Quadrant Model of Reality: Quadrant Model of Reality Book 42

Science Chapter

QMRFour essential elements[53][54][55] of the scientific method[56] are iterations,[57][58] recursions,[59] interleavings, or orderings of the following:

Characterizations (observations,[60] definitions, and measurements of the subject of inquiry)

Hypotheses[61][62] (theoretical, hypothetical explanations of observations and measurements of the subject)[63]

Predictions (reasoning including deductive reasoning[64] from the hypothesis or theory)

Experiments[65] (tests of all of the above)

QMRThe Agricultural Research Service (ARS) is the principal in-house research agency of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). ARS is one of four agencies in USDA's Research, Education and Economics mission area. ARS is charged with extending the nation's scientific knowledge and solving agricultural problems through its four national program areas: nutrition, food safety and quality; animal production and protection; natural resources and sustainable agricultural systems; and crop production and protection. ARS research focuses on solving problems affecting Americans every day.

Physics Chapter

QMrvThe four stable nuclides with odd Z and odd neutron numbers are hydrogen-2, lithium-6, boron-10, and nitrogen-14).

QMRNaturally occurring iron (Fe) consists of four isotopes: 5.845% of 54Fe (possibly radioactive with a half-life over 3.1×1022 years), 91.754% of 56Fe, 2.119% of 57Fe and 0.282% of 58Fe. There are 24 known radioactive isotopes and their half-lives are shown below. See Brookhaven National Laboratory Interactive Table of Nuclides for a more accurate reading.

QMrPDCA (plan–do–check–act or plan–do–check–adjust) is an iterative four-step management method used in business for the control and continuous improvement of processes and products. It is also known as the Deming circle/cycle/wheel, Shewhart cycle, control circle/cycle, or plan–do–study–act (PDSA). Another version of this PDCA cycle is OPDCA. The added "O" stands for observation or as some versions say "Grasp the current condition." This emphasis on observation and current condition has currency with Lean manufacturing/Toyota Production System literature.[1]

QMrA Four-Transistor Improved Mirror[edit]

Figure 4a) Four transistor Wilson current mirror; 4b) Variant that removes peak in high-frequency response.

Adding a fourth transistor to the Wilson current mirror as in Fig. 4a equalizes the collector voltages of Q1 and Q2 by lowering the collector voltage of Q1 by an amount equal to VBE4. This has three effects: first, it removes any mismatch between Q1 and Q2 due to the Early effect in Q1. This is the only first order source of mismatch in the three-transistor Wilson current mirror[8] Second, at high currents the current gain, \scriptstyle \beta , of transistors decreases and the relation of collector current to base-emitter voltage deviates from \scriptstyle i_C ~=~ I_S\exp \left( \frac{v_{BE}}{V_T} \right). The severity of these effects depends on the collector voltage. By forcing a match between the collector voltages of Q1 and Q2, the circuit makes the performance degradation at high current on the input and output branches symmetric. This extends the linear operating range of the circuit substantially. In one reported measurement on a circuit implemented with a transistor array for an application requiring 10 mA output, the addition of the fourth transistor extended the operating current for which the circuit showed less than 1 percent difference between input and output currents by at least a factor of two over the three transistor version.[9]

Finally, equalizing the collector voltages also equalizes the power dissipated in Q1 and Q2 and that tends to reduce mismatch from the effects of temperature on VBE.

QMrEGA produces a display of sixteen simultaneous colors from a palette of sixty-four, at a resolution of up to 640×350 pixels. The EGA card includes a 16 kB ROM to extend the system BIOS for additional graphics functions, and includes a custom CRT controller that has a backward compatibility mode with the Motorola MC6845 chip used to generate video timing signals in earlier graphics controllers.[6]

In the 640x350 high resolution mode, each of the sixteen colors can be selected from a palette comprising all possible combinations of two bits per pixel each for red, green and blue, allowing four levels of intensity for each primary color and sixty-four possible colors overall. EGA also includes full sixteen-color versions of the CGA 640×200 and 320×200 graphics modes; only the sixteen CGA/RGBI colors are available in these modes[citation needed]. EGA four-bit (sixteen colors) graphic modes are also notable for a sophisticated use of bit planes and mask registers[7] together with CPU bitwise operations,[8] which constitutes an early graphics accelerator inherited by VGA and numerous compatible hardware.

EGA is dual-sync; it scans at 21.8 kHz when 350-line modes are used and 15.7 kHz when 200-line modes are used. The original CGA modes are also present, though EGA is not 100% hardware compatible with CGA. EGA can drive an MDA monitor by a special setting of switches on the board; only 640×350 high-resolution monochrome graphics and the standard MDA text mode are available in this mode.

EGA cards use the PC ISA bus and were available starting in both eight- and sixteen-bit versions. The original IBM EGA card had 64 kB of onboard RAM and required a daughter-board to add an additional 64 kB (cards with 64 kB are limited to four colors when 640x350 mode is used). All third-party cards came with 128 kB already installed and some even 256 kB, allowing multiple graphics pages. A few third-party EGA clones (notably the ATI Technologies and Paradise boards) feature a range of extended graphics modes (e.g., 640×400, 640×480 and 720×540), as well as automatic monitor type detection, and sometimes also a special 400-line interlace mode for use on CGA monitors.

16 is the squares of the quadrant model- 64 is four quadrant models

QMRTherefore, a few loose families of more-efficient light transport modelling techniques have emerged:

rasterization, including scanline rendering, geometrically projects objects in the scene to an image plane, without advanced optical effects;

ray casting considers the scene as observed from a specific point of view, calculating the observed image based only on geometry and very basic optical laws of reflection intensity, and perhaps using Monte Carlo techniques to reduce artifacts;

ray tracing is similar to ray casting, but employs more advanced optical simulation, and usually uses Monte Carlo techniques to obtain more realistic results at a speed that is often orders of magnitude slower.

The fourth type of light transport technique, radiosity is not usually implemented as a rendering technique, but instead calculates the passage of light as it leaves the light source and illuminates surfaces. These surfaces are usually rendered to the display using one of the other three techniques.

Most advanced software combines two or more of the techniques to obtain good-enough results at reasonable cost.

Another distinction is between image order algorithms, which iterate over pixels of the image plane, and object order algorithms, which iterate over objects in the scene. Generally object order is more efficient, as there are usually fewer objects in a scene than pixels.

QMRDespite varying bit depths among the CGA graphics modes (see below), CGA processes colors in its palette in four bits, yielding 24 = 16 different colors. The four color bits are arranged according to the RGBI color model: the lower three bits represent red, green, and blue color components; a fourth "intensifier" bit, when set, increases the brightness of all three color components (red, green, and blue).[6] In graphics modes, colors are set per-pixel; in text modes, colors are set per-character, with an independent foreground and background color for each character.

Chemistry Chapter

QMrSulfur (S) has 25 known isotopes with mass numbers ranging from 26 to 49, four of which are stable: 32S (95.02%), 33S (0.75%), 34S (4.21%), and 36S (0.02%). The preponderance of sulfur-32 is explained by its production from carbon-12 plus successive fusion capture of five helium nuclei, in the so-called alpha process of exploding type II supernovae (see silicon burning).

QMRNaturally occurring zirconium (Zr) is composed of four stable isotopes (of which one may in the future be found radioactive), and one very long-lived radioisotope (96Zr), a primordial nuclide that decays via double beta decay with an observed half-life of 2.0×1019 years;[1] it can also undergo single beta decay, which is not yet observed, but the theoretically predicted value of t1/2 is 2.4×1020 years.[2] The second most stable radioisotope is 93Zr, which has a half-life of 1.53 million years. Twenty-seven other radioisotopes have been observed. All have half-lives less than a day except for 95Zr (64.02 days), 88Zr (63.4 days), and 89Zr (78.41 hours). The primary decay mode is electron capture for isotopes lighter than 92Zr, and the primary mode for heavier isotopes is beta decay.

QMRLead (Pb) has four stable isotopes: 204Pb, 206Pb, 207Pb, 208Pb. Lead-204 is entirely a primordial nuclide and is not a radiogenic nuclide. The three isotopes lead-206, lead-207, and lead-208 represent the ends of three decay chains: the uranium series (or radium series), the actinium series, and the thorium series, respectively. These series represent the decay chain products of long-lived prim...See More

QMRThe show premiered with four co-hosts: Meredith Vieira, Star Jones, Debbie Matenopoulos, and Barbara Walters. Walters and Joy Behar initially took turns as the fourth co-host but Behar soon became a full-time co-host.[20]

Debbie Matenopoulos was fired at the end of 1998, when her contract was not renewed. Following Matenopoulos' departure, Lisa Ling was announced as the new co-host beating out Rachel Campos-Duffy and Lauren Sánchez who competed in an on-air try-out to fill the vacated seat.[21]

Lisa Ling departed in 2002 to host National Geographic Explorer. Former Survivor contestant Elisabeth Hasselbeck replaced Ling in 2003 after Hasselbeck, Rachel Campos-Duffy and Erin Hershey Presley were the finalists in a competition that ended with each of the three getting a week-long on-air tryout.[22]

Meredith Vieira announced on April 6, 2006, that she was leaving the show to become co-host of the long-running NBC News program Today, replacing Katie Couric.[23] Her final show was on June 9, 2006.

In June 2006, Star Jones announced her departure on air, surprising Walters and ABC. Jones said she would remain on the show through July, but the next day Walters announced that Jones would no longer be a part of The View except for previously recorded segments. Walters has publicly commented about feeling "betrayed" by Jones, since Jones unexpectedly made the announcement two days ahead of schedule.[24] In an interview with People, Jones claimed the decision to leave was not hers, and that in April, producers told her that her contract would not be renewed. According to an interview with Associated Press, Walters stated that ABC executives had apparently decided not to renew Jones' contract as early as the previous fall due to diminished approval for the co-host which was showing up in their market research.

QMRThe alkaline earth metal strontium (Sr) has four stable, naturally occurring isotopes: 84Sr (0.56%), 86Sr (9.86%), 87Sr (7.0%) and 88Sr (82.58%). It has a relative atomic mass of 87.62(1).

QMR1,4-Butanediol, colloquially known as BD, is the organic compound with the formula HOCH2CH2CH2CH2OH. This colorless viscous liquid is derived from butane by placement of alcohol groups at each end of the chain. It is one of four stable isomers of butanediol.

QMRNaturally occurring chromium (Cr) is composed of four stable isotopes; 50Cr, 52Cr, 53Cr, and 54Cr with 52Cr being the most abundant (83.789% natural abundance). 50Cr is suspected of decaying by β+β+ to 50Ti with a half-life of (more than) 1.8x1017 years. Twenty-two radioisotopes, all of which are entirely synthetic, have been characterized with the most stable being 51Cr with a half-life of 27.7 days. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 24 hours and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 1 minute, the least stable being 66Cr with a half-life of 10 milliseconds. This element also has 2 meta states, 45Crm, the more stable one, and 59Crm, the least stable isotope or isomer.

A tetraneutron is a hypothesised stable cluster of four neutrons. The existence of this cluster of particles is not supported by current models of nuclear forces.[1] There is some empirical evidence suggesting that this particle does exist, based on an experiment by Francisco-Miguel Marqués and co-workers at the Ganil accelerator in Caen using a novel detection method in observations of the disintegration of beryllium and lithium nuclei.[2] However, subsequent attempts to replicate this observation have failed.

QMROf 35 primordial radionuclides there exist four even–odd nuclides (see table at right), including the fissile 235

QMROnly five stable nuclides contain both an odd number of protons and an odd number of neutrons. The first four "odd–odd" nuclides occur in low mass nuclides, for which changing a proton to a neutron or vice versa would lead to a very lopsided proton–neutron ratio (2

1H, 6

3Li, 10

5B, and 14

7N; spins 1, 1, 3, 1). The only other observationally "stable" odd–odd nuclide is 180m

73Ta (spin 9), the only primordial nuclear isomer, which has not yet been observed to decay despite experimental attempts.[1] Also, four long-lived radioactive odd–odd nuclides (40

19K, 50

23V,138

57La,176

71Lu; spins 4, 6, 5, 7) occur naturally. As in the case of 180m

73Ta decay of high spin nuclides by beta decay (including electron capture), gamma decay, or internal conversion is greatly inhibited if the only decay possible between isobar nuclides (or in the case of 180m

73Ta between nuclear isomers of the same nuclide) involves high multiples of a change in spin of 1 unit, the "preferred" change of spin that is associated with rapid decay. This high-spin inhibition of decay is the cause of the five heavy stable or long-lived odd-proton, odd-neutron nuclides discussed above. For an example of this effect where the spin effect is subtracted, tantalum-180, the odd–odd low-spin (theoretical) decay product of primordial tantalum-180m, itself has a half life of only about 8 hours.

QMrClinical trials involving new drugs are commonly classified into five phases. Each phase of the drug approval process is treated as a separate clinical trial. The drug-development process will normally proceed through all four phases over many years. If the drug successfully passes through phases 0, 1, 2, and 3, it will usually be approved by the national regulatory authority for use in the general population. Before pharmaceutical companies start clinical trials on a drug, they will also have conducted extensive preclinical studies. Each phase has a different purpose and helps scientists answer a different question.

QMRGlatiramer acetate (also known as Copolymer 1, Cop-1, or Copaxone - as marketed by Teva Pharmaceuticals) is an immunomodulator drug currently used to treat multiple sclerosis. It is a random polymer of four amino acids found in myelin basic protein, namely glutamic acid, lysine, alanine, and tyrosine, and may work as a decoy for the immune system. Glatiramer acetate is approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for reducing the frequency of relapses, but not for reducing the progression of disability. Observational studies, but not randomized controlled trials, suggest that it may reduce progression of disability.

QMRIn most vertebrates, digestion is a four-stage process involving the main structures of the digestive tract, starting with ingestion, placing food into the mouth, and concluding with the excretion of undigested material through the anus. From the mouth, the food moves to the stomach, where as bolus it is broken down chemically. It then moves to the intestine, where the process of breaking the food down into simple molecules continues and the results are absorbed as nutrients into the circulatory and lymphatic system.

QMRTasting stages[edit]

Ready tasting room of port wine in a wine cellar of a producer

The results of the four recognized stages to wine tasting:

appearance

"in glass" the aroma of the wine

"in mouth" sensations

"finish" (aftertaste)[2]

QMRAn environmental hazard is a substance, state or event which has the potential to threaten the surrounding natural environment and / or adversely affect people's health. This term incorporates topics like pollution and natural disasters such as storms and earthquakes.

Human-made hazards while not immediately health-threatening may turn out detrimental to man's well-being eventually, because deterioration in the environment can produce secondary, unwanted negative effects on the human ecosphere. The effects of water pollution may not be immediately visible because of a sewage system that helps drain off toxic substances. If those substances turn out to be persistent (e.g. persistent organic pollutant), however, they will literally be fed back to their producers via the food chain: plankton -> edible fish -> humans. In that respect, a considerable number of environmental hazards listed below are man-made (anthropogenic) hazards.

Hazards can be categorized in four types:

Chemical

Physical (mechanical, etc.)

Biological

Psychosocial

QMRThe CAGE questionnaire, the name of which is an acronym of its four questions, is a widely used screening test for problem drinking and potential alcohol problems (alcoholism).

Two "yes" responses indicate that the possibility of alcoholism should be investigated further.

The questionnaire asks the following questions:

Have you ever felt you needed to Cut down on your drinking?

Have people Annoyed you by criticizing your drinking?

Have you ever felt Guilty about drinking?

Have you ever felt you needed a drink first thing in the morning (Eye-opener) to steady your nerves or to get rid of a hangover?[1][2]

The CAGE questionnaire, among other methods, has been extensively validated for use in identifying alcoholism.[3] CAGE is considered a validated screening technique, with one study determining that CAGE test scores ≥2 had a specificity of 76% and a sensitivity of 93% for the identification of excessive drinking and a specificity of 77% and a sensitivity of 91% for the identification of alcoholism.[4]

By far the most important question in the CAGE questionnaire is the use of a drink as an Eye Opener, so much so that some clinicians use a "yes" to this question alone as a positive to the questionnaire; this is because the use of an alcoholic drink as an Eye Opener connotes dependence since the patient is going through possible withdrawal in the morning, hence the need for a drink as an Eye Opener.

It is not valid for diagnosis of other substance use disorders, although somewhat modified versions of the CAGE questionnaire are frequently implemented for such a purpose.

QMRAn excess of acid is called acidosis or acidaemia and an excess in bases is called alkalosis or alkalemia. The process that causes the imbalance is classified based on the etiology of the disturbance (respiratory or metabolic) and the direction of change in pH (acidosis or alkalosis). This yields the following four basic processes:

process pH carbon dioxide compensation

metabolic acidosis down down respiratory

respiratory acidosis down up renal

metabolic alkalosis up up respiratory

respiratory alkalosis up down renal

QMRObodchuk, Andreyi (2011). The Four Knights Game. New in Chess. ISBN 978-90-5691-372-4.

QMRThere have been several candidate markers for cancer; most notably genes coding for elafin, antileukoproteinase 1 (previously called secretory leucocyte proteinase inhibitor, SLPI), WAP four disulphide core domain protein 1 (previously called prostate stromal protein 20 kDa, PS20), and WAP four disulphide core domain protein 2 (previously called major human epididymis-specific protein E4, HE4). These genes can be useful biomarkers for detecting tumours.[2]

Furthermore, transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) is affected, leading to angiogenesis, cell proliferation, invasion and apoptosis.[2]

Biochemistry of WAP motifs[edit]

Whey Acidic Protein contains two to three four-disulfide core domain, also termed WAP domain or WAP motif. Each disulfide bond of the WAP motif is made up of two cysteine molecule. This motif is also found in other proteins of different functions, which led to the suggestion that WAP is associated with antiprotease or antibacterial properties. The following schematic representation shows the position of the conserved cysteines that form the 'four-disulfide core' WAP domain

QMRIgneous rocks, which form lava flows when erupted, can be classified into three chemical types; felsic, intermediate, and mafic (four if one includes the super-heated ultramafic). These classes are primarily chemical; however, the chemistry of lava also tends to correlate with the magma temperature, its viscosity and its mode of eruption.

QMRIn general, air pressure and density decrease with altitude in the atmosphere. However, temperature has a more complicated profile with altitude, and may remain relatively constant or even increase with altitude in some regions (see the temperature section, below). Because the general pattern of the temperature/altitude profile is constant and measurable by means of instrumented balloon soundings, the temperature behavior provides a useful metric to distinguish atmospheric layers. In this way, Earth's atmosphere can be divided (called atmospheric stratification) into five main layers. Excluding the exosphere, Earth has four primary layers, which are the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere.

QMRAlexander Luria's earlier work on neuropsychological processes led to the PASS theory (1997). It argued that only looking at one general factor was inadequate for researchers and clinicians who worked with learning disabilities, attention disorders, intellectual disability, and interventions for such disabilities. The PASS model covers four kinds of processes (planning process, attention/arousal process, simultaneous processing, and successive processing). The planning processes involve decision making, problem solving, and performing activities and requires goal setting and self-monitoring. The attention/arousal process involves selectively attending to a particular stimulus, ignoring distractions, and maintaining vigilance. Simultaneous processing involves the integration of stimuli into a group and requires the observation of relationships. Successive processing involves the integration of stimuli into serial order. The planning and attention/arousal components comes from structures located in the frontal lobe, and the simultaneous and successive processes come from structures located in the posterior region of the cortex.[30][31][32] It has influenced some recent IQ tests, and been seen as a complement to the Cattell-Horn-Carroll theory described above.[20]

Biology Chapter

QMRThere are four stages of shock. As it is a complex and continuous condition there is no sudden transition from one stage to the next.[12] At a cellular level, shock is the process of oxygen demand becoming greater than oxygen supply.[2]

Initial[edit]

During this stage, the state of hypoperfusion causes hypoxia. Due to the lack of oxygen, the cells perform lactic acid fermentation. Since oxygen, the terminal electron acceptor in the electron transport chain, is not abundant, this slows down entry of pyruvate into the Krebs cycle, resulting in its accumulation. Accumulating pyruvate is converted to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase and hence lactate accumulates (causing lactic acidosis).

Compensatory[edit]

This stage is characterised by the body employing physiological mechanisms, including neural, hormonal and bio-chemical mechanisms in an attempt to reverse the condition. As a result of the acidosis, the person will begin to hyperventilate in order to rid the body of carbon dioxide (CO2). CO2 indirectly acts to acidify the blood and by removing it the body is attempting to raise the pH of the blood. The baroreceptors in the arteries detect the resulting hypotension, and cause the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine. Norepinephrine causes predominately vasoconstriction with a mild increase in heart rate, whereas epinephrine predominately causes an increase in heart rate with a small effect on the vascular tone; the combined effect results in an increase in blood pressure. The renin–angiotensin axis is activated, and arginine vasopressin (Anti-diuretic hormone; ADH) is released to conserve fluid via the kidneys. These hormones cause the vasoconstriction of the kidneys, gastrointestinal tract, and other organs to divert blood to the heart, lungs and brain. The lack of blood to the renal system causes the characteristic low urine production. However the effects of the renin–angiotensin axis take time and are of little importance to the immediate homeostatic mediation of shock.[citation needed]

Progressive[edit]

Should the cause of the crisis not be successfully treated, the shock will proceed to the progressive stage and the compensatory mechanisms begin to fail. Due to the decreased perfusion of the cells, sodium ions build up within while potassium ions leak out. As anaerobic metabolism continues, increasing the body's metabolic acidosis, the arteriolar smooth muscle and precapillary sphincters relax such that blood remains in the capillaries.[10] Due to this, the hydrostatic pressure will increase and, combined with histamine release, this will lead to leakage of fluid and protein into the surrounding tissues. As this fluid is lost, the blood concentration and viscosity increase, causing sludging of the micro-circulation. The prolonged vasoconstriction will also cause the vital organs to be compromised due to reduced perfusion.[10] If the bowel becomes sufficiently ischemic, bacteria may enter the blood stream, resulting in the increased complication of endotoxic shock.[4][10]

Refractory[edit]

At this stage, the vital organs have failed and the shock can no longer be reversed. Brain damage and cell death are occurring, and death will occur imminently. One of the primary reasons that shock is irreversible at this point is that much cellular ATP has been degraded into adenosine in the absence of oxygen as an electron receptor in the mitochondrial matrix. Adenosine easily perfuses out of cellular membranes into extracellular fluid, furthering capillary vasodilation, and then is transformed into uric acid. Because cells can only produce adenosine at a rate of about 2% of the cell's total need per hour, even restoring oxygen is futile at this point because there is no adenosine to phosphorylate into ATP.[4]

QMRThere are four primary vital signs: body temperature, blood pressure, pulse (heart rate), and breathing rate (respiratory rate), often notated as BT, BP, HR, and RR

MQRThe Big four are the four largest international professional services networks, offering audit, assurance, tax, consulting, advisory, actuarial, corporate finance, and legal services. They handle the vast majority of audits for publicly traded companies as well as many private companies. It is reported that the Big Four audit 99% of the companies in the FTSE 100, and 96% of the companies in the FTSE 250 Index, an index of the leading mid-cap listing companies.[1] The Big Four firms are shown below, with their latest publicly available data.

