The quadrant theory is a theory of intelligent design describing that reality is organized around a pattern called the quadrant model pattern. Previous books discuss the nature of this pattern.
March 21 Facebook-11:00 March 20 11
Science Chapter
Physics Chapter
QMRTheoretically, an aerostatic vehicle could be made to use a vacuum or partial vacuum. As early as 1670, over a century before the first manned hot-air balloon flight,[2] the Italian monk Francesco Lana de Terzi postulated a ship with four vacuum spheres.
In a theoretically perfect situation with weightless spheres, a 'vacuum balloon' would be 7% lighter than a hydrogen-filled balloon, and 16% lighter than a helium-filled one. However, because the walls of the balloon must be able to remain rigid without imploding, the balloon is impractical to construct with all known materials. Despite that, sometimes there is discussion on the topic.[3]
|
QMRA tally counter is a mechanical, electronic, or software device used to incrementally count something, typically fleeting. One of the most common things tally counters are used for is counting people, animals, or things that are quickly coming and going from some location.
Description[edit]
Mechanical tally counters
A tally counter is usually cased in metal and is cylindrical in shape. Part of the circle is flattened out and contains a window of plastic or glass. Inside the counter are a number of rings with the numbers from 0 to 9 in descending order going clockwise. Most counters have four such rings, allowing the user to count up to 9999. A metal ring may be attached to aid in holding the counter, and usually half the ring is bent to allow it to fold flush with the counter when not in use.
|
Four counters can be simulated by two counters.[edit]
As before, one of the counters is used as scratchpad. The other holds an integer whose prime factorization is 2a3b5c7d. The exponents a, b, c, and d can be thought of as four virtual counters that are being packed (via Gödel numbering) into a single real counter. If the real counter is set to zero then incremented once, that is equivalent to setting all the virtual counters to zero. If the real counter is doubled, that is equivalent to incrementing a, and if it's halved, that's equivalent to decrementing a. By a similar procedure, it can be multiplied or divided by 3, which is equivalent to incrementing or decrementing b. Similarly, c and d can be incremented or decremented. To check if a virtual counter such as c is equal to zero, just divide the real counter by 5, see what the remainder is, then multiply by 5 and add back the remainder. That leaves the real counter unchanged. The remainder will have been nonzero if and only if c was zero.
As a result, an FSM with two counters can simulate four counters, which are in turn simulating two stacks, which are simulating a Turing machine. Therefore, an FSM plus two counters is at least as powerful as a Turing machine. A Turing machine can easily simulate an FSM with two counters, therefore the two machines have equivalent power.
|
QMRA counter machine is an abstract machine used in formal logic and theoretical computer science to model computation. It is the most primitive of the four types of register machines. A counter machine comprises a set of one or more unbounded registers, each of which can hold a single non-negative integer, and a list of (usually sequential) arithmetic and control instructions for the machine to follow.
|
QMRFor every Turing machine, there is a 2CM that simulates it, given that the 2CM's input and output are properly encoded. This is proved in Minsky's book (Computation, 1967, p. 255-258), and an alternative proof is sketched below in three steps. First, a Turing machine can be simulated by a finite-state machine (FSM) equipped with two stacks. Then, two stacks can be simulated by four counters. Finally, four counters can be simulated by two counters.
|
QMRFour-bit ring counter sequences[edit]
|
QMRYMCA Camp Warren is an overnight, single-gender summer camp located on Half Moon Lake by Eveleth, Minnesota. It is one of four YMCA of Twin Cities summer camp branches. Girl sessions typically run from mid-June to mid-July, with one one-week session (1G) and two two-week sessions (2G and 3G). Boys' sessions typically run from late July to late August, starting with two two-week sessions (1B and 2B) and ending with a one-week session (3B). Warren also offers 4 day, co-ed sessions during MEA and Winter. YMCA Camp Warren is American Camp Association accredited.[1]
|
Grid arrangements of quantum-dot cells behave in ways that allow for computation. The simplest practical cell arrangement is given by placing quantum-dot cells in series, to the side of each other. Figure 4 shows such an arrangement of four quantum-dot cells. The bounding boxes in the figure do not represent physical implementation, but are shown as means to identify individual cells.
If the polarization of any of the cells in the arrangement shown in figure 4 were to be changed (by a "driver cell"), the rest of the cells would immediately synchronize to the new polarization due to Coulombic interactions between them. In this way, a "wire" of quantum-dot cells can be made that transmits polarization state. Configurations of such wires can form a complete set of logic gates for computation.
There are two types of wires possible in QCA: A simple binary wire as shown in Figure 4 and an inverter chain, which is constituted by placing 45-degree inverted QCA cells side by side.
|
QMRToday, standard solid state QCA cell design considers the distance between quantum dots to be about 20 nm, and a distance between cells of about 60 nm. Just like any CA, Quantum (-dot) Cellular Automata are based on the simple interaction rules between cells placed on a grid. A QCA cell is constructed from four quantum dots arranged in a square pattern. These quantum dots are sites electrons can occupy by tunneling to them.
|
QMRHarry S. Truman's inaugural address, known as the Four Point Speech, was delivered by United States president Harry S. Truman, on Thursday, January 20, 1949.
