so it still has a ring. It is pretty. Neptune also has a sort of solid core.

So that is quadrant 2. Now their is the comet belt. There needs to be a demarcation between the second quadrant and the third quadrant. That is the comet belt. Pluto is not a planet but a planetesimal. Pulto is the first square of the third quadrant.

Square 9: Pluto is the ninth square. Pluto is the thinker. Recall that thinking is wild. It is difficult to control your thoughts. This is interesting. The first 8 planets have cocentric orbits. But the orbit of Pluto is different. Pluto does its own thing. It is an individual. The third quadrant is the ego oriented selfish quadrant. Pluto is an individual and it doesn't follow the rules the other planets follow.

Here in the order and quality of the planets, the quadrant model pattern is revealed. Scientists often try to explain this as saying that it is due to random and rational processes that the planets are the way they are. I say that the planets, and everything is the way it is, because it is to reveal the quadrant model pattern, which is the expression of Being.

In mathematics, conic sections are curves obtained as the intersection of a cone. There are four conic sections. These curves are the curves through which terrestrial bodies, like planets and asteroids travel. They are

square 1: hyperbola. If the plane intersects both halves of the double cone but does not pass through the apex of the cones then the conic is a hyperbola.

square 2: parabola. If the plane is not closed and t does not pass through the apex of the cones then it is a parabola.

square 3: ellipse. If the plane is a closed curve then it is an ellipse. The ellipse fits the qualities of the third square because the ellipse is a closed curve and thus it is an individual. It is solid and physical.

square 4: circle: If the plane is closed and the radius is the same throughout then it is a circle. Again, the fourth does not seem to belong. Sometimes there is only considered three conic sections, but the fourth is often considered a fourth conic section..

Chemistry and biology are very connected. Chemistry is the second square science and biology is the third square science. The second square is always connected to the thrid square. The second square is always intricately connected to the thrid square. Chemistry joins together and it manifests life.

There are two elements that are called the miracle elements. These are carbon and silicon. All living organisms are made up of carbon, and they are made up of mostly carbon. The reason carbon is so special is it has four valence electrons. In other words, carbon looks like a quadrant. Organic chemistry is the study of carbon chemistry. Silicon is also called the miracle element. Computers are made of silicon. Diamonds are made of silicon. Most of the Earth is made of carbon. Sand is made of silicon. Glass is made of silicon. What makes silicon so special is that it has four valence electrons. In other words, silicon looks like quadrants.

DNA is the instruction manual for life. Biologists describe DNA as the blueprint that contains the information for creating living organisms. DNA is made up of four nucleobases. These are

square 1 Adenine

square 2 Guanine

square 3 Cytosine

square 4 Thymine

RNA has an additinal nucleobase Urine. There is always a sort of possible fifth. But the point is the instruction manual for all life is the quadrant model pattern.

There are four types of macromolecules.

square 1 carbohydrates. Carbohydrates are made up of carbon hydrogen and oxygen. Carbohydrates have less potential energy per gram than fats.

square 2 fats. Lipids like carbohydrates are made up of a lot of carbon and hydrogen. Lipids provide structure and support and protection. Tht is why lipids are the second square. The second square is structure.

Square 3 proteins. Proteins are the doers. Proteins perform actions in the cells and build things.

Square 4 nucleic acid. DNA and RNA are nucleic acids. DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic acid. DNA gives instructions to proteins and tells them what to do. Without DNA ther would be no carbohydrates or fats or proteins. So DNA is separate from the previous three types of macromolecules, but it also encompasses them. That is the nature of the fourth square. The fourth square is a lot different from the previous three, yet it encompasses them.

Merkle I discussed the four domains of life. They are

1. Archaea. Archae is weird. Archaea are strange. They live in extreme environments. But they don't really do much. The first square is not a doer. The first square is the mind. The first square is more conservative.

2. Bacteria. Bacteria are the second square. Bacteria break down trash. They are homestasis. They break down food in you gut.

3. Eukaryotes. Eukayotes are the doers. Animals and plants are Eukaryotes.

4. Virus. The virus is alive and dead. It has to live within a host cell. Host cells that the virus live in are archaea, bacteria, and Eukaryotes. So the virus is separate, yet encompasses the previous three domains. There are very large viruses and there are scientists who say that they are another domain of life. The fourth always seems like it doesn't belong with the other three. The fourth is always a lot different.

Let's discuss the eukaryotes, and how they fit the quadrant model pattern. There are four kingdoms of Eukaryotes. Eukaryotes are important because humans are Eukaryotes. These are

square 1: plants. The first square is more sedentary. The first square is spiritual. I think of plants as spiritual because they gather sunlight.

square 2: fungus. Fungi break down dead organic matter. Fungi clean up things. Fungi are the homeostasis.

square 3: animals. Humans are animals. Animals are the doers. The third square is the most physical, and it is the doing square.

square 4: protists. There are plant like protists, and fungi like protists, and animal like protists. This is how scientists describe them. So the fourth is separate from the previous three types, but it also encompasses them. In biology there is a concept called tropic levels. There are four tropic levels. Sometimes there are five but there is usually four. The fifth is always questionable. It does not matter the number of things. It matters the pattern in which they emerge. A tropic level is an organisms position on the food chain. The tropic levels are

square 1: primary producers such as plants that perform photosynthesis and archaea that perform chemosynthesis. These creatures do not eat anyth other living thing but gain energy from chemicals or the sun- plants are like the idealists. It is interesting that idealists are often vegetarians. Recall that idealists are aware and are concerned with other creatures. Idealists are sensitive and perceptive and responsible. Idealists often feel like they are helping other people and other creatures by being vegetarians. Idealists think that they are helping other people because they recognize the concept of tropic levels Plants carry the most energy. Each tropic level, only 10 percent of the energy from the previous tropic level is retained. So a lot of energy is saved if people just eat plants. A problem wih just eating plants though is, people can miss out on certain nutritional elements that they may attain better from animals. Idealists sometimes come up with funny notions like that they want to be breatharians where they don't eat meat or plans but just take in energy from the air. There are some people who claim to do this.

Square 2: tropic level 2 is herbivores and they are known as primary consumers- herbivores fit the second square description. Herbivores are the guardians. Herbivores are not very violent. The second square is not very violent. The second square is not yet the third square, which is the violent square. Plants are living, so some may argue that eating plants is a little bit violent. Square 3: the third tropic level is predators. These are called secondary consumers. Predators are violent. These are the artisans. Predators are the doers. Predators hunt their food. They run and sprint for their food, which is often the herbivores.

Square 4: Carnivores that eat other carnivores. These are called tertiary consumers. This is sometimes dangerous. Recall that the fourth square is death. Carnivores can die doing this if the other carnivore strikes back.

Square 5: apex predators. The fifth level is the God level. These are carnivores that have no predators. These include crocodiles and lions. The food chain does not go past this level, and as you can see, it fits and reveals the nature of the quadrant model pattern.

What is important is that humans are made in the image of God. Humans in most all aspects, reflect the quadrant model pattern. There are four types of tissue in humans. these types are

square 1 Epithelial tissue. Epithelial tissue protects the body from moisture loss and bacteria and internal injury. The nature of the first square is it is conservative and protective.

square 2: Connective tissue. Connective tissue provides support for the body and structure. That is the nature of the second square. The second square is always homestasis. The second square is order and structure. It is also conservative.

square 3: Muscular tissue. This tissue contracts. This is the doer. The third square is always the doer.

square 4: Nervous tissue. This is the rational temparament tissue. Nervous tissue in the brain. It is where intelligence is.

Robert Heinrich Herman Koch (/ˈkɔːx/;[3] German: [ˈkɔχ]; 11 December 1843 – 27 May 1910) was a celebrated German physician and pioneering microbiologist. As the founder of modern bacteriology, he is known for his role in identifying the specific causative agents of tuberculosis, cholera, and anthrax and for giving experimental support for the concept of infectious disease.[4] In addition to his trail-blazing studies on these diseases, Koch created and improved laboratory technologies and techniques in the field of microbiology, and made key discoveries in public health.[5] His research led to the creation of Koch’s postulates, a series of four generalized principles linking specific microorganisms to specific diseases that remain today the "gold standard" in medical microbiology.[5] As a result of his groundbreaking research on tuberculosis, Koch received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1905. Koch's postulates revolutionized science and biology. Koch's four postulates are the following: Square 1: The microorganism must be found in abundance in all organisms suffering from the disease, but should not be found in healthy organisms. Square 2: The microorganism must be isolated from a diseased organism and grown in pure culture. Square 3: The cultured microorganism should cause disease when introduced into a healthy organism. Square 4: The microorganism must be reisolated from the inoculated, diseased experimental host and identified as being identical to the original specific causative agent. During his time as the government advisor with the Imperial Department of Health in Berlin in the 1880s, Robert Koch became interested in tuberculosis research.[4] At the time, it was widely believed that tuberculosis was an inherited disease.[4] However, Koch was convinced that the disease was caused by a bacterium and was infectious, and tested his four postulates using guinea pigs.[4] Through these experiments, he found that his experiments with tuberculosis satisfied all four of his postulates.[4] In 1882, he published his findings on tuberculosis, in which he reported the causative agent of the disease to be the slow-growing Mycobacterium tuberculosis.[11] His work with this disease won Koch the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine in 1905.[4] Additionally, Koch's research on tuberculosis, along with his studies on tropical diseases, won him the Prussian Order Pour le Merite in 1906 and the Robert Koch medal, established to honour the greatest living physicians, in 1908.[4]

A quadrupel is beer intended to be stronger than a tripel, so the alcohol by volume is 10% or more. Beyond that, there is little agreement on the status of Quadrupel as a style.[1] Beer writer Tim Webb notes that similar beers are also called Grand Cru in Belgium.[2] Quadrupel is the brand name of a strong seasonal beer La Trappe Quadrupel brewed by De Koningshoeven Brewery in the Netherlands, one of the five Trappist brewing abbeys not in Belgium (the others are the Engelszell Abbey in Austria, St. Joseph's Abbey in the United States, Tre Fontane Abbey in Italy, and Zundert from Maria Toevlucht Abbey in the Netherlands).

My biology teacher said to my class that he does not know why there are four types of tissue in the human body. I do. Because it fits the quadrant model pattern.

In the eye there is three cones that senses color. There is one rod that senses black. These are

Square 1: red cone

Square 2: blue cone

Square 3: green cone

Square 4: black rod

Notice how the black rod is different from the previous three cones.

In the eye there are also three cells that are close to each other that process visual information, and a fourth that is far from the other three. These are

Square 1: the bipolar cell

cells

Square 2: the amacrine cells

Square 3: the horizontal cells

Square 4: the ganglion cells

In the ear there are four rows of hair cells. These hair cells are in the organ of Coorti. They lay upon the basilar membrane. Three of these rows are the outer hair cells. The fourth row is physically separated from the other three rows, and it is the inner hair cells. This is the nature of the quadrant model. The fourth is always different from the previous three

Square 1: outer hair cells

Square 2: outer hair cells

Square 3: outer hair cells

Square 4: inner hair cells

There are four main types of mechanoreceptors in glabrous skin. These are

Square 1: Pacinian corpuscles: these sense vibration and pressure.

Square 2: Meissners corpuscles: these detect light touch.

Square 3: Merkel’s discs: These send touch perception data to the brain. These are the doers. The third square is always the doers

Square 4: Ruffini endings. These are slowly adapting nerve fibers.

Again, we see a sort of duality with the Pacinian corpuscles and the meissners corpuscles. They are the first and second squares. The Ruffini endings are different from the previous three. Ruffini endings are the fourth square.

The taste receptors in humans also fit the quadrant model pattern. The taste receptors are

Square 1: bitter

Square 2: sweet

Square 3: sour

Square 4: salty. Salty is NaCl.

Square 5: umami. Umami is Mono sodium glutamate. Sodium is Na. Recall that the fourth always points to the fifth. The fourth has sodium in it and so does the fifth. The fourth, salty is different from the previous three. And the fifth umami, is way different than all of them.

Notice how bitter and sweet is the duality. That is the first two squares. Sour is the third square. The third square is always sort of bad and destructive.

The types of teeth fit the quadrant model. Interestingly there are 16 teeth on the top and bottom like the 16 squares of the quadrant model. The types of teeth are

square 1: Incisors

square 2: Canines

square 3: Premolars- the third square is always the most physical and solid. The premolars are large and grind food.

square 4: Molars- the molars are the fourth and they are different from the other three.

The dentition is divided into four quarters. The two dental arches form an oval, which is divided into quadrants: Upper right quadrant: upper right first incisor to upper right wisdom tooth Upper left quadrant: upper left first incisor to upper left wisdom tooth Lower right quadrant: lower right first incisor to lower right wisdom tooth Lower left quadrant: lower left first incisor to lower left wisdom tooth

There are the four paranasal sinuses. These are the

square 1: maxillary sinus

square 2: frontal sinus

square 3: ethmoid sinus

square 4: sphenoid sinus

It is interesting that the first three sinuses are close to each other, but the fourth the sphenoid sinus, is off by itself. This is the nature of the quadrant model. The fourth is always different from the previous three and this is expressed in the sinuses in how the sinuses are arrange. While the first three sinuses are togehter, the fourth, the sphenoid sinus, is off by itself. Existence organizes itself along this pattern. This is the pattern that existence illuminates.

The human brain is divided along the quadrant model pattern. I discussed the pattern of the quadrant model pattern. The first square is the light, the second is the word, the third is the flesh, the fourth is the true word, and the fourth is the true light. Another way to word this is how Wilber words the different squares. Wilber calls the first square the mind, the second square culture, the third square body, the fourth square social, and the fifth square could e called God. The lobes of the brain are divided as such

square 1: occipital lobe- this is the light. The occipital lobe is responsible for vision. This is the idealist square.

square 2: temporal lobe- this is the word. The temporal lobe is responsible for hearing. Hearing or listening brings to mind culture. Listening is a social act that people do. This is the guardian square. Guardians are the most into friends and maintaining cultural harmony. Guardians are hearers. A fascinating thing about the temporal lobe is that this is where the fusiform facial area of the brain is. This area of the brain is responsible for distinguishing faces. Again, the second square is social. Guardians are very into social relationships. Also the temporal lobe is where the area of the brain associated with religiosity is located. Recall that the second square is the religious square. The second quadrant is belief, faith, behavior, and belonging. Religion maintains order and homeostasis. Guardians are very religious in their mentalities in that they often do not question things extremely deeply, but they are driven more by faith. The temporal lobe is where wernickes area of the brain is. This area is responsible for understanding language. This is the listening area of the brain.

square 3: parietal lobe- this is the flesh. The parietal lobe is associated with the sense of touch and movement. The parietal lobe is responsible for movement of the body. Recall that the third square is Wilber's body square. This is the artisan square. Artisans are the doers.

square 4: frontal lobe- this is the true word. This is Wilber's social square. This is associated with the personality type of the rational. Recall the fourth quadrant is contemplation and knowledge. The frontal lobe is where abstract reasoning occurs. The frontal lobe is also where brocas area is located. Brocas area is not responsible for hearing speach. Hearing speach is in the temporal lobe in the wernickes area. Brocas area is responsible for speaking. The fourth square is philosophy. The second square is religion. The philosopher speaks. The religious person listens and obeys. Both are needed. Both need each other.