QMRClinical trials involving new drugs are commonly classified into four phases. Clinical trials of drugs may not fit into a single phase. For example, some may blend from phase I to phase II or from phase II to phase III. Therefore, it may be easier to think of early phase studies and late phase studies.[1] The drug-development process will normally proceed through all four phases over many years. If the drug successfully passes through Phases I, II, and III, it will usually be approved by the national regulatory authority for use in the general population. Phase IV are 'post-approval' studies.

QMrClinical trials involving new drugs are commonly classified into four phases. Each phase of the drug approval process is treated as a separate clinical trial. The drug-development process will normally proceed through all four phases over many years. If the drug successfully passes through Phases I, II, and III, it will usually be approved by the national regulatory authority for use in the general population. Phase IV are 'post-approval' studies.

QMRFour unknown parameters[edit]

Solutions for parameter estimates vs. (sample) excess Kurtosis and (sample) squared Skewness Beta distribution

All four parameters (\hat{\alpha}, \hat{\beta}, \hat{a}, \hat{c} of a beta distribution supported in the [a, c] interval -see section "Alternative parametrizations, Four parameters"-) can be estimated, using the method of moments developed by Karl Pearson, by equating sample and population values of the first four central moments (mean, variance, skewness and excess kurtosis).[7][17][40] The excess kurtosis was expressed in terms of the square of the skewness, and the sample size ν = α + β, (see previous section "Kurtosis") as follows:

QMRWhen acquaintances miraculously survive a plane crash unscathed, they conclude that since they are "living on borrowed time" they should band together for hazardous adventures. The four — pilot Kyle "Ace" Morgan, daredevil Matthew "Red" Ryan, strong and slow-witted Leslie "Rocky" Davis, and scientist Walter Mark "Prof" Haley — became the Challengers of the Unknown.

QMrBased on core disaccharide structures, GAGs are classified into four groups.[5] Heparin/heparan sulfate (HSGAGs) and chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate (CSGAGs) are synthesized in the Golgi apparatus, where protein cores made in the rough endoplasmic reticulum are posttranslationally modified with O-linked glycosylations by glycosyltransferases forming proteoglycans. Keratan sulfate may modify core proteins through N-linked glycosylation or O-linked glycosylation of the proteoglycan. The fourth class of GAG, hyaluronic acid, is not synthesized by the Golgi, but rather by integral membrane synthases which immediately secrete the dynamically elongated disaccharide chain.

QMrThe adaptive cycle, originally conceptualised by Holling (1986) interprets the dynamics of complex ecosystems in response to disturbance and change. In terms of its dynamics, the adaptive cycle has been described as moving slowly from exploitation (r) to conservation (K), maintaining and developing very rapidly from K to release (W), continuing rapidly to reorganisation (a) and back to exploitation (r).[4] Depending on the particular configuration of the system, it can then begin a new adaptive cycle or alternatively it may transform into a new configuration, shown as an exit arrow. The adaptive cycle is one of the five heuristics used to understand socio-ecological system behaviour.[35] The other four heuristics are: resilience, panarchy, transformability, and adaptability, are of considerable conceptual appeal, and it is claimed to be generally applicable to ecological and social systems as well as to coupled socio-ecological systems.[4]

The two main dimension that determine changes in an adaptive cycle are connectedness and potential.[4] The connectedness dimension is the visual depiction of a cycle and stands for the ability to internally control its own destiny.[36] It “reflects the strength of internal connections that mediate and regulate the influences between inside processes and the outside world” [4] (p. 50). The potential dimension is represented by the vertical axis, and stands for the “inherent potential of a system that is available for change” [36](p. 393). Social or cultural potential can be characterised by the “accumulated networks of relationships-friendship, mutual respect, and trust among people and between people and institutions of governance” [4](p. 49). According to the adaptive cycle heuristic, the levels of both dimensions differ during the course of the cycle along the four phases. The adaptive cycle thus predicts that the four phases of the cycle can be distinguished based on distinct combinations of high or low potential and connectedness.

QMrIndustrial fermentation is the intentional use of fermentation by microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi to make products useful to humans. Fermented products have applications as food as well as in general industry. Some commodity chemicals, such as acetic acid, citric acid, and ethanol are made by fermentation.[1] The rate of fermentation depends on the concentration of microorganisms, cells, cellular components, and enzymes as well as temperature, pH[2] and for aerobic fermentation[3] oxygen. Product recovery frequently involves the concentration of the dilute solution. Nearly all commercially produced enzymes, such as lipase, invertase and rennet, are made by fermentation with genetically modified microbes. In some cases, production of biomass itself is the objective, as in the case of baker's yeast and lactic acid bacteria starter cultures for cheesemaking. In general, fermentations can be divided into four types:[4]

Production of biomass (viable cellular material)

Production of extracellular metabolites (chemical compounds)

Production of intracellular components (enzymes and other proteins)

Transformation of substrate (in which the transformed substrate is itself the product)

QMRBoth humans and dogs are characterized by complex social lives with rich communication systems, but it is also possible that dogs, perhaps because of their reliance on humans for food, have evolved specialized skills for recognizing and interpreting human social-communicative signals. Four basic hypotheses have been put forward to account for the findings.

Dogs, by way of their interactions with humans, learn to be responsive to human social cues through basic conditioning processes.[2]

By undergoing domestication, dogs not only reduced their fear of humans but also applied all-purpose problem-solving skills to their interactions with people. This largely innate gift for reading human social gestures was inadvertently selected for via domestication.[3][4]

Dogs' co-evolution with humans equipped them with the cognitive machinery to not only respond to human social cues but to understand our mental states; a so-called theory of mind.[5][6]

Dogs are adaptively predisposed to learn about human communicative gestures. In essence they come with a built-in "head start" to learn the significance of people's gestures, in much the same way that white-crowned sparrows acquire their species-typical song [7] and ducklings imprint on their own kind.[8]

QMR Edwards A, Hammond HA, Jin L, Caskey CT, Chakraborty R (February 1992). "Genetic variation at five trimeric and tetrameric tandem repeat loci in four human population groups". Genomics 12 (2): 241–53. doi:10.1016/0888-7543(92)90371-X. PMID 1740333.

^ Jump up to: a b

QMRMajor carcinogens implicated in the four most common cancers worldwide[edit]

In this section, the carcinogens implicated as the main causative agents of the four most common cancers worldwide are briefly described. These four cancers are lung, breast, colon, and stomach cancers. Together they account for about 41% of worldwide cancer incidence and 42% of cancer deaths (for more detailed information on the carcinogens implicated in these and other cancers, see references[32][33]).

QMRCardiac arrhythmia, also known as cardiac dysrhythmia or irregular heartbeat, is a group of conditions in which the heartbeat is irregular, too fast, or too slow. A heartbeat that is too fast - above 100 beats per minute in adults - is called tachycardia and a heartbeat that is too slow - below 60 beats per minute - is called bradycardia.[1] Many types of arrhythmia have no symptoms. When symptoms are present these may include palpitations or feeling a pause between heartbeats. More seriously there may be lightheadedness, passing out, shortness of breath, or chest pain.[2] While most types of arrhythmia are not serious, some predispose a person to complications such as stroke or heart failure.[1][3] Others may result in cardiac arrest.[3]

There are four main types of arrhythmia: extra beats, supraventricular tachycardias, ventricular arrhythmias, and bradyarrhythmias. Extra beats include premature atrial contractions and premature ventricular contractions. Supraventricular tachycardias include atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, and paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. Ventricular arrhythmias include ventricular fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia.[3][4] Arrhythmias are due to problems with the electrical conduction system of the heart.[1] Arrhythmias may occur in children; however, the normal range for the heart rate is different and depends on age.[3] A number of tests can help with diagnosis including an electrocardiogram (ECG) and holter monitor.[5]

QMRForest succession is the process by which species recover and regenerate after a disturbance. The type of disturbance, the climate and weather conditions, the presence of colonizing species, and the interactions among species all influence the path that succession will take. Species diversity and composition fluctuate throughout succession. The classic model of succession is known as relay floristics and refers to a relay of dominant species. After a stand-replacing disturbance, shade-intolerant species colonize and grow into a dominant canopy, but due to their shade-intolerance they are unable to regenerate under their own canopy; the understory (composed of shade-tolerant species) gradually replaces the canopy, and due to its shade-tolerance it can regenerate under its own canopy and therefore becomes the dominant species.[5] Often succession is not so complete or directed as the relay floristics model describes. Species can be mid-tolerant of shade and survive by taking advantage of small amounts of light coming through the canopy, and further disturbances can create small gaps. These and other factors can lead to a mixture of dominant species and a not so obvious “end” to succession (climax community).[6]

Many successional trajectories follow a basic four-stage development pattern. The first of these stages, stand initiation, occurs after a major disturbance and involves many species arriving in the area of abundant light and nutrients. The second stage, stem exclusion, describes the growth and competition of these species as resources become less available; likely one or a few species outcompetes and becomes stand-dominating. The third stage, understory reinitiation, involves further disturbance and the creation of gaps; at this point stratification develops, with layers of canopy, midstory, and understory appearing. The final stage, known as old-growth, is the extension and completion of the understory reinititation; a complex multi-aged and multi-layered forest has developed.[7]

QMRDeath due to disease is called death by natural causes. There are four main types of disease: pathogenic disease, deficiency disease, hereditary disease, and physiological disease. Diseases can also be classified as communicable and non-communicable. The deadliest disease in humans is ischemic heart disease (blood flow obstruction), followed by cerebrovascular disease and lower respiratory infections respectively.[2]

QMRThe 2012 Pune bombings was a series of four coordinated[4] low-intensity bombing attacks that occurred on 1 August 2012 across Pune,[5][6] the ninth-largest metropolis in India.[7] As of October 2012, Indian Mujahideen, a terrorist group based in India, is suspected to be behind the attacks.[1][2]

QMROn 14 January 2016, multiple explosions and gunfire were reported near the Sarinah shopping mall in central Jakarta, Indonesia, at the intersection of Jalan Kyai Haji Wahid Hasyim and Jalan MH Thamrin.[1] One blast went off in a Starbucks cafe and one went off at a police post outside the mall.[1] The attack occurred near a United Nations (UN) information center, as well as luxury hotels and foreign embassies, including France's.[2] The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) confirmed that a Dutch UN official was seriously injured in the attacks.[3] It was reported an armed stand-off took place on the fourth level of the Menara Cakrawala (Skyline Building) on Jalan MH Thamrin.[4] At least eight people—four attackers and four civilians (three Indonesians and an Algerian-Canadian)—were killed, and 23 others were injured due to the attack. The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) claimed responsibility.[3]

QRMMany hundreds of people were arrested and detained in Indian courts. In 2006, 100 of the 129 finally accused were found to be guilty and were convicted by Justice PD Kode of the specially designated TADA court.[32] Many of the 100 are still missing including the main conspirators and masterminds of the attacks – Tiger Memon and Dawood Ibrahim. On 12 September 2006, the special TADA court hearing the case convicted four members of the Memon family for their involvement in the 1993 Mumbai bombings.[33]

Three other members of the Memon family were acquitted by the special TADA court with the judge giving them the benefit of the doubt.[33] The four members of the Memon family are being held after being found guilty on charges of conspiring and abetting acts of terror.[34] All four of them face jail terms from five years in prison to life imprisonment, that will be determined based on the severity of their crime.[33] A day later, the TADA court announced that it would start pronouncing the verdict of the thirty-one people charged with transporting and planting bombs.

QMRThe Japanese government did not react. Emperor Hirohito, the government, and the war council considered four conditions for surrender: the preservation of the kokutai (Imperial institution and national polity), assumption by the Imperial Headquarters of responsibility for disarmament and demobilization, no occupation of the Japanese Home Islands, Korea, or Formosa, and delegation of the punishment of war criminals to the Japanese government.[163]

QRMThe Russian apartment bombings were a series of explosions that hit four apartment blocks in the Russian cities of Buynaksk, Moscow and Volgodonsk in September 1999, killing 293 and injuring more than 1000 people and spreading a wave of fear across the country. The bombings, together with the Dagestan War, led the country into the Second Chechen War.

QMRThe Porte de Vincennes siege occurred at a Hypercacher kosher superette in Porte de Vincennes (20th arrondissement of Paris) in the wake of the Charlie Hebdo shooting two days earlier, and concurrently with the Dammartin-en-Goële hostage crisis in which the two Charlie Hebdo gunmen were cornered.

Amedy Coulibaly had pledged allegiance to the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, and was a close friend of Saïd Kouachi and Chérif Kouachi (whom he had met in jail in 2005), the gunmen in the Charlie Hebdo attack. Armed with a submachine gun, an assault rifle, and two Tokarev pistols, he entered and attacked the people in the kosher food superette. Coulibaly murdered four Jewish hostages, and held fifteen other hostages during a siege in which he demanded that the Kouachi brothers not be harmed. The police ended the siege by storming the store and killing Coulibaly. New reports suspects that Antoine Denive, a 27-year-old from Sainte Catherine in France, supplied the arms to the shooters.[4]

QMRThe International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) provided a classification of the epilepsies and epileptic syndromes in 1989 as follows:[65]

Localization-related epilepsies and syndromes

Unknown cause (e.g. benign childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes)

Symptomatic/cryptogenic (e.g. temporal lobe epilepsy)

Generalized

Unknown cause (e.g. childhood absence epilepsy)

Cryptogenic or symptomatic (e.g. Lennox-Gastaut syndrome)

Symptomatic (e.g. early infantile epileptic encephalopathy with suppression burst)

Epilepsies and syndromes undetermined whether partial or generalized

With both generalized and partial seizures (e.g. epilepsy with continuous spike-waves during slow wave sleep)

Special syndromes (with situation-related seizures)[65]

This classification was widely accepted but has also been criticized mainly because the underlying causes of epilepsy (which are a major determinant of clinical course and prognosis) were not covered in detail.[66] In 2010 the ILAE Commission for Classification of the Epilepsies addressed this issue and divided epilepsies into three categories (genetic, structural/metabolic, unknown cause)[67] that were refined in their 2011 recommendation into four categories and a number of subcategories reflecting recent technologic and scientific advances.[68]

Unknown cause (mostly genetic or presumed genetic origin)

Pure epilepsies due to single gene disorders

Pure epilepsies with complex inheritance

Symptomatic (associated with gross anatomic or pathologic abnormalities)

Mostly genetic or developmental causation

Childhood epilepsy syndromes

Progressive myoclonic epilepsies

Neurocutaneous syndromes

Other neurologic single gene disorders

Disorders of chromosome function

Developmental anomalies of cerebral structure

Mostly acquired causes

Hippocampal sclerosis

Perinatal and infantile causes

Cerebral trauma, tumor or infection

Cerebrovascular disorders

Cerebral immunologic disorders

Degenerative and other neurologic conditions

Provoked (a specific systemic or environmental factor is the predominant cause of the seizures)

Provoking factors

Reflex epilepsies

Crytogenic (presumed symptomatic nature in which the cause has not been identified)[68]

QMRThere are four main causes of easily reversible dementia: hypothyroidism, vitamin B12 deficiency, Lyme disease, and neurosyphillis. All people with memory difficulty should be checked for hypothyroidism and B12 deficiency. For Lyme disease and neurosyphilis, testing should be done if there are risk factors for those diseases in the person.[4]:31-32

QMRFilter membranes are divided into four classes according to pore size:

Pore size Molecular mass Process Filtration Removal of

> 10 "Classic" filter

> 0.1 µm > 5000 kDa microfiltration < 2 bar larger bacteria, yeast, particles

100-2 nm 5-5000 kDa ultrafiltration 1-10 bar bacteria, macromolecules, proteins, larger viruses

2-1 nm 0.1-5 kDa nanofiltration 3-20 bar viruses, 2- valent ions[5]

< 1 nm < 100 Da reverse osmosis 10-80 bar salts, small organic molecules

QMRRepresentative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) are four greenhouse gas concentration (not emissions) trajectories adopted by the IPCC for its fifth Assessment Report (AR5) in 2014.[1] It supersedes Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) projections published in 2000.

The pathways are used for climate modeling and research. They describe four possible climate futures, all of which are considered possible depending on how much greenhouse gases are emitted in the years to come. The four RCPs, RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6, and RCP8.5, are named after a possible range of radiative forcing values in the year 2100 relative to pre-industrial values (+2.6, +4.5, +6.0, and +8.5 W/m2, respectively).[2]

QMRThe word "complexion" is derived from the Late Latin complexi, which initially referred in general terms to a combination of things, and later in physiological terms, to the balance of humors.

The four humours were four fluids that were thought to permeate the body and influence its health. The concept was developed by ancient Greek thinkers around 400 BC and developed further by Galen.[1] People were thought to be either of the four temperaments: choleric, melancholic, phlegmatic, or sanguine.

During the Middle Ages in Europe, the Latin term complexio served as the translated form of the Greek word crasis, meaning temperament.[1] The term “temperament” referred to the balance of the qualities of hot, wet, cold, and dry; each human body carried a different mixture of the elements.[1] Thus, the Scythians, who lived in a cold climate, were considered “colder and moister” in complexion; the Ethiopians were considered hotter and dryer.[1] Complexion was defined as “that quality which results from the mutual interaction and interpassion of the four contrary primary qualities residing within the elements. These elements are so minutely intermingled as each to lie in very intimate relationship to one another. Their opposite powers alternately conquer and become conquered until a quality is reached which is uniform throughout the whole: this is the complexion.”[2]

As Matthew Simon writes, “Since it served as a fundamental concept, not only in physiology but also in pathology and therapy, complexion theory provided important support for the idea that medicine constituted a unified and rational body of knowledge.”[1] By observation and judgment, medieval physicians determined the proper complexion of the individual when healthy.[3] The body was healthy when all was in balance, but diagnosis was difficult, as there was no absolute measure of the right complexion, since this varied for individuals.[3] Balance was thought to be restored by various remedies, which included bloodletting, scarifying, purging, and eating certain foods.[4]

Complexion was thought to be an indicator of one's character. The Spanish work known as Corbacho, written by Alfonso Martínez de Toledo (c. 1398—c. 1470), includes a chapter called "De las complexiones." In it he describes the personalities of men of varying complexions: "There are others who are melancholic: these men correspond to the Earth, which is the fourth element, which is cold and dry. These men are very angry, without a sense of tact or moderation... They have no sense of temperance in anything they do, and only bang their head against the wall. They're very iniquitous, petulant, miserable...”[5]

Complexion, in its original sense, engaged the attention of philosophers and musical theorists from ancient times right through to the Renaissance and beyond, in relation to the most favourable balancing of the 'qualities' or elements in order to heal and invigorate the soul: from Pythagoras and the musical theorist Aristoxenus, through Plato's dialogue Phaedo, Aristotle, Saint Augustine in his thesis on music, and Aquinas; and in the Florentine Renaissance, Marsilio Ficino in his work on the immortality of the soul, the Theologia Platonica.

Thus there are many references which filter through into Shakespeare's plays and sonnets derived from this body of thought; particularly in the description of important characters, and to the power of music above all to 'charm the savage breast', adjust the elements, and restore the equilibrium and balance, the 'harmony' of the soul: his characters call for music and are spellbound or restored by it, and in elevated mood, may hear it in the air, or sense its immortal harmonies everywhere.

Many surnames arose out of the existence of a complexion whose particularities may have differed from that of the village or town's population, and thus attracted enough notice to warrant a nickname. The Irish surname Rogan (from Ruadhán) referred to a person with red hair, or a ruddy complexion. The Scottish surname Bain (from bàn) referred to a fair-haired person, while Dunn (from donn) implies brown/dark hair, and Duff (from dubh) implies black hair. The English surname Brown, an extremely common surname in the English-speaking world, was originally applied to anyone with a slightly darker complexion, in the same manner that the surname White was applied to anyone with a particularly light complexion. The surname Gough is derived from the Welsh goch or coch, meaning "red" or "ruddy." King William II of England was called William Rufus ("the Red") because of his ruddy complexion. Ludovico il Moro ("the Moor") was called as such because of his swarthy complexion.

Puntarvolo: What complexion, or what stature bears he?

Gentleman: Of your stature, and very near upon your complexion.

Puntarvolo: Mine is melancholy.

Carlo Buffone: So is the dog's, just.

— Ben Jonson, Every Man in His Humour, [6]

Complexion and biology[edit]

A person's complexion is a biological trait. The protein molecule known as melanin causes variation in tone. Melanocytes insert granules of melanin called melanosomes into the other skin cells of the human epidermis. The melanosomes in each recipient cell accumulate atop the cellular nucleus, where they protect the nuclear DNA from mutations caused by the sun's ionizing radiation. The human body tends to protect itself against harmful surroundings. The epidermis of the body, very sensitive and delicate, reacts almost immediately to most outside effects. People whose ancestors lived for long periods in the regions of the globe near the Equator generally have more active melanocytes, and therefore larger quantities of melanin in their skins. This makes their skins very dark and protects them against high levels of exposure to the sun (it also depends on the country). In areas of the globe closer to the poles, people have far less need for protection from ionizing radiation, so their skin is usually lighter.

QMRSennenhund, called Swiss mountain dogs or Swiss cattle dogs in English, are a type of dog originating in the Swiss Alps. The Sennenhund are farm dogs of the general molosser type. There are four breeds of Sennenhund, all sporting a unique tricolor coat. While the two larger ones share a heavy build and a calm temperament, the two smaller ones are more agile. The breeds range from medium in size to very large. The name Sennenhund refers to people called Senn or Senner, Swiss alpine herdsmen and dairymen, and does not translate as "mountain" or "cattle".

QMRIn 2003, Jason Venetoulis, Carl Mas, Christopher Gaudet, Dahlia Chazan, and John Talberth developed Footprint 2., which offers a series of theoretical and methodological improvements to the standard footprint approach. The four primary improvements were that they included the entire surface of the Earth in biocapacity estimates, allocated space for other (i.e., non-human) species, updated the basis of equivalence factors from agricultural land to net primary productivity (NPP), and refined the carbon component of the footprint based on the latest global carbon models.[18][19]

QMRAn ecological fallacy (or ecological inference fallacy)[1] is a logical fallacy in the interpretation of statistical data where inferences about the nature of individuals are deduced from inference for the group to which those individuals belong. Ecological fallacy sometimes refers to the fallacy of division which is not a statistical issue. The four common statistical ecological fallacies are: confusion between ecological correlations and individual correlations, confusion between group average and total average, Simpson's paradox, and confusion between higher average and higher likelihood.

QMR Miller, Stephen (October 1, 2012). "Early Voice for Environment Warned About Radiation, Pollution". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved October 2, 2012. In his 1971 best seller The Closing Circle, Mr. Commoner posited four laws of ecology: that everything is connected, that everything must go somewhere, 'Nature knows best,' and 'There is no such thing as a free lunch.'