The spine of the human is divided based on the quadrant model pattern. Again, biologists say that the way that the human is structured is based on random evolutionary processes. I do not dispute that it seems that humans are the product of random evolution. But you cannot always trust your perceptions. While the human appears to be this way, the human seems to also have evolved to fulfill the quadrant model pattern. In other words, man is made in the image of God. I describe that existence seems to try to express the quadrant model pattern through the form of the human. This is why I think the bible says that man is made in the image of God. Te quadrant model pattern is the expression of Being. The quadrant model pattern is way that existence manifests. God is being. Let me explain. The spine is divided as such

square 1- the cervical

square 2- the thoracic. The thoracic is the structure. The thoracic holds the ribs. The second square is always structure and order and foundation.

square 3- lumbar. The third square is always very solid and physical and very associated with movement. The lumbar is extremely robust. It also moves a lot.

square 4- sacral. It is itneresting that the fourth section of the spine is called the sacral. The fourth always is transcendent and has a sort of qualtiy of connecting to the divine. The fourth points to the fifth, which is associated with God. The qualities of the fourth always indicaate the qualities of the fith. The fifth is ultra divine. the sacrum is also a lot different than the other three parts of the psine. This is significant. The fourth is always different from the previous three. The discs in the sacrum are fused, and the previous three sections of the spine have discs that are not fused.

square 5- cocygeal. the Cocygeal is known as the tailbone and it is known as vestigial. Evolutionary biologists think that it is leftover from the time when humans ancestors had tails. The fourth never seems to belong. But the fifth always seems like it is not needed. The fourth indicates the qualites of the fifth. The sacrum has fused discs. So does the cocygeal.

The bones of the hand fit the quadrant model pattern. The bones of the hand are

square 1: distal phalanges

square 2: intermediate phalanges. The first two squares are the duality.

square 3: proximal phalanges. The third square is very physical. The proximal phalanges are big.

Notice how the first three bones of the human hand are phalanges. The first three are always very connected. Like thinking, emotin, and doing are extremely connected. But the fourth always seems separate from the first three.

square 4- Metacarpals. Metacarpals are different from the first three

square 5- carpals. the quality of the fourth square always indicates the quality fo the fifth square. The metacarpals point to the character of the carpals. The fourth and fifth are similar. the fourth is transcendent. The fifth is ultra transcendent.

the human fingers also fit the quadrant model pattern.

square 1- little finger. The first square has a quality of being weird. The first square also has a characteristic of being sort of weak. The first square is associated with the idealist. Idealists are extremely intuitive and insightful. But recall they are very conservative and guillable and can be easily swayed by authority. The little finge has a quality of being kind of weak. The first square is Wilber's mind square.

square 2- ring finger. It is interesting that the second finger after the pinky is the ring finger. Notice how it is the order in which things occur that reveals the quadrant model pattern. The ring finger is associated with relationships. Recall that the second square is the relational square. The second squar eis Wilber's culture square. the ring finger gets its name because it is the finger which spouses put rings on to show that they are married. Recall that the second square of the second quadrant is faith. the second square is all about loyalty and relationships. The second square is the guardian

square 3- middle finger. The third is always the most physical and the most solid. The middle finger is the most physical. It is the strongest and longest finger. Recall that the third finger is often associated with being bad and destructive. In American culture a middle finger says to somebody, "fuck you". The third square is wilbers body square.

square 4- index finger. the fourth square always points beyond itself and is a part of a larger context. Recall that when you contemplate and when you have passion and flow and know you are a part of something greater than yourself; you are connected to something larger than yourslef. The index finger is used for pointing. The index finger points outside of itself. The fourth squre is Wilber's social square.

square 5- the thumb. The thumb is not a finger. the fifth seems like it is not needed, like it doesn't belong at all. The fourth always seems transcendent and differetn from the previous three. The fifth is especially this way

The stomach of the human also fits the quadrant model pattern. In classical anatomy the stomach is divided into four sections, each section with different cell functions. These are

square 1: cardia

square 2: fundus

square 3: body. The third square is always the most physical

square 4: pylorus. The fourth square points to a larger context. The fourth section of the stomach leads out of the stomach to the intestines.

The heart has been seen as a sacred symbol in cultures throughout the world. The aztecs would cut out peoples hearts, and saw them as a symbol of God. The heart reflects the quadrant model pattern. The heart is shaped like a quadrant. It is no coincidence that the aztecs and ancient peoples throughout the world saw the form of the quadrant as sacred. The sections of the heart are

square 1: the right atrium- receives blood from the veins and pumps it to the right ventricle

square 2: the right ventricle- receives blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs where it is loaded with oxygen.

square 3: left atrium- receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the left ventricle.

square 4: left ventricle. Pumpps oxygenated blood to the body.

Calculating the QRS Quadrant for the heart. One method used to calculate QRS quadrant is to look at leads I and aVF. Remember from earlier, the electrical impulse originates in the SA node of the right atrium and travels through the AV node down through the ventricles. The impulse follows the pathway of Lead II, right arm to the left leg. When the QRS in Lead I is positive, it means the electricity is moving through the persons heart from right to left (normal pathway). If the QRS is negative in lead I, then the electricity is moving left to right (abnormal). This means that if the electricity is traveling to the left, the QRS axis quadrant will either be NORMAL AXIS or LAD. If the electricity is traveling to the right, the QRS axis quadrant will either be RAD or UNKNOWN. Now we will look at aVF. If the QRS is positive, it means the electricity is moving through the heart from top to bottom (normal pathway). If the QRS in aVF is negative, the electricity is moving from the bottom to the top (abnormal). This means that if the electricity is moving from the top to the bottom, the QRS axis quadrant is NORMAL AXIS of RAD. However, if the electricity is traveling upward, the QRS axis quadrant is Unknown or LAD. The diagram below illustrates these rules in their corresponding quadrants. For instance, If the QRS in Lead I is (+) and aVF is (-), that places the axis in the LAD quadrant. image from http://general.utpb.edu/fac/eldridge_j/KINE3351/quadrant_1.gif Causes of QRS Deviation Causes of Left Axis Deviation (LAD), where the QRS axis is in the LAD quadrant: Left Ventricular Hypertrophy (LVH): requires more electricity due to the increase size of the ventricle causing the electricle path to swing further to the left. Left Bundle Branch Block (LBBB): Since the left bundle is blocked, the electrical path travels down the right bundle, then the electrical stimulation has to travel from cell to cell to stimulate the left ventricle to depolarize causing the QRS axis to deviate to the left. Inferior Wall MI: In an Inferior MI, the elctrical path has to deviate to the left to go up and around the infarcted tissue, swing the pathway to the left side. Causes of Right Axis Deviation (RAD), where the QRS axis is in the RAD quadrant:   Dextrocardia: born with heart on the right side Anterior MI Right Ventricular Hypertrophy (RVH) Right Bundle Branch Block (RBBB) Ventricular Tachycardia COPD/Pulmonary Hypertension

Chemokines are cytokines that stimulate directional migration of inflammatory cells in vitro and in vivo.[17] Chemokines are divided into four main subfamilies: C, CC, CXC, and CX3C.

The olfactory epithelium is a specialized epithelial tissue inside the nasal cavity that is involved in smell. In humans, it measures about 3 square centimeters (on each side) and lies on the roof of the nasal cavity about 7 cm above and behind the nostrils.[1] The olfactory epithelium is the part of the olfactory system directly responsible for detecting odors.

Olfactory epithelium consists of four distinct cell types:

Square 1: Olfactory cells

Square 2: Supporting cells

Square 3: Basal cells

Square 4: Brush cells

Olfactory cells[edit]

The olfactory cells of the epithelium are bipolar neurons which congregate to form the olfactory nerve. The olfactory nerves go through the cribriform plate and terminate on the dendrites of the mitral cells located in the glomeruli of the olfactory bulb. The apical poles of these neurons are covered with non-motile cilia, with the plasma membrane containing odorant-binding proteins acting as olfactory receptors. The incoming odorants are made soluble by the serous secretion from Bowman's glands, located in the lamina propria of the mucosa.[3]

Supporting cells[edit]

Analogous to neural glial cells, the supporting cells (a.k.a. Sustentacular cells) of the olfactory epithelium function as metabolic and physical support for the olfactory cells. Histologically, the supporting cells are pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. The nuclei of supporting cells are more apically located than those of the other olfactory epithelial cells.

Basal cells[edit]

Resting on the basal lamina of the olfactory epithelium, basal cells are stem cells capable of division and differentiation into either supporting or olfactory cells. The constant divisions of the basal cells leads to the olfactory epithelium being replaced every 2–4 weeks.

Basal cells can be divided on the basis of cellular anatomy histological markers into two populations: the horizontal basal cells which line the olfactory epithelium and the slightly more superficial globose basal cells.[4] Horizontal basal cells are now thought to be the primary stem cell population supplying new cells in this system.,[5] although this is subject to some debate with some scientists maintaining that the globose basal cells are the true stem cells.

Brush cells[edit]

A microvilli-bearing columnar cell with basal surface in contact with afferent nerve endings, specialised for transduction of general sensation. Nerve fibres are terminal branches of trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V), rather than the olfactory nerve, as afferent olfactory signals are.

shelf (shaped like an elongated sea-shell) that protrudes into the breathing passage of the nose. Turbinate bone refers to any of the scrolled spongy bones of the nasal passages in vertebrates. In humans, the turbinates divide the nasal airway into four groove-like air passages, and are responsible for forcing inhaled air to flow in a steady, regular pattern around the largest possible surface of cilia and climate-controlling tissue. A rapidly dilating arteriolar circulation to these bones may lead to a sharp increase in the pressure within, in response to acute cooling of the body core - the pain from this pressure is often referred to as "brain freeze", and is frequently associated with the rapid consumption of ice cream.

There are four lobes of the liver. Cultures throughout the world saw the liver as sacred too. These lobes are

1. the right lobe

2. the left lobe

3. the caudate lobe

4. the quadrate lobe

Notice how the first two are the duality and the fourth is different from the previous three.

Neurons are the functional units of the brain. I discussed how scientists think that thoughts are the product of the firing of electricochemical action potentials n neurons in the brain. The structure of the neuron is based on the quadrant model pattern. The neuron is divided as such

1. dendrites

2. cell body. This is the structure. The second square is structure.

3. axon. The third square is action. This is where the electrical stimulus travels. This is the action part of the neuron.

4. synaptic terminal. The fourth part is always differetn from the previous three and points to a larger context. The fourth part is social. This leads to a new neuron.

The embryo of a human is divided based on the quadrant model pattern. Biologists don't really know why the germ layers of the embryo are divided the way they are. I explain that the embryo is divided the way it is divided in order to reeal the quadrant model pattern. The germ layers of the embryo are

1. endoderm. Forms the digestive tube and the lining cells f the glands that form the digestive tube, including those of the liver and pancreas, the epitheliumm of the auditory tube and tympanic caivty; the trachea bronchi and air cells of the lungs; th urinary bladder and part of the urethra, and the follicle lining of the thyroid gland and thymus. The endoderm forms the stomach, colon, liver, pancreas, urinary bladder, epithelial parts fo the trachea, lungs pharyynx, thyroid, parathyroid, and trachea.

2. Mesoderm. The chorda-mesoderm develops into the notochord. The intermediate mesoderm develops into kidneys and gonads. The paraxial mesoderm develops into cartilage, skeletal muscle, and dermis. The lateral plate mesoderm develops into the circulatory system, which includes the spleen and heart, and the wall of the gut, and wall of the human body .The mesoderm forms: muscle, bone, cartilege, connective tissue, adipose tissue, the circulatory system, the lymphatic system, the serous membrane, the notochord, the dermis, and the genitourinary system. This square is structure.

These first two squares are the duality. They seem to form structures that are conservative and for homeostasis. The nature of the first two squarees is they are both more conservative. The second square is the most about structure and homeostasis.

3.ectoderrm. The ectoderm generates the outer layer of the embryo, and it forms from the embryo's epiblast. The ectoderm develops into the surface ectoderm, neural crest, and the neural tube.

The surface ectoderm produces hair, epidermis, lens of the eye, nails, cornea, tooth enamel, sebacesous glands, and the epithelium of the mouth and nose.

The neural crest of the ectoderm produces the adrenal medulla, the peripheral nervous system, melanocytes, cacial cartilage, and dentin of teeth.

The neural tube of the ectoderm yields the spinal cord, motorn neurons, the brain, the retina, posterior pituitary. As you can see motor neurons and things associated with movment like the adrenal medualla are in the third layer. The third layer is solid and about doing.

4. Neural crest. The fourth layer is different from the previous three. Sometimes it is not even considered a different germ layer, but due to its importnace, biologists consider it a fourth germ laeyr. The fourth is always different and questionable. The fourth is always transcendent.

The mechanism of inheritance for genetics was considered a mystery before Mendel. At first nobody noticed Mendel's work. Mendel died with his work unnoticed. But now Mendelian gentics is considered the mechanims of inheritance. Mendelian genetics is based on punnett squares. Punnett squares are essentially quadrants. The model punnett square is a dihybrid cross. In a dibhybrid cross two heterozygote parents cross their genes. Four possiblities occur.

square 1. BB. This is two dominant alleles and yields blue

square 2. Bb. This is one dominant and one recessive allele and yields blue

square 3. bB. This is one recessive allele and one dominant allele and yields blue

square 4. bb. This is two recessive allels and this yields green. Notice how the first three squares are the same. That is the nature of the quadrant model. The first three are very connected. But the fourth is different. It is interesting that Mendel was a monk. Science and religion have always been connected. Science has always contributed to religious knowledge and religion has always contributed to scientific knowledge. An example of this is that scientists say that there was a big bang during which something came out of nothing, and the bible describes the same thing.

Let me give an example of how the quadrant model can be seen in the structure of the cornea. The quadrant model pattern is revealed in all aspects of the human body. But I am going to use this for an example.

square 1: cornelial epithelium. This is an extremely thin epithelial multicellular tissue layer. This layer prevents bacteria from entering. The first square is always protective and conservative. The first square is the LIGHT.

square 2: Bowmans area (also known as the anterior limiting membrane) is an extremely protective layer. It protects the next layer of the eye. That is the nature of the second square. the second square is the guardian. The second square is always the most protective. This is a tough layer composed mostly of collagen. The second square is the WORD.

Square 3: Corneal stroma. This layer is thick and transparent. The third square is always the msot physical. The third square is the most solid. This is the nature of the third square. The third square is associated with doing. In the corneal stroma there is collagen fibers and sparsely distributed interconnected keratocytes, which are cells for repair and maintenace. Recall that the third square is the doing layer. This is where the action is occuring. The third square is the FLESH.

Square 4: Descemets membrane. (also known as posterior limiting membrane) This is a thin acellular layer that serves as the basement memberane for the next layer, the Corneal epithelium. This is importnat to note. Recall that the fourth layer seems not to belong. It is different from the other three. This is true here. The Descemets membrane is a thin acellular layer. It is almost like it doesn't even exist. That is often the nature of the fourth square. Recall that was like the thermosphere, the fourth layer of the atmosphere, in which the air was extremely rareified as if nothing was there. Also the Descemets membrane is a basement layer for the fifth layer. The fourth always points to the fifth. The fourth always indicates what comes after it. This layer is made of mostly collagen type IV fibrils. It is also important to note that this square is the TRUE WORD. The fourth square is the True Word. That means that it is connected with the second square which is the word. It is no coincidence that the fourth layer is called the posterior limiting membrane and the second layer is called the anterior limiting membrane. There is a connection between the second and fourth layers. They are opposites, but their is a connection between them. Recall in Wilbers model the second square is culture and the fourth square is social. These concepts are similar but different. In a way they are sort of opposites, but also they are connected. They inform each other.

Square 5: Corneal endothelium. This square is the TRUE LIGHT. It is interesting that the first square which is the light is the corneal epithelium. The fifth layer is the Corneal endothelium. There is a connection between the first square and the fifth square in that the first is the light and the fifth is the true light. This layer is a simple squamous or low cuboidal monolayer. Apparently the term endothelium is a misnomer. The first layer and the fifth are similar but the difference is that the cells of the endothelium do not regenerate.

What is fascinating is that modern psychologists and philosophers developed personality models that parallel the ancient personality model system. All of these modles fit the quadrant model pattern. Examples of modern philosophers and psychologists who had four personality model systems are

Immanuel Kant (1724–1804), Rudolf Steiner (1861–1925), Alfred Adler (1879–1937), Erich Adickes (1866–1925), Eduard Spranger (1914), Ernst Kretschmer (1920), and Erich Fromm, and David Keirsey. Other models tha parallel the Myers Briggs personality system are socionics, and DisC. (1947). The models that they used employed different names, but they all took the quadrant model patern.

It is interesing to notice that these ancient philosophers believed that the biological qualities of a person influenced the persons personality. I discussed how this relates to the quadrant model of reality. In the quadrant model I described how the group that you belong, which is the second square, affects how you think, and your emotions, and what you do, which is your personality. Moreover, I described how biology, as the third square field of science and psychology, which is the fourth square field of science, are linked. These philosophers believed that biology and psychology were intricately related, and that biology shaped ones personality.

In the socionics model, the information elements of personality, sensing, intuition, thingking and feeling, are associated with what the model describes as the fundamental components of physics, space, time, matter and space.

Square 1: sensing and space. The first square has a quality of being like space. Space seems empty but it is actually filled with energy. The fourth square is energy. The fourth is separate, yet encompasses he previous three. Matter is full of energy. It is ineresing that idealists are always extremely entranced by the notion of space. They often describe how they need space, and the idea of open space and how they like to create an "open space for possibilities" and things like this.

Square 2: intution and time. The second square has a characteristic of being like time always. time is linked with organization. Time and music are often associated because music is sound in time. Recall that the second square is hearing. The first square is seeing and seeing is associated with space. It is interesting that guadinas are usually entranced by the notion of time.

Square 3: thinking and matter. The third square is linked with matter. Artisans are the third square temparement in the Keirsey model, and artisans are very phyiscal. They love to do things. Artisans like to do things where they manipulate objects. Objects are matter. I described how thinking, according to quantum physicists, does produce matter.

Square 4: feeling and energy. The fourth square always has a quality of being associated with energy. I described the four molecular compounds. The fourth was nucleic acids. ATP is an example of a nucleic acid, and ATP provides energy for the body. Recall in the model of the four elemens the fourth element is fire. Fire has a quality of being pure energy. Energy, as I described, encompasses space, time and matter. Space, time, matter, and energy, are described by physicists, as being saturated with energy. Physiciss say that even empty space is saturated with energy. It is important to note that physicists say that space and time are a duality. Einstein described space and time as a fabric. Einstein described them almost as the same thing. That is the nature of the first two squares. The first two squaes are a duality. This is like thought and emotion. Space and time are often seen as opposites like thought and emotion are often seen as opposites. But pschologists point out that the limbic system of the brain, associated with emotin, and the cortex of the brain, associated with thought, are intricately linked. Moreover, studies show that if a part of the brain is damaged that is associated with emotion, than the persons ability to think is jeapordized as well. Similarly, Einstein described space and time as being extremely tied together. People used to think that space and time are opposites. But Einstein said that they were part of the same fabric.

Hans Eyensck studied personality through factor analysis. He claims to have discovered that temparament is linked with biology, and that people are born with certain personality traits. It is ineresting that Hans Eyensck looks at models like the ancient temparement model, and the Kerisey temparement model, and he says that they are related to his findings on personality.

A very popular model among psychologists regarding personality is the Big 5 Personality Traits model. It is interesting that the model used to be the Big 4, but after further factor analysis, psychologoists came to the conclusion tha there is a fifth personality factor. An interesting thing though is, some psychologists note that the fifth personality factor is a little bit questionable. The fifth is always questionable if it even exists. The five factors of the Big 5 fit the quadrant model pattern. They are

Square 1: Openness to experience. People are either inventive and curious, or consistent and cautious. The first square is the mind square. Openness has to do with curiosity. Idealists, the first quadrant temparement are very curious. The idea of openness has a connotation about i of being linked with the mental. The first square is very mental. Openness has the quality of being intellectual, and it relates to an appreciation for novelty. Idealists are very into the bizarre and the strange. Like I described, idealists are very spiritual. Idealists like to read science fiction, are do things like meditation. Idealists love nature and may be more likely to believe in supernatural things like levitation. Recall that idealists are sensers and perceivers. They sense things. When you sense something you do not quite have a handle on it completely. Idealists have the tendency to not be extremely rational, and they can get carried away and have a hard time distinguishing the impossible from he possible. An example of this, is an idealist will be more likkely to experience something like having put something in one spot, and later seeing it in another spot, as this having a supernatural force lieing behind it.

square 2: Conscientiousness. People are either efficient and organized, or easy going and careless. The second square remember is associated with organization. The second square is homeostasis. Homeostasis means the maintenance of order. Conscientiousness describes an ability to be organized and disciplined and dutiful. Guardians are very disciplined and reliable. They are faithful. Conscientious people are very planned. Guardians are planned and on time. They are important for a smoothe running society and order. If there is too many artisans and perceptive people, and you don't have enough judgers, then you will get chaos.

square 3: Extraversion. People are either outgoing/energetic or solitary/reserved. Extraversion is associated with what you do in this model. The third square is about doing.

Square 4: Agreeableness. People are either friendly and compassionate or analytical and deached. The fourth square always puts you in a larger context. The second square is cultural. The fourth square is social. The fourth square puts you in a larger context. Agreeableness is related to how you relate to the outside world. People are either compassinae and cooperative with others or suspicious and antagonistic toward others.

square 5:Neuroicism. At first the model was the Big 4. Only recently did it became the Big 5 but there is still controversy over whether Neuorticism is a fifth factor. The fifth is always questionable, while the fourth is different. People are either sensitive/ nervous or secure and confident. Neuroticism is associated with the tendency to have unpleasant emotions like anger, anxiety, depression, and vulnerability. It is often related to emotional stabilit. Remember that the first four squares are the senser, the perceiver the rsponsder,and the aware person. The fifth square is the belief square and belief has an emotional valence. Remember that neuroticism is questioned as a separate factor. The fifth is always questionalbe.

It is interesting that another personality model that is linked to the big 5 is the 16 personality factor model which measures 16 personality factor traits. Again, this model is alligned with the quadrant model of transrational transpersonal reality pattern.

I discussed Freud a lot so far in our conversation. Freud had a model of child development that was linked to the quadrant model pattern. They are

square 1: Oral. Freud believed that this stage of development was from birth to 1 year. This stage he associated with the mouth. Freud believed that children during this stage are either orally aggressive or orally passive. Freud believed that oral stage fixaton led people to be passive, immature, gullible and manipulative. Interestingly, these are qualities that can be associaed with the idealist. Idealists recall are passive in that they submi a lot to authority. They are a bit immature in that they have a difficult time sometimes differentiating reality from fiction. An idealist will be more likely to believe that, lets say, a mythical figure literally did the supernatural things that were perscribed to him. And even if they don't believe it, they say they do. They can be manipulative, I think, in that they like to inspire people, and in order to do this you sometimes have to be a little bit disingenuine.

square 2: Anal. Freud thought that the anal stage of development was from 1 to 3 years. This stage is associated with the bowel and the bladder. Freud coined the pharses anal retentive and anal expulsive. Anal retentive people are very organized and neat. Anal expulsive people are careless, defiant, disorganized and reckless. This stage again is associated with organization. That is the nature of the second stage. The second stage is about homeostasis. The personality temparament type associated with the second stage is Keirseys guardian. Guardinas tend to be more planned and organized. That is wha they are about in a lot of ways, planning and order and maintaining the status quo.

stage 3: Phallic. Freud believed that the phallic stage of development occured from 3 to 6 years. Freud associated this stage with the genitalia. Freud believed that during this stage the male child sarts experiencing the oedipal complex, where he wans to kill his Dad and have sex with his Mom. The female child on the other hand starts feeling the Elektra complex. Elektra was a Greek goddess who wanted to kill her Mom and have sex with her Dad. The Elektra Complex was proposed by Carl Jung. The third square is the doing square. The third square recall is bad and destructive. The oedipal complex has a negative quality to it. It is about killing your Dad and having sex with your Mom. The nature of the third square is that it is always kind of bad. The first two squares are more conservative. The second two squares are more destructive. The personality type related to the third square is the artisan. Artisans tend to like to have fun but can be more destructive and wild. Artisans like to have a lot of sex, and can be more likely to hurt people.

square 4: Latency. The Latency stage of development occured, according to Freud, from ages 6 to puberty. During this stage there is dormant sexual feelings and their is sexual unfulfillment if fixation occurs in this stage. Recall that the fourth square is always associated with sex. Knowledge and sex are very linked. The third quadrant points to death though, remember. The fourth square of the third quadrant is dreaming. Dreaming is very linked to sex according to Freud. Freud thought that dreams were metaphorical represenations of sexual impulses. The thrid square is therefore very linked to sex. Thoughts are very much sexual, and emotions and what people do are shaped a lot by seeking sex. Dreaming also indicates the quality of the quadrant that comes after it, which is the knowledge quadrant, which is associated with sex. It is interesting that this is called the latency stage. This stage has a quality of being different from the other three. The other three stages are associated with a body part but this one isn't. The fourth alway has a quality of being a lot different.

square 5: Genital. The Genital stage goes from puberty to death. Freud declares that in this stage sexual interests mature. The consequence of psychological fixation in this stage Freud says is fridgidity, impotence, and unsatisfactory relationships. It is interesting how the fourth and the fifth stages are extremely linked. Both are relatd to sex. The fifth stage builds on the fourth. That is the nature of the pattern of the quadrant model. The fourth stage and the fifth stage are always extremely lined. The fourth stage is the true word. The fifth stage is the true light.

Many people might think that Freud was just making this stuff up. But many psychologists today agree with this model of child development. They say that it is very accurate. Moreover, Freud based the model on rigorous empirical evidence, apparently.

Another very famous model of childhood development taught in all psychology classes of child development is Piagets model. Piaget was a swiss psychologist. He said that there was four stages of childhood development. This model also fits the quadrant model pattern. The stages are

square 1: the sensorimoor stage. This stage is from birth to 2 years. The first square, recall, is Wilber's instinctual stage of consciousness. Piaget describes that in this stage he infant understands is world through its sensations. Recall tha tthe first square is sensation, perception, response and awareness. It is interesting that during this stage infants lack object permanence. If you put an object in front of an infant, and hide it, the infant thinks it disappeared. Even if the infant originally wanted it, the infant wil stop seeking it. The first square is the idealist temperament. Recall that the idealist is a little bit guillable. The first square is awareness. When people are aware of something, they have a consciousness of it, but they don't quite understand it completely. The same connotation surrounds the terms sense and perceive. When you sense and perceive something you don't quite understand it fully. Idealists are a little bit guillable. they intuit things, but they don' have a hard firm grip on reality. This is the nature of infants in Piagets first stage of development.

square 2: preoperational stage. This stage is from 2 to 7 years.

This stage is the preooperaional stage. This stage is from 2 to 7 years. This stage is belief, faith, behavior, and belonging. This stage is associated with Wilber's magical, religious stage of consciousness. In this stage of development children now have object permanence. Children no longer are so guillable. But childen are not yet rational. Their thinking is magical and their thinking is irrational. Children have a quality of consciousness called animism where they think that spirits and gods are behind everything. Children are irrational during this stage of development. For instance, children cannot do conservation tasks. An example of this is, if you put three quarters in a line and put them close together, and then put three quarters in a line, but spread the quarters out, and you asked the child in this stage what line has more quarters, the child will say the second one, even though both lines have the same amount of quarters. Another example of this is if you put water in a tall glass, and then pour that water ino a wide glass, and ask the child which glass has more water, the child will say the tall glass, even though both glasses have the same amount of water. Childen are social in this stage, but they are unable to register that others have a different perspective from their own. For instance, you ask a kid in this stage what is in a box of crayons, and the kid will say, crayons. You then show the kid, however, that there is not crayons in the crayon box, but cookies. Then you put the cookies in the box and you hide the box. Another person walks in the room. You ask the kid, "if I asked this person what is in this crayon box, what will he say. The child says cookies. The child thinks that the peson has the same perspective that he has, and the same knowledge that he has, even though he does not, and could not, since he was ouside of the room and did no see the original exchange. Children like to talk to other children during this stage. The second square is always social. But again, the children have difficulty taking the views of others, and when they talk it is more like they are talking to themselves. Children during this stage of development are obsessed with morality. They are obsessed with right and wrong. The nature of the second stage is moral. Recall the third square of the second quadrant is behavior. Behavior is all about right and wrong.

Square 3: Concrete operations stage. This stage is from 7 to 11 years. The third square recall is Wilber's rational, interpersonal stage of consciousness. During this stage of development children can now do consevation tasks and take the perspective of others. This is the thiking, emotion, doing, and dreaming stage of development. Children during his stage are more rational. But children during this stage have a difficuly with abstract thought. The next stage of development is the Formal Operational stage of development.In the Concrete Operational stage, the child can think logically about an object, if they are able to manipulate it. In the Formal Operations stage, the childs thoughts are able to be manipulated in the absence of the object. Piaget claims that childrens ideas are dominated by appearences. Children have difficulty thinking abstractly. The third square is about doing. Childen in this stage are doers. They are rational, bu they lack abstract contemplative capacities. This stage is related to Keirseys artisan. Artisans are logical but they are not abstract. Artisans are not contemplators.

square 4: Formal operational stage. This stage of development is from 11 years to 16 years. Children now can think abstractly and complexly. Recall that the fourth quadrant is contemplation and knowledge. Children can now think deeply. Children can imagine possible worlds that are way different than wha they are readily experiencing. For instance, you ask a child in this stage what the world would be like if everybody was left handed. The child can now describe for you a brand new world, in which doors would be different, and in which instruments people use will be different. Instead of insturments for right handed people most instruments would be for left handed people. The kid may describe how things will also be different in that left handed people tend to have more intutive, different types of brains thn right handed people, and this would cuase a world that is different. Perhaps there would be more artwork.

The child can now contemplate and think deeply and complexly about things. This is known as hypothetic-deductive reasoning. The adolescent can now use propositional logic, in which he makes asssertions without real world circumstances readily present. In the concrete operatinal stage, in contrast, children need to have concrete evidence to make assertions. This stage is related to Kerisey's rational, who is contemplative and seeks knowledge and Truth.

square 5: It is interesting that some psychologists after Piage have asserted that there is a fifth stage of development. The fifth stage is always questionable. It is important to note that there is debates in psychology of whether things are continuums or if there are distinct stages in things. Piaget and psycholoogists describbe hat there are distinct stages, and describe sorts of phase transitions. These stages are like states of matter in physics. Things are either a solid, liquid, gas or plasma. There is not really a continuum. There are phase transitions, but there is distinct stages. Biologists note that these distinct stages in Piagets model are marked by abrupt changes in the brain and language capacities. The personality type related to this stage is the guardian. Guardians tend to be more religious and very into morality and order and homeostasis.

Four Fish: The Future of the Last Wild Food is a 2010 nonfiction book by author Paul Greenberg. This work explores the state of commercial fishing and aquaculture. Greenberg frames his observations by commenting on the status of four specific fish: cod, salmon, bass, and tuna. Choosing four fish was a decision influenced by author Michael Pollan's selection of four plants in his book, The Botany of Desire. [1]

The Botany of Desire: A Plant's-Eye View of the World is a 2001 nonfiction book by journalist Michael Pollan. Pollan presents case studies that mirror four types of human desires that are reflected in the way that we selectively grow, breed, and genetically engineer our plants. The tulip beauty, marijuana intoxication, the apple sweetness and the potato control. The stories range from the true story of Johnny Appleseed to Pollan's first-hand research with sophisticated marijuana hybrids in Amsterdam to the paradigm-shifting possibilities of genetically engineered potatoes. Pollan also discusses the limitations of monoculture agriculture: specifically, the adoption in Ireland of a single breed of potato (the Lumper) made the Irish vulnerable to a fungus to which it had no resistance, resulting in the Irish Potato Famine. The Peruvians from whom the Irish had gotten the potato grew hundreds of varieties, so their exposure to any given pest was slight.