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i

QMRFour laws of ecology[edit]

One of Commoner's lasting legacies is his four laws of ecology, as written in The Closing Circle in 1971.[10] The four laws are:[11]

Everything is connected to everything else. There is one ecosphere for all living organisms and what affects one, affects all.

Everything must go somewhere. There is no "waste" in nature and there is no "away" to which things can be thrown.

Nature knows best. Humankind has fashioned technology to improve upon nature, but such change in a natural system is, says Commoner, "likely to be detrimental to that system"

There is no such thing as a free lunch. Exploitation of nature will inevitably involve the conversion of resources from useful to useless forms.

QMRThe older term, autecology (from Greek: αὐτο, auto, "self"; οίκος, oikos, "household"; and λόγος, logos, "knowledge"), refers to roughly the same field of study as population ecology. It derives from the division of ecology into autecology—the study of individual species in relation to the environment—and synecology—the study of groups of organisms in relation to the environment—or community ecology. Odum (1959, p. 8) considered that synecology should be divided into population ecology, community ecology, and ecosystem ecology, defining autecology as essentially "species ecology."[1] However, for some time biologists have recognized that the more significant level of organization of a species is a population, because at this level the species gene pool is most coherent. In fact, Odum regarded "autecology" as no longer a "present tendency" in ecology (i.e., an archaic term), although included "species ecology"—studies emphasizing life history and behavior as adaptations to the environment of individual organisms or species—as one of four subdivisions of ecology.

QMRSimplified population models usually start with four key variables (four demographic processes) including death, birth, immigration, and emigration. Mathematical models used to calculate changes in population demographics and evolution hold the assumption (or null hypothesis) of no external influence. Models can be more mathematically complex where "...several competing hypotheses are simultaneously confronted with the data."[4] For example, in a closed system where immigration and emigration does not take place, the rate of change in the number of individuals in a population can be described as:

QMR Deiter Steiner's 2003 Human Ecology: Fragments of Anti-fragmentary view of the world is an important expose of recent trends in human ecology. Part literature review, the book is divided into four sections: "human ecology", "the implicit and the explicit", "structuration", and "the regional dimension".[95] Much of the work stresses the need for transciplinarity, antidualism, and wholeness of perspective.

QMRAlong with more general energy conservation and material conservation goals, and redefining commodity markets and product stewardship relations strictly as a service economy, industrial ecology is one of the four objectives of Natural Capitalism. This strategy discourages forms of amoral purchasing arising from ignorance of what goes on at a distance and implies a political economy that values natural capital highly and relies on more instructional capital to design and maintain each unique industrial ecology.

QMRA primary law of population ecology is the Malthusian growth model[49] which states, "a population will grow (or decline) exponentially as long as the environment experienced by all individuals in the population remains constant."[49]:18 Simplified population models usually start with four variables: death, birth, immigration, and emigration.

MQRThere are four main causes of infections of the central nervous system (CNS): bacterial, viral, fungal and protozoal.

QMRThe four main mechanisms by which microorganisms exhibit resistance to antimicrobials are:

Drug inactivation or modification: for example, enzymatic deactivation of penicillin G in some penicillin-resistant bacteria through the production of β-lactamases. Most commonly, the protective enzymes produced by the bacterial cell will add an acetyl or phosphate group to a specific site on the antibiotic, which will reduce its ability to bind to the bacterial ribosomes and disrupt protein synthesis.[124][unreliable source?]

Alteration of target site: for example, alteration of PBP—the binding target site of penicillins—in MRSA and other penicillin-resistant bacteria. Another protective mechanism found among bacterial species is ribosomal protection proteins. These proteins protect the bacterial cell from antibiotics that target the cell's ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The mechanism involves the binding of the ribosomal protection proteins to the ribosomes of the bacterial cell, which in turn changes its conformational shape. This allows the ribosomes to continue synthesizing proteins essential to the cell while preventing antibiotics from binding to the ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis.

Alteration of metabolic pathway: for example, some sulfonamide-resistant bacteria do not require para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), an important precursor for the synthesis of folic acid and nucleic acids in bacteria inhibited by sulfonamides, instead, like mammalian cells, they turn to using preformed folic acid.

Reduced drug accumulation: by decreasing drug permeability or increasing active efflux (pumping out) of the drugs across the cell surface[125] These specialized pumps can be found within the cellular membrane of certain bacterial species and are used to pump antibiotics out of the cell before they are able to do any damage. These efflux pumps are often activated by a specific substrate associated with an antibiotic.[126]

QMRAs early as in 1932, the saliva of the vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus) was known to lead to interference with the haemostatic mechanism of the host animal.[1] In 1991, the DNA coding of four plasminogen activators present in the saliva of the vampire bat was completed. Of the four, recombinant D. rotundus salivary plasminogen activator alpha 1 (rDSPAα1; desmoteplase) was investigated further.[2]

QMRNumerous kinds of bacteria grow in the mouth. “They are competing for food and places to grow” and the many hard surfaces in the mouth provide an ideal place for bacteria and biofilms to grow and reproduce.[8] Unlike most other places in or on the body, the mouth does not desquamate (shed).[12] A tooth’s distinct surface and stagnant nature makes it optimal for populations and growth of micro-organisms and bacteria, resulting in dental plaque. To grow and flourish in the mouth, biofilms go through four main stages of growth.[12] First, bacteria must be deposited from saliva onto a surface where it can attach. Then the bacteria, or micro-organisms, grow and replicate. Since bacteria can grow exponentially in short periods of time, it can quickly and easily create biofilms. Third, the biofilm matures and accumulates more mass on the surface. Bacteria can continue to divide and grow by binary fission until nutrients begin to run out or their growth is inhibited.[12] When this happens there is the final stage, the dispersal or detachment, causing the death of the bacteria.[13] Some oral bacteria, Streptococcus gordonii for example, cannot last for long periods without nutrients, while other types of bacteria can survive for weeks.[13] While in their prime, biofilms can cause major damage to a person’s teeth and gums. Though damaging, biofilms can be partly removed by brushing and flossing and “some of it comes off with rinsing or eating.”[8] We never really lose all of it because it is constantly being replenished by our own saliva. Bacteria can then reattach and start to grow and the cycle continues. Bacteria and its growth are two of the principal components of oral ecology.

QMRThere are four main species within streptococci: the mutans, salivarius, anginosus, and mitis groups. Streptococcus mutans make up a large majority of what affects our mouths.[7] As a matter of fact, it is “the biggest culprit in tooth decay” as it promotes the production of acids and enzymes.[8] The acids cause the collapse of enamel opening the door for the formation of decay. The enzymes “leach down the tooth and begin to dissolve the ligaments and bone that help to hold the teeth in your mouth.”[9] By turning simple sugars and carbohydrates into acids and enzymes that dissolve tooth enamel, this bacteria can leave a person with lasting dental problems.[10] According to Dr. Robert Gandola, a dentist, “A number of bacteria can cause decay [and many] are suspected in periodontal (gum) disease.”[8]

QMRAn ionospheric model is a mathematical description of the ionosphere as a function of location, altitude, day of year, phase of the sunspot cycle and geomagnetic activity. Geophysically, the state of the ionospheric plasma may be described by four parameters: electron density, electron and ion temperature and, since several species of ions are present, ionic composition. Radio propagation depends uniquely on electron density.

Models are usually expressed as computer programs. The model may be based on basic physics of the interactions of the ions and electrons with the neutral atmosphere and sunlight, or it may be a statistical description based on a large number of observations or a combination of physics and observations. One of the most widely used models is the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI),[6] which is based on data and specifies the four parameters just mentioned. The IRI is an international project sponsored by the Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) and the International Union of Radio Science (URSI).[7] The major data sources are the worldwide network of ionosondes, the powerful incoherent scatter radars (Jicamarca, Arecibo, Millstone Hill, Malvern, St. Santin), the ISIS and Alouette topside sounders, and in situ instruments on several satellites and rockets. IRI is updated yearly. IRI is more accurate in describing the variation of the electron density from bottom of the ionosphere to the altitude of maximum density than in describing the total electron content (TEC) .Since 1999 this model is "International Standard" for the terrestrial ionosphere (standard TS16457).

Psychology Chapter

QMRPsychologist and Philosopher William James described four characteristics of mystical experience in The Varieties of Religious Experience. According to James, such an experience is:

Transient — the experience is temporary; the individual soon returns to a "normal" frame of mind. It is outside our normal perception of space and time.

Ineffable — the experience cannot be adequately put into words.

Noetic — the individual feels that he or she has learned something valuable from the experience. Gives us knowledge that is normally hidden from human understanding.

Passive — the experience happens to the individual, largely without conscious control. Although there are activities, such as meditation (see below), that can make religious experience more likely, it is not something that can be turned on and off at will.

QMREmbrace Innovations is an India-based social enterprise, that develops disruptive healthcare technologies focused on reducing infant and maternal deaths in emerging markets. It is part of a “hybrid” organisational structure that includes Embrace, a 501(c)(3) non-profit, and Embrace Innovations, a for-profit social enterprise.[1]

QMRImmunopathology is a branch of clinical pathology that deals with an organism’s immune response to a certain disease. When a foreign antigen enters the body, there is either an antigen specific or nonspecific response to it. These responses are the immune system fighting off the foreign antigens, whether they are deadly or not. Immunopathology could refer to how the foreign antigens cause the immune system to have a response or problems that can arise from an organism’s own immune response on itself. There are certain problems or faults in the immune system that can lead to more serious illness or disease. These diseases can come from a one of the following problems. The first would be Hypersensitivity reactions, where there would be a stronger immune response than normal. There are four different types (type one, two, three and four), all with varying types and degrees of an immune response. The problems that arise from each type vary from small allergic reactions to more serious illnesses such as tuberculosis or arthritis. The second kind of complication in the immune system is Autoimmunity, where the immune system would attack itself rather than the antigen. Inflammation is a prime example of autoimmunity, as the immune cells used are self-reactive. A few examples of autoimmune diseases are Type 1 diabetes, Addison’s disease and Celiac disease. The third and final type of complication with the immune system is Immunodeficiency, where the immune system lacks the ability to fight off a certain disease. The immune system’s ability to combat it is either hindered or completely absent. The two types are Primary Immunodeficiency, where the immune system is either missing a key component or does not function properly, and Secondary Immunodeficiency, where disease is obtained from an outside source, like radiation or heat, and therefore cannot function properly. Diseases that can cause immunodeficiency include HIV, AIDS and leukemia.[16][17]

QMRThe four Ds[edit]

A description of the four Ds when defining abnormality:

Deviance: this term describes the idea that specific thoughts, behaviours and emotions are considered deviant when they are unacceptable or not common in society. Clinicians must, however, remember that minority groups are not always deemed deviant just because they may not have anything in common with other groups. Therefore, we define an individual's actions as deviant or abnormal when their behaviour is deemed unacceptable by the culture they belong to.

Distress: this term accounts for negative feelings by the individual with the disorder. They may feel deeply troubled and affected by their illness.

Dysfunction: this term involves maladaptive behaviour that impairs the individual's ability to perform normal daily functions, such as getting ready for work in the morning, or driving a car. Such maladaptive behaviours prevent the individual from living a normal, healthy lifestyle. However, dysfunctional behaviour is not always caused by a disorder; it may be voluntary, such as engaging in a hunger strike.

Danger: this term involves dangerous or violent behaviour directed at the individual, or others in the environment. An example of dangerous behaviour that may suggest a psychological disorder is engaging in suicidal activity.

QMRMarston was a psychologist and a writer; he also contributed to the first polygraph test, authored self-help books and created the Wonder Woman comic. His major contribution to psychology came when he generated the DISC characteristics of emotions and behavior of normal people. Marston, after conducting research on human emotions, published his findings in his 1928 book called Emotions of Normal People in which he explained that people illustrate their emotions using four behavior types: Dominance (D), Inducement (I) , Submission (S), and Compliance (C). Also, he argued that these behavioral types came from people’s sense of self and their interaction with the environment.[1] He included two dimensions that influenced people’s emotional behavior. The first dimension is whether a person views his environment as favorable or unfavorable. The second dimension is whether a person perceives himself as having control or lack of control over his environment. His work was the foundation of the DISC assessment that has been used by more than 50 million people since it was first introduced in 1972. Although William Moulton Marston contributed to the creation of the DISC Assessment, he did not create it or even intend to use DISC as an assessment. In 1956, Walter Clarke, an industrial psychologist, was able to construct the DISC assessment using William Moulton Marston’s theory of the DISC model. He accomplished this by publishing the Activity Vector Analysis, a checklist of adjectives on which he asked people to indicate descriptions that were accurate about themselves. This assessment was intended for use in businesses needing assistance in choosing qualified employees. About 10 years later, Walter Clarke Associates developed a new version of this instrument for John Cleaver. It was called Self Description. Instead of using a checklist, this test forced respondents to make a choice between two or more terms. Factor analysis of this assessment added to the support of a DiSC-based instrument. Self Description was used by John Geier, Ph.D., to create the original Personal Profile System® (PPS) in the 1970s. Through hundreds of clinical interviews, he furthered the understanding of the 15 basic patterns discovered by Clarke. Since then, a number of publishers have updated and/or generated more advanced versions of the DISC assessment, the most advanced achieving up to 160 different behavioral patterns.

QMRDISC is a behavior assessment tool based on the DISC theory of psychologist William Moulton Marston, which centers on four different behavioral traits, which today are called: dominance, influence, steadiness, and compliance. This theory was then developed into a behavioral assessment tool by industrial psychologist Walter Vernon Clarke. There are many different versions of the questionnaire and assessment. Some date back to the 1940s while others are more recent.

QMRThe purpose of conducting a functional assessment is to identify the function of the target behavior. There are four main classes of functions of problem behavior.[4]

Social positive reinforcement[edit]

Social positive reinforcement is when another person delivers a positive reinforcement after the problem behavior occurs. This is include the giving of attention, fun activities or goods and services provided by the person. An example of social positive reinforcement would be Max's mother (social) dropping what she is doing and provide attention (positive reinforcement) to her son when he engages in head banging on the wall (problem behavior).[3]

Social negative reinforcement[edit]

Social negative reinforcement is when another person delivers a negative reinforcement after the problem behavior occurs. The person may terminate an aversive stimuli (interaction, task or activity) and the behavior is more likely to be maintained. An example of social negative reinforcement would be Max complains (problem behavior) to his parents (social) when he is asked to do chores, as a result, his parents allows him to escape the task (negative reinforcement).[3]

Automatic positive reinforcement[edit]

Automatic positive reinforcement is when a positive reinforcement occurs automatically and is not mediated by another person. The behavior is strengthened by an automatic reinforcing consequence. An example of automatic positive reinforcement would be an autistic child waving his hands in front of his face (problem behavior) because the sensory stimulation (automatic positive reinforcement) produced is reinforcing for the child.[3]

Automatic negative reinforcement[edit]

Automatic negative reinforcement is when a negative reinforcement occurs automatically reducing or eliminating an aversive stimulus as a reinforcing consequence of the behavior. A popular example of automatic negative reinforcement would be binge eating. Binge eating (problem behavior) had been found to temporarily reduce any unpleasant emotions the person may be experiencing before the binge (automatic negative reinforcement).[3]

QMRContextual inquiry defines four principles to guide the interaction:

Context—Interviews are conducted in the user’s actual workplace. The researcher watches users do their own work tasks and discusses any artifacts they generate or use with them. In addition, the researcher gathers detailed re-tellings of specific past events when they are relevant to the project focus.

Partnership—User and researcher collaborate to understand the user’s work. The interview alternates between observing the user as they work and discussing what the user did and why.

Interpretation—The researcher shares their interpretations and insights with the user during the interview. The user may expand or correct the researcher’s understanding.

Focus—The researcher steers the interaction towards topics which are relevant to the team’s scope.

QMRLevels[edit]

There are many different explanations for inquiry teaching and learning and the various levels of inquiry that can exist within those contexts. The article titled The Many Levels of Inquiry by Heather Banchi and Randy Bell (2008)[15] clearly outlines four levels of inquiry.

Level 1: Confirmation Inquiry

The teacher has taught a particular science theme or topic. The teacher then develops questions and a procedure that guides students through an activity where the results are already known. This method is great to reinforce concepts taught and to introduce students into learning to follow procedures, collect and record data correctly and to confirm and deepen understandings.

Level 2: Structured Inquiry

The teacher provides the initial question and an outline of the procedure. Students are to formulate explanations of their findings through evaluating and analyzing the data that they collect.

Level 3: Guided Inquiry

The teacher provides only the research question for the students. The students are responsible for designing and following their own procedures to test that question and then communicate their results and findings.

Level 4: Open/True Inquiry

Students formulate their own research question(s), design and follow through with a developed procedure, and communicate their findings and results. This type of inquiry is often seen in science fair contexts where students drive their own investigative questions.

Banchi and Bell (2008) explain that teachers should begin their inquiry instruction at the lower levels and work their way to open inquiry in order to effectively develop students’ inquiry skills. Open inquiry activities are only successful if students are motivated by intrinsic interests and if they are equipped with the skills to conduct their own research study.[16]

QMRIn the 1960s Joseph Schwab called for inquiry to be divided into four distinct levels.[11] This was later formalized by Marshall Herron in 1971, who developed the Herron Scale to evaluate the amount of inquiry within a particular lab exercise.[12] Since then, there have been a number of revisions proposed and inquiry can take various forms. There is a spectrum of inquiry-based teaching methods available.[13]

QMRAlthough psychologists and educators were aware of several facets of validity before World War II, their methods for establishing validity were commonly restricted to correlations of test scores with some known criterion.[7] Under the direction of Lee Cronbach, the 1954 Technical Recommendations for Psychological Tests and Diagnostic Techniques[6] attempted to clarify and broaden the scope of validity by dividing it into four parts: (a) concurrent validity, (b) predictive validity, (c) content validity, and (d) construct validity. Cronbach and Meehl’s subsequent publication[8] grouped predictive and concurrent validity into a "criterion-orientation", which eventually became criterion validity.

Sociology Chapter

QMRCrane was controversial in his support of the four Chicago anarchists executed in 1887 in connection with the Haymarket affair. Visiting the United States for the first time in connection with an exhibition of his work in 1891, Crane scandalized polite society by appearing at a Boston anarchist meeting and expressing the opinion that the Haymarket defendants had been put to death wrongfully.[5]Returning to his hotel, Crane found a letter stating that he faced "hopeless ruin" among American patrons of the arts owing to his support of those who were commonly considered to be terrorist conspirators in public opinion of the day.[5] Financial support was withdrawn and planned dinners in Crane's honor were cancelled.[5] In response to the controversy, Crane wrote a letter to the press explaining that he had not meant to cause insult and did not himself favor the use of explosives, but had merely been expressing his principled opinion that those convicted were innocent of the crime for which they were charged.[5] The incident was memorialized in the press as "probably the most dramatic episode" in the artist's career.[5]

QMRCertain Anglo-Saxon burials appeared to have ritualistic elements to them, implying that a pagan religious rite was performed over them during the funeral. while there are many multiple burials, where more than one corpse was found in a single grave, that date from the Anglo-Saxon period, there is "a small group of such burials where an interpretation involving ritual practices may be possible". For instance, at Welbeck Hill in Lincolnshire, the corpse of a decapitated woman was placed in reverse on top of the body of an old man, while in a number of other similar examples, female bodies were again placed above those of men. This has led some archaeologists to suspect a form of suttee, where the female was the spouse of the male, and was killed to accompany him upon death. Other theories hold that the females were slaves who were viewed as the property of the men, and who were again killed to accompany their master.[30] Similarly, four Anglo-Saxon burials have been excavated where it appears that the individual was buried while still alive, which could imply that this was a part of either a religious rite or as a form of punishment.[31]

QMRThe Middle Anglo-Saxon period is a term applied to the years between circa 600 and 800 CE.[67] The burial practices of this period have been described as being less well understood than those of either the Early or Late Anglo-Saxon period.[67] The first individual to recognise a cemetery as having dated from this period was the late 18th century antiquarian James Douglas; in examining the gravegoods found in Kentish barrow cemeteries, he noted the presence of Christian motifs on certain artefacts, thereby concluding that this cemetery contained the burials of those Anglo-Saxons who had converted to Christianity but who lived before the emergence of widespread churchyard burial.[68] Further Middle Anglo-Saxon cemeteries were identified by the archaeologist Thomas Charles Lethbridge in Cambridgeshire during the 1920s and 1930s, who noted that they lacked the 'pagan' elements, such as weapon burials, which were associated with earlier cemeteries; he thus assumed that those inhumed at the site were early Anglo-Saxon Christians.[69]

The archaeologist Helen Geake noted that the burials of this period could be analytically divided into four groups: furnished, unfurnished, princely, and deviant.[70] Some cemeteries contain only one form of burial, but others combine different forms; the prominent Middle Anglo-Saxon cemetery at Sutton Hoo in Suffolk for instance contained three types of burial.[70]

QMRThe Arras culture is an archaeological culture of the Middle Iron Age in East Yorkshire, England.[1] It takes its name from the cemetery site of Arras, at Arras Farm, (53.86°N 0.59°W) near Market Weighton, which was discovered in the 19th century.[2] The site spans three fields, bisected by the main east-west road between Market Weighton and Beverley, and is arable farmland; little to no remains are visible above ground. The extent of the Arras culture is loosely associated with the Parisi tribe of pre-Roman Britain.

The site was first investigated by a group of local gentry in 1815–1817,[3] including William Watson, the Rev E. W. Stillingfleet, and Barnard Clarkson.[4] The investigations were detailed, encompassing the excavation of over one hundred barrows in fields north and south of the A1097. Many of the excavation details have been lost, but detailed recording was undertaken of four barrows with the richest grave goods. They were named the King's Barrow, the Queen's Barrow, the Lady's Barrow and the Charioteer's Barrow by the excavators.[5] Further work in 1850 by John Thurnam of the Yorkshire Antiquarian Club led to further investigations of these barrows; Thurnam published a report of the human remains from his excavation.[6]

Chariot burials[edit]

The site of the Arras cemetery is about 200 metres long and some 100 barrows were identified, four of which contained chariot burials.[7] The name of the site lends itself to a culture, archaeologically based around chariot burials, across North and East Yorkshire. Other sites that are part of the Arras culture are so named because of the prevalence of cart-burials (two wheels) and/or wagon-burials (four wheels) or small finds similar to those from Arras which are otherwise rare or unique in the British Iron Age. Other sites of similar La Tène period burials within the Arras culture, often with chariot burials include: Cawthorn Camps, Pexton Moor, Seamer, Hunmanby, Burton Fleming, Danes Graves, Garton, Wetwang, Middleton on the Wolds, Beverley and Hornsea. The relative scarcity of chariot burials even within the Arras culture leads to suggestions that the individuals inhumed with chariots represent a local elite.[8] High quality metalwork and the use of imported materials (such as coral) in grave goods corroborates this suggestion.