The Four-C Model of Creativity

Created with Dr. Ron Beghetto.

The Four-C Model of Creativity looks at creativity as a developmental process.

Most conceptions of creativity tend to take one of two approaches: Big-C and little-c.

Big-C is creative genius. When you think of a classical composer, you probably think of Mozart, Beethoven, Chopin, or someone similar. They are all at the Big-C level.

little-c is everyday creativity. It is the creativity inherent in everyday life. It might be someone who writes music for fun.

What Ron and I argue is that this basic distinction omits two key levels:

mini-c is the creativity that happens in the learning process. It could be a child learning to write a song.

Pro-c is expert-level creativity. It might be someone who’s composed music that is currently popular.

The life of a creative writer, for example, might progress through these stages as follows:

At a young age, Sally learns about writing poetry and tries many different forms. She writes a sonnet, a Haiku, and free verse. These poems may not be particularly good, but they are meaningful to her. This is mini c.

As she advances, she gets better. Maybe she reads some poetry at a coffee house and gets some poems published in her college literary magazine. Other people see some value in her poetry. This is little-c (we sometimes call this “county fair creativity”).

Sally keeps improving. She gets an MFA and teaches poetry at a liberal arts college. She regularly publishes her work in respected journals. This is Pro-c.

If she is very talented and very lucky, Sally may eventually be considered a truly great poet. Even after she has died, her writing may be studied and enjoyed by generations to come. This is Big-C.

All of us have mini-c, and most of us can reach little-c. Many of us can attain Pro-c with enough work and training. Few of us will reach Big-C – which is okay. All levels and types of creativity are valuable.

Since that first outbreak in 1976, four subtypes or versions of the Ebola virus have been identified so far. The first three, called Ebola-Zaire, Ebola-Sudan, and Ebola-Ivory Coast, are known to have caused disease in humans. The fourth, called Ebola-Reston after the Reston, Virginia, primate laboratory where it was first discovered, seems to only be transmitted by monkeys to monkeys, although it may be the only one of the four viruses that is airborne (meaning it can be spread through particles floating in the air).

start with Brian Marick‘s original posts on his agile testing matrix, which we called the Quadrants and (with his permission) made the heart of our Agile Testing book. The quadrant numbering system does NOT imply any order. You don’t work through the quadrants from 1 to 4, in a waterfall style. It’s just an arbitrary numbering so that, in our book and when we are talking about the quadrants, we can say “Q1” instead of “technology-facing tests that support the team”. Most projects would start with Q2 tests, because those are where you get the examples that turn into specifications and tests that drive coding, along with prototypes and the like. However, I have worked on projects where we started out with performance testing (which is in Q4) on a spike of the architecture, because that was the most important criterion for the feature. If your customers are uncertain about their requirements, you might even do a spike and start with exploratory testing (Q3). Q3 and Q4 testing pretty much require that some code be written and deployable, but most teams iterate through the quadrants rapidly, working in small increments. Write a test for some small chunk of a feature, write the code, once the test is passing, perhaps automate more tests for it, do exploratory testing on it, do security or load testing on it, whatever, then add the next small chunk and go through the whole process again. The quadrants are merely a taxonomy to help teams plan their testing and make sure they have all the resources they need to accomplish it. There are no hard and fast rules about what goes in what quadrant. Think through them as you do your release, theme, and iteration planning, so your whole team starts out by thinking about testing first. Michael Huetterman adds “Outside-in, barrier-free, collaborative” to the middle of the quadrants, see his Agile Record article or his excellent book Agile ALM

Grey problem (gray problem) is a term for an IT problem where the causing technology is unknown or unconfirmed. Common grey problems are: Intermittent errors; Intermittent incorrect output, or; Transient performance problems. Because the causing technology is not clear IT departments often find it difficult to allocate the problem to a Technical Support Team (platform team). Combining frequency and causing technology information can provide a view of the complexity of a problem and so indicate how difficult it will be to investigate (see Figure 1). The problems in each quadrant have certain characteristics: Q1 - In a typical IT department 80 to 90% of problems are solid faults that are easily tracked down to a causing technology. The appropriate technical or platform support team efficiently deals with these problems every day. Q2 - Some recurring problems are due to a Known Error, or are obviously being caused by a particular hardware or software component. These problems are handled by technical support people working with suppliers. Q3 - Every so often a one-off problem occurs, and the cause of these may never be found. Q4 – The technical ownership of these issues is unclear and so they are referred to as “grey problems” i.e. not black and white.

The Four Quadrants[edit] In his article, The Fourth Quadrant, Professor Zittrain develops a four quadrant framework for thinking about the Internet. This framework looks at two criteria: (1) how generative something is, and (2) how singular it is. The generativity of a phenomena is assessed on a scale from entirely “top-down” to entirely “bottom-up.” The range of singularity runs from “hierarchy” to “polyarchy.” This is captured in the following chart from the article: Zittrain Four Quadrants.png Professor Zittrain uses precise (sometimes unconventional) definitions of these terms: Top-down: systems in which “there is a separation between those who make the rules and those who live under them . . . .” Bottom-up: systems where the rules can come from any person without separation between the people who make the rules and people who live under them. Hierarchy: a system in which "gatekeepers control the allocation of attention and resources to an idea" or "a system for which there is no alternative, either because it does not exist, because it would be too costly, or because law precludes it." Note: to see how Professor Zittrain's definition of hierarchy might differ from the lay person understanding, see Wikipedia. Polyarchy: being able to choose between multiple regimes or systems and pursue ideas independently.

Mapping Onto the Four Quadrants[edit] Four Quadrants: Elaborated[edit] Professor Zittrain mapped existing political philosophies onto his four quadrants. The result was presented in his article: Four Quadrants Detail.png We have taken this framework and tried to determine which Internet groups generally occupy each quadrant. Chart1.png 1. We believe that the first quadrant is the traditional domain of governments. Governments promulgate and enforce rules, and generally offer few or no alternatives. 2. The second quadrant is occupied by corporations, who act similarly to governments but offer the choice between numerous systems. 3. Hackers are the best example of the third quadrant. These groups create their own hacker ethics from the bottom-up, and encourage polyarchy. 4. The fourth quadrant is occupied by "Netizens" -- active users of Internet sites like Wikipedia. These groups typically promulgate their own rules, but offer a more hierarchical structure. Mapping the Proposals[edit] Why the mapping?[edit] The four quadrants can be a useful tool to dissect each of the proposals examined above: placing each proposal on a map allows the reader to more fully understand the interests at stake, the actors involved, and the consequences of each approach. The mapping of the proposals is also helpful in understanding where each proposal actually stands, as opposed as where it purports to stand. In this respect, we argue that the perception of a proposal may determine how much support it can gain, but such perception does not necessarily capture all the implications of that proposal. Difficulties with Mapping[edit] Consider Professor Zittrain's article: at a first glance the Mirror As You Link approach would clearly place his proposal in the fourth quadrant, due to the communitarian and distributed nature of the solution. However, it is also suggested that the practical implementation should not occur through an action by users, but through a basic technological change adopted by two major servers manufacturers, Microsoft and Apache (an "architectural" modification). Does this way of implementation place this proposal in the second quadrant along with other solutions enacted by corporate actors? Would an article called the Second Quadrant be perceived in the same way and gain the same support? Chart2.png Clarke's solution for increasing the security of the US national network encompasses a nation-wide scanning and sanitization of all the communications entering, or passing through the US computer infrastructure. This solution appears to be a typical form of government action that would place this proposal in the first quadrant. On the other hand, Clarke argues that the proposed security barrier should not be managed by governmental authorities themselves, but rather by private actors entrusted to do so by the government. How would the role of private corporations in implementing Clarke;s solution affect their position on the four quadrants? Should they be moved to the second quadrant? Why would the privacy concerns expressed by Clarke be better assessed by a corporate solution? Chart3.png If we take into consideration the proposed solutions (Clarke's and others) at the international level, it is even harder to identify their position on the map, and how their approach should be defined. When confronted with the plurality of state actors on the international scene, even proposals that focus on governmental intervention may be easily shifted to other parts of the map due to the very nature of intergovernmental interaction. Chart4.png More Clear[edit] Quadrant 1 Nye: Nye's proposal appears to fall squarely in the first quadrant. He believes governmental authorities to be the most important actors in the cyber domain, and while he calls for the enhancement of private sector infrastructures' security, he seems to suggest that it should be done through government intervention. Furthermore, Nye do not believe that an international solution would be easily found. Clarke&Knake: The proposal of Clarke and Nye to implement the Defensive Triad Strategy together with a stronger cetnralized role of POTUS in authorizing and monitoring cyber-activity including cybercrime falls clearly into Quadrant 1. It aims to create a more hierarchical, top-down structure within a democratic system. Quadrant 2 Wesley Clark: Clark's proposal clearly falls in the second quadrant. His call to diversify the digital infrastructure is a polyarchical solution. Additionally, Clark intends for the government to promulgate all of these rules, which is a top-down solution. Clarke&Knake: The idea of redesigning the Internet's architecture seems to be part of Quadrant 2. Despite a potential stronger governmental role, the polyarchical corporate sector would remain the key actor providing the infrastructure and top-down implementation. Quadrant 4 CWALT: this proposal from Clarke & Knake calls for nations to create rules for one another, which is a bottom-up approach, but is structured to prevent individual nations from pursuing other systems independently. Less Clear[edit] Quadrant 1 or 2? Lynn: His approach appears prima facie based on strong government intervention, which would place his proposal in the first quadrant. However, Lynn also stresses the importance of vital energies that can be found in the private sector, and in particular the need to actively involve in the prevention of cyber threats private actors having technological know-how and capabilities. Quadrant 1 or 4? Clarke&Knake: An international framework among states can fall either into Quadrant 1 or 4 depending on the perspective. As all of the actors are governments - authoritarian, liberal, or democratic - one could argue the CWALT falls within Quadrant 1. However, from an international relations point of view and the anarchy of the international system, a CWALT would exhibit more of a communitarian approach as a symbol of the notion of an international "community/society" and could therefore also be situated within Quadrant 4. Knake: At a first sight Knake's set of proposals appears to fall within the fourth quadrant. He is in fact proposing a Networked and distributed approach, to be implemented through the active involvement of a wide range of participants from the technical community, the private sector, as well as users and consumer groups, to shape policy and avoid state-centric processes. Not a single forum, at either national or international level, bur rather a range of forums. At a deeper reading of Knake's arguments, however, it appears more clear that - in his mind - the US should nurture and indirectly control his proposed "light intergovernmental body". When Knake urges the US to be involved in international negotiations concerning the fight of cyber crime, he does so to avoid a "perception" that would eventually turn out to be detrimental to the US. Even private actors, such as Microsoft and Symantec, would be captured in the governmental sphere, by being made aware of the goals of the US government and actively help in achieving such goals. Goldsmith: His approach appears to rely heavily on communitarian, self-governed mechanisms to face the new cyber threats, which would place it in the fourth quadrant. However, Goldsmith himself acknowledges that governmental intervention is to some extent necessary to support and guarantee the efficacy of community organizations. Quadrant 2 or 4? Mirror As You Link: Professor Zittrain's proposal allows Internet users to download a website from different servers, which seems to be a polyarchical solution. Additionally, this system needs to be adopted and maintained by web server vendors, which are top-down institutions. This seems to indicate that Mirror As You Link is a first quadrant solution. It could be argued, however, that this system also falls in the fourth quadrant. Mirror As You Link could be adopted in such a way that rules are agreed upon by the Internet users themselves, and it's unclear whether there would be an ability for users to choose between multiple linking regimes. Quadrant 3 or 4? Clarke&Knake: The idea of a broad public dialogue is clearly closer at the bottom-up end of the vertical axis but seems to move along the horizontal one. The question is to what degree the public at large can be engaged or if the technical required knowhow will limit the extent to the breadth of the dialogue. A New Mapping[edit] How did the use of the four quadrants tool impact our analysis? Below is our attempt to map all of the approaches onto a single chart: Ourchart1.png

WHAT MAKES A FOUR-QUADRANT FILM? 10 ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS 20120213FilmDemographicQuadrants Star Wars, The Wizard of Oz, Mrs. Doubtfire, Avatar, Independence Day, Despicable Me, Super 8, Indiana Jones, Harry Potter, Superman, Jurassic Park, The Santa Clause, The Blind Side, Enchanted, The Hunger Games, Kindergarten Cop. All of those films fall under a creative executive’s definition of a four-quadrant family film. When some people think of family films, they’re likely to conjure up G-rated fare like Bambi. But family entertainment has evolved tremendously in the last several decades. Along with societal changes have come major changes in what people see today as “family entertainment” and what Hollywood sees as a “four-quadrant” movie, meaning one that appeals equally to all four demographics: young and old, male and female. And because, understandably, those films continue to be by far the most profitable and stable, Hollywood is chasing them now more than ever. A four-quadrant hit is what every executive dreams about every time their head hits the pillow. They are the Holy Grail, the sweet spot and the homecoming queen all wrapped into one. So, for us writers, just what does today’s four-quadrant film look like? Being a lifelong fan of such movies, and through years of experience as both a writer and middle grades teacher, I’ve spent a lot of time analyzing this question. So briefly, and with the caveat that there are always exceptions, I modestly present this list of the ten key elements of a four-quadrant film: A “high-concept” premise. Whether it’s a superhero’s adventures, an amazing fantasy, a sci-fi quest , or a compelling true story, four-quadrant films live in this realm: an irresistible story idea that can be grasped in one or two sentences. Heroes and villains. That doesn’t mean heroes are flawless or villains can’t have a sad backstory, but concrete-thinking kids struggle with too much complexity in characters. You have to find the balance. Plots filled with EMOTION, ACTION and DANGER; and yes, that probably means violence and/or death. The trick is to find the right edge without crossing into inappropriate territory. And thus comes another potential shocker… Chuck the G-rating! Unless it’s animated, nothing is perceived as more boring to the moviegoing kid than a G-rated movie. The film must have enough edge to go beyond, but again, not too far. Theme. Kids and adults both like a story that says something and has genuine resonance, whether they can articulate it or not. Humor. Comic moments always enhance enjoyment, no matter how serious the story might be. Kids in lead or major supporting roles. Including kids of course targets the “young” quadrant but also adds new levels of dramatic tension and/or comedy for adults. And let’s dump that “child protagonists can’t carry a film” idea for good! Harry Potter, E.T., Super 8, The Wizard of Oz and more say otherwise. A-List stars in some roles. Stars still open movies, particularly with the right packaging. Hints of romance. Except for the rare, truly committed misanthrope, everyone responds to a well-done love story; it’s universal. Even 9-10 year-olds (particularly girls) enjoy a bit of titillation here, and the adult quadrants love it, but again, striking the right balance re tone and content is important. Stop at innuendo and kissing. “Big-budget” not necessary; in fact, five of the above films were made for $50 million or less, and three of those for under $30 million. From guest blogger Lee Tidball. Lee Tidball is an optioned, represented screenwriter, novelist, and former middle-grades (4th-6th) teacher who has written numerous screenplays, TV pilots, and novels in the 4-quadrant, family genre. Many have won various awards and recognitions in screenwriting and novel-writing competitions for family films and YA novels. You can find out more about Lee at his website, Mr. T’s Movie Club (www.leetidball.com) where he regularly reviews 4-quadrant family films, his Amazon author page (www.amazon.com/author/leetidball), or on Facebook, Twitter, and Tumblr.