QMRSungir (sometimes erroneously spelled Sunghir) is an Upper Paleolithic archaeological site in Russia and one of the earliest records of modern Homo sapiens in Europe. It is situated about two hundred kilometres east of Moscow, on the outskirts of Vladimir, near the Klyazma River. It is dated by calibrated carbon analysis to between 32,050 and 28,550 BC. Additional pollen finds suggest the relative warme spell of the "Greenland interstadial (GI) 5" [1] between the 305th and 301st centennia BCE as most probable dates.

The settlement area was found to have four burials: the remains of an older man and two adolescent children are particularly well-preserved, and the nature of the rich and extensive burial goods suggests they belonged to the same class. In addition, a skull and two fragments of human femur were also found at the settlement area, and two human skeletons outside the settlement area without cultural remains.[2]

QMRBerkes and colleagues [6] distinguish four sets of elements which can be used to describe socio-ecological system characteristics and linkages:

Ecosystems

Local knowledge

People and technology

Property rights institutions

QMRIn March 1992, an article first published in The Atlantic Monthly by Rutgers political science professor Benjamin Barber entitled "Jihad vs. McWorld", described international commercialization as one of two great clashing forces of the 21st century, the other being tribalistic fundamentalism. According to his writing, there are four imperatives which constitute the McWorld: a market imperative, a resource imperative, an information technology imperative, and an ecological imperative. The four imperatives are transnational, transideological, transcultural and ecological. The contracting idea of McWorld, the Jihad, unlike those four imperatives, stress identity of each community.[1]

QMRIn linguistics, sentence function refers to a speaker's purpose in uttering a specific sentence, phrase, or clause. Whether a listener is present or not is sometimes irrelevant. It answers the question: "Why has this been said?" The four basic sentence functions in the world's languages include the declarative, interrogative, exclamative, and the imperative. These correspond to a statement, question, exclamation, and command respectively. Typically, a sentence goes from one function to the next through a combination of changes in word order, intonation, the addition of certain auxiliaries or particles, or other times by providing a special verbal form. The four main categories can be further specified as being either communicative or informative.

QMRIn 1942, Robert K. Merton introduced "four sets of institutional imperatives taken to comprise the ethos of modern science... universalism, communism, disinterestedness, and organized skepticism."[1] The subsequent portion of his book, The Sociology of Science, elaborated on these principles at "the heart of the Mertonian paradigm—the powerful juxtaposition of the normative structure of science with its institutionally distinctive reward system".[2]

The four Mertonian norms can be summarised as:

universalism: scientific validity is independent of the sociopolitical status/personal attributes of its participants; to honour this principle, the scientific project requires organisations to provide equality of opportunity[3]

“communism”: all scientists should have common ownership of scientific goods (intellectual property), to promote collective collaboration; secrecy is the opposite of this norm.[4]

disinterestedness: scientific institutions act for the benefit of a common scientific enterprise, rather than for the personal gain of individuals within them

organized scepticism: scientific claims should be exposed to critical scrutiny before being accepted: both in methodology and institutional codes of conduct.[5]

Religion Chapter

Excerpt from Quadrant Model of Reality/QMR

I already posted this and put it in my books but just to remind everybody

There are four Vedas: the Rigveda, the Yajurveda, the Samaveda and the Atharvaveda.[12][13] Each Veda has been subclassified into four major text types – the Samhitas (mantras and benedictions), the Aranyakas (text on rituals, ceremonies, sacrifices and symbolic-sacrifices), the Brahmanas (commentaries on rituals, ceremonies and sacrifices), and the Upanishads (text discussing meditation, philosophy and spiritual knowledge).[12][14][15] Some scholars add a fifth category – the Upasanas (worship).[16][17]. But the fifth is always questiaonble. The fourht is always different. There is also a questionable fifth veda.

QMrThe Inca had four types of origin myths. In one, Tici Viracocha of Colina de las Ventanas in Paqariq Tampu sent forth his four sons and four daughters to establish a village. Along the way, Sinchi Roca was born to Manco and Ocllo, and Sinchi Roca is the person who finally led them to the valley of Cuzco where they founded their new village. There Manco became their leader and became known as Manco Cápac.

QMrThe Quechua name was Tawantin Suyu which can be translated The Four Regions or The Four United Regions. Before the Quechua spelling reform it was written in Spanish as Tahuantinsuyo. Tawantin is a group of four things (tawa "four" with the suffix -ntin which names a group); suyu means "region" or "province".

The empire was divided into four suyus, whose corners met at the capital, Cuzco (Qosqo), in modern-day Peru.

QMrIn diplomacy, the term convention does not have its common meaning as an assembly of people. Rather, it is used in diplomacy to mean an international agreement, or treaty. The first three Geneva Conventions were revised, expanded, and replaced, and the fourth one was added, in 1949.

The Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field was adopted in 1864. It was significantly revised and replaced by the 1906 version,[15] the 1929 version, and later the First Geneva Convention of 1949.[16]

The Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea was adopted in 1906.[17] It was significantly revised and replaced by the Second Geneva Convention of 1949.[18]

The Geneva Convention relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War was adopted in 1929.[19] It was significantly revised and replaced by the Third Geneva Convention of 1949.[20]

The Fourth Geneva Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War was adopted in 1949.[21]

With three Geneva Conventions revised and adopted, and the fourth added, in 1949 the whole set is referred to as the "Geneva Conventions of 1949" or simply the "Geneva Conventions". The treaties of 1949 were ratified, in whole or with reservations, by 196 countries.[1]

QMrThe Geneva Conventions comprise four treaties.The singular term Geneva Convention usually denotes the agreements of 1949, negotiated in the aftermath of the Second World War (1939–45), which updated the terms of the first three treaties (1864, 1906, 1929), and added a fourth

QMrThe One Unit (Urdu: ون یونٹ) was a geopolitical program launched by the government of Pakistan led by then-Prime Minister Muhammad Ali Bogra on 22 November 1954. The program was believed to be enacted after the government faced difficulty of administrating the two unequal polities of Pakistan separated from each other by more than a thousand miles.[1] To diminish the differences between the two regions, the program merged the Four Provinces of West Pakistan into a single province as was the case with East Pakistan (now Bangladesh).[2]

Pakistani scholars and researchers maintain that the One Unit program was viewed as a counterbalance against the political and population domination of the ethnic Bengali population of East Pakistan.[2][better source needed] The One Unit program was met with great resistance and grievances from the Four Provinces since its establishment, and it remained in effect until 1970.[1] Finally, President General Yahya Khan imposed Legal Framework Order No. 1970 to end the One Unit program and reinstate the provisional status of the Four Provinces as of August 1947.[1]

QMRPachacuti reorganized the kingdom of Cusco into an empire, the Tahuantinsuyu, a federalist system which consisted of a central government with the Inca at its head and four provincial governments with strong leaders: Chinchasuyu (NW), Antisuyu (NE), Kuntisuyu (SW), and Qullasuyu (SE). Pachacuti is also thought to have built Machu Picchu, either as a family home or as a Camp David-like retreat[citation needed].

QMRSagdid is a funeral ceremony in which a dog is brought into the room where the body is lying so that it can look on it. “Sagdid” means “dog sight” in the Middle Persian language of Zoroastrian theological works. There are various spiritual benefits thought to be obtained by the ceremony. It is believed that the original purpose was to make certain that the person was really dead, since the dog’s more acute senses would be able to detect signs of life that a human might miss. A “four-eyed” dog, that is one with two spots on its forehead, is preferred for sagdid.[34][35]

QMRInitiation is a concept in Theosophy that there are nine levels of spiritual development that beings who live on Earth can progress upward through. Within these levels, there are four basic levels of spiritual development that human beings on Earth progress through as they reincarnate, although evil acts may cause bad karma which may cause one to temporarily regress. It is believed[by whom?] th... See More

QMRAdam Kadmon (abbreviated as A"K) is a pristine spiritual realm in creation, the first of the comprehensive Five Worlds (which fit the quadrant modle). It represents Keter ("crown"), the specific divine will for subsequent creation. From Adam Kadmon emerge the following Four Worlds of Atziluth ("emanation"-Chokhmah divine wisdom), Beriah ("creation"-Binah divine understanding), Yetzirah ("formation"-Tiferet divine emotions) and Assiah ("action"-Malkuth divine kingdom). Due to the transcendence of Adam Kadmon, it is sometimes listed apart from the Four Worlds, each represented by a letter of the Tetragrammaton name of God; Adam Kadmon is represented only by the thorn of the first letter Yodh.

QMRAdam Kadmon is the name of the main character in the Marilyn Manson album Holy Wood (In the Shadow of the Valley of Death). Although the name is never used in any of the songs' lyrics, Adam Kadmon is identified in the CD's booklet. Also, the tracks of the CD are divided into four groups, each group's title is prefaced with a letter from the name "Adam". It is commonly held that Adam is also the central figure of the albums Antichrist Superstar and Mechanical Animals.

QMR Spinellis, Diomidis (May 2008). "A Tale of Four Kernels". ICSE '08: Proceedings of the 30th International Conference on Software Engineering. Leipzig, Germany: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 381–390. doi:10.1145/1368088.1368140. Retrieved 2011-10-19.

Jump up ^

QMRThe bobbinet machine, invented by John Heathcoat in Loughborough, Leicestershire, in 1808,[4] makes a perfect copy of Lille or East Midlands net (fond simple, a six-sided net with four sides twisted, two crossed). The machine uses flat round bobbins in carriages to pass through and round vertical threads.[5]

QMRSometimes Mechlin is grounded with an ornamental réseau, instead of the usual hexagons. In the regular hexagonal réseau, the two sides parallel to the long axis of the lace are plaited three times, and the other four sides crossed.[3] The same threads pass across the whole width, and thus form both the ground and the pattern.[2]

Mechlin net is a machine imitation of the Mechlin lace ground.[1]

QMRThe laava phere (singular laav) are the four hymns of the Anand Karaj (Sikh wedding ceremony) which form the main part of this ceremony. The four hymns are from the Guru Granth Sahib, the Sikh holy scriptures and appear on Ang 773 to 774 of the total of 1430.

Guru Ram Das says on Ang 788 of the Sri Guru Granth Sahib of the meaning of marriage to a Sikh couple: "They are not said to be husband and wife who merely sit together. Rather they alone are called husband and wife, who have one soul in two bodies." The four laava give the Sikh couple spiritual guidance for their life ahead. The Guru tells of the four spiritual stages of married life and how the couple as a team have to first begin by following the path of righteousness and sinless-ness. Secondly to only have fear of the Lord and remove the ego from within the souls; then to remember and sing the Lord's name with the holy congregation. Finally, the couple will find divine peace; come to accept the Will of the Lord and find unending happiness in the Lord.

Buddhism Chapter

QMrFour purities[edit]

In the generation stage of Deity Yoga, the practitioner visualizes the "Four Purities" (Tibetan: yongs su dag pa bzhi; yongs dag bzhi)[web 1] which define the principal Tantric methodology of Deity Yoga that distinguishes it from the rest of Buddhism:[25]

Seeing one's body as the body of the deity

Seeing one's environment as the pure land or mandala of the deity

Perceiving one's enjoyments as bliss of the deity, free from attachment

Performing one's actions only for the benefit of others (bodhichitta motivation, altruism)[web

QMrClassifications of tantra[edit]

The various Tantra-texts can be classified in various ways.

Fourfold division[edit]

The best-known classification is by the Gelug, Sakya, and Kagyu schools, the so-called Sarma or New Translation schools of Tibetan Buddhism. They divide the Tantras into four hierarchical categories:

Kriyayoga, action tantra, which emphasizes ritual;

Charyayoga, performance tantra, which emphasizes meditation;

Yogatantra, yoga tantra;

Anuttarayogatantra, highest yoga tantra, which is further divided into "mother", "father" and "non-dual" tantras.

QMr“Lineage of the (Buddha's) Word”. This is an oral tradition which is very much concerned with the experiential dimension of meditation. Its most famous exponent was Milarepa, an 11th-century mystic. It contains one major and one minor subsect. The first, the Dagpo Kagyu, encompasses those Kagyu schools that trace back to the Indian master Naropa via Marpa Lotsawa, Milarepa and Gampopa[34] and consists of four major sub-sects: the Karma Kagyu, headed by a Karmapa, the Tsalpa Kagyu, the Barom Kagyu, and Pagtru Kagyu. There are a further eight minor sub-sects, all of which trace their root to Pagtru Kagyu and the most notable of which are the Drikung and Drukpa Lineages. The once-obscure Shangpa Kagyu, which was famously represented by the 20th century teacher Kalu Rinpoche, traces its history back to the Indian master Naropa via Niguma, Sukhasiddhi and Khyungpo Naljor.[34]

QMRMettā (Pali) or maitrī (Sanskrit) is benevolence,[1][2] friendliness,[2][3][4][4][5] amity,[3] friendship,[4] good will,[4] kindness,[3][6] close mental union (on same mental wavelength),[4] and active interest in others.[3] It is the first of the four sublime states (Brahmavihāras) and one of the ten pāramīs of the Theravāda school of Buddhism. Mettā is love without the suffering that arises from attachment (known as upādāna).

The cultivation of benevolence (mettā bhāvanā) is a popular form of meditation in Buddhism. In the Theravadin Buddhist tradition, this practice begins with the meditator cultivating benevolence towards one's self,[7] then one's loved ones, friends, teachers, strangers, enemies, and finally towards all sentient beings. In the Tibetan Buddhist tradition, this practice is associated with tonglen (cf.), whereby one breathes out ("sends") happiness and breathes in ("receives") suffering.[8] Tibetan Buddhists also practice contemplation of the Brahmavihāras, also called the four immeasurables, which is sometimes called 'compassion meditation'.[9]

QMRThe Huayan school or Flower Garland is a tradition of Mahayana Buddhist philosophy that flourished in China during the Tang period. It is based on the Sanskrit Flower Garland Sutra (S. Avataṃsaka Sūtra, C. Huayan Jing) and on a lengthy Chinese interpretation of it, the Huayan Lun. The name Flower Garland is meant to suggest the crowning glory of profound understanding. Huayan teaches the Four Dharmadhatu, four ways to view reality:

All dharmas are seen as particular separate events;

All events are an expression of the absolute;

Events and essence interpenetrate;

All events interpenetrate.[80]

QMRAlthough McRae has reservations about the division of Chán-history in phases or periods,[82] he nevertheless distinguishes four phases in the history of Chán:[83]

Proto-Chán (c. 500-600) (Southern and Northern Dynasties (420 to 589) and Sui Dynasty (589–618 CE)). In this phase, Chán developed in multiple locations in northern China. It was based on the practice of dhyana, and is connected to the figures of Bodhidharma and Huike. Its principal text is the Two Entrances and Four Practices, attributed to Bodhidharma.[84]

Early Chán (c. 600-900) (Tang Dynasty (618–907 CE)). In this phase Chán took its first clear contours. Prime figures are the fifth patriarch Daman Hongren (601–674), his dharma-heir Yuquan Shenxiu (606?-706), the sixth patriarch Huineng (638–713), antagonist of the quintessential Platform Sutra, and Shenhui (670-762), whose propaganda elevated Huineng to the status of sixth patriarch. Prime factions are the Northern School, Southern School and Oxhead School.[85]

Middle Chán (c. 750-1000) (from An Lushan Rebellion (755-763) till Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period (907–960/979)). In this phase developed the well-known Chán of the iconoclastic zen-masters. Prime figures are Mazu Daoyi (709–788), Shitou Xiqian (710-790), Linji Yixuan (died 867), and Xuefeng Yicun (822-908). Prime factions are the Hongzhou school and the Hubei faction[note 8] An important text is the Anthology of the Patriarchal Hall (952), which gives a great amount of "encounter-stories", and the well-known genealogy of the Chán-school.[88]

Song Dynasty Chán (c. 950-1300). In this phase Chán took its definitive shape, including the picture of the "golden age" of the Chán of the Tang-Dynasty, and the use of koans for individual study and meditation. Prime figures are Dahui Zonggao (1089–1163), who introduced the Hua Tou practice, and Hongzhi Zhengjue (1091-1157), who emphasized Shikantaza. Prime factions are the Linji school and the Caodong school. The classic koan-collections, such as the Blue Cliff Record were assembled in this period,[89] which reflect the influence of the "literati" on the development of Chán.[90][44] In this phase Chán is transported to Japan, and exerts a great influence on Korean Seon via Jinul.

QMRIn the 15th ("Emerging from the Earth") chapter of the Lotus Sutra, the vast number of bodhisattvas from other realms who had appeared to hear Shakyamuni preach in the "Ceremony in the Air" hoped to receive the Buddha's permission to be the ones to propagate the Dharma in the perilous era to come.[8][note 2] To their great chagrin, Shakyamuni refused their request, deferring this honor to unnamed bodhisattvas who already existed in the empty space underneath the sahā-world [tr: "world of endurance of suffering, any world of transmigration"[11]]. Right after he made this statement the earth shook and a mighty fissure appeared. Dramatically, and in a single instant, bodhisattvas whose numbers are described in the sutra as "immeasurable, boundless, beyond anything that can be known through calculation, simile or parable" arose from tbe earth.[12] All of them are "golden in hue, with the thirty-two features [of the Buddha] and an immeasurable brightness."[13]

These bodhisattvas had four leaders and guiding teachers: Superior Practices (the leader of the four), Boundless Practices, Pure Practices, and Firmly Established Practices.[7][14] The four leaders have been interpreted to represent the four bodhisattva vows as practiced by the Mahayana traditions of China, Japan, and Korea[15] and are said to represent the four characteristics of Nirvana or Buddhahood as taught in the Lotus Sutra: true self, eternity, purity, and joy.[16]

QMRBoundless is a division of the television production company FremantleMedia.[1]

Contents [hide]

1 History

2 Productions

3 Programme Awards

4 References

5 External links

History[edit]

The label was formed on 1 January 2012 when Talkback Thames was split into four different branded divisions.[2]

Boundless for factual shows.[3]

Retort for scripted comedy.[3]

Talkback for comedy entertainment.[3]

Thames for entertainment shows.[3]

QMRThe adaptive cycle, originally conceptualised by Holling (1986) interprets the dynamics of complex ecosystems in response to disturbance and change. In terms of its dynamics, the adaptive cycle has been described as moving slowly from exploitation (r) to conservation (K), maintaining and developing very rapidly from K to release (W), continuing rapidly to reorganisation (a) and back to exploitation (r).[4] Depending on the particular configuration of the system, it can then begin a new adaptive cycle or alternatively it may transform into a new configuration, shown as an exit arrow. The adaptive cycle is one of the five heuristics used to understand socio-ecological system behaviour.[39] The other four heuristics are: resilience, panarchy, transformability, and adaptability, are of considerable conceptual appeal, and it is claimed to be generally applicable to ecological and social systems as well as to coupled socio-ecological systems.[4]

The two main dimension that determine changes in an adaptive cycle are connectedness and potential.[4] The connectedness dimension is the visual depiction of a cycle and stands for the ability to internally control its own destiny.[40] It “reflects the strength of internal connections that mediate and regulate the influences between inside processes and the outside world” [4] (p. 50). The potential dimension is represented by the vertical axis, and stands for the “inherent potential of a system that is available for change” [40](p. 393). Social or cultural potential can be characterised by the “accumulated networks of relationships-friendship, mutual respect, and trust among people and between people and institutions of governance” [4](p. 49). According to the adaptive cycle heuristic, the levels of both dimensions differ during the course of the cycle along the four phases. The adaptive cycle thus predicts that the four phases of the cycle can be distinguished based on distinct combinations of high or low potential and connectedness.

Christianity Chapter

QMRThe last four words of John 1:1 (Greek: θεὸς ἦν ὁ λόγος, literally "God was the Logos", or "God was the Word") have been a particular topic of debate between Jehovah's Witnesses and other Christians. In this construct, the subject (the Logos) and the complement (God) both appear in the nominative case, and the complement is therefore usually distinguished by dropping any article and moving it before the verb.[40][41] Grammatically, the phrase could therefore read either "the Word was God" or "the Word was 'a' god".[40] Different translators decide to add it or to not add it. However, according to a grammatical construction known as Colwell's Rule, the predicate of a predicate nominative should not be considered indefinite unless the context demands it. "God" (Greek: θεὸς, theos) is the predicate in the predicate nominative construction, so it is unlikely that the noun "God" is indefinite (requiring "a god" rather than "God").[42] Early New Testament manuscripts did not distinguish upper and lower case,[40] although many scholars see the movement of "God" to the front of the clause as indicating an emphasis more consistent with "the Word was God".[43][44][45][46] Some translations preserve a sense of ambiguity with "the Word was divine", such as An American Translation[47] and Moffatt, New Translation.[48] Related translations have also been suggested, such as "what God was, the Word also was".[49]

"The Word was God" is by far the most common English translation,[50] although it is translated "the Word was a god" by the Jehovah's Witnesses (in the New World Translation[51] and their edition of the Emphatic Diaglott)[52] and Unitarians (in Thomas Belsham's modification[53] of William Newcome's version).

QMRSaint Quadratus of Athens (Greek: Άγιος Κοδράτος) is said to have been the first of the Christian apologists. He is counted among the Seventy Apostles in the tradition of the Eastern Churches.

Quadratus is quadrant

QMRLawrence Rosenfield examines apologia covered by mass media. In his analysis of speeches by ex-President Harry Truman and vice presidential candidate Richard Nixon, Rosenfield described four initial characteristics of mass-mediated apologia.[3]

1. They tend to be short and sharp clashes

2. The remarks are not solely defensive messages

3. They include an extensive amount of data in the middleof the speech

4. Previously used arguments appear to be reused and combined into one cohesive message.[3]

In “The Evolution of the Rhetorical Genre of Apologia,” Sharon Downey argues that apologia has undergone significant changes because its function has changed throughout history.[4] Downey takes on a critical generic approach to the feasibility of apologia. Halford Ryan advocates that kategoria and apologia need to be understood as a linked pair. Ryan proposes that a speech of apologia motivates a defensive response, which should be treated as a rhetorical speech set.[5]

QMrMoral apologetics states that real moral obligation is a fact. Catholic apologist Peter Kreeft said, "We are really, truly, objectively obligated to do good and avoid evil."[56] In moral apologetics, the arguments for man's sinfulness and man's need for redemption are stressed. Examples of this type of apologetic would be Jonathan Edwards's sermon "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God."[57] The Four Spiritual Laws religious tract (Campus Crusade for Christ) would be another example.[58]

QMRThe exterior of the west facade of the basilica is divided in three registers: lower, upper, and domes. In the lower register of the façade, five round-arched portals, enveloped by polychrome marble columns, open into the narthex through bronze-fashioned doors. The upper level of mosaics in the lunettes of the lateral ogee arches has scenes from the Life of Christ (all post-Renaissance replacements) culminating in a 19th-century replacement Last Judgment lower down over the main portal that replaced a damaged one with the same subject (during the centuries many mosaics had to be replaced inside and outside the basilica, but subjects were rarely changed). Mosaics with scenes showing the history of the relics of Saint Mark from right to left fill the lunettes of the lateral portals; the first on the left is the only one on the façade still surviving from the 13th century. The formal subject is the Deposition of the Relics, but it is probably depicted as the crowd leaving San Marco after the ceremonial installation of a new doge. The four bronze horses are shown in their place on the facade. We can for once get a good idea of the original compositions of the mosaics from paintings and other depictions, especially Gentile Bellini's very large Procession in Piazza San Marco in the Gallerie dell'Accademia.[13]

QMrTrue demonic or satanic possession has been characterized since the Middle Ages, in the Roman Ritual, by the following four typical characteristics:[10][11][12]

Manifestation of superhuman strength.