The 20 question test you just completed was designed to figure out which of the 4 personalities you fell into. The test questions were created to look for 2 variables. Are you more… Open or Closed? Direct or Indirect? The axis of the graph creates the 4 quadrants that contain the 4 personalities. Because Hippocrates’ Latin names are kinda hard to remember, people have come up more easy-to-understand modern names to help characterize the 4 personalities, and for our test we will use the following names: Directors Socializers Relators Thinkers OI relator CI thinker Od socializer Cd director

Ang, Van Dyne, & Livermore describe four CQ capabilities: motivation (CQ Drive), cognition (CQ Knowledge), meta-cognition (CQ Strategy) and behavior (CQ Action). CQ Assessments report scores on all four capabilities as well as several sub-dimensions for each capability. The four capabilities stem from the intelligence-based approach to intercultural adjustment and performance.[5] CQ-Drive CQ-Drive is a person's interest and confidence in functioning effectively in culturally diverse settings. It includes: Intrinsic Interest - deriving enjoyment from culturally diverse experiences Extrinsic Interest - gaining benefits from culturally diverse experiences Self-efficacy - having the confidence to be effective in culturally diverse situations CQ-Knowledge CQ-Knowledge is a person's knowledge about how cultures are similar and how cultures are different. It includes: Business - knowledge about economic and legal systems Interpersonal - knowledge about values, social interaction norms, and religious beliefs Socio-linguistics - knowledge about rules of languages and rules for expressing non-verbal behaviors CQ-Strategy CQ-Strategy is how a person makes sense of culturally diverse experiences. It occurs when people make judgments about their own thought processes and those of others. It includes: Awareness - knowing about one's existing cultural knowledge; Planning - strategizing before a culturally diverse encounter; Checking - checking assumptions and adjusting mental maps when actual experiences differ from expectations. CQ-Action CQ-Action is a person's capability to adapt verbal and nonverbal behavior to make it appropriate to diverse cultures. It involves having a flexible repertoire of behavioral responses that suit a variety of situations. It includes: Non-Verbal - modifying non-verbal behaviors (e.g., gestures, facial expressions) Verbal - modifying verbal behaviors (e.g., accent, tone)

Four factors build to give your overall emotional intelligence profile: Self-awareness The picture starts with your ability to recognise your own emotions accurately and read the impact they are having on your behaviour. If you score highly, you will be able to anticipate how you will feel when you have made a decision or taken a particular course of action. You will know your emotional triggers – for example, that you avoid emotional scenes or quickly feel angry when you see people being bullied. You might have some idea of where the triggers come from and be able to spot when they are likely to trip you up. You can build your self-awareness by reading, completing psychological tests to understand your own personality type and so on. Self-management Your self-awareness enables you to manage your behaviour to suit the circumstances. Someone who scores highly on self-management will be able to control their emotions appropriately. When the tender that your team spent weeks working on goes to your competitors, your disappointment doesn't get in the way of you rallying the team. Research evidence over the last twenty years has shown us that we can learn how to control our emotions and behaviour quite effectively.This is doubly important. Learning to empower ourselves -by overcoming our own disempowering thoughts - helps us to empower our teams. The creating an optimistic culture development exercise shows you how to shift yourself and your team into the best state of mind for success and happiness. Social awareness Social awareness reflects your ability to understand other people and what makes them tick. You will show this every day in the way you empathise with your team and colleagues. Even if you have developed a high degree of empathy from your upbringing, you can extend your knowledge through reading and getting feedback from your colleagues. Using the Myers-Briggs profile as a team development exercise is a common – and helpful - starting point. In a work setting your emotional intelligence will also be apparent in your ability to read and manage the “politics” around the team and understand what your customers want. Managing relationships This is a big area for team leaders. Based on your strengths in the previous three areas you develop your own style for working with other people. If you score highly on relationship management you will enjoy working with people and know how to coach them. You will be good at developing individuals, building constructive team dynamics and creating an optimistic culture. You will inspire people around you and know how to influence stakeholders. You will be able to help people manage conflict and resolve disagreements. All great skills for a leader to have.

Four-Quadrant Model of Emotional Intelligence Personal CompetenceThese competencies determine how we manage ourselves Self-AwarenessKnowing one's internal states, preferences, resources, and intuitionso Emotional awareness: Recognizing one's emotions and their effectso Accurate self-assessment: Knowing one's strengths and limitso Personal power: A strong sense of one's self-worth and capabilities; self confidence Self-ManagementManaging ones' internal states, impulses, and resourceso Behavioral self-control: Keeping disruptive emotions in check; impulse control o Integrity: Maintaining high standards of honesty and ethics at all timeso Innovation & creativity: Actively pursuing new approaches and ideaso Initiative & bias for action: Readiness to act on opportunitieso Achievement drive: Striving to meet a standard of excellenceo Realistic optimism: Expecting success; seeing setbacks as manageable; persisting inachieving goals despite obstacles and setbacks.o Resilience: Perseverance and diligence in the face of setbackso Stress management: Working calmly under stress and pressureo Personal agility: Readily, willingly, rapidly and effectively anticipating and adapting to change o Intentionality: Thinking and acting “on purpose” and deliberately.Social CompetenceThese competencies determine how we handle relationships Social Awareness – Other Awareness Awareness of others feelings, needs, and concernso Empathy: Sensing others' feelings and perspectives, and taking an active interest in their concernso Situational awareness: Reading a group's emotional currents and power relationships; being able to “size up” a situation and plan an appropriate responseo Service ethic: Anticipating, recognizing, and meeting customers' needs Social Skills – Relationship Management Adeptness at inducing desirable responses in otherso Communication: Listening attentively and fostering open dialogueo Interpersonal effectiveness: Possessing diplomacy, tact and interpersonal skills, andknowing how to use them to ease transactions and relationships with others; the ability to relatewell and build rapport with all peopleo Powerful influencing skills: Wielding effective tactics for persuasiono Conflict management: Negotiating and resolving disagreementso Inspirational leadership: Motivating, guiding and mobilizing individuals and groups;articulating a clear, compelling and motivating vision for the futureo Catalyzing change: Initiating, managing and leading changeo Building bonds: Nurturing and maintaining relationships, cultivating a wide network;connecting with others on a deeper rather than superficial level.o Teamwork & collaboration: Working with others toward shared goals. Creating group synergyin pursuit of collective goals.o Coaching & mentoring others: Identifying others' development needs and bolstering theirabilitieso Building trust: Being trustworthy and ethical when working and relating to others; ability toestablish a bond of trust with others. If you all only knew what i had to go through.

Ravens mattrices are used to fond intelligence quotients (iq). They are quadrants. Raven's Progressive Matrices (often referred to simply as Raven's Matrices) or RPM is a nonverbal group test typically used in educational settings. It is the most common and popular test administered to groups ranging from 5-year-olds to the elderly.[1] It is made of 60 multiple choice questions, listed in order of difficulty.[2] This format is designed to measure the test-taker's reasoning ability, the eductive ("meaning-making") component of Spearman's g. (g is often referred to as general intelligence.) The tests were originally developed by John C. Raven in 1936.[3] In each test item, the subject is asked to identify the missing element that completes a pattern. Many patterns are presented in the form of a 6x6, 4x4, 3x3, or 2x2 matrix, giving the test its name. IQ is found through quadrant grids.

This stage is the preooperaional stage. This stage is from 2 to 7 years. This stage is belief, faith, behavior, and belonging. This stage is associated with Wilber's magical, religious stage of consciousness. In this stage of development children now have object permanence. Children no longer are so guillable. But childen are not yet rational. Their thinking is magical and their thinking is irrational. Children have a quality of consciousness called animism where they think that spirits and gods are behind everything. Children are irrational during this stage of development. For instance, children cannot do conservation tasks. An example of this is, if you put three quarters in a line and put them close together, and then put three quarters in a line, but spread the quarters out, and you asked the child in this stage what line has more quarters, the child will say the second one, even though both lines have the same amount of quarters. Another example of this is if you put water in a tall glass, and then pour that water ino a wide glass, and ask the child which glass has more water, the child will say the tall glass, even though both glasses have the same amount of water. Childen are social in this stage, but they are unable to register that others have a different perspective from their own. For instance, you ask a kid in this stage what is in a box of crayons, and the kid will say, crayons. You then show the kid, however, that there is not crayons in the crayon box, but cookies. Then you put the cookies in the box and you hide the box. Another person walks in the room. You ask the kid, "if I asked this person what is in this crayon box, what will he say. The child says cookies. The child thinks that the peson has the same perspective that he has, and the same knowledge that he has, even though he does not, and could not, since he was ouside of the room and did no see the original exchange. Children like to talk to other children during this stage. The second square is always social. But again, the children have difficulty taking the views of others, and when they talk it is more like they are talking to themselves. Children during this stage of development are obsessed with morality. They are obsessed with right and wrong. The nature of the second stage is moral. Recall the third square of the second quadrant is behavior. Behavior is all about right and wrong.

The child can now contemplate and think deeply and complexly about things. This is known as hypothetic-deductive reasoning. The adolescent can now use propositional logic, in which he makes asssertions without real world circumstances readily present. In the concrete operatinal stage, in contrast, children need to have concrete evidence to make assertions. This stage is related to Kerisey's rational, who is contemplative and seeks knowledge and Truth.

square 5: It is interesting that some psychologists after Piage have asserted that there is a fifth stage of development. The fifth stage is always questionable. It is important to note that there is debates in psychology of whether things are continuums or if there are distinct stages in things. Piaget and psycholoogists describbe hat there are distinct stages, and describe sorts of phase transitions. These stages are like states of matter in physics. Things are either a solid, liquid, gas or plasma. There is not really a continuum. There are phase transitions, but there is distinct stages. Biologists note that these distinct stages in Piagets model are marked by abrupt changes in the brain and language capacities. The personality type related to this stage is the guardian. Guardians tend to be more religious and very into morality and order and homeostasis.

This stage is the preooperaional stage. This stage is from 2 to 7 years. This stage is belief, faith, behavior, and belonging. This stage is associated with Wilber's magical, religious stage of consciousness. In this stage of development children now have object permanence. Children no longer are so guillable. But childen are not yet rational. Their thinking is magical and their thinking is irrational. Children have a quality of consciousness called animism where they think that spirits and gods are behind everything. Children are irrational during this stage of development. For instance, children cannot do conservation tasks. An example of this is, if you put three quarters in a line and put them close together, and then put three quarters in a line, but spread the quarters out, and you asked the child in this stage what line has more quarters, the child will say the second one, even though both lines have the same amount of quarters. Another example of this is if you put water in a tall glass, and then pour that water ino a wide glass, and ask the child which glass has more water, the child will say the tall glass, even though both glasses have the same amount of water. Childen are social in this stage, but they are unable to register that others have a different perspective from their own. For instance, you ask a kid in this stage what is in a box of crayons, and the kid will say, crayons. You then show the kid, however, that there is not crayons in the crayon box, but cookies. Then you put the cookies in the box and you hide the box. Another person walks in the room. You ask the kid, "if I asked this person what is in this crayon box, what will he say. The child says cookies. The child thinks that the peson has the same perspective that he has, and the same knowledge that he has, even though he does not, and could not, since he was ouside of the room and did no see the original exchange. Children like to talk to other children during this stage. The second square is always social. But again, the children have difficulty taking the views of others, and when they talk it is more like they are talking to themselves. Children during this stage of development are obsessed with morality. They are obsessed with right and wrong. The nature of the second stage is moral. Recall the third square of the second quadrant is behavior. Behavior is all about right and wrong.

Square 2: Authoritarian. Unresponsive and demanding. The second square is the guardian square. Guardians are concrete and cooperative. Concrete people are unresponsive. Concrete people are more into facts and details. They are not as deep of thinkers. That is not a bad thing. They excel in being useful. They excel in data and facts. But because they are not abstract they are not as responsive. Guardians are also demanding because like idealists they are cooperative. Guardians are ino social harmony and maintaining order. To do this you need to be cooperative. They are cooperative and they expect others to be as well. They make themselves useful and they expect others too as well. Perceivers, who are third and fourth square oriented, usually do not read directions and instructions. The second square oriented people do. That is why they are necessary. The element that this corresponds to is water which is cold and wet.

Square 3: Neglectful. Unesponsive and undemanding. The third square is the artisan square. Artisans are concrete and utilitarian. I described that concrete people

are not responsive because they are not abstract and thus not extremely articulate. Concrete people are more into facts and details and thus do no have a very deep understanding of things. Artisans are utilitarian and utilitarians are undemanding. Utilitarians do what works and don't care as much about social harmony. Utilitarians are not cooperative. Utilitarians are less likely to read the manual. Utilitarians are more spontaneous and wild. They are wild. People see others through their own consciousness. If you are spontaneous you do not demand others to be planned as much. Therefore artisans are undemanding.

square 4: Indulgent: Responsive and undemanding. This square corresponds with the rational. Rationals are abstract and utilitarian. Abstract people see connectins and want to have a deep undersanding of things. Therefore they are responsive. But rationals are utilitarian. they are spontaneous and do their own thing. Because they do their own thing, they are more inclined to feel that others should be the same way. People view others through their own consciousness. So a rational is less demanding on his children. The elemen that the indulgent parent corresponds to is fire which is hot and dry.

Parenting styles is linked to attachment styles. Psychologists think that childrens parenting syles are affected by their atachment styles. There are four attachment styles. Atachment styles reflect the quadrant model pattern. There are two dichotomies that yield the four attachment styles. One dichotomy is self esteem and thoughts about self. This is either positive or negative. The other dichotomy is sociability and thoughts about others. This is either positive or negative.

square 1: Secure- The secure attachment type has positive thoughts about self and positive thoughts about others. The secure attachment type is related to the idealist. Abstract thought is related to positive thoughts about yourself. Absract thinkiers see the oneness and connection of things. Being cooperative means that you see others positively. Cooperative people are themselves trustworthy. Idealists are themselves trustworhty. They are responsible. People look at others through the lense of themselves. Because idealists are trustworthy, idealists trust others. Idealists, recall, are easily suaded by authority. Idealists trust authority.

Psychoanalysis requires a trust between the patient and the doctor. Idealists, who are first square oriented people, trust authority a lot.

Square 2: Humanistic therapists. Humanistic psychology was a response to Psychoanalysis. Humanistic psychology relates to the guardian temparment. Humanists emphasize theapy as a way to understand oneself and deal with psychological problems. Therefore humanism is very socially oriented like guardians. Also, family and group therapy is a big component of humanistic psychology. Recall that guardians are very into relationships and he family. A fascinaing thing though is that humanisic psychology, some have suggested, does more harm than good. Others say that it does a lot of good, and it depends on the patient. Famous humanists are Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow. The importance of humanistic psychology is that it requires a relationship between a therapist and the patient. Again the second square is obedient to authority.

Square 3: Behavior therapists. These psychologists think that negative behavior is due to people learning inapporpriate responses to stimuli and the idea of behavior therapists is that you can change these responses.

Square 4: Cogniive herapists is different from the previous three, but it encompasses them. Cognitive therapiss teach people to deal with their problems by chainging their thinking. The fourth square is very mental.

According to the same lecture that I watched, experimental psychology has adopted four approaches over the centuries. This also fits the quadrant model pattern. These approaches are

squae 1: introspectionism. In inrospectionism, people try to study the contents of their own minds. This is definitely related to the idealist, who tries to understand his self and is very concerned with achieving higher levels of self awareness.

square 2: behaviorism. Behaviorists study behavior instead of the contents of the mind. This is definitely related to the guardian. Guardians are not extremely intuitive and insead look to tangible facts and details.

square 3: Cognitive psychology. Cognitive psychologists use sophisitcated research techniques to study operations of the human mind, based on computer metaphors. This is related more to the artisan.

square 4: Evolutionary psycholgoy. Cognitive psychologiss consider the mind to be a blank slate, like a blank compuer drive, and they think that experience shapes it. Evolutionary biologists are smarter than this. Artisans are more simplistic in their views, like cognitive psychologists. Evolutionary psychologists undersand that their are innate dispositions in humans and they look at these through an evolutionary framework. An example of this would be how evolutionary psychologists explain why humans like dogs, and why humans bread dogs the way they did. Evolutionary psychologists explain that humans evolved within tribes. They say that in these tribes, babies were very important, because babies were essential for the survival of the tribe and its genes. Evolutionary psychologists realize that dogs were bread by humans through artificial selection, to look cute and like babies. Humans have an automatic proclivity to like babies, because babies are essential for the surivival of human genes. Dogs, evolutionary psychologists realize, have been bread to have traits that remind humans of babies. Humans find dogs with big eyes and big heads, like babies, to be cute. Therefore humans take care of these dogs.

The humans feel like they are taking care of babies, because the dog looks like a baby, and the humans psychological hardwiring makes the human see it as cute because it looks like a baby, and makes the human feel like he wans to take care of it. Evolutionary psychologists even look at the way that humans speak to dogs with baby features talk, and say that this represens that humans see these dogs as like babies. Humans speak to babies in what is called baby babble. In this type of speach, humans speak with a high intonation. Studies show that this helps babies to distinguish the differen sounds that the humans are saying, and therefore helps the baby to understand language. Because language is so important to the survival of humans, any technique that humans can use that can help babies to better understand language, they will use. Evolutionary psychologosts say that humans evolved a desire to speak to babies in baby babble because it had evolutionary survival benefits to it. Psychologists notice that humans also talk to dogs that look like babies, with big eyes and big foreheads, with baby babble. Evolutionary psychologists say that i is because these dogs look like babies that humans want to take care of them, and they say that the reason why humans bread wolves to look like dogs that look like babies is because humans gain pleasure in taking care of babies, and these dogs give them the illusion that they are taking care of babies. It is interesting that muslims prohibt dogs. Perhaps the purpose of this law lies around the awareness that dogs were bread to fool you that they are babies and give you the desire to take care of them. As a result, women do not want to have real babies, but become content just taking care of dogs. It is therefore a funny pheomenon when you see those women who walk around with their baby dogs. It reveals that they want a real baby, but they are preoccupied with a fake one.

Before I continue, let me show you a personality of child development by Erik Erikson. I am going to show you how, despite having many more than four stages, his model fits the quadrant model of reality. It is not the number of things, it is the order and pattern in which they emerge.

square 1: stage 1 is basic trust v. basic mistrust. This stage covers from 0 to 1 years of life. I described how the first square is associated with trust. Idealists are very much into the notion of trust. The first square and second squares are conservative. Trust is tied to relationships. The first square is not yet relationships. The second square is relationships. The second square of the second quadrant is faith. Faith is all about relationships. Trust is deciding whether or not you are to have a relationship or not. This is the nature of the first square. The first square is not yet at relationships, which is the second square, but it wants to be there. The baby in this stage wants to learn if he should trust his mother.

square 2: stage 2 is autonomy v. shame. This is from age 1 to 3. This stage covers early childhood around 1 to 3 years. This is related to Freuds anal stage because Erikson describes that the baby is trying to learn potty training and is into order. That is the nature of the second square. It is homesotasis. The second square is on its way to the third square. The third square is always the doing square. Erikson describes the second stage as autonomy v. shame. Erikson is saying that the baby is trying to figure out if it is ready to do things on his own or not. Recall that in the third square you are an individual. The second quadrant is belief, faith, behavior, and belonging. In this stage the baby is trying to figure out if it can do things on its own and thus break out of worrying what others think. This is the nature of the second square. The second square worries a lot about what others think.

square 3: stage 3 is from 3 to 6 years old. Initiative v guilt. This stage is Erikson calls this stage purpose. Here the child is trying to do things on his own. This stage is about doing. The third square is always about doing. Guilt is a feeling of regret after having done something. This stage is about doing things, and whether or not the baby feels bad after doing it or not. An example Erickson uses in this stage is that the child either feels guilt dressing himself, or feels a state of self accomplishment.

square 4: stage four is industry v. inferiority. Erickson calls this stage competence. This happens from 6 to 11 years. In this stage children compare their self worth to others. The fourth stage always points you to a larger context. Recall in Wilbers quadrant model the fourth square is social. Here the child is trying to discover how he measures to other people in what he does.

square 5: stage 5 is Identity v. Role confusion. Erikson calls this stage fidelity. This stage is from 12 to 18 years old. The fifth square is the first square of the second quadrant. The first four squares are sensation, perception, response, and awarness. The first square of the second quadrant is belief. The second quadrant is the most associated with relationships. Fidelity is tied to relationships. Erikson says that in this stage the child is struggling with what to believe in. The fifth square is belief. The child is trying to decide if he should conform his views to others and to his parents or if he should go his own way.

square 6: stage 6 is intimacy v. isolation. This stage is from 18 to 35. This is the second square of the second quadrant. Therefore it is going to be the most relational. The second square of the second quadrant is faith. In this stage, Erikson describes, dating, relationships, family, and friends are the most imortant. The second square is the most relational; it is the most about relationships. The second square of the second quadrant is by far the most about relationships than any square. Erickson describes taht in this stage the person wants to create love and intimacy with other people. Erickson describes that those who fail to create lasting relationships in this stage feel isolated and alone.

square 7: stage 7 is generativity v. stagnation. This stage is from ages 35 to 64. This is the third square of the second quadratn. Because it is the second quadrant it is going to be associated with relationships. But it is the third square so it is going to be tied with doing. Generativity means productivity in doing. This fits the quadrant model pattern perfectly. Erickson describes that people in this stage know what is important to them. Here the person is either happy with his carreer or disconent with what he is doing and deciding that he wants to do something else. Here the person is also raising his children and doing activities that give him a sense of purpose. The third square is always about doing, and this square is about doing. But it is also about relationships, because the person is stil worried about his family.

squre 8: stage 8 is ego integrity v. despair. This stage is from age 65 and on. This is the belonging square. Erickson describes that people are now reaching the end of their lives and they are retiring. Druing this stage they look back upon their lives and decide whether what they did they are proud of or not. In other words, this stage is very tied to belonging. People are trying to figure out if they are happy with themselves or not. People who are happy with what they look back upon feel integrity, and those who are not feel despair.

The order of these stages and the qualities of the stages fit the quadrant model pattern perfectly. As you can see it does not matter the number of things, but it matters how the ordering of the things fits within the quadrant model pattern.

Behaviorism was a very important field of inquiry in psychology. BF Skinners work on operant conditioning was fundamental to the behaviorist outlook. In operant conditioning there are four affects that you can gain trhough reinforcement and punishment, both positive and negative. Positive means a stimulus is delivered following a response. Negative means a stimulus is withdrawn following a response. Reinforcement is a consequence that cuases a behavior to happen more often. Punishment is a consequence that causes a behavior to occur less often. These four concepts yield four types of effects. Operant conditioning is centered around the quadrant model pattern.

square 1: Positive reinforcment. This affect Skinner calls reinforcment. This happens when a response is followed by a stimulus that is rewarding, and the behavior is thus increased. For instance, food can be given to a dog whenever it barks, and as a result, the behavior of barking will increase.

square 2: Negative reinforcement. This affect Skinner calls punishment. This affect happens when a response is followed by a stimuls, such as a shock, that cuases the behavior to decrease. For instance, a shock that hurts a dog can be given to a dog until it barks, and then it stops being shocked. In this case the person wants the dog to bark and it doesn't, so he keeps shocking it until it does. This will cause the dog to bark more.

square 3: Positive punishment. This affect Skinner calls punishment. This happens when a response is follwed by a stimus, such as introducing a shock, resulting in the behavior decreasing. The positive aspect of this denotes the addition of a stimulus, such as a shock, that decreases the frequency of the behavior. An example is that whenever the dog barks you shock it, and this causes the dog to stop barking.

square 4. Negative punishment. Skinner also calls this penalty. This happens when a response is followed by the removal of a stimulus, resulting in a decrease in behavior. An example of this would be, whenever the dog barks, you stop giving it food, and as a result the dog stops barking.

The term Schizophrenia , as many of the readers will recall, was coined by Eugen Bleuler, a Swiss psychiatrist , who intended the ‘split personality’ to reflect the fact that there was an underlying dissociation between various functions like memory, cognition, emotion that are normally integrated in normal people.

He also gave the famous 4 a’s that he presumed lied at the core of the schizophrenia and were fundamental aspects of the disorder.

To recall:

‘affect’: Inappropriate or flattened affect-emotions in-congruent to circumstances/situation.

‘autism’: social withdrawal- preferring to live in a fantasy world rather than interact with social world appropriately.

‘ambivalence’ : holding of conflicting attitudes and emotions towards others and self; lack of motivation and depersonalization.

‘associations’ : loosening of thought associations leading to word salad/ flight of ideas/ thought disorder.

Bleuler maintained that these distinctive and fundamental features identified and formed the core of Schizophrenia while the manifest symptoms like hallucinations and delusions (first rank symptoms as per Schneider) were peripheral and not that important).

The readers of this blog will also be familiar with the ABCD model of psychology where Affect, Behavior (social aspects), Cognition and Desire (motivation/ dynamics) are the four fundamental domains; it is easy to see how the four a’s of Bleuler map to the 4 domains of psychology and it seems that schizophrenics have major troubles in each domain:

affect: this directly maps to Affect dimension and inappropriate affect is a major core part of the syndrome.

autism: though named somewhat incorrectly the intent of autism was to catch the behavioral and social impediments of the schizophrenics.

ambivalence: here there are conflicts and ambiguities regarding what one desires; for self and for others; lack of motivation/conflicted motivation is significant at this dimension.

associations: here the cognitive underpinnings are all too evident- the thought disorganization and flight of ideas is all too cognitive in nature.

It is amazing how the insights of Bleuler from a century before lend themselves so easily to fit the ABCD framework. What do you think, a bit stretched? or have I started making loose associations myself

Tics are classified as either motor or phonic, and simple or complex. Simple motor tics are typically sudden, brief, meaningless movements that usually involve only one group of muscles, such as eye blinking, head jerking, or shoulder shrugging.[6] Motor tics can be of an endless variety and may include such movements as hand clapping, neck stretching, mouth movements, head, arm or leg jerks, and facial grimacing. A simple phonic tic can be almost any sound or noise, with common vocal tics being throat clearing, sniffing, or grunting.[6] Complex motor tics are typically more purposeful-appearing and of a longer nature. They may involve a cluster of movements and appear coordinated.[6] Examples of complex motor tics are pulling at clothes, touching people, touching objects, echopraxia (repeating or imitating another person's actions) and copropraxia (involuntarily performing obscene or forbidden gestures). Complex phonic tics include echolalia (repeating words just spoken by someone else), palilalia (repeating one's own previously spoken words), lexilalia (repeating words after reading them), and coprolalia (the spontaneous utterance of socially objectionable or taboo words or phrases). Coprolalia is a highly publicized symptom of Tourette syndrome; however, only about 10% of TS patients exhibit coprolalia.[6]

In every evolutionary psychology class you learn about Tinbergens four questions. Tinbergen was a Dutch biologist who studied animal behavior. The questions are

square 1: Causation- This is also called mechanims. causation asks what the stimuli are that create the response, and questions how the response has been modified by recent learning.

square 2: Development- This is also called ontogeny. This questions how the behavior changes with age and what early experiences were necessary for the behavior toe be shown.

Square 3: Function-This is also called adaptation. This questions how the behavior affects the animal's chances of surival and reproduction. This one is about doing. Function is doing. That is the nature of the third square.

Square 4: Evolution- This is also called Phylogeny. This is how the behavior affects similar behavior in similar species, and how it may have arisen due to evolution. This question asks why structural associations evolved in the way they did. It is interesting that there is a connection between the second square and the fourth square. Recall the second square is culture and the fourth is social. The second square is the word and the fourth square is the true word. Freud said that ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny. Freud described that in the womb the human womb the embryo evolves along the evolutionary history of life that led to humans. For instance, at first the embryo looks like a fish, then it looks like an amphibian, then it looks like a reptile, then it looks like a rodent, and it seems to evolve through the evolutionary history of life in its development to look like a human.

Social evolution is a subdiscipline of evolutionary biology. Social biology deals with social behaviors and categorizes them based on fitness consequences that they yiled for the actor and the recipient. The consequences fit the quadrant model pattern.

Evolutionary biologists question why there is altruistic behavior if the purpose of behavior is to help you to spread more of your genes to future generations. The reasoning that they submit is kin selection. Evidence shows that people will help members of their kin because in fact this helps them to spread their genes more to future generations. A mathematician named peirce proved through mathematics that there is actually no such thing as altrusitc behavior, but what appears to be altruistic behavior is in fact behavior that is designed to spread more of your genes to future generations. Evidence shows that people are more likely to perfrom actions that decrease their fitness, which means threatens their lives and their strength, if it is for somebody that is closely related to them genetically. For instance, people are more likely to save a one two sisters than four cousins, because two sisters share more genes in common with them than four cousins do. Also people are more likely to put their lives in dnager and save somebody who is the member of his ethnic group or that looks like him. This is because evolutionary biologists say, members of your own ethnic group are more likely to share more genes in common with you than people who are not in your ethnic group. Also, women are more likely to mate with men that look like their Dads, and men are more likely to mate with women that look like their Moms. A ton of evidence shows this. The reason Freud gives for this is he says that it is due to the human subconscious and the subconsciuos desire for men to have sex with their Moms and the subconscious desire for women to have sex with their Dads. Evolutionary biologists describe this in terms of kin selection. People that look like your Moms are more likely to have a lot of genes in common with your Mom. You share a lot of genes in common with your Mom. By having sex with a woman that looks like your Mom and reproducing with her, you are more likely to spread more of your genes to future generations. In many cultures, people would be encouraged to marry their cousins. Evolutionary biologists say that the reason for this is, cousins share a lot of genes in common with you, so by reproducing with them you spread more of your genes to future generations. But also, they are not too closely related to you that too many disadvantageous mutations that you both may share are passed to future gnerations. But a point I want to make is that evolutionary biologists say that behavior seems altruistic, but really there is a selfish motivation behind it. People are more likely to help others who are more closely related to them and have more genes in common with them. People are more likley to hurt people that are not closely related to them and have less genes in common wih. Also, people often do behavior that seems altruistic, but other people usually hear about it. For instance, a lot of people donate to charity, but a lot of times when this happens, people hear about it that the person wants to hear about it. Evidence shows that women are attracted to men that give a lot. Evolutionary psychologists say the reason for this is because if a man gives a lot it shows that he has a lot, and if he has a lot that means that he must have good genes which acquired a lot. So by performing seemingly altruistic behavior, you in fact help yourself to spread your genes more because you acquire more mates, or you acquire prestige and good reputation for yourself and your family, os the behavior is not entirely altruistic. Also, as I described, evolutionary psychologists say that humans evolved in small tribes, and in small tribes it was important to give. People in these tribes were all genetically related, so giving helped out members of your tribe to reproduce. Because they were genetically related to you, this helped your genes to reproduce. So people actually gain pleasure from giving, and evolutionary psychologists say that this is evolutionary. People who gave more were more likely to have more of their genes pass to future generations. Spiteful behavior is usually used against cheaters. Spiteful behavior is used by somebody to hurt another person, even if it causes danger to himself. Evolutionary biologists say that there is an evolutionary advantage to doing this. If there is a cheater in your group, then you want to hurt him and eliminate him so that he does not hurt more members of your kin and hurt yourself more. Evolutionary pscyhologists say that people have a desire to hurt cheaters, and gain pleasure from punishing cheaters, or people who do not follow the rules, because these people hurt the you and the whole group, and thus hurt the prospects of your genes.