Speaking in tongues or languages that the victim cannot know.

Revelation of knowledge, distant or hidden, that the victim cannot know.

Blasphemous rage and an aversion to holy symbols or relics.

QMRFour Wheeler was the first, and is the oldest, magazine for the 4x4 and off-road truck and SUV enthusiast. The first issue was published in February 1962, and in 2012, the internationally read magazine celebrated its 50th anniversary. Four Wheeler focuses on new-vehicle evaluations, project vehicles, the technical aspects of building a vehicle (such as how to install aftermarket accessories and do complete engine swaps), product tests, outdoor equipment and machines, 4x4 shows and competitions, and travel and adventure.

Four Wheeler is published monthly by Source Interlink Media and headquartered in El Segundo, California.[1]

Islam Chapter

Hinduism Chapter

QMRAccording to the Indian medical literature and Tantric Buddhist scriptures, most of the "seizers," or those that threaten the lives of young children, appear in animal form: cow, lion, fox, monkey, horse, dog, pig, cat, crow, pheasant, owl, and snake. But apart from these "nightmare shapes," it is believed the impersonation or incarnation of animals could in some circumstances also be highly beneficial, according to Michel Strickmann.[16]

Ch'i Chung-fu, a Chinese gynecologist writing early in the thirteenth century, wrote that in addition to five sorts of falling frenzy classified according to their causative factors, there were also four types of other frenzies distinguished by the sounds and movements given off by the victim during his seizure: cow, horse, pig, and dog frenzies.[16]

Art Chapter

QMRFour-step braiding process[edit]

In this process, the bobbins move on the X and Y axes, which are mutually perpendicular to each other. In each step, the bobbins move to the neighboring crossing point in both axis and both directions, and stop for a specific interval of time. Basic arrangement of the braiding field is obtained after a minimum of four steps. This method produces braids which have a constant cross section.[4]

Two-step braiding process[edit]

In the two-step braiding process, the bobbins move continuously without stopping. They move on the track plate through the complete structure and around the standing ends, such that the movements of bobbins are faster when compared to the four-step braiding process. The bobbins can move only in two directions, so the process is called the two-step braiding process.[4]

QMRThe Hospitaller colonization of the Americas occurred during a 14-year period in which the Knights Hospitaller (also known as the Knights of St. John or the Knights of Malta) possessed four Caribbean islands: Saint Christopher, Saint Martin, Saint Barthélemy, and Saint Croix.

QMRThe concept of spirit possession appears in Chuuk State, one of the four states of Federated States of Micronesia. Although Chuuk is an overwhelmingly Christian society, traditional beliefs in spirit possession by the dead still exist, usually held by women, and "events" are usually brought on by family conflicts. The supposed spirits, speaking through the women, typically admonish family members to treat each other better.[30]

QMrQuadripartite vault – A Rib vault where the bay is divided by diagonal and transverse ribs into four cells or webs.

QMRThis large 24-bolt Diebold vault door at the Winona National Bank was built in the early 1900s. On the right is the back side of the open door. To the right of the door's center are two linked boxes for the combination mechanisms and to the left is a four movement time lock. This door has a four-point pressure system (note the two pressure system stanchions left of the door opening) capable of exerting 1/3 of the door's weight in pressure. Since this door weighs 22.5 tons (45,000 Lbs.) its pressure system is capable of applying 7.5 tons (15,000 Lbs.) of pressure.

Painting Chapter

QMRWatercolor paint consists of four principal ingredients:

pigments, natural or synthetic, mineral or organic

gum arabic as a binder to hold the pigment in suspension and fix the pigment to the painting surface

additives like glycerin, ox gall, honey, and preservatives to alter the viscosity, hiding, durability or color of the pigment and vehicle mixture

solvent (water), the substance used to thin or dilute the paint for application, which evaporates when the paint hardens or dries

QMRSecond, colors can be mixed in at least four ways: (1) by completely mixing together on the palette the paints that exactly match a desired color; (2) by loading together in a large brush the separate paints that approximately match the desired color, then letting these partially mix as the paint is applied to the paper; (3) by laying down first a single paint color, then "dropping in" the remaining paint colors with the brush while the painted area is still wet; (4) by glazing the paints as separate layers, one over another. Each technique has its purpose—the first provides color accuracy (for photorealist painting), the second provides color variety (especially in dark colors), the third produces many "wet in wet" effects between wetter and drier paint areas (for greater color expressiveness), the fourth can produce a variety of luminous, iridescent, or "broken color" effects, similar to mixtures with pastel chalks.

QMRAll cellulose fibers absorb moisture and expand along the length of the fiber when wet; this produces the familiar buckling or warping called cockling. Evenly wetted, machinemade papers typically curl along one dimension, revealing the curvature of the cylinder they were formed on; some mouldmade papers and all handmade papers cockle in a random, uneven pattern. Handmade papers typically have four natural deckles (feathery, uneven edges) left by the paper mould; mouldmade papers have two natural deckles along the edges of the web, and two simulated deckles produced by cutting the sheet with a jet of compressed water; machinemade papers have no deckles.

Music Chapter

The mpc player has 16 squares. The quadrant model is 16 squares

16 squares of the mpc. Watch at 10 minutes

Qmr

Mpc beatmaker 16 squares

QMr"Four Strong Winds" is a song written by Ian Tyson in the early 1960s and recorded by Canadian folk duo Ian and Sylvia. A significant part of the early 1960s folk revival,[1] the song is a melancholy reflection on a failing romantic relationship. The singer expresses a desire for a possible reunion in a new place in the future ("You could meet me if I sent you down the fare") but acknowledges the likelihood that the relationship is over ("But our good times are all gone/And I'm bound for moving on ...").

QMRFour by the Beach Boys by The Beach Boys was the band's first and only EP released in the United States (not counting the Holland bonus EP Mount Vernon and Fairway), in contrast with the several EPs released in the UK and elsewhere. It contained only songs from the album All Summer Long. The lead track "Little Honda" peaked at number 65 on the Billboard Hot 100 while "Wendy" peaked at number 44.

QMRLooney Tunes Golden Collection Volume 5 is a Looney Tunes collection on DVD. Following the pattern of one release each year of the previous volumes, it was released on October 30, 2007.[1]

The four discs in this collection are devoted to themes and subjects the cartoons in each disc have in common. The first disc consists entirely of cartoons starring the two top stars of Warner cartoons, Bugs Bunny and/or Daffy Duck. The second disc consists entirely of cartoons which lampoon fairy tales. The third disc consists entirely of cartoons either directed or co-directed by Bob Clampett. The fourth disc titled "Early Daze" features rarely seen cartoons from the 1930s and early 1940s which were made in black-and-white.

Continuing a pattern which began with Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 3, the DVD set has a warning in the beginning of each disc that states that some of the cartoons contain ethnic and racial stereotypes that may be offensive to modern audiences; however, like the fourth volume, the warning is shown on a title card rather than done as a special introduction.

This volume did not sell as well as the previous volumes did, mainly due to the slump of the country's economy at this point, and partly due to stiff competition from DVD release of rival studio Pixar's Ratatouille. As a result, it was decided that both this and Volume 6 release outside of North America would be delayed/not occur.[citation needed]. Eventually, however the fifth volume was released on April 18, 2011 in Region 2 UK.

QMRIn 2009 Interview Magazine wrote: "The Hugs are a four-piece rock ’n’ roll band from Portland, Oregon, who recorded their debut album in England. This makes sense because their music sounds British—not “Greensleeves” British, but rather the brand of British that became popular when groups like The Kinks and The Yardbirds invaded America in the mid-’60s with their ramshackle lyrics and bluesy riffs. The Hugs’s music, though, is also very Oregonian, owing an equal debt to home-state forerunners like “Louie Louie” auteurs The Kingsmen and the late-’70s pre-grunge grunge outfit The Wipers. Our woman in Portland, Paige Powell, met up with The Hugs after a practice session, crowding into a beat-up tour van with singer-guitarist Danny Delegato (27), guitarist Davey Appaloosa (25), drummer Skyler Weaver (27), and bassist Calvin Berkenbile (27)—as well as a bunch of their fans." [8]

QMRCichlids /ˈsɪklᵻdz/ are fish from the family Cichlidae in the order Perciformes. Cichlids are members of a suborder known as Labroidei, along with the wrasses (Labridae), damselfishes (Pomacentridae), and surfperches (Embiotocidae).[1] This family is both large and diverse. At least 1,650 species have been scientifically described,[2] making it one of the largest vertebrate families. New species are discovered annually, and many species remain undescribed. The actual number of species is therefore unknown, with estimates varying between 2,000 and 3,000.[3] Cichlids are popular freshwater fish kept in the home aquarium.

Parental care falls into one of four categories:[56] substrate or open brooders, secretive cave brooders (also known as guarding speleophils[57]), and at least two types of mouthbrooders, ovophile mouthbrooders and larvophile mouthbrooders.[58]

QMrThe Four Coins were a popular vocal group, consisting of Jimmy Gregorakis, George Mantalis, and brothers George and Jack Mahramas. They were all of Greek heritage and came from Canonsburg, Pennsylvania. A local orchestra leader, Lee Barrett, took them to audition in Cincinnati, Ohio and this led to their cutting some high-charting records and appearing on television.

QMRCool jazz is a style of modern jazz music that arose in the United States after World War II. It is characterized by relaxed tempos and lighter tone, in contrast to the tense and complex bebop style. Cool jazz often employs formal arrangements and incorporates elements of classical music. Broadly, the genre refers to a number of post-war jazz styles employing a more subdued approach than that found in other contemporaneous jazz idioms.[1] As Paul Tanner, Maurice Gerow, and David Megill suggest "the tonal sonorities of these conservative players could be compared to pastel colors, while the solos of [Dizzy] Gillespie and his followers could be compared to fiery red colors."[2]

The term cool started being applied to this music around 1953, when Capitol Records released the album Classics in Jazz: Cool and Quiet.[3] Mark C. Gridley, writing in the All Music Guide to Jazz, identifies four overlapping sub-categories of cool jazz:

"Soft variants of bebop," including the Miles Davis recordings that constitute Birth of the Cool; the complete works of the Modern Jazz Quartet; the output of Gerry Mulligan, especially his work with Chet Baker and Bob Brookmeyer; the music of Stan Kenton's sidemen during the late 1940s through the 1950s; and the works of George Shearing and Stan Getz.

The output of modern players who eschewed bebop in favor of advanced swing-era developments, including Lennie Tristano, Lee Konitz, and Warne Marsh; Dave Brubeck and Paul Desmond; and performers such as Jimmy Giuffre and Dave Pell who furthered Count Basie and Lester Young's small-group music.

Musicians from either of the previous categories who were active in California from the 1940s through the 1960s, developing what came to be known as West Coast jazz.

"Exploratory music with a subdued effect by Teddy Charles, Chico Hamilton, John LaPorta, and their colleagues during the 1950s."[1]

QMRTerminal Cool is an anthology album from alternative rock group, The Stems, released in Australia on 26 June 2005 and in the United States on 6 December that year. It is a collection of the band's recordings between 1983 and 1985.

Terminal Cool includes four tracks: "Terminal Cool", "Sad Girl" (a demo version) & "Spaceship" which are not included on a previous compilation album, Mushroom Soup: The Citadel Years (March 2003), although it omits "Power of Love".

QMr"4, 3, 2, 1" is a single by LL Cool J, Method Man & Redman, Canibus and DMX from LL Cool J's seventh album Phenomenon. It was released on December 9, 1997 for Def Jam Recordings and was produced by LL Cool J and Erick Sermon. A remix was made with an additional verse from American southern hip hop artist, Master P. Both the original song (minus Canibus) and the remix (with Canibus and Master P) had accompanying music videos. The song peaked at number 75 on the Billboard Hot 100, number 10 on the Hot Rap Singles and number 24 Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs.

QMRThe fourth wall is the imaginary "wall" at the front of the stage in a traditional three-walled box set in a proscenium theatre, through which the audience sees the action in the world of the play.[1][2] The concept is usually attributed to the philosopher, critic and dramatist Denis Diderot.[3] The term itself was used by Molière.[4] The fourth wall illusion is often associated with naturalist theatre of the mid 19th-century, and especially with the innovations of the French director André Antoine.[4]

QMRBreaking Away is a 1979 American coming of age comedy-drama film produced and directed by Peter Yates and written by Steve Tesich. It follows a group of four male teenagers in Bloomington, Indiana, who have recently graduated from high school. The film stars Dennis Christopher, Dennis Quaid, Daniel Stern, Jackie Earle Haley, Barbara Barrie, Paul Dooley and Robyn Douglass.

Breaking Away won the 1979 Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay for Tesich, and received nominations in four other categories, including Best Picture. It also won the 1979 Golden Globe Award for Best Film (Comedy or Musical), and received nominations in three other Golden Globe categories.

As the film's young lead, Christopher won the 1979 BAFTA Award for Most Promising Newcomer and the 1979 Young Artist Award for Best Juvenile Actor, as well as getting a Golden Globe nomination as New Star of the Year.

The film is ranked eighth on the List of America's 100 Most Inspiring Movies compiled by the American Film Institute (AFI) in 2006. In June 2008, AFI announced its "Ten top Ten"—the best ten films in ten classic American film genres—after polling over 1,500 people from the creative community. Breaking Away ranked as the eighth best film in the sports genre.[4][5]

Tesich was an alumnus of Indiana University Bloomington. The film was shot in and around Bloomington and on the university's campus.

Dance Chapter

QMRThere are 13 U.S. cities with teams from four major sports, where "city" is defined as the entire metropolitan area, and "major professional sports leagues" as:

Major League Baseball (MLB), consisting of the National League founded in 1876, and the American League founded in 1901

National Hockey League (NHL), founded in 1917

National Football League (NFL), founded in 1920

National Basketball Association (NBA), founded in 1946

The New York metropolitan area, the largest metropolis in the country, is the only region with at least two teams in each major sports league, and is home to three NHL clubs.

QMRBig Four may refer to:

Contents [hide]

1 Beauty pageant

2 Companies

3 International relations

4 Music

5 People

6 Places

7 Sports

8 Other uses

9 See also

10 References

Beauty pageant[edit]

The Big Four international beauty pageants for women: Miss Earth, Miss International, Miss Universe and Miss World

Companies[edit]

Big Four airlines (American Airlines, Eastern Air Lines, Trans World Airlines and United Airlines), the four U.S. air carriers which dominated air travel prior to the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978

Big Four accounting firms, the largest international accountancy and professional services firms

Big Four (British railway companies), the companies formed after the Grouping Act in 1922

Big Four (banking), several groupings of banks in different countries

Big Four Railroad, a nickname of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis Railway (CCC&StL) in the Midwestern United States

Big Four, the four largest national registered agent service providers in the United States

Big Four in US broadcast television, the traditional Big Three television networks of ABC, CBS and NBC plus Fox

Big Four in the United States wireless communications service providers: AT&T Mobility, Verizon Wireless, Sprint Corporation and T-Mobile US

Japanese Big Four, the four largest Japanese motorcycle manufacturers: Honda, Kawasaki, Suzuki and Yamaha

Big Four, the most influential international technology companies Amazon.com, Microsoft, Facebook and Google

International relations[edit]

The Big Four (World War I), the four major Allied powers and their leaders at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919: France, Italy, Britain and the United States

The Four Policemen or Big Four, a proposed post-World War II council expected to guarantee world peace (China, Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and the United States), that eventually became, with the addition of France, the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council

Big Four (European Union): France, Germany, Italy and the UK

Big Four Conference, various conferences between the victorious nations after World War I and World War II

Music[edit]

The Big 4 Live from Sofia, Bulgaria concert recording with thrash metal bands Metallica, Slayer, Megadeth and Anthrax

Big Four (band), a Chinese male pop group

Big Four (Eurovision), the four main sponsoring countries of the Eurovision Song Contest

Big Four (Grammy Awards) or the General Field, four standard Grammy Awards spanning all genres

The Big Four, the name for the top music industry record labels from 2004 through 2011

The Big Four (Grunge), used to describe, Nirvana, Pearl Jam, Soundgarden, and Alice in Chains, arguably the four most popular bands on the grunge scene in the early nineties

The Big Four (Thrash metal), used to describe Metallica, Slayer, Megadeth, and Anthrax, arguably the most popular and recognisable bands on the thrash metal scene in the eighties and early nineties.

The Big Teutonic Four, used to describe Kreator, Sodom, Destruction, and Tankard, the German equivalent to the American Big Four of thrash metal.

QMrFortune[1] (originally spelled Fourtune)[2] was a professional wrestling alliance in the Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) promotion. Originally consisting of leader Ric Flair, A.J. Styles, James Storm, Kazarian, and Robert Roode, the group was modeled and named after Flair's former alliance, the Four Horsemen. The group later also came to include Christopher Daniels, Douglas Williams, and Matt Morgan.

QMrIn the latter period of the Mexican Revolution, around 1916, Rancher and Oil Tycoon J.W. Grant (Ralph Bellamy) hires four men, who are all experts in their respective fields, to rescue his kidnapped wife, Maria (Claudia Cardinale) from Jesus Raza (Jack Palance), a former Mexican Revolutionary leader turned bandit. Grant offers to pay each man $10,000.00 for their services. $1,000.00 up front and the final $9,000.00 once they safely recover his wife.

QMRAll-fours[edit]

Some mothers may choose the all-fours position instinctively. It can help the baby turn around in the case of a malpresentation of the head. Since this position uses gravity, it decreases back pain,[6] as the mother is able to tilt her hips.[7]

QMrIn 1932, Geisel was the home plate umpire when Lou Gehrig became the first modern major league player to hit four home runs in a single game.[2]

QMRIn American football and Canadian football, a turnover on downs occurs when a team has used up its allotment of down (American football)downs but has not progressed downfield enough to earn another set of downs.

In American football, both indoor and outdoor, a team has four chances (each chance is called a "down") to gain ten yards or to score. Any ground gained during each down short of these ten yards is kept for the next chance, and any ground lost must be regained in addition to the ten yards. Thus, if a team gains four yards on first down, it then has three chances to gain the six remaining yards, and if a team loses four yards on first down then it must gain a total of fourteen yards over the next three chances. If a team gains the required ten yards, it receives another four downs to gain another ten yards (an event called a "first down") or cross the goal line for a score. The same principles apply in Canadian football, except that a team has only three chances to gain ten yards instead of four.

QMRA meeting among all four umpires during a Detroit Tigers / Minnesota Twins game in 2008.

QMRAfter graduating from PJC in spring 1939,[35] Robinson transferred to UCLA, where he became the school's first athlete to win varsity letters in four sports: baseball, basketball, football, and track.[36][37]

He was one of four black players on the 1939 UCLA Bruins football team; the others were Woody Strode, Kenny Washington, and Ray Bartlett. Washington, Strode, and Robinson made up three of the team's four backfield players.[38] At a time when only a few black students played mainstream college football, this made UCLA college football's most integrated team.[39][40]

QMrA four-seam fastball, also called a rising fastball, a four-seamer, or a cross-seam fastball, is a pitch in baseball. It is a member of the fastball family of pitches and is usually the hardest (i.e., fastest) ball thrown by a pitcher. A few pitchers at the major league level can sometimes reach a pitch-speed up to 100 mph; compare the two-seam fastball.[1]

QMrThe fastball is the most common pitch in baseball, and most pitchers have some form of a fastball in their arsenal. Most pitchers throw four-seam fastballs. It is basically a pitch thrown very fast, generally as hard as a given pitcher can throw while maintaining control. Some variations involve movement or breaking action, some do not and are simply straight, high-speed pitches. While throwing the fastball it is very important to have proper mechanics, because this increases the chance of getting the ball to its highest velocity, making it difficult for the opposing player to hit the pitch. The cut fastball, split-finger fastball, and forkball are variations on the fastball with extra movement, and are sometimes called sinking-fastballs because of the trajectories. The most common fastball pitches are:

QMREdward Miguel "Mike" Garcia (November 17, 1923 – January 13, 1986), nicknamed "Big Bear" and "Mexican Mike", was an American right-handed pitcher in Major League Baseball (MLB). Garcia grew up In Orosi California and entered minor league baseball at the age of 18. After one season, he joined the U.S. Army and served for three years. Following his military discharge, Garcia returned to baseball. He was promoted to the MLB in 1948. He played 12 of his 14 major league seasons for the Cleveland Indians. From 1949 to 1954, Garcia joined Bob Lemon, Early Wynn, and Bob Feller on the Indians' "Big Four" pitching staff. Historians consider the "Big Four" to be one of the greatest starting pitching rotations in baseball history.[1]:p.84[2]:p.31[3] During those six seasons with the "Big Four", Garcia compiled a record of 104 wins against 57 losses. He had two 20-win seasons and led the American League (AL) in earned run average (ERA) and shutouts twice each.

QMRIn baseball, a grand slam is a home run hit with all three bases occupied by baserunners ("bases loaded"), thereby scoring four runs—the most possible in one play. According to The Dickson Baseball Dictionary, the term originated in the card game of contract bridge, in which a grand slam involves taking all the possible tricks. The word slam, by itself, usually is connected with a loud sound, particularly of a door being closed with excess force; thus, slamming the door on one's opponent(s), in addition to of course the bat slamming the ball into a home run. The term was extended to various sports, such as golf and tennis, for sweeping a sport's major tournaments.

QMRMajor League Baseball (MLB) is a professional baseball organization that is the oldest of the four major professional sports leagues in the United States and Tricled.com USA / Spyderzone.CA Canada

QMRWhen the regular season ends after the first Sunday in October (or the last Sunday in September), ten teams enter the postseason playoffs. These ten teams consist of six teams that are division champions by earning the best regular season overall win-loss record for their respective divisions, and four who are "wild-card" teams that are each one of two teams in their respective leagues who haveearned the best regular season win-loss record, but are not division champions. Four rounds of series of games are played to determine the champion:

Wild Card Game, a one-game playoff between the two wild-card teams in each league.

American League Division Series and National League Division Series, each a best-of-five-games series.

American League Championship Series and National League Championship Series, each a best-of-seven-games series played between the surviving teams from the ALDS and NLDS. The league champions are informally referred to as the AL and NL pennant winners.

World Series, a best-of-seven-games series played between the pennant winners of each league.

QMrThe original four teams were the Beijing Tigers, Tianjin Lions, Shanghai Eagles and Guangzhou Lightning. The Hope Stars and Dragons joined them in 2005. The Hope Stars were an under-21 team of promising players from around the country. Henan Elephants entered CBL as an expansion team in 2009.

QMrThe China Baseball League (Chinese: 中国棒球联赛, CBL) is a professional baseball league under the administration of Chinese Baseball Association, founded in 2002. The league suspended operations in 2012 due to financial troubles after the 2011 season, but returned in 2014.[1] Stadiums have standard dimensions of 98m, 122m, 98m. Teams also participate in five-game tournaments throughout the year such as the National Baseball Championships, the National Youth Baseball Championships and the Cross-Straits Baseball Tournament.

The original four teams were the Beijing Tigers, Tianjin Lions, Shanghai Eagles and Guangzhou Lightning. The Hope Stars and Dragons joined them in 2005. The Hope Stars were an under-21 team of promising players from around the country. Henan Elephants entered CBL as an expansion team in 2009.

QMr2010 Four Nations Challenge[edit]

Following his successful return, following a year long sabbatical to recover from tendon surgery, to International competition at the WBC Night Of Champions in Cardiff in July, Luke started his 2012 London Olympics preparations by securing Gold at the Four Nations Challenge in Sheffield.

On the Saturday Luke, who convincingly won his Featherweight (57 kg) fight by an 11–5 points margin over China’s Jun Tan at the WBC Night Of Champions,[5] continued his winning ways by beating Kazakhstan’s Shulakov Madi by 6 – 4 in the semi final of the Four Nations Challenge.

In Sunday’s final Luke again faced Jun Tan from China, his adversary the previous week at the WBC Night of Champions. As before Luke dominated the proceedings, this time winning by an increased points margin of 11–3.[6]

QMRRodriguez, known by the nickname "La Bomba", turned pro in 2008 for promoter Lou DiBella.[4] Rodriguez is a world-ranked super middleweight (168 pounds). Rodriguez previously trained with Peter Manfredo Sr[5] and currently trains with Ronnie Shields. Rodriguez was managed by Larry Army Jr until the weeks before the Monaco Million Dollar Super Four Tournament, after which the two sides worked out an agreement[6] and announced an amicable split. Rodriguez signed with manager Al Haymon and are in negotiations for his next fight, likely against a title holder and on Showtime.[7] Rodriguez wears Rival gloves, is affiliated with Scientific Nutrition for Advanced Conditioning (SNAC), and has included hypoxic boxing techniques in his training.[8] He has steadily developed into a world title contender with recent wins against previously undefeated Will Rosinsky, Don George,[9] and previously unbeaten Jason Escalera. Rodriguez is currently ranked No. 1 by the WBC, No. 3 by the IBF, No. 3 by the WBA, and No. 7 by The Ring magazine, and has been mentioned as a likely title contender in 2013 or 2014.

Monte-Carlo Million Dollar Super Four[edit]

Rodriguez won the Monaco Million Dollar Super Four Tournament by beating previously undefeated Ezequiel Maderna in a unanimous decision before an impressive first round TKO in the final against Denis Grachev to collect the winner's share on the 60/40 split of the $1 million purse.[10]

QMRGeorge Sutton, Sr (1922 – December 1995) was a Welsh boxer who held the Welsh flyweight title on two occasions. His brother, Jackie Sutton, also held a Wales boxing belt and his son, George Jr, contested the British Bantamweight title. Sutton's career record was poor, and his few wins tended to coincide with the challenges he made for the Welsh titles.

Boxing career[edit]

One of four boxing brothers, Sutton trained as an amateur at the Vale ABC.[1] He turned professional in 1944 losing to Tommy Burney at The Stadium in Liverpool in his first professional bout. He failed to win in his next two fights, including a humiliating lost to Burmese fighter Al Hutt, when Sutton was knocked out by his opponent while he was hitching up his shorts.[1]

QMrRay Charles "Sugar" Leonard (born May 17, 1956) is an American former professional boxer, motivational speaker, and occasional actor. Often regarded as one of the greatest boxers of all time,[2] Leonard was part of "The Fabulous Four"[3] a group of boxers who all fought each other throughout the 1980s, consisting of himself, Roberto Durán, Thomas Hearns and Marvin Hagler. "The Fabulous Four" created a wave of popularity in the lower weight classes that kept boxing relevant in the post-Muhammad Ali era. Leonard was also the first boxer to earn more than $100 million in purses, won world titles in five weight divisions, including a run as the undisputed welterweight champion, and defeated future fellow International Boxing Hall of Fame inductees Hearns, Durán, Hagler, and Wilfred Benítez.[4][5] Leonard was named "Boxer of the Decade" in the 1980s.[6]

QMrThe World Boxing Council (WBC) is one of four major organizations which sanction world championship boxing bouts, alongside the IBF, WBA and WBO. Owing to the many historically high profile bouts sanctioned by the organization and legendary fighters who have been recognised as WBC World champions, the organization still remains one of the major four sanctioning bodies. All four organizations however recognise the legitimacy of each other and each have interwoven histories dating back several decades.

QMRBoxers and Saints are two companion graphic novel volumes written and illustrated by Gene Luen Yang. The publisher First Second Books released them on September 10, 2013. Together the two volumes have around 500 pages.[1]

Boxers follows the story of Little Bao, a boy from Shandong (spelled "Shan-tung" in the story) who becomes a leader of the Boxer Rebellion.[2] Saints follows the story of "Fo...See More

QMR

Boxing styles[edit]

There are four generally accepted boxing styles that are used to define fighters. These are the swarmer, out-boxer, slugger, and boxer-puncher. Many boxers do not always fit into these categories, and it's not uncommon for a fighter to change their style over a period of time.

The Swarmer[edit]

Henry Armstrong (Swarmer)

The swarmer (in-fighter, crowder) is a fighter who attempts to overwhelm his opponent by applying constant pressure. Swarmers tend to have a very good bob and weave, good power, a good chin, and a tremendous punch output (resulting in a great need for stamina and conditioning). Boxers who use the swarmer style tend to have shorter careers than boxers of other styles. Sustainining the adequate amount of training required to execute this style is nearly impossible throughout an entire career, so most swarmers can only maintain it for a relatively brief period of time. This inevitably leads to the gradual degradation of the sheer ability to perform the style, leaving him open to increasing amounts of punishment. This style favors closing inside an opponent, overwhelming them with intensity and flurries of hooks and uppercuts. They tend to be fast on their feet which can make them difficult to evade for a slower fighter. They also tend to have a good "chin" because this style usually involves being hit with many jabs before they can maneuver inside where they are more effective.[2] Many swarmers are often either shorter fighters or fighters with shorter reaches, especially in the heavier classes, that have to get in close to be effective. Tommy Burns was the shortest Heavyweight champion at 5'7, while Rocky Marciano had the shortest reach at 67-68 inches. One exception is Jack Dempsey, who was nearly 6'1 with a 77-inch reach. Famous swarmers include Henry Armstrong, Carmen Basilio, Nigel Benn, Melio Bettina,[3] Tommy Burns, Joe Calzaghe, Julio Cesar Chavez, Steve Collins, Jack Dempsey, Joe Frazier, Gene Fullmer,[4] Kid Gavilan, Gennady Golovkin, Harry Greb, Emile Griffith, Fighting Harada, Ricky Hatton, Jake LaMotta, Rocky Marciano, Battling Nelson, Bobo Olson, Floyd Patterson, Mike Tyson, Aaron Pryor, Tom Sharkey, David Tua, Micky Ward, Mickey Walker,[5] and Jimmy Wilde.[5][6]

The Out-Boxer[edit]

Muhammad Ali (Out-Boxer)

The out-boxer (out-fighter, boxer) is the opposite of the swarmer. The out-boxer seeks to maintain a gap from their opponent and fight with faster, longer range punches. Out-boxers are known for being extremely quick on their feet, which often makes up for a lack of power. Since they rely on the weaker jabs and straights (as opposed to hooks and uppercuts), they tend to win by points decisions rather than by knockout, although some out-boxers can be aggressive and effective punchers.[2] Out-boxers such as Benny Leonard, Gene Tunney, Muhammad Ali, and Larry Holmes have many notable knockouts, but usually preferred to wear down their opponents and outclass them rather than just knock them out. Notable out-boxers include Muhammad Ali, Wilfred Benitez, Jack Blackburn, Cecilia Brækhus, Ezzard Charles, Kid Chocolate, Billy Conn, James J. Corbett, George Dixon, Chris Eubank, Tiger Flowers, Mike Gibbons, Tommy Gibbons, Holly Holm, Larry Holmes, Harold Johnson, Jack Johnson, Junior Jones, Zab Judah, Benny Leonard, Tommy Loughran, Joey Maxim, Floyd Mayweather Jr., Philadelphia Jack O'Brien, Ken Overlin, Willie Pep, Maxie Rosenbloom, Barney Ross, Michael Spinks, Gene Tunney, Jersey Joe Walcott, and Pernell Whitaker.[6]

The Slugger[edit]

Rocky Graziano (Slugger)

If the out-boxer represents everything classy about boxing, the slugger (brawler, puncher) often stands for everything that's brutal in the sport. A lot of sluggers tend to lack finesse in the ring, but make up for it in raw power, often able to knock almost any opponent out with a single punch. This ability makes them exciting to watch, and their fights unpredictable. Most sluggers lack mobility in the ring and may have difficulty pursuing fighters who are fast on their feet. They usually throw harder, slower punches than swarmers or boxers and tend to ignore combination punching. Sluggers often will throw predictable punching patterns (single punches with obvious leads) often leaves them open for counterpunching.[2] Sluggers can also be fast and unpredictable fighters, such as the case with Terry McGovern, Stanley Ketchel, and Rocky Graziano. While normally considered the most crude boxers, Bob Fitzsimmons was considered by many boxing historians to be highly scientific in his slugging techniques. Because of their similar brawling tactics, swarmers and sluggers are often confused with each other, and some fighters may fit into either category. Famous sluggers include Max Baer, Paul Berlenbach, Riddick Bowe, Rubin Carter, Gerry Cooney, Bob Fitzsimmons, George Foreman, Bob Foster,[7] Ceferino Garcia, Arturo Gatti, Wilfredo Gomez, Rocky Graziano, Naseem Hamed, Al Hostak, Jake LaMotta, James J. Jeffries, Ingemar Johansson, Stanley Ketchel, Vitali Klitschko, Sonny Liston, Ron Lyle, Terry McGovern, Sam McVey, Freddie Mills, Eddie Mustafa Muhammad, Ruben Olivares, Ricardo Mayorga, Ruslan Provodnikov, Earnie Shavers, John L. Sullivan, Joe Walcott, Vonda Ward, Cleveland Williams, and Ann Wolfe.[6]

The Boxer-Puncher[edit]

Sugar Ray Robinson (Boxer-Puncher)

The fourth style is the "boxer-puncher". He possesses many of the qualities of the out-boxer; hand speed, often an outstanding jab, combination and/or counter-punching skills, better defense and accuracy than a slugger, while possessing slugger type power. The Boxer-Puncher may also be more willing to fight in an aggressive swarmer-style than an out-boxer. In general the boxer-puncher lacks the mobility and defensive expertise of the pure boxer (exceptions include the Sugar Rays, Freddie Steele, and Joe Gans). Boxer-punchers usually do well against out-boxers, especially if they can match their speed and mobility. They also tend to match up well against swarmers, because the extra power often discourages the swarmer's aggression. Their only downfall are the big sluggers because once again, it only takes one punch and the lights are out. This would depend on the boxer-puncher's defense, chin, and mobility. They make for interesting fights and throw a sense of the unknown into some. Where a boxer-puncher is matched up against an out-boxer, the fight is great because depending on the style the boxer-puncher tries to use in the fight.[8] Boxer-punchers are often hard to categorize since they can either be closer in style to a slugger or a boxer. Notable boxer-punchers include Laila Ali, Alexis Arguello, Marco Antonio Barrera,Tony Canzoneri,[9] Marcel Cerdan, Oscar De La Hoya, Roberto Duran, Joe Gans, Marvin Hagler, Thomas Hearns, Bernard Hopkins, Evander Holyfield, Joe Jeanette, Eder Jofre, Roy Jones Jr., Wladimir Klitschko,[10] Sam Langford, Sugar Ray Leonard, Lennox Lewis, Ricardo Lopez, Joe Louis, Christy Martin, Carlos Monzon, Archie Moore, Erik Morales, Jose Napoles, Sugar Ray Robinson, Sandy Saddler, Carlos Zarate Serna, Freddie Steele,[11] Felix Trinidad, Ike Williams, Harry Wills, and Tony Zale.[6][12]

QMR "Four Kings: Leonard, Hagler, Hearns, Duran and the Last Great Era of Boxing". Books.google.com. Retrieved March 22, 2015.

^ Jump up to: a b

QMRHopkins reigned as world middleweight titlist from 1994 until 2005, unifying and successfully defending his title a record 20 times. He won the International Boxing Federation title in 1994, then added the World Boxing Council, World Boxing Association, and The Ring titles in 2001 and became the first man to hold all four major sanctioning bodies' titles when he won the World Boxing Organization title in 2004. The Ring ranked him #3 on their list of the "10 best middleweight title holders of the last 50 years."[2]

QMrThere are now four major sanctioning bodies in professional boxing. The official rules and regulations of the World Boxing Association,[1] World Boxing Council,[2] International Boxing Federation[3] and World Boxing Organization[4] all recognize the other three major sanctioning bodies in their rankings and title unification rules. Each of these organizations sanction and regulate championship bouts and award championships. American boxing magazine The Ring began awarding world championship belts in 1922.

QMRThere are four basic punches in boxing: the jab, cross, hook and uppercut. Any punch other than a jab is considered a power punch. If a boxer is right-handed (orthodox), his left hand is the lead hand and his right hand is the rear hand. For a left-handed boxer or southpaw, the hand positions are reversed. For clarity, the following discussion will assume a right-handed boxer.

Literature Chapter

QMRThe Frightful Four are a group of fictional characters appearing in the Marvel Comics Universe. They serve as the antithesis to the Fantastic Four.

QMR92U. Because of their odd neutron numbers, the even-odd nuclides tend to have large neutron capture cross sections, due to the energy that results from neutron-pairing effects. These stable even-proton odd-neutron nuclides tend to be uncommon by abundance in nature, generally because, to form and enter into primordial abundance, they must have escaped capturing neutrons to form yet other stable even-even isotopes, during both the s-process and r-process of neutron capture, during nucleosynthesis in stars. For this reason, only 195

QMRQuatrain on Heavenly Mountain by Emperor Gaozong (1107–1187) of Song Dynasty; fan mounted as album leaf on silk, four columns in cursive script.

QMRThe Adventurous Four is a series of novels written by Enid Blyton. The stories revolve around twins Jill and Mary, their elder brother Tom and their fisher friend Andy. The characters are from World War II England while the stories were set in Scotland. The first book was published in 1941 during wartime.

First edition (publ. George Newnes)

Cover art by E.H. Davie

Contents [hide]

1 Modern Versions

2 The Adventurous Four (1941) – Modern Name: The Adventurous Four Shipwrecked!

3 The Adventurous Four Again (1947) – Modern Name: The Adventurous Four Stranded!

4 The Adventurous Four Omnibus! (Short story)(1952) – Modern Name: The Adventurous Four Trapped!

Modern Versions[edit]

In the modern versions, editors have changed the girls' names to Pippa and Zoe. The books were re-titled in 1998 as The Adventurous Four Shipwrecked! and The Adventurous Four Stranded!. The short story from Enid Blyton's Omnibus! was expanded by Clive Dickinson to form a third novel, The Adventurous Four Trapped!. E. H. Davie and Jessie Land illustrated the two original books.

The Adventurous Four (1941) – Modern Name: The Adventurous Four Shipwrecked![edit]

When Tom, Jill and Mary go to stay at a little fishing village in Scotland, the local fisherman's lad, Andy, promises to take them out in his boat. But a storm takes them off course and they end up shipwrecked on a small group of islands. Worse, it seems the islands are being used as a secret submarine base by the enemy. The story is set in World War II and revolves around a potential dangerous enemy base that could attack Britain at any time. First edition: 1941 Publisher: George Newnes Illustrator: E.H. Davie Category: Adventurous Four Genre: Mystery/Adventure Type: Novels/Novelettes The book has had 11 reprints since 1941:

1962 Armada, illustrations and cover by Dorothy Brook

1967 Merlin, illustrations and cover by Clyde Pearson

1971 Armada, illustrations by Dorothy Brook, cover uncredited

1972 Dean, illustrations and cover uncredited

1980 Beaver, illustrations by Trevor Parkin, cover by David Barnett

1984 Dean, illustrations and cover uncredited (*)

1986 Beaver, illustrations by Trevor Parkin, cover uncredited

1987 Dean, illustrations and cover uncredited

1994 Dean, illustrations uncredited, cover by David Kearney

1998 Collins, not illustrated, cover by Katie Vandyck

2003 Award, illustrations and cover by Gavin Rowe

The Adventurous Four Again (1947) – Modern Name: The Adventurous Four Stranded![edit]

When Mary, Jill and Tom are on holiday in Scotland their friend Andy takes them on a sailing trip to the Cliff of Birds; but little do they know that the cliff hides a deadly secret, in the form of gun runners. First edition: 1947 Publisher: George Newnes Illustrator: Jessie Land Category: Adventurous Four Genre: Mystery/Adventure Type: Novels/Novelettes The book has had 11 reprints since 1947:

1962 Armada, illustrations and cover by Dorothy Brook

1968 Merlin, illustrations and cover by Clyde Pearson

1971 Armada, illustrations by Dorothy Brook, cover uncredited

1973 Dean, illustrations and cover uncredited

1980 Beaver, illustrations by Trevor Parkin, cover by David Barnett

1984 Dean, illustrations and cover uncredited

1986 Beaver, illustrations by Trevor Parkin, cover uncredited

1987 Dean, illustrations and cover uncredited

1994 Dean, illustrations uncredited, cover by David Kearney

1998 Collins, not illustrated, cover by Katie Vandyck

2003 Award, illustrations and cover by Gavin Rowe

The Adventurous Four Omnibus! (Short story)(1952) – Modern Name: The Adventurous Four Trapped![edit]

Omnibus! is a short story from the Adventurous Four series which was extended in 1998 by Clive Dickinson to a full fledged novel named The Adventurous Four Trapped!

The book has had 1 reprint since 1998:

2003 Award, illustrations and cover by Gavin Rowe

QMrMaria Gruber, Irene Leidolf, Stephanija Mayer, and Waltraud Wagner made up one of the most unusual crime teams in 20th Century Europe. The four Austrian women were nurse's aides at Lainz General Hospital in Vienna who murdered scores of patients between 1983 and 1989. The group killed their victims with overdoses of morphine or by forcing water into the lungs. By 2008, all four of the aides had been released from prison.

QMrThe Book of Kells (Irish: Leabhar Cheanannais; Dublin, Trinity College Library, MS A. I. [58], sometimes known as the Book of Columba) is an illuminated manuscript Gospel book in Latin, containing the four Gospels of the New Testament together with various prefatory texts and tables. It was created in a Columban monastery in Ireland or may have had contributions from various Columban institutio...See More

QMR Dr Seuss, or Geisel wrote most of his books in anapestic tetrameter, a poetic meter employed by many poets of the English literary canon. This is often suggested as one of the reasons that Geisel's writing was so well received.[73][74]

Anapestic tetrameter consists of four rhythmic units called anapests, each composed of two weak syllables followed by one strong syllable (the beat); often, the first weak syllable is omitted, or an additional weak syllable is added at the end. An example of this meter can be found in Geisel's "Yertle the Turtle", from Yertle the Turtle and Other Stories:

And today the Great Yertle, that Marvelous he

Is King of the Mud. That is all he can see.[75]

Some books by Geisel that are written mainly in anapestic tetrameter also contain many lines written in amphibrachic tetrameter, such as these from If I Ran the Circus:

All ready to put up the tents for my circus.

I think I will call it the Circus McGurkus.

And NOW comes an act of Enormous Enormance!

No former performer's performed this performance!

Geisel also wrote verse in trochaic tetrameter, an arrangement of a strong syllable followed by a weak syllable, with four units per line (for example, the title of One Fish Two Fish Red Fish Blue Fish). Traditionally, English trochaic meter permits the final weak position in the line to be omitted, which allows both masculine and feminine rhymes.

Geisel generally maintained trochaic meter for only brief passages, and for longer stretches typically mixed it with iambic tetrameter, which consists of a weak syllable followed by a strong, and is generally considered easier to write. Thus, for example, the magicians in Bartholomew and the Oobleck make their first appearance chanting in trochees (thus resembling the witches of Shakespeare's Macbeth):

Shuffle, duffle, muzzle, muff

They then switch to iambs for the oobleck spell:

Go make the Oobleck tumble down

On every street, in every town![76]

QMRKay Nielsen was born in Copenhagen into an artistic family; both of his parents were actors - Nielsen's father, Martinus Nielsen, was the director of Dagmarteater and his mother, Oda Nielsen, was one of the most celebrated actresses of her time, both at the Royal Danish Theater and at the Dagmarteater.[1] Kay Nielsen studied art in Paris at Académie Julian and Académie Colarossi from 1904 to 1911,[2] and then lived in England from 1911 to 1916. He received his first English commission from Hodder and Stoughton to illustrate a collection of fairy tales, providing 24 colour plates and more than 15 monotone illustrations for In Powder and Crinoline, Fairy Tales Retold by Sir Arthur Quiller-Couch in 1913. In the same year, Nielsen was also commissioned by The Illustrated London News to produce a set of four illustrations to accompany the tales of Charles Perrault; Nielsen's illustrations for 'Sleeping Beauty', 'Puss in Boots', 'Cinderella' and 'Bluebeard' were published in the 1913 Christmas Edition.

QMRSatisfied with his skills, the publishers asked Tolkien to design a dust jacket. This project, too, became the subject of many iterations and much correspondence, with Tolkien always writing disparagingly of his own ability to draw. The runic inscription around the edges of the illustration are a phonetic transliteration of English, giving the title of the book and details of the author and publisher.[65] The original jacket design contained several shades of various colours, but Tolkien redrew it several times using fewer colours each time. His final design consisted of four colours. The publishers, mindful of the cost, removed the red from the sun to end up with only black, blue, and green ink on white stock.[66]

QMRGeorge Allen & Unwin Ltd. of London published the first edition of The Hobbit on 21 September 1937 with a print run of 1,500 copies, which sold out by December because of enthusiastic reviews.[44] This first printing was illustrated in black and white by Tolkien, who designed the dust jacket as well. Houghton Mifflin of Boston and New York reset type for an American edition, to be released early in 1938, in which four of the illustrations would be colour plates. Allen & Unwin decided to incorporate the colour illustrations into their second printing, released at the end of 1937.[45] Despite the book's popularity, paper rationing brought on by wartime conditions and not ending until 1949 meant that the Allen & Unwin edition of the book was often unavailable during this period.[46]

QMRThe Pocket Book of Boners 1931 Viking Press

This book is a collection of humorous anecdotes and illustrations representing some of the earliest work credited to Dr. Seuss. The 1941 printing of The Pocket Book of Boners compiles four separate books that were issued in 1931.