Evolutionary biologists say that altruistic behavior was essential for the survival of early humans. There is archaeological evidence that shows early humans that were badly hurt, that had broken bones and stuff like that, but they survived to old age. Evolutionary biologists point out that these humans were probably taken care of by other humans to survive

Speciation is an evolutionary process that produces new species. Speciation has been observed in animals. Speciation usually occurs when animals that are of the same species are separated from each other, but not always. The forms of speciation take the quadrant model pattern. They are

square 1: allopatric. In allopatric speciation, a population divides into two geogrpahically separate populations. This can happen due to habitat fragmentation. For instance, continents can separate. A scientist a long time ago hypothesized that all of the Earths continents were one continent. He was called crazy. But evidence later showed that species of plants and animals at the parts of continents that looked as though they were once connected seemed biologically related. But when a species separates due to geographical barriers, then speciation occurs. The species on one side of the barrier evolves to its geography, and the species on the other side of the barrier evolves to its geography. Eventually they become so different that they can no longer mate with each other. Then they are separate species.

square 2: peripatric speciation. In peripatric speciation, new species are created in isolated, smaller peripheral populations that cannot exchange genes with the main population.

square 3: parapatric speciation. There is partial separation of the zones of two diverging populations, but mating between the two populations decreases and stops until two separate species are formed.

square 4: sympatric speciation. This is when diverging populations are in the same location, but a group stops mating with the other, and speciation occurs. The fourth doesn't seem to belong. Some scientists think that there is evidence of sympatric evolution, but others argue that there has never been a case.

I find this interesting because there biologists say that speciation can be observed in human populations. When human populations are separated from each other for a long period of time, genetic differences accrue between them. Anthropologists have studied this a lot. An example of this is in Spain. When human populations separate for a while they also develop language differences. In Spain, there was a region called Longedoc which means land of doc, where people used the word doc as yes. This area was geographically far from other areas, and it developed a different langauage. Anthropoplogists have discovered that language differences coincide with genetic differences between populatons of people. By studying differences in languages of different groups, anthropologists can predict genetic differences of different groups. The more different ethnic groups languages may be, the more genetically dissimilar they are. This phenomenon is seen interestingly in the bible among the tribes of Israel. It is documented that one of the tribes of Israel had an accent, and another tribe of Israel would stop people with that accent and kill them because the two tribes had become enemies. This is fascinating, because the development of accents and language differences coincides with the development of genetic differences between groups, and it is possible that the tribes of Israel, in their divisions, were evolving differently genetically, and this coincided with differences in language accruing between them. Anthropologists note that langauge differenes actually keep groups from mating. As groups develop different langauges they stop mating with each other. People tend not to mate with people that do not speak their language. Also, it has been found, that people tend to be more suspicious of other people that do not speak their language, and they are less likely to treat them well. Evolutionary psychologists think that this may have to do with language differences being a proxy to tell genetic relatedness. Because people with language differences throughout history were people that were genetically dissimilar to you and not of your tribe, you are less likely to help them. Evolutionary psychologists think that this desire to help people that speak like you developed in humans evolutionarily.

In America, langauge differences develop along ethnic lines. Language differences develop in different regions and they develop along class lines as well. This happens everywhere. Ethnic groups, it is argued, purpposefully maintain and develop langauge differences, in order to separate themselves from other ethnic groups. It is debated why America fought with Britain in World War II against Germany and Japan and Italy. One reason given is that Americans spoke English, and the British spoke English. People tend to ally with and trust more people that speak like them, and evolutionary psychologists think that this is because humans developed in tribal societies where they separated and fought other tribes, and could tell people who were related to them genetically by language. The tendency to care more for people more genetically related to you is seen in the story of the wise King Solomon. A woman smothered her baby in her sleep accidentally. She stole another womans baby because she was so distraught and could not handle having killed her baby. The two women go before Solomon and ask him to settle their dispute. Both want the baby. Solomon says cut the baby in half. The woman who stole the baby says ok and the woman who is the Mom of the baby says no. Solomon says that the woman who said no is the mom and he gives the baby back to her mom. The real Mom does not want to see her baby cut in half. The real Mom shares 50 percent of the babies genes. Jeremiah describes how in the animal kingdom and in the human kingdom creatures are more likely to help their kind and care for those closely related to them. This phenomeon is even seen in which grandparents are more likely to give more to their grandkids and even where grandparents chose to live. The Grandparents of the Mom more commonly chose to live close to the Mom after the Mom has children. The Mom of the Mom knows that the grandchild is her genetic grandchild. She is also more likely to give the most resources to the grandchild. The Dad of the Mom is pretty sure that the grandchild is related to him genetically. So long as his wife did not cheat on him and his daughter is his biological daughter, then the grandchild is his biological grandchild. The Grandpa on the Moms side is the second most likely to give the most resources to the grandchild. The Grandma on the Dad's side gives the third most resources usually to the grandchild. That is because the Grandma on the Dad's side knows that the Dad is her biological child, but she is not sure that the grandchild is, because the wife of the Dad could have cheated. The Dad of the Dad is the most likely to give the least amount of resources to the grandchild, because he is not positive if the Dad is his because his wife could have cheated, or if the Grandchild is his, because his sons wife could have cheated. Evolutionary psychologists say that the grandparents are not aware of this. The grandparents aren't calculating how likely they are to be related to the grandchildren. The evolutionary psychologists say that this is subconscious and these tendencies developed evolutionarily. People evolved to take more care of people they knew were closely related to them genetically. These people were more likely to have more of their genes pass to future generations, and thus this tendency was promoted onto future generations. A species is defined as a population of organisms that can mate with each other and have viable offspring that can reproduce themselves. The stages of the sexual response cycle fit the quadrant model pattern. These stages are square 1: excitement- the body is getting ready for the sex. The first square is not action. The second square is not even action. The third square is action. The third square is doing. The first square recall is the thinking square. Square 2: plateau. Here muscle tension increases and this is preparation for the orgasm but i is not yet the orgasm. Square 3: orgasm is the climax and this is the action phase. There is involuntary muscle contraction. The orgasm is involuntary muscle contraction. In men there is ejaculation of semen. Square 4: During resolution the body slowly returns to its normal levels of functioning. The nature of the fourth square is it doesn't seem to belong. The fourth square often seems like it isn't there or it is neutral. Recall the fourth level of the atmosphere is rarefied air, or the rational, the fourth personalty type, only makes up 5 percent of the population.

I described that it is hypothesized that the Continents of the Earth were once all connected and they separated. It turns out that there are four continents, and the continets fit the quadrant model pattern. This is interesting because, according to the principal underlying the quadrant model of connectivity between quadrants, it makes sense that all of the continents were once connected. The squares are separate, but they are very interlinked. This principal is seen in the forces of physics. There are four forces, but physicists say that these forces were all once one. They are separate, but they are also connected. A lot of people in America say there are seven continents. In other nations they say different numbers. But scientists say there are four continents. The continets are

Square 1: Afro-Eurasia

Square 2: America

Square 3: Antarctica

Square 4: Australia- the fourth always seems like it does not belong. Most people don't know that Australia is a separate continent.

The oceans also fit the quadrant model pattern. They are

Square 1: Pacific Ocean

Square 2: Atlantic Ocean. These two are the duality

Square 3: Indian Ocean

Square 4: Antarctic Ocean

Square 5 Arctic Ocean. The fourth and the fifth are always very connected. The fourth indicates the fifth. Antarctic and arctic sound the same. The fourth is the true word. The fifth is the true light

The four main islands of Japan are Hokkaido[1] Honshu,[2] the largest island, on which the capital, Tokyo, is situated. Shikoku[2] Kyushu

The Japanese archipelago (日本列島 Nihon Rettō?) is the group of islands that forms the country of Japan, and extends roughly from northeast to southwest along the northeastern coast of the Eurasia mainland, washing upon the northwestern shores of the Pacific Ocean. It consists of islands from the Sakhalin island arc and the Northeastern Japan arc.

The term Home Islands was used at the end of World War II to define the area of Japan to which its sovereignty and the constitutional rule of the Emperor would be restricted.[citation needed] The term is also commonly used today to distinguish the archipelago from Japan's colonies and other territories in the first half of the 20th century.[1]

The archipelago consists of 6,852 islands ("island" defined as land more than 100 m in circumference), of which 430 are inhabited.[2] The four main islands, from north to south, are Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu; Honshu is the largest and referred to as the Japanese mainland.

Scientists have analysed the largest collection of human fossils on the planet, dating back 430,000 years, and have found that the human body went through four main stages of evolution before settling on the shape and size we see around us today.

The fossils were from the Sima de los Huesos site in northern Spain, and the humans located there are often referred to as Atapuerca humans. The researchers found that these ancient humans shared many anatomical features with the late Neanderthals, but not modern humans, and therefore represent the third stage of human body evolution.

"This is really interesting since it suggests that the evolutionary process in our genus is largely characterised by stasis (i.e. little to no evolutionary change) in body form for most of our evolutionary history," lead author Rolf Quam, an anthropologist from Binghamton University in the US, said in a press release.

The team's analysis of these fossils revealed that the Atapuerca individuals, who lived around 430,000 years ago, were relatively tall, with wide, muscular bodies and less brain mass relative to body mass than the Neanderthals.

Using this information, the researchers were able to hypothesise that there were four main stages that got the Homo genus to where it is today. The first stage occurred hundreds of thousands of years ago, when our hominid ancestors began to migrate out of Africa. The second stage was the evolution of Neanderthals, while the third stage brought about the Atapuerca humans, who finally evolved into our modern body shape.

Each of these stages can be characterised by the amount of walking on two legs versus living in trees the hominids participated in. By the third stage, there was no evidence of tree-dwelling in the human skeleton.

But despite the differences, the researchers explain that the Atapuerca humans likely shared the same wide and robust body forms as our ancestors Homo erectus and the Neanderthals, and that the body form was probably around in the Homo genus for more than a million years.

"It was not until the appearance of our own species, Homo sapiens, when a new taller, lighter and narrower body form emerged," the press release explains. "Thus, the authors suggest that the Atapuerca humans offer the best look at the general human body shape and size during the last million years before the advent of modern humans.

Central Processing Unit The motherboard and circuitry need to have power. There is a power box included with your system unit, and you'll see a cord coming out of the back of your computer for that. The central processing unit, or the brains of the computer, sits on the motherboard and does actually have its own cooling fan. The processors now are so fast they need to be cooled down. All the instructions you give the computer - like a click of a mouse - go through the CPU, which processes in billions of cycles per second. Commonly installed processors have quad-cores, or four separate processors in one component. There are six-core and eight-core available, and the more advanced the technology the higher the cost. That's one of the choices you might need to make.

Four Parts of a Map Title- tells you what the map is and is usually found on the top or bottom of the map. Scale- the relationship between distance on a map and actual distance on the earth. Scale may be represented by words (e.g., “one inch equals one mile”), a ratio or fraction (e.g., 1:63,360). Compass Rose- An object that appears on maps to identify four main directions: North, South, East and West. Key- is found on the bottom of the map. The map key tells you what the symbols on the map stand for. Symbols are small pictures on the map used for representing real things on our Earth like mountains, hills, and valleys etc. Remember, symbols don't always look like what they represent in the real world.

Hardware components are often categorised as being either input, output, storage or processing components. Devices which are not an integral part of the CPU are referred to as being peripherals. Peripherals are usually used for either input, storage or output (such as a hard disk, keyboard or printer). A device does not necessarily have to be outside the same physical box as the CPU. The best example of this is the hard disk, which is a peripheral even though it is not usually housed within the main case. Fig 1: The main hardware components of a computer system are these four. Input devices are hardware devices which take information from the user of the computer system, convert it into electrical signals and transmit it to the processor. The primary function of input devices is to allow humans to interact with the computer system. For instance a mouse allows the user to control the movement of the pointer (a common element in user interface design). Output devices take data from the computer system and convert it to a form that can be interpreted by humans. For instance a monitor creates a visual electronic display to output information created by the processor to the user. Processing devices are the components responsible for the processing of information within the computer system. This includes devices such as the CPU, memory and motherboard. Storage devices are components which allow data to be stored within a computer system. This includes devices such as hard disk drives and compact disk drives.

Computers are classified into four classes by size Microcomputers (personal computers)[edit] Microcomputers are the most common kind of computers in use as of 2014. The term “microcomputer” was introduced with the advent of systems based on single chip microprocessors. The best-known early system was the Altair 8800, introduced in 1975. The term "microcomputer" has practically become an anachronism. These computers include: Desktop computers – A case and a display, put under and on a desk. In-car computers (carputers) – Built into a car, for entertainment, navigation, etc. Game consoles – Fixed computers specialized for entertainment purposes (video games). Smaller microcomputers are also called mobile devices: Laptops and notebook computers – Portable and all in one case. Tablet computer – Like laptops, but with a touch-screen, entirely replacing the physical keyboard. Smartphones, smartbooks, PDAs and palmtop computers – Small handheld computers with limited hardware. Programmable calculator– Like small handhelds, but specialized on mathematical work. Handheld game consoles – The same as game consoles, but small and portable. Minicomputers (midrange computers)[edit] Minicomputers (colloquially, minis) are a class of multi-user computers that lie in the middle range of the computing spectrum, in between the smallest mainframe computers and the largest single-user systems (microcomputers or personal computers). The term superminicomputer or supermini was used to distinguish more powerful minicomputers that approached mainframes in capability. Superminis were usually 32-bit at a time when most minicomputers were 16-bit. The contemporary term for minicomputer is midrange computer, such as the higher-end SPARC, POWER and Itanium-based systems from Oracle Corporation, IBM and Hewlett-Packard. Mainframe computers[edit] The term mainframe computer was created to distinguish the traditional, large, institutional computer intended to service multiple users from the smaller, single user machines. These computers are capable of handling and processing very large amounts of data quickly. Mainframe computers are used in large institutions such as government, banks and large corporations. They are measured in MIPS (million instructions per second) and respond to up to 100s of millions of users at a time. Supercomputers[edit] A Supercomputer is focused on performing tasks involving intense numerical calculations such as weather forecasting, fluid dynamics, nuclear simulations, theoretical astrophysics, and complex scientific computations. A supercomputer is a computer that is at the front-line of current processing capacity, particularly speed of calculation. The term supercomputer itself is rather fluid, and the speed of today's supercomputers tends to become typical of tomorrow's ordinary computer. Supercomputer processing speeds are measured in floating point operations per second, or FLOPS. An example of a floating point operation is the calculation of mathematical equations in real numbers. In terms of computational capability, memory size and speed, I/O technology, and topological issues such as bandwidth and latency, supercomputers are the most powerful, are very expensive, and not cost-effective just to perform batch or transaction processing. Transaction processing is handled by less powerful computers such as server computers or mainframes.

The four main branches of Earth Science are: Geology - the study of the solid matter that makes up Earth Oceanology - the study of everything in the ocean environment Meteorology - the study of the physics, chemistry, and dynamics of the atmosphere of the earth Astronomy - the scientific study of the universe as a whole, and of celestial bodies and the underlying physics governing those bodies

There are several languages in India belonging to different language families, the major ones being the Indo-Aryan languages spoken by 75% of Indians, the Dravidian languages spoken by 20% of Indians and other languages by rest of Indians.[1][2] Other languages spoken in India belong to the Austroasiatic, Sino-Tibetan, a few other minor language families and isolates.[3]:283 More than three millennia of language contact has led to significant mutual influence among the four predominant language families in mainland India and South Asia.

Most languages spoken in Africa belong to one of four language families: Afroasiatic, Nilo-Saharan, Niger-Congo, and Khoisan.