QMrThe Sneetches and Other Stories 1961 Random House

Consists of four stories:

The Sneetches: Because the star-bellied sneetches are being prejudicial to the plain-bellied Sneetches, a "fix-it-up chappie" named Sylvester McMonkey McBean appears and offers the Sneetches without stars a chance to have them by going through his Star-On Machine.

The Zax: A North-going Zax and a South-going Zax meet face to face in the Prairie of Prax. They refuse to move out of the way for one another and end up staying there. Teaches the value of compromise.

Too Many Daves: A mother, Mrs. McCave, who named all 23 of her sons Dave and has trouble telling them apart.

What Was I Scared Of?: The tale of a character who repeatedly meets up with an empty pair of pale-green pants and has to learn to accept them.

QMrIn Search of Elusive Little Comets is the debut studio album by Newcastle band Little Comets. The album was released on 31 January 2011, both digitally and physically.[1] It included four singles: "Adultery", "One Night in October", "Isles" and "Joanna". The record received mixed reviews and peaked at number 54 in the UK Albums Chart.

QMrThe Elusive Avengers (Russian: Неуловимые мстители, translit. Neulovimye mstiteli) is a 1966 Soviet adventure film directed by Edmond Keosayan and made by Mosfilm. It is loosely based on the novel Little Red Devils by Pavel Blyakhin,[1] already filmed in 1923 under its original name. The film is an example of Ostern, set in Russian Civil War era Ukraine.

The film has spawned two sequels, The New Adventures of the Elusive Avengers (1968) and The Crown of the Russian Empire, or Once Again the Elusive Avengers (1971).

The film' is a version of a story about four youngsters who become heroes in the Russian Civil War. Danka, orphaned son of a Red agent, whose father was tortured and executed by the warlord Lyuty before his eyes, and his sister Ksanka join Valerka, a former schoolboy, and Yashka, a devil-may-care gypsy. They make a pledge of mutual assistance, determined to exact revenge on the bandits who are bringing so much suffering to peaceful villagers. The friends then embark on a series of daring adventures.

Meanwhile, strange things begin to happen to a band of outlaws led by the ruthless bandit Ataman Burnash. All his schemes seem to go wrong, sabotaged by unseen and unidentified enemies. The mischievous culprits always leave a note signed '- the Elusive Avengers', and are of course the four friends, who succeed by never forgetting their pledge of mutual assistance. They are so effective, in fact, that reports of their deeds are reaching the local division of the Red Army.

In a plot twist familiar to many Westerns such as For a Few Dollars More and the Japanese Yojimbo, Danka uses his anonymity to infiltrate the outlaws' gang and insinuate himself into Burnash's confidence, becoming his trusted right hand man. Unfortunately, Warlord Lyuty, whom Danka had thought he killed earlier, arrives at the Ataman's camp and accuses Danka; and when Lyuty's accusations are proven, it is up to the other three Avengers (well, mostly Yashka and Valerka) to get him out.

At the end of the movie, the Avengers are honored and acknowledged by the Red Army, which promptly appropriates the four of them as soldiers. The Elusive Avengers ride off into the rising sun, ready to answer their army's call.

QMRIn 1993, Lee and his friend, Valiant Comics publisher Steve Massarsky, arranged a Valiant-Image Comics crossover miniseries called Deathmate, in which the Valiant characters would interact with those of Wildstorm, and of Lee's fellow Image partner, Rob Liefeld. The miniseries would consist of four "center books", (each one denoted by a color rather than an issue number), two each produced by the respective companies, plus a prologue and epilogue book. Wildstorm produced Deathmate Black, with Lee himself contributing to the writing. He illustrated the covers for that book, the Deathmate Tourbook and the prologue book, as well as contributing to the prologue's interior inks.

QMrIt is interesting to keep the number divisions and dates in mind while reading the novel, especially in the early parts. The Pickwick Papers, as Charles Dickens's first novel, is particularly chaotic: the first two numbers featured four illustrations by Robert Seymour and 24 pages of text. Seymour killed himself and was replaced by R W Buss for the third number; the format was changed to feature two illustrations and 32 pages of text per issue. Buss didn't work out as an illustrator and was replaced by H K 'Phiz' Browne for the fourth issue; Phiz continued to work for Dickens for 23 years (he last illustrated A Tale of Two Cities in 1859).[citation needed]

QMRHorton and the Kwuggerbug and More Lost Stories 2014 Random House

Four more stories originally published in Redbook from 1950 to 1955: "Horton and the Kwuggerbug" (January, 1951); "Marco Comes Late" (September, 1950); "How Officer Pat Saved the Whole Town" (October, 1950); and "The Hoobub and the Grinch" (May, 1955). Book introduction by Charles D. Cohen.

QMRBoners series[edit]

The first book was released in February 1931. A short positive review in The New York Times described Dr. Seuss's illustrations as "hilarious."[2] The pseudonym "Alexander Abingdon" was used as the author of the series, which was originally released in order as follows.

Boners (102 p.)(copyright February 7, 1931) (illustrated by Dr. Seuss)

More Boners (copyright April 31, 1931) (illustrated by Dr. Seuss)

Still More Boners (copyright August 4, 1931)(illustrated by Virginia Huget)

Prize Boners for 1932 (copyright March 4, 1932) (illustrated by Virginia Huget).[3][4]

Many compilations of Boners content were subsequently released, including The Omnibus Boners (1931), The 2nd Boners Omnibus (1938) (pictures by Galdone).,[5] Bigger & Better Boners (1952)(Illustrated by George Maas).

QMrThe Pocket Book of Boners is a book illustrated by Theodor Seuss Geisel (Dr. Seuss), originally published as four separate books in 1931–32 by The Viking Press. In 1941, Readers' League of America compiled these four books and published the Pocket Book of Boners.[1]

The Pocket Book of Boners contains 22 illustrations of boners by Dr. Seuss. The rest of the volume consists of short jokes and humorous observations with most being no more than four lines long, and is notable for its early examples of Dr. Seuss' illustration style as well as two stereotyped portrayals of minorities.[citation needed]

QMrEric Litwin James Dean Pete the Cat and His Four Groovy Elia Djellat

QMRThe novel on which Lace is based, also titled Lace, was written by Shirley Conran. It was first published in the United States by Simon & Schuster on July 1, 1982. The hardcover edition ran to 604 pages.

In the book there is a fourth "mother", a journalist named Kate, but this character does not appear in the adaptation, in which Judy is a journalist.

QMRValenciennes lace is a type of bobbin lace which originated in Valenciennes, in the Nord département of France, and flourished from about 1705 to 1780.[1][2][3] Later production moved to Belgium in and around Ypres.[3][4][5] The industry continued onto the 19th century on a diminished scale.[3] By the 19th century valenciennes lace could be made by machine.[1]

Valenciennes lace is made on a lace pillow[5][6] in one piece, with the réseau (the net-like ground) being made at the same time as the toilé (the pattern).[1][5][6] It differentiates itself from other types of lace because the openness of the réseau, the closeness and evenness of the toilé, which resembles cambric, and that it lacks any cordonnet (a loosely spun silk cord used to outline and define the pattern).[4][5][7] Also, in real Flemish Valenciennes lace there are no twisted sides to the mesh; all are closely plaited, and as a rule the shape of the mesh is diamond but without the openings.[4]

The réseau ground is made of four threads braided together, with eight threads at the crosses,[6] which makes it very strong and firm.[7] This is simpler and easier to make than the ground for Mechlin lace, though similar in appearance.[7]

It looks like quadrants

QMRThe program of the Boy Scouts of America is administered through 273 local councils, with each council covering a geographic area that may vary from a single city to an entire state. Each council receives an annual charter from the National Council and is usually incorporated as a charitable organization.[1] Most councils are administratively divided into districts that directly serve Scout units.

Councils fall into one of four regions: Western, Central, Southern, and Northeast.[1] Each region is then subdivided into areas. The total number of councils depends on how they are counted:

There are 273 individual local councils

Direct Service covers units outside of local councils— although technically not a council it is assigned a council number

Greater New York Councils has five boroughs, each with an assigned council number

Michigan Crossroads Council has four field service councils, each with an assigned council number

QMRIn the BSA, Scouting is considered to be one movement with four main programs:

Cub Scouting is the largest program, available to boys from first to fifth-grade or 7 to 11 years.[25] The program is designed to pursue the aims of character development, citizenship training, and personal fitness. Cub Scouting is divided into age-based levels of Tiger, Wolf, Bear, and Webelos Scouts.[4][26]

Boy Scouting is the flagship program of the BSA for boys ages 11 to 18. (Boys who have achieved the Cub Scout Arrow of Light Award or have completed the 5th grade can join as young as 10 years old) [25] It uses outdoor activities such as camping, aquatics and hiking to achieve the aims of character, citizenship and personal fitness training.[27]

Varsity Scouting is a sub-division of Boy Scouting available to boys ages 14 to 18; it adds a program of high adventure and sporting activities.[28]

The Order of the Arrow is the Boy Scouting national honor society for experienced campers, based on American Indian traditions and is dedicated to the ideals of brotherhood and cheerful service.[29]

Venturing is the program for young men and women ages 14 through 21.[25] Its purpose is to provide positive experiences to help youth mature and to prepare them to become responsible adults.[30]

Sea Scouting is the program for young men and women ages 14 through 21 focused on nautical activities.[31]

There are about 100,000 physically or mentally disabled Scouts throughout the United States. Anyone certified as disabled "may enroll in Scouting and remain in its program beyond the regulation age limits. This provision allows all members to advance in Scouting as far as they wish."[7] Advancement is measured by the achievement to the best of the Scout's abilities.

QMrFor administrative purposes, the BSA is divided into four regions—Western, Central, Southern and Northeast.[78] Each region is then subdivided into areas.

QMRThere is a simple song with hand gestures to accompany the jigsaw feature. There are four versions of the song, each version has a different final three lines, but the tune is the same and the first verse remains unchanged. The four versions are for:

The beginning of a meeting

The end of a meeting

During an enrollment ceremony (a Promise Party)

During a 'Pot of Gold Party' (a party held at the end of term when some Rainbows are preparing to progress to Brownies.)

This version is for the beginning of a meeting:

"Look at the world around you,

Learn everything you can,

Laugh as you go along,

Love this world of ours.

Look, learn, laugh, love

Rainbows has begun,

We're all here now,

Come and join the fun."

At the end of a meeting the last three lines are replaced with:

"We've had lots of fun,

Bye bye Rainbows,

Goodnight everyone."

At a Promise Party the last three lines are replaced with:

"Promise time has come,

I will do my best

and help everyone."

This version reflects aspects of the promise itself and it helpful in reminding Rainbows of their duty.

The final version at a Pot of Gold Party is often sung for the rest of the unit by only those who are leaving for Brownies and this versions final three lines are:

"Now the jigsaw is done,

New adventures,

Brownies here I/we come!"

QMRThe genius collection ranges from anything that possesses a convertible quality for more than one wearable option in one item. Genius dresses have four options to style: sleeveless, short sleeve, halter and one- shoulder. Convertible jewelry can be interchangeable for layered, longer or shorter styles in one purchased piece. Genius shoes have bows and buckles that can be added or removed.[11]

QMRIn the U.S. there are four major nationwide wholesale suppliers to hardware stores. All four report more than $1 billion (US Dollars) in sales annually.[6] Three of them operate as retailers' cooperatives: Do It Best Corp, from Fort Wayne Indiana, True Value Company from Chicago Illinois and Ace Hardware from Oakbrook Illinois.[6] Hardware store owners purchase stock in these suppliers and are "members" and "owners" as well as customers. A hardware store may choose to include the name of the cooperative in the advertised name of the store.

A typical Home Depot store in Knightdale, North Carolina.

The fourth nationwide supplier is Orgill, Inc., a traditional wholesale organization that does not operate as a cooperative.

QMRThe Apology (Greek: Ἀπολογία Σωκράτους; Apologia Sokratous, Latinized as Apologia Socratis[1]) is Plato's version of the speech given by Socrates as he defended himself in 399 BC[2] against the charges of "corrupting the young, and by not believing in the gods in whom the city believes, but in other daimonia that are novel" (24b). "Apology" here has its earlier meaning (now usually expressed by the word "apologia") of speaking in defense of a cause or of one's beliefs or actions (from the Greek ἀπολογία). The general term apology, in context to literature, defends a world from attack (opposite of satire-which attacks the world).

Apology is often ranked one of Plato's finest works. The dialogue, which depicts the death of Socrates, is among the four through which Plato details the philosopher's final days, along with Euthyphro, Phaedo, and Crito.

QMRAncient Greek verbs have four moods (indicative, imperative, subjunctive and optative), three voices (active, middle and passive), as well as three persons (first, second and third) and three numbers (singular, dual and plural). Verbs are conjugated in four main combinations of tense and aspect (present, future, perfect, and aorist), with a full complement of moods for each of these main "tenses", except for the following restrictions:

QMRThe optative is one of the four original moods of Proto-Indo-European (the other three being the indicative mood, the subjunctive mood, and the imperative mood). However, many Indo-European languages lost the optative, or renamed optative forms as subjunctive.

Cinema Chapter

QMrAli G is the leader of Da West Staines Massiv, a fictional gang composed of wannabe gangsters from Staines; their chief rivals are Da East Staines Massiv. Da West Staines Massiv are heartbroken to learn that their beloved local leisure centre will be demolished by the local council, so they decide to protest. After he goes on a hunger strike and is spotted chained to some railings by the Chancellor of the Exchequer and Deputy Prime Minister David Carlton, he is drawn into a world of political intrigue, as the Deputy Prime Minister tries to use Ali as a tool to destroy the Prime Minister's credibility. Ali is put forward as a candidate to be the next MP for Staines and manages to alienate most who cross his path. During a debate with his rival candidate, Ali tries to insult his rival by claiming that he "sucked off a horse," but the rival did do it and Ali wins.

Ali G's gang has four members in it

QMrFour Girls in White is a 1939 Drama directed by S. Sylvan Simon, starring Florence Rice and Una Merkel. The comical exploits of four nursing students enrolled in a three-year training course.[1]

QMRAlthough international relations and international trade have existed for many hundreds of years, it is only in the past century that international development theory emerged as a separate body of ideas.[3] More specifically, it has been suggested that 'the theory and practice of development is inherently technocratic, and remains rooted in the high modernist period of political thought that existed in the immediate aftermath of the Second World War'.[4] Throughout the 20th century, before the concept of international development became a common word, four aspects were used to describe the idea:

political and economic liberalism, and the significance of "free markets"

social evolution in extremely hierarchized environment

Marxist critiques of class and imperialism

anti-colonial take on cultural differences and national self-determination[2]

QMRFour television series have been adapted from Geisel's work. The first, Gerald McBoing-Boing, was an animated television adaptation of Geisel's 1951 cartoon of the same name and lasted three months between 1956 and 1957. The second, The Wubbulous World of Dr. Seuss, was a mix of live-action and puppetry by Jim Henson Television, the producers of The Muppets. It aired for one season on Nickelodeon in the United States, from 1996 to 1997. The third, Gerald McBoing-Boing, is a remake of the 1956 series.[90] Produced in Canada by Cookie Jar Entertainment (now DHX Media) and North America by Classic Media (now DreamWorks Classics), it ran from 2005 to 2007. The fourth, The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That!, produced by Portfolio Entertainment Inc., began on August 7, 2010, in Canada and September 6, 2010, in the United States and is currently still showing.

QMRFour Methods of Flush Riveting (1941) was first training film that was commissioned by Lockheed Aircraft.[7][Note 2]

In response to Disney's efforts, John Grierson, the head of the National Film Board of Canada entered into a co-production agreement for four animated films to promote the Canadian War Savings Plan.[9] In addition, a training film for the Canadian Army, that eventually became Stop That Tank! (1942) was commissioned.

QMRIn the 2013 TV series Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures, the four Ghosts come from the Netherworld. Though they are ruled by Lord Betrayus, they are actually good-natured spirits and often supply Pac-Man with information about Lord Betrayus' plots, while ensuring Betrayus doesn't catch them in the act. It is also suggested that they could be reunited with their bodies and brought back to life, though their 'living' forms are unknown. There were also some Ghosts that were exclusive to the TV series like Cyclops Ghosts (a race of heavyset, horned Ghosts with one eye), Fire Ghosts (a race of orange Ghosts who can emit fire from their body), Tentacle Ghosts (a race of 4-eyed purple-black Ghosts who look similar to jellyfish), Guardian Ghosts (a race of large Ghosts who guard the Netherworld), and Aqua Ghosts (a race of light blue Ghosts with fins on their head).

QMrIt is believed that at least six or seven pairs of the final design were made. According to producer Mervyn LeRoy, "We must have had five or ten pairs of those shoes".[9] The wardrobe woman who worked on the film claimed "six identical pairs" had been made.[8] Four pairs used in the movie have been accounted for. Rhys Thomas speculates that they were likely made by Joe Napoli of the Western Costume Company,[8] and not all at once, but as the need arose. Garland requested one pair a half-size larger, as her feet would become slightly swollen in the afternoon from the rigors of morning rehearsals and filming.[citation needed] According to Rhys Thomas in his Los Angeles Times article, "all the ruby slippers are between Size 5 and 6, varying between B and D widths."[8]

The four surviving pairs were made from white silk pumps from the Innes Shoe Company in Los Angeles. At the time, many movie studios used plain white silk shoes because they were inexpensive and easy to dye. It is likely that most of the shoes worn by female characters in The Wizard of Oz were plain Innes shoes with varying heel heights, dyed to match each costume. There is an embossed gold or silver stamp or an embroidered cloth label bearing the name of the company inside each right shoe.[8]

"Kazaky" is Ukrainian for "Cossacks". The Cossacks had a very prominent role in the shaping of Ukraine's national history and culture. However, the band claims that their name has nothing to do with the Cossacks, but that it is a derivative form of the Japanese word Kazaki, which they claim is a popular first name in Japan.[7] All four members are trained dancers, and the group is famous for theirelaborate, acrobatic and spectacular choreography routines, which feature perfectly synchronized and complex dancing moves executed on high heels. Artur Gaspar is especially known for his signature leg lift, which he often performs live and in videos. The group confronts gender norms by fusing masculine and feminine attributes together, most notably by regularly wearing stiletto heels in videos and live performances.

QMRThe band is originally made up of Kyryll Fedorenko, Artur Gaspar, Stas Pavlov and Oleg Zhezhel. The group's first single, "In the Middle", was released at the end of 2010, earning them the "Breakthrough of the Year" award at the 2010 Myway Dance Awards. The video features the four group members dancing in boy clothes at first, and then transitioning into a more androgynous look with their signature stiletto heels. It quickly went viral on YouTube. It was then followed by the video for their second single, "Love," shot in black & white, which furthered their online popularity. In June 2011, the group performed at the DSquared² Men Spring/Summer 2012 runway show. On 16 July 2011, they made their American debut at Club 57 in New York City, and performed their third single "I'm Just a Dancer" for the first time.[2] In August 2011, original member Pavlov left the group and was replaced by Italian singer Francesco Borgato.

QMR"Four Little Heels (The Clickety Clack Song)"

QMrGender displays in advertising[edit]

"If gender is defined as the culturally established correlates of sex (whether in consequence of biology or learning) then gender display refers to conventionalized portrayals of those correlates."[10] Gender displays can otherwise be defined as rituals of gender behavior, and they are used to help interpret social reality.[1] This is what advertising mainly borrows from, and for Goffman this is the reason as to why ads do not look strange to the public.[1] Further, Goffman argues that there are codes which can be used to identify gender. These codes of gender can be seen in the portrayals of men and women in advertising. There are four categories under which we can see these codes of gender: the family, the feminine touch, the ritualization of subordination, and licensed withdrawal

QMrThe Four-Faced Liar is a 2010 comedy-drama-romance film by director Jacob Chase. The title is a reference to a four-faced clock that displays four different times, all wrong, and to a bar with that name (also named after the clock) that features prominently as a location in the film.

QMRMalcolm is one of four "Spin doctors" featured on the show, the others being Cal Richards (Tom Hollander), Steve Fleming (David Haig), and Stewart Pearson (Vincent Franklin). He, Richards, and Fleming make up the three spin doctors that are universally feared by ministers and civil servants alike.

QMRCool Runnings was loosely based on real life events surrounding the formation of the Jamaican bobsled team. Some of the incidents that occurred in the film were real, such as the favorites to win the four-man event being the Swiss team (which they did), and the crash that eliminated the Jamaicans from further competition. However, there were several creative liberties taken by the filmmakers inorder to complete the story.

Characters[edit]

The bobsledders portrayed in the film are fictional, although the people who conceived the idea of a Jamaican bobsled team were inspired by pushcart racers and tried to recruit top track sprinters. However, they did not find any elite sprinters interested in competing and instead recruited four sprinters from the Air Force for the team.

Irving "Irv" Blitzer is a fictional character; the real team had several trainers, none of whom were connected to any cheating scandal. At the time of the movie's release, the United States had not won a gold medal in bobsleigh at the Winter Olympics in the four man event since 1948. They would not win the gold again until 2010.

In the film, the team is formed by Jamaican sprinters after failing to qualify for the 1988 Summer Olympics. The Jamaican Summer Olympic Trials would have occurred following the Winter Olympics in Calgary.

QMRWaiting to Exhale is a 1995 American romantic drama film directed by Forest Whitaker (in his feature film directorial debut) and starring Whitney Houston and Angela Bassett. The film was adapted from the 1992 novel of the same name by Terry McMillan. Lela Rochon, Loretta Devine, Dennis Haysbert, Michael Beach, Gregory Hines, Donald Faison, and Mykelti Williamson rounded out the rest of the cast. The original music score was composed by Kenneth "Babyface" Edmonds. The story centers on four female friends living in the Phoenix, Arizona area and their relationships with men and one another. All of them are "holding their breath" until the day they can feel comfortable in a committed relationship with a man.

Philosophy Chapter

QMRstatically indeterminate (or hyperstatic)[1] when the static equilibrium equations are insufficient for determining the internal forces and reactions on that structure.

Based on Newton's laws of motion, the equilibrium equations available for a two-dimensional body are

\sum \vec F = 0 : the vectorial sum of the forces acting on the body equals zero. This translates to

Σ H = 0: the sum of the horizontal components of the forces equals zero;

Σ V = 0: the sum of the vertical components of forces equals zero;

\sum \vec M = 0 : the sum of the moments (about an arbitrary point) of all forces equals zero.

Free body diagram of a statically indeterminate beam.