The Fourth World is an extension of the Three-World Model, used variably to refer to Sub-populations socially excluded from global society; Hunter-gatherer, nomadic, pastoral, and some subsistence farming peoples living beyond the modern industrial norm.[1] Sub-populations existing in a First World country, but with the living standards of those of a Third World, or developing country. The terms First World, Second World, and Third World were originally used to divide the world's nations into three categories. The model did not emerge to its end state all at once. The complete overthrow of the pre–World War II status quo, known as the Cold War, left two superpowers (the United States and the Soviet Union) vying for ultimate global supremacy. They created two camps, known as blocs. These blocs formed the basis of the concepts of the First and Second Worlds.[ Early in the Cold War era, NATO and the Warsaw Pact were created by the United States and The Soviet Union, respectively. They were also referred to as the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc. The circumstances of these two blocks were so different that they were essentially two worlds, however, they were not numbered first and second.[2][3][4] The onset of the Cold War is marked by Winston Churchill's famous "Iron Curtain" speech.[5] In this speech, Churchill describes the division of the West and East to be so solid that it could be called an iron curtain.[5] In 1952, the French demographer Alfred Sauvy coined the term Third World in reference to the three estates in pre-revolutionary France.[6] The first two estates being the nobility and clergy and everybody else comprising the third estate.[6] He compared the capitalist world (i.e., First World) to the nobility and the communist world (i.e., Second World) to the clergy. Just as the third estate comprised everybody else, Sauvy called the Third World all the countries that were not in this Cold War division, i.e., the unaligned and uninvolved states in the "East-West Conflict."[6][4] With the coining of the term Third World directly, the first two groups came to be known as the "First World" and "Second World," respectively. Here the three-world system emerged.[4] However, Shuswap Chief George Manuel believes the Three Worlds Model to be outdated. In his 1974 book The Fourth World: An Indian Reality, he describes the emergence of the Fourth World while coining the term. The fourth world refers to "nations," e.g., cultural entities and ethnic groups, of indigenous people who do not compose states in the traditional sense.[7] Rather, they live within or across state boundaries (see First Nations). One example is the Native Americans of North America, Central America, and the Caribbean.[7]

The Fourth Estate (or fourth power) is a societal or political force or institution whose influence is not consistently or officially recognized. "Fourth Estate" most commonly refers to the news media, especially print journalism or "the press". Thomas Carlyle attributed the origin of the term to Edmund Burke, who used it in a parliamentary debate in 1787 on the opening up of press reporting of the House of Commons of Great Britain.[1] Earlier writers have applied the term to lawyers, to the British queens consort (acting as a free agent, independent of the king), and to the proletariat. The term makes implicit reference to the earlier division of the three Estates of the Realm. First Estate[edit] The First Estate comprised the entire clergy, traditionally divided into "higher" and "lower" clergy. Although there was no formal demarcation between the two categories, the upper clergy were, effectively, clerical nobility, from the families of the Second Estate. In the time of Louis XVI, every bishop in France was a nobleman, a situation that had not existed before the 18th century.[4] At the other extreme, the "lower clergy" (about equally divided between parish priests and monks and nuns) constituted about 90 percent of the First Estate, which in 1789 numbered around 130,000 (about 0.5% of the population). Second Estate[edit] The Second Estate (Fr. deuxieme état) was the French nobility and (technically, though not in common use) royalty, other than the monarch himself, who stood outside of the system of estates. The Second Estate is traditionally divided into "noblesse d'épée" ("nobility of the sword"), and "noblesse de robe" ("nobility of the robe"), the magisterial class that administered royal justice and civil government. The Second Estate constituted approximately 1.5% of France's population.[citation needed] Under the ancien régime ("old rule/old government"), the Second Estate were exempt from the corvée royale (forced labour on the roads) and from most other forms of taxation such as the gabelle (salt tax) and most important, the taille (the oldest form of direct taxation). This exemption from paying taxes led to their reluctance to reform. Third Estate[edit] Coat of arms of pre-revolutionary Kingdom of France Kingdom of France Structure Estates of the realm Parlements French nobility Taille Gabelle Seigneurial system v t e The Third Estate comprised all of those who were not members of the above and can be divided into two groups, urban and rural, together making up 97% of France's population.[citation needed] The urban included the bourgeoisie, as well as wage-labourers. The rural included free peasants (who owned their own land) who could be prosperous and villeins (serfs, or peasants working on a noble's land). The free peasants paid disproportionately high taxes compared to the other Estates and were unhappy because they wanted more rights. In addition, the First and Second Estates relied on the labour of the Third, which made the latter's unequal status all the more glaring. There were an estimated 27 million people in the Third Estate when the French Revolution started. Men and women shared the hard life of physical labour and food shortages. Most were born within this group and died as a part of it, too. It was extremely rare for people of this ascribed status to make it out into another estate. Those who did so managed as a result of either being recognized for their extraordinary bravery in a battle or entering religious life.[5] A few commoners were able to catch the eye of the second estate, marry, and join them, although this was quite rare.[5] Notice how the fourth is different and transcendent. Most people do not refer to the fourth estate. But it is not completely different like the fifth would be. The fourth is different, yet encompasses the previous three and points to the fifth.

The Fourth Estate (or fourth power) is a societal or political force or institution whose influence is not consistently or officially recognized. "Fourth Estate" most commonly refers to the news media, especially print journalism or "the press". Thomas Carlyle attributed the origin of the term to Edmund Burke, who used it in a parliamentary debate in 1787 on the opening up of press reporting of the House of Commons of Great Britain.[1] Earlier writers have applied the term to lawyers, to the British queens consort (acting as a free agent, independent of the king), and to the proletariat. The term makes implicit reference to the earlier division of the three Estates of the Realm. First Estate[edit] The First Estate comprised the entire clergy, traditionally divided into "higher" and "lower" clergy. Although there was no formal demarcation between the two categories, the upper clergy were, effectively, clerical nobility, from the families of the Second Estate. In the time of Louis XVI, every bishop in France was a nobleman, a situation that had not existed before the 18th century.[4] At the other extreme, the "lower clergy" (about equally divided between parish priests and monks and nuns) constituted about 90 percent of the First Estate, which in 1789 numbered around 130,000 (about 0.5% of the population). Second Estate[edit] The Second Estate (Fr. deuxieme état) was the French nobility and (technically, though not in common use) royalty, other than the monarch himself, who stood outside of the system of estates. The Second Estate is traditionally divided into "noblesse d'épée" ("nobility of the sword"), and "noblesse de robe" ("nobility of the robe"), the magisterial class that administered royal justice and civil government. The Second Estate constituted approximately 1.5% of France's population.[citation needed] Under the ancien régime ("old rule/old government"), the Second Estate were exempt from the corvée royale (forced labour on the roads) and from most other forms of taxation such as the gabelle (salt tax) and most important, the taille (the oldest form of direct taxation). This exemption from paying taxes led to their reluctance to reform. Third Estate[edit] Coat of arms of pre-revolutionary Kingdom of France Kingdom of France Structure Estates of the realm Parlements French nobility Taille Gabelle Seigneurial system v t e The Third Estate comprised all of those who were not members of the above and can be divided into two groups, urban and rural, together making up 97% of France's population.[citation needed] The urban included the bourgeoisie, as well as wage-labourers. The rural included free peasants (who owned their own land) who could be prosperous and villeins (serfs, or peasants working on a noble's land). The free peasants paid disproportionately high taxes compared to the other Estates and were unhappy because they wanted more rights. In addition, the First and Second Estates relied on the labour of the Third, which made the latter's unequal status all the more glaring. There were an estimated 27 million people in the Third Estate when the French Revolution started. Men and women shared the hard life of physical labour and food shortages. Most were born within this group and died as a part of it, too. It was extremely rare for people of this ascribed status to make it out into another estate. Those who did so managed as a result of either being recognized for their extraordinary bravery in a battle or entering religious life.[5] A few commoners were able to catch the eye of the second estate, marry, and join them, although this was quite rare.[5] Notice how the fourth is different and transcendent. Most people do not refer to the fourth estate. But it is not completely different like the fifth would be. The fourth is different, yet encompasses the previous three and points to the fifth.

Game theory is used by biologists and psychologists to explain the behavior of organisms. The fundamental game of game theory is the prisoners dillema. The movie, the beautiful mind, is about the man who came up with this theory, and how he came up with it. This man, they say, suffered from schitzophrenia. His name is Nash. Richard Dawkins studied game theory and discovered that nice guys do not finish last but actually finish first. There is a common concept that the bad guy gets the girls. But evolutionary biologists think that nice guys actually are more likely to survive and spread their genes. Nash equilibriums and the prisoners dillema are essentially the quadrant mdoel. The prisoners dillema is

Square 1: both players cooperate -1,1

Square 2:player 1 cooperates player 2 defects 0, -10

Square 3: player 1 defects player 2 cooperates -10, 0

Square 4: both players defect -5, -5

Game theory studies decision making, and what decisions yeild the best results. Like I said, Dawkins thinks that based off of game theory nice guys should finish first, and evidence in the real world indicates this, some argue.

According to biologists there are four types of DNA. DNA recall, is the blueprint for creating organisms. DNA tells proteins what to do, and proteins build organisms. DNA is passed from parents to offspring. Different types of DNA are passed by Moms and Dads. The types of DNA are

square 1: Y Chromosomal DNA

square 2: X Chromosomal DNA. Notice how the first two are the duality

square 3: Autosomal DNA

square 4: Mitochondrial DNA

We talked a little bit about psychology. Psychology is the fourth square field of science. The possible fifth square field of science is sociology. Scholars say that through reductionism, all fields fo science can be narrowed down to physics, chemistry, biology, and psychology, but sociology is a possible fifth. Let's talk a little bit about sociology. Anthropology is apart of sociology. Anthropology is the study of humans. Anthropologists say that there are four levels of society. Again, anthropologists say that these are distinct levels. Anthropologists say that there are sort of phase shifts from one level to the next, and societies throughout the world undergo transformations along these lines.. The four kinds of society are

Square 1: Bands

Square 2: Tribes

Square 3 Chiefdoms

Square 4 States.

You learn about this in every introductory class of anthropology.

Bands- bands consist of a small kin group, no larger than an extended family or clan. The first square is conserative and related to the family. Bands are egalitarian and ideal. It is interesting that idealists tend to like he notion of egalitarianism and sharing. Recall they are sensitive. That is the nature of the first square.

Tribes- These societies are based largely on kinship, especially corporate descent groups. The second square is the most related to family. Tribes are not completely egalitarian, but they are not extremely hierarchical.. There are usually two classes, the chiefs and the commoners.

Chiefdom- Chiefdoms are led by chiefs. Chiefdoms occur when multiple tribes get together. In chiefdoms there is more inequality, probably partly due to the fact that there is more genetic diversity. Chiefdoms are also way more violent. The second square is always very violent. In the Bible King David, anthropologists say, is a chief. Anthropologists point out that in the stories of cultures about mythic heroes, the chiefs are often related to gods, or depicted as somewhat not related to the people. It is interesting that these chiefs often, as well, kill many of the people in their chiefdoms. Anthropologists say that there is a link between them being depicted as sort of not related to their people, and them killing their own people. King David is depicted as possibly not related to Israel completely. Rabbis say that he is depicted as possibly being the offspring of his Mom, an Israelite, possibly a philistine. It is interesting that David is depicted as killing many people, even Israelites. A single lineage/ family elite usually rules a chiefdom. Chiefdoms are very violent, and most anthropologists describe this being due to the fact that there is a lot more genetic diversity. There is also a lot of hierarchy and division. These societies are divided among kings, nobles, freemen, and serfs. The artisan is more violent. The artisan is a dreamer, and dreamers want to have a lot. The consequence of this is stratification.

State- A state is when Chiefdoms get together. States are complex. They have complex social hierarchies and organization, and they have institutional governments. This is like the rational. States have elements of all of the previous types of society, but they transcend them. That is the nature of the fourth.

According to Robert E. Quinn and Kim S. Cameron at the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, there are four types of organizational culture: Clan, Adhocracy, Market, and Hierarchy. Clan oriented cultures are family-like, with a focus on mentoring, nurturing, and “doing things together.” Adhocracy oriented cultures are dynamic and entrepreneurial, with a focus on risk-taking, innovation, and “doing things first.” Market oriented cultures are results oriented, with a focus on competition, achievement, and “getting the job done.” Hierarchy oriented cultures are structured and controlled, with a focus on efficiency, stability and “doing things right.”

Durkheims four types of suicide is very famous and is taught in every introductory sociology class. They are

square 1: egoistic suicide. This comes from a sense of not belongign. This suicide is associated wih the idealists. Idealists recall want to understand themselves, or in other words, gain self awareness. Idealists are very into the concept of awareness. Becaus they are abstract, they are often seen as weird and do not belong, although they want to belong. Idealists wish that they were guardians. Durkheim says that these people have no tethers and are often not married,with nothing to bind them to others. Idealists are sometimes associated with wanting to be spiritual monks and going off by themselves for deeper spiritual awareness. Recall that the connotation of sensing and perceiving is tha there is no tethers. When you sense something you do not have a very solid grasp of it; you merely sense it. Idealists are into the notion that things cannot be put in words, and that things cannot be fully understood. As a result, they are brilliant in their ideas, but hey do not have a firm logical structure. The second square is belief, and belief ties down awareness, as I described

square 2: Altruistic suicide. Is when you are overwhelmed by a groups beliefs. This is the guardian. Guardians are very concerned with the group and maintaining the proper beliefs. This can be overwhelming. This suicide is when societies expectations are so strong for the individual that he commits suicide because it is too much for him. This can be linked with the guardian personality, who holds societal norms and beliefs, and expectations in very high regard.

square 3: Anomic suicide. This suicide occurs when a person is morally confused and lacks social direction. This suicide is related to the artisan personality. Artisans are individuals. They are thinkers, emoters, doers, and dreamers. They have breaken out of social concerns and preoccupation with morality. But this can cause them to be confused and things can become too wild for them. Durkheim says that anomic suicide often occurs during times of dramatic social and economic upheaval. Durkehim describes that in states of moral disorder, this suicide occurs. It can be argued that artisans are more often morally disordered.

square 4: Fatalistic suicide. This suicide occurs when a person is too regulated, and when his passions are blocked by too much discipline. This sucide is associated witht he rational. Recall that rationals want to know and are passionate. Rationals emerce themselves in things. If too much discipline prevents a rational from doing this then he may commit suicide. Durkheim says that this occurs in societies that are too oppressive. Durkheim says that this is rare, but people commiting suicide in prison is an example of this. Durkheim syas tht a prison may be too regulated, and the person may prefer to die than be kept from his passions.

Durkheim noticed that catholics were less likely to commit suicide than protestants. Durkheim thoguth that social relationships were essential for happiness. Durkheim noticed that catholics have more rituals that provided social structure. Catholics more encourage people to attend masses, and have rituals that give people purpose and increase group solidarity. Protestantism teaches that people should find God on their own and that group structure is not as important. Durkheim thought that the lack of social cohesion among protestans lead to protestants committing suicide more often. Durkheim noticed that Jews committed the least suicide. Durkheim noted that Judaism has the most rituals and the most social solidarity behind it. It is observed today that Europeans commit far more suicide than Mexicans and African Americans. It is thought that the reason behind this is because Mexicans and African Americans are encouraged more to have group solidarity, whereas group solidarity among Europeans is often seen as racist, and disapproved by society. It is hypothesized that the higher rates of suicide among Europeans is due to a lack of social and group cohesion and solidarity, which is essential for happiness. Sociologists studied early Christianity and they think that the reason why Christianity grew exponentially in the Roman empire was because it offered social cohesion and also firm structure for peoples lives. Early Christianity was very similar to Judaism. Early Christians participated in rituals and had group solidarity and rules for living that were about equal to Jews. Sociologists think that this increased the happiness of early Christians. Rome was a multicultural state in which there was a lot of pagan religions, but there was no a lot of social cohesion. Christians met a lot and would help each other when they were in need. If a Christian was sick, then other Christians would help ake care of him. Sociologists think that this improved he ability of Christians to survive. Evolutionary biologists would say that Christianity improved their fitness and their prospects for reproduction, making early Christians happier, and thus causing Christianity to spread exponentially. Sociologists note that the same exponential growth rate that characterized the early Christian Church can be seen in Mormonism today. Mormons consider themselves Christian, but Mormonism has more group cohesion associated with it. Mormons are kind of forced to attend services, and social solidarity and ritual which improves and pronounces social relastionships are emphasized. Mormons also have more kids. As a result, sociologists point out, people who are mormons are more happy, and Mormonism is increasing exponentially. Islam is also a religion tht is growing at high rates, and Islam similarly involves a lot of ritual that promotes social cohesion. Members of these religions that encourage social relationships are less likely to commit suicide because they are happier.