In the beam construction on the right, the four unknown reactions are VA, VB, VC and HA. The equilibrium equations are:

Σ V = 0:

VA − Fv + VB + VC = 0

Σ H = 0:

HA − Fh = 0

Σ MA = 0:

Fv · a − VB · (a + b) - VC · (a + b + c) = 0.

Since there are four unknown forces (or variables) (VA, VB, VC and HA) but only three equilibrium equations, this system of simultaneous equations does not have a unique solution. The structure is therefore classified as statically indeterminate. Considerations in the material properties and compatibility in deformations are taken to solve statically indeterminate systems or structures.

QMrOn Memorial Day, 1921, four unknown servicemen were exhumed from four World War I American cemeteries in France. U.S. Army Sgt. Edward F. Younger, who was wounded in combat, highly decorated for valor and received the Distinguished Service Cross in "The Great War" selected the Unknown of World War I from four identical caskets at the city hall in Châlons-en-Champagne, France, on October 24, 1921.[6] Younger selected the World War I Unknown by placing a spray of white roses on one of the caskets. He chose the third casket from the left. The chosen Unknown was transported to the United States aboard the USS Olympia. Those remaining were interred in the Meuse Argonne Cemetery, France.[6]

QMRThe FOUR Score is a clinical grading scale designed for use by medical professionals in the assessment of patients with impaired level of consciousness. It was developed by Dr. Eelco F.M. Wijdicks and colleagues in Neurocritical care at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota.

"FOUR" in this context is an acronym for "Full Outline of UnResponsiveness."

The FOUR Score is a 17-point scale (with potential scores ranging from 0 to 16). Decreasing FOUR Score is associated with worsening level of consciousness. The FOUR Score assesses four domains of neurological function: eye responses, motor responses, brainstem reflexes, and breathing pattern.

The rationale for the development of the FOUR Score was to create a clinical grading scale for the assessment of patients with impaired level of consciousness that can be used in patients with or without endotracheal intubation. The main clinical grading scale in use for patients with impaired level of consciousness has historically been the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), which cannot be administered to patients with an endotracheal tube (one component of the GCS is the assessment of verbal responses, which are not possible in the presence of an endotracheal tube.)

The FOUR score has been validated with reference to the Glasgow Coma Scale in several clinical contexts, including assessment by physicians in the Neurocritical Care Unit,[1] assessment by intensive care nurses,[2] assessment of patients in the medical intensive care unit (ICU),[3] and assessment of patients in the Emergency Department.[4] Comparison of the inter-observer reliability of the FOUR Score and the GCS suggests that the FOUR Score may have a modest but significant advantage in this particular measure of test function.[5]

QMRHamilton (1837–38 lectures on Logic, published 1860): a 4th "Law of Reason and Consequent"[edit]

As noted above, Hamilton specifies four laws—the three traditional plus the fourth "Law of Reason and Consequent"—as follows:

"XIII. The Fundamental Laws of Thought, or the conditions of the thinkable, as commonly received, are four: -- 1. The Law of Identity; 2. The Law of Contradiction; 3. The Law of Exclusion or of Excluded Middle; and, 4. The Law of Reason and Consequent, or of Sufficient Reason."[11]

Rationale: "Logic is the science of the Laws of Thought as Thought"[edit]

Hamilton opines that thought comes in two forms: "necessary" and "contingent" (Hamilton 1860:17). With regards the "necessary" form he defines its study as "logic": “Logic is the science of the necessary forms of thought” (Hamilton 1860:17). To define "necessary" he asserts that it implies the following four “qualities”:[12]

(1) “determined or necessitated by the nature of the thinking subject itself . . . it is subjectively, not objectively, determined;

(2) “original and not acquired;

(3) “universal; that is, it cannot be that it necessitates on some occasions, and does not necessitate on others.

(4) "it must be a law; for a law is that which applies to all cases without exception, and from which a deviation is ever, and everywhere, impossible, or, at least, unallowed. . . . This last condition, likewise, enables us to give the most explicit enunciation of the object-matter of Logic, in saying that Logic is the science of the Laws of Thought as Thought, or the science of the Formal Laws of Thought, or the science of the Laws of the Form of Thought; for all these are merely various expressions of the same thing."

Hamilton's 4th law: "Infer nothing without ground or reason"[edit]

Here's Hamilton's fourth law from his LECT. V. LOGIC. 60-61:

"I now go on to the fourth law.

"Par. XVII. Law of Sufficient Reason, or of Reason and Consequent:

"XVII. The thinking of an object, as actually characterized by positive or by negative attributes, is not left to the caprice of Understanding – the faculty of thought; but that faculty must be necessitated to this or that determinate act of thinking by a knowledge of something different from, and independent of; the process of thinking itself. This condition of our understanding is expressed by the law, as it is called, of Sufficient Reason (principium Rationis Sufficientis); but it is more properly denominated the law of Reason and Consequent (principium Rationis et Consecutionis). That knowledge by which the mind is necessitated to affirm or posit something else, is called the logical reason ground, or antecedent; that something else which the mind is necessitated to affirm or posit, is called the logical consequent; and the relation between the reason and consequent, is called the logical connection or consequence. This law is expressed in the formula - Infer nothing without a ground or reason.1

Relations between Reason and Consequent: The relations between Reason and Consequent, when comprehended in a pure thought, are the following:

1. When a reason is explicitly or implicitly given, then there must ¶ exist a consequent; and, vice versa, when a consequent is given, there must also exist a reason.

1 See Schulze, Logik, §19, and Krug, Logik, §20, - ED.

2. Where there is no reason there can be no consequent; and, vice versa, where there is no consequent (either implicitly or explicitly) there can be no reason. That is, the concepts of reason and of consequent, as reciprocally relative, involve and suppose each other.

The logical significance of this law: The logical significance of the law of Reason and Consequent lies in this, - That in virtue of it, thought is constituted into a series of acts all indissolubly connected; each necessarily inferring the other. Thus it is that the distinction and opposition of possible, actual and necessary matter, which has been introduced into Logic, is a doctrine wholly extraneous to this science.

QMRFour laws[edit]

"The primary laws of thought, or the conditions of the thinkable, are four: – 1. The law of identity [A is A]. 2. The law of contradiction. 3. The law of exclusion; or excluded middle. 4. The law of sufficient reason." (Thomas Hughes, The Ideal Theory of Berkeley and the Real World, Part II, Section XV, Footnote, p. 38)

Arthur Schopenhauer discussed the laws of thought and tried to demonstrate that they are the basis of reason. He listed them in the following way in his On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason, §33:

A subject is equal to the sum of its predicates, or a = a.

No predicate can be simultaneously attributed and denied to a subject, or a ≠ ~a.

Of every two contradictorily opposite predicates one must belong to every subject.

Truth is the reference of a judgment to something outside it as its sufficient reason or ground.

Also:

The laws of thought can be most intelligibly expressed thus:

Everything that is, exists.

Nothing can simultaneously be and not be.

Each and every thing either is or is not.

Of everything that is, it can be found why it is.

There would then have to be added only the fact that once for all in logic the question is about what is thought and hence about concepts and not about real things.

— Schopenhauer, Manuscript Remains, Vol. 4, "Pandectae II", §163'

To show that they are the foundation of reason, he gave the following explanation:

Through a reflection, which I might call a self-examination of the faculty of reason, we know that these judgments are the expression of the conditions of all thought and therefore have these as their ground. Thus by making vain attempts to think in opposition to these laws, the faculty of reason recognizes them as the conditions of the possibility of all thought. We then find that it is just as impossible to think in opposition to them as it is to move our limbs in a direction contrary to their joints. If the subject could know itself, we should know those laws immediately, and not first through experiments on objects, that is, representations (mental images).

— Schopenhauer, On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason, §33'

Schopenhauer's four laws can be schematically presented in the following manner:

A is A.

A is not not-A.

A is either A or not-A.

If A then B (A implies B).

Two laws[edit]

Later, in 1844, Schopenhauer claimed that the four laws of thought could be reduced to two. In the ninth chapter of the second volume of The World as Will and Representation, he wrote:

It seems to me that the doctrine of the laws of thought could be simplified if we were to set up only two, the law of excluded middle and that of sufficient reason. The former thus: "Every predicate can be either confirmed or denied of every subject." Here it is already contained in the "either, or" that both cannot occur simultaneously, and consequently just what is expressed by the laws of identity and contradiction. Thus these would be added as corollaries of that principle which really says that every two concept-spheres must be thought either as united or as separated, but never as both at once; and therefore, even although words are joined together which express the latter, these words assert a process of thought which cannot be carried out. The consciousness of this infeasibility is the feeling of contradiction. The second law of thought, the principle of sufficient reason, would affirm that the above attributing or refuting must be determined by something different from the judgment itself, which may be a (pure or empirical) perception, or merely another judgment. This other and different thing is then called the ground or reason of the judgment. So far as a judgement satisfies the first law of thought, it is thinkable; so far as it satisfies the second, it is true, or at least in the case in which the ground of a judgement is only another judgement it is logically or formally true.[9]

QMR The four Catuṣkoṭi logical divisions are formally very close to the four opposed propositions of the Greek tetralemma, which in turn are analogous to the four truth values of modern relevance logic Cf. Belnap (1977); Jayatilleke, K. N., (1967, The logic of four alternatives, in Philosophy East and West, University of Hawaii Press).

Jump up ^

QMRIf proof theory and model theory have been the foundation of mathematical logic, they have been but two of the four pillars of the subject. Set theory originated in the study of the infinite by Georg Cantor, and it has been the source of many of the most challenging and important issues in mathematical logic, from Cantor's theorem, through the status of the Axiom of Choice and the question of the independence of the continuum hypothesis, to the modern debate on large cardinal axioms.

QMRThe four main items on a cheque are

Drawer, the person or entity who makes the cheque

Payee, the recipient of the money

Drawee, the bank or other financial institution where the cheque can be presented for payment

Amount, the currency amount

QMrConformance checking is a process mining technique that compares an existing process model with an event log of the same process.[1] It can be used to check if reality, as recorded in the log, conforms to the model and vice versa.

For instance, there may be a process model indicating that purchase orders of more than one million Euro require two checks. Analysis of the event log will show whether this rule is followed or not. Another example is the checking of the socalled “four-eyes” principle stating that particular activities should not be executed by one and the same person. By scanning the event log using a model specifying these requirements, one can discover potential cases of fraud. Hence, conformance checking may be used to detect, locate and explain deviations, and to measure the severity of these deviations.

QMRTerry Eagleton outlines (more or less in no particular order) 16 definitions of ideology:[11]- 16 is the squares of the quadrant model

the process of production of meanings, signs and values in social life;

a body of ideas characteristic of a particular social group or class;

ideas which help to legitimate a dominant political power;

false ideas which help to legitimate a dominant political power;

systematically distorted communication;

that which offers a position for a subject;

forms of thought motivated by social interests;

identity thinking;

socially necessary illusion;

the conjuncture of discourse and power;

the medium in which conscious social actors make sense of their world;

action-oriented sets of beliefs;

the confusion of linguistic and phenomenal reality;

semiotic closure;

the indispensable medium in which individuals live out their relations to a social structure;

the process whereby social life is converted to a natural reality.

QMrFor Willard A. Mullins an ideology should be contrasted with the related (but different) issues of utopia and historical myth. An ideology is composed of four basic characteristics:

it must have power over cognition

it must be capable of guiding one's evaluations;

it must provide guidance towards action; and

it must be logically coherent.

QMrThe Institute for Advanced Study (IAS) in Princeton, New Jersey, in the United States, is an independent, postdoctoral research center for theoretical research and intellectual inquiry founded in 1930 by American educator Abraham Flexner, together with philanthropists Louis Bamberger and Caroline Bamberger Fuld. The IAS is perhaps best known as the academic home of Albert Einstein, John von Neumann and Kurt Gödel, after their immigration to the United States. Although it is close to and collaborates with Princeton University, Rutgers, and other nearby institutions, it is not part of any university or federal agency and does not charge tuition or fees.[2]

The institute consists of four schools–Historical Studies, Mathematics, Natural Sciences, and Social Sciences; there is also a program in theoretical biology.

QMrPereira's plan called for the University Center to be moved north and east, along with the proposed library building. This resulted in a revision of the campus long-range development plan: the three "clusters" of four colleges each would be more compact, allowing for an auxiliary library in each cluster. The proposed building was designed around a spheroidal tower, to maximize the stacks area that could be accessed in a given time from the center. This tower was to be situated atop a main level containing the staff and public areas of the library. The chosen site allowed for future expansions to step downwards into the canyon. Construction of the first of three increments began in July 1968; the two main floors were constructed first to form the base of the structure. This allowed for the placement of scaffolding to support construction of the tower. The Central University Library building's topping-out ceremony took place in December 1969 and its formal dedication was in March 1971.[3]

QMRDefinition[edit]

The definition of a narcissistic number relies on the decimal representation n = dkdk-1...d1 of a natural number n, i.e.,

n = dk·10k-1 + dk-1·10k-2 + ... + d2·10 + d1,

with k digits di satisfying 0 ≤ di ≤ 9. Such a number n is called narcissistic if it satisfies the condition

n = dkk + dk-1k + ... + d2k + d1k.

For example the 3-digit decimal number 153 is a narcissistic number because 153 = 13 + 53 + 33.

Narcissistic numbers can also be defined with respect to numeral systems with a base b other than b = 10. The base-b representation of a natural number n is defined by

n = dkbk-1 + dk-1bk-2 + ... + d2b + d1,

where the base-b digits di satisfy the condition 0 ≤ di ≤ b-1. For example the (decimal) number 17 is a narcissistic number with respect to the numeral system with base b = 3. Its three base-3 digits are 122, because 17 = 1·32 + 2·3 + 2 , and it satisfies the equation 17 = 13 + 23 + 23.

If the constraint that the power must equal the number of digits is dropped, so that for some m possibly different from k it happens that

n = dkm + dk-1m + ... + d2m + d1m,

then n is called a perfect digital invariant or PDI.[7][2] For example, the decimal number 4150 has four decimal digits and is the sum of the fifth powers of its decimal digits

4150 = 45 + 15 + 55 + 05,

so it is a perfect digital invariant but not a narcissistic number.

In "A Mathematician's Apology", G. H. Hardy wrote:

There are just four numbers, after unity, which are the sums of the cubes of their digits:

153=1^3+5^3+3^3

370=3^3+7^3+0^3

371=3^3+7^3+1^3

407=4^3+0^3+7^3.

These are odd facts, very suitable for puzzle columns and likely to amuse amateurs, but there is nothing in them which appeals to the mathematician.

QMR6174 is known as Kaprekar's constant[1][2][3] after the Indian mathematician D. R. Kaprekar. This number is notable for the following property:

Take any four-digit number, using at least two different digits. (Leading zeros are allowed.)

Arrange the digits in descending and then in ascending order to get two four-digit numbers, adding leading zeros if necessary.

Subtract the smaller number from the bigger number.

Go back to step 2.

The above process, known as Kaprekar's routine, will always reach its fixed point, 6174, in at most 7 iterations.[4] Once 6174 is reached, the process will continue yielding 7641 – 1467 = 6174. For example, choose 3524:

5432 – 2345 = 3087

8730 – 0378 = 8352

8532 – 2358 = 6174

7641 – 1467 = 6174

The only four-digit numbers for which Kaprekar's routine does not reach 6174 are repdigits such as 1111, which give the result 0000 after a single iteration. All other four-digit numbers eventually reach 6174 if leading zeros are used to keep the number of digits at 4:

2111 – 1112 = 0999

9990 – 0999 = 8991 (rather than 999 – 999 = 0)

9981 – 1899 = 8082

8820 – 0288 = 8532

8532 – 2358 = 6174

9831 reaches 6174 after 7 iterations:

9831 – 1389 = 8442

8442 – 2448 = 5994

9954 – 4599 = 5355

5553 – 3555 = 1998

9981 – 1899 = 8082

8820 – 0288 = 8532 (rather than 882 – 288 = 594)

8532 – 2358 = 6174

4371 reaches 6174 after 7 iterations:

7431 - 1347 = 6084

8640 - 0468 = 8172 (rather than 864 - 468 = 396)

8721 - 1278 = 7443

7443 - 3447 = 3996

9963 - 3699 = 6264

6642 - 2466 = 4176

7641 - 1467 = 6174

8774, 8477, 8747, 7748, 7487, 7847, 7784, 4877, 4787, and 4778 reach 6174 after 4 iterations:

8774 – 4778 = 3996

9963 – 3699 = 6264

6642 – 2466 = 4176

7641 – 1467 = 6174

Note that in each iteration of Kaprekar's routine, the two numbers being subtracted one from the other have the same digit sum and hence the same remainder modulo 9. Therefore, the result of each iteration of Kaprekar's routine is a multiple of 9.

QMR1089 is the integer after 1088 and before 1090. It is a square number (33 squared), a nonagonal number, a 32-gonal number, a 364-gonal number, and a centered octagonal number. 1089 is the first reverse-divisible number. The next is 2178

QMRFour-digit series[edit]

The NACA four-digit wing sections define the profile by:[1]

For example, the NACA 2412 airfoil has a maximum camber of 2% located 40% (0.4 chords) from the leading edge with a maximum thickness of 12% of the chord. Four-digit series airfoils by default have maximum thickness at 30% of the chord (0.3 chords) from the leading edge.

The NACA 0015 airfoil is symmetrical, the 00 indicating that it has no camber. The 15 indicates that the airfoil has a 15% thickness to chord length ratio: it is 15% as thick as it is long.

QMrThe construction of a groin vault can be understood most simply by visualising two barrel vault sections at right angles merging to form a squarish unit. The resulting four ribs convey the stress loading to the four corners, or piers.[6] The more complex groin vault is intrinsically a stronger design compared to the barrel vault, since the barrel vault structure must rest on long walls creating less stable lateral stress, whereas the groin vault design can direct stresses almost purely vertically on the piers.[7] A common association of vaulting in cathedrals of the Middle Ages involves a nave of barrel vault design with transepts of groined vaulting.[8] Rib vaults resemble groin vaults but introduce structural ribs running along the angles which carry much of the weight, making possible much greater variations of proportion.

QMRA groin vault or groined vault (also sometimes known as a double barrel vault or cross vault) is produced by the intersection at right angles of two barrel vaults.[1] The word "groin" refers to the edge between the intersecting vaults. Sometimes the arches of groin vaults are pointed instead of round. In comparison with a barrel vault, a groin vault provides good economies of material and labour. The thrust is concentrated along the groins or arrises (the four diagonal edges formed along the points where the barrel vaults intersect), so the vault need only be abutted at its four corners.

It looks like a quadrant

QMrView from the Vault, Volume Four (or View from the Vault IV) is the fourth release in the "View from the Vault" series of rock concert recordings by the Grateful Dead. Like the other entries in the series, it was released simultaneously as an album on CD and as a concert performance video on DVD. This volume contains two consecutive complete shows — July 24, 1987, at Oakland Stadium, and July 26, 1987 at Anaheim Stadium. The album was released as a 4-CD set.

These concerts were recorded during the "Dylan & the Dead" tour. On this brief tour, each Grateful Dead show was followed by a performance by Bob Dylan, with the Dead providing accompaniment. Songs from those performances are documented on the album Dylan & the Dead.

View from the Vault IV was the first "View from the Vault" that was not also released on VHS videotape. It was the first DVD of the series that included the option of either a two-channel stereo or a Dolby 5.1 channel surround sound soundtrack. It was also the last one with "view from the vault" in its title, and was followed eight months later by The Closing of Winterland.

Contents [hide]

1 Track listing

1.1 Disc one

1.2 Disc two

1.3 Disc three

1.4 Disc four

1.5 Track listing notes

2 Credits

2.1 Grateful Dead

3 See also

4 References

Track listing[edit]

Disc one[edit]

"Jack Straw" > (Bob Weir, Robert Hunter)

"Mississippi Half-Step Uptown Toodeloo" (Jerry Garcia, Hunter)

"My Brother Esau" (Weir, John Barlow)

"Friend of the Devil" (Garcia, John Dawson, Hunter)

"Me and My Uncle" > (John Phillips)

"Big River" (Johnny Cash)

"When Push Comes To Shove" (Garcia, Hunter)

"Far From Me" (Brent Mydland)

"Cassidy" > (Weir, Barlow)

"Deal" (Garcia, Hunter)

Disc two[edit]

"Hell In A Bucket" > (Weir, Barlow)

"Scarlet Begonias" (Garcia, Hunter)

"Playing in the Band" > (Weir, Mickey Hart, Hunter)

"Drums" > (Bill Kreutzmann, Hart)

"Space" > (Grateful Dead)

"Uncle John's Band" > (Garcia, Hunter)

"Dear Mr. Fantasy" > (Jim Capaldi, Steve Winwood, Chris Wood)

"I Need A Miracle" > (Weir, Barlow)

"Bertha" > (Garcia, Hunter)

"Sugar Magnolia" (Weir, Hunter)

Disc three[edit]

"Iko Iko" (James Crawford)

"New Minglewood Blues" (Noah Lewis)

"Tons Of Steel" (Mydland)

"West L.A. Fadeaway" (Garcia, Hunter)

"When I Paint My Masterpiece" (Bob Dylan)

"Mexicali Blues" (Weir, Barlow)

"Bird Song" > (Garcia, Hunter)

"Promised Land" (Chuck Berry)

Disc four[edit]

"Shakedown Street" (Garcia, Hunter)

"Looks Like Rain" (Weir, Barlow)

"Terrapin Station" > (Garcia, Hunter)

"Drums" > (Kreutzmann, Hart)

"Space" > (Grateful Dead)

"The Other One" > (Weir, Kreutzmann)

"Stella Blue" > (Garcia, Hunter)

"Throwing Stones" > (Weir, Barlow)

"Not Fade Away" (Buddy Holly, Norman Petty)

QMRGottlob Frege's Begriffsschrift also presents a square of oppositions, organised in an almost identical manner to the classical square, showing the contradictories, subalternates and contraries between four formulae constructed from universal quantification, negation and implication.

Every categorical proposition can be reduced to one of four logical forms. These are:

The so-called 'A' proposition, the universal affirmative (universalis affirmativa), whose form in Latin is 'omne S est P', usually translated as 'every S is a P'.

The 'E' proposition, the universal negative (universalis negativa), Latin form 'nullum S est P', usually translated as 'no S are P'.

The 'I' proposition, the particular affirmative (particularis affirmativa), Latin 'quoddam S est P', usually translated as 'some S are P'.

The 'O' proposition, the particular negative (particularis negativa), Latin 'quoddam S non est P', usually translated as 'some S are not P'.

QMRIn the system of Aristotelian logic, the square of opposition is a diagram representing the different ways in which each of the four propositions of the system is logically related ('opposed') to each of the others. The system is also useful in the analysis of syllogistic logic, serving to identify the allowed logical conversions from one type to another.

Quadrant Model of Reality

Tuesday, May 10, 2016

Quadrant Model of Reality Book 42

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