In a world only recently emerged from the shadow of World War II, in which freedom and human rights seemed under threat from many sides, this was Truman's response.
He challenged both Democrats and Republicans to assist people around the world struggling for freedom and human rights; to continue programs for world economic recovery; to strengthen international organizations; and to draw on the expertise of the United States to help people across the world help themselves in the struggle against ignorance, illness and despair.
The four points[edit]
First, "we will continue to give unfaltering support to the United Nations and related agencies, and we will continue to search for ways to strengthen their authority and increase their effectiveness."
Second, "we will continue our programs for world economic recovery."
Third, "we will strengthen freedom-loving nations against the dangers of aggression."
Fourth, "we must embark on a bold new program for making the benefits of our scientific advances and industrial progress available for the improvement and growth of underdeveloped areas."
|
QMRIn particle physics, Fermi's interaction (also the Fermi theory of beta decay) is an explanation of the beta decay, proposed by Enrico Fermi in 1933.[1][2][3][4] The theory posits four fermions directly interacting with one another, at one vertex.
|
QMRThe Lagrangian for the electroweak interactions is divided into four parts before electroweak symmetry breaking
\mathcal{L}_{EW} = \mathcal{L}_g + \mathcal{L}_f + \mathcal{L}_h + \mathcal{L}_y.
The \mathcal{L}_g term describes the interaction between the three W particles and the B particle.
\mathcal{L}_g = -\frac{1}{4}W_{a}^{\mu\nu}W_{\mu\nu}^a - \frac{1}{4}B^{\mu\nu}B_{\mu\nu},
where W^{a\mu\nu} (a=1,2,3) and B^{\mu\nu} are the field strength tensors for the weak isospin and weak hypercharge fields.
\mathcal{L}_f is the kinetic term for the Standard Model fermions. The interaction of the gauge bosons and the fermions are through the gauge covariant derivative.
\mathcal{L}_f = \overline{Q}_i iD\!\!\!\!/\; Q_i+ \overline{u}_i iD\!\!\!\!/\; u_i+ \overline{d}_i iD\!\!\!\!/\; d_i+ \overline{L}_i iD\!\!\!\!/\; L_i+ \overline{e}_i iD\!\!\!\!/\; e_i ,
where the subscript i runs over the three generations of fermions, Q, u, and d are the left-handed doublet, right-handed singlet up, and right handed singlet down quark fields, and L and e are the left-handed doublet and right-handed singlet electron fields.
The h term describes the Higgs field F.
\mathcal{L}_h = |D_\mu h|^2 - \lambda \left(|h|^2 - \frac{v^2}{2}\right)^2
The y term gives the Yukawa interaction that generates the fermion masses after the Higgs acquires a vacuum expectation value.
\mathcal{L}_y = - y_{u\, ij} \epsilon^{ab} \,h_b^\dagger\, \overline{Q}_{ia} u_j^c - y_{d\, ij}\, h\, \overline{Q}_i d^c_j - y_{e\,ij} \,h\, \overline{L}_i e^c_j + h.c.
|
QMRQuartic interaction
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article refers to a type of self-interaction in scalar field theory, a topic in quantum field theory. Other types of quartic interactions may be found under the topic of four-fermion interactions. A classical free scalar field \varphi satisfies the Klein–Gordon equation. If a scalar field is denoted \varphi, a quartic interaction is represented by adding a potential term \frac{\lambda}{4!} \varphi^4. The coupling constant \lambda is dimensionless in 4-dimensional space-time.
This article uses the (+−−−) metric signature for Minkowski space.
|
QMRA non-covalent interaction differs from a covalent bond in that it does not involve the sharing of electrons, but rather involves more dispersed variations of electromagnetic interactions between molecules or within a molecule.[1] The chemical energy released in the formation of non-covalent interactions is typically on the order of 1-5 kcal/mol (1000–5000 calories per 6.02 x 10^23 molecules).[2] Non-covalent interactions can be generally classified into four categories, electrostatic, π-effects, van der Waals forces, and hydrophobic effects.[1][2]
|
QMrFour Quartets is a set of four poems written by T. S. Eliot that were published individually over a six-year period. The first poem, Burnt Norton, was written and published with a collection of his early works following the production of Eliot's play Murder in the Cathedral. After a few years, Eliot composed the other three poems, East Coker, The Dry Salvages, and Little Gidding, which were written during World War II and the air-raids on Great Britain. The poems were not collected until Eliot's New York publisher printed them together in 1943. They were first published as a series in Great Britain in 1941 to 1942 towards the end of Eliot's poetic career.
|
QMrA container crane (also container handling gantry crane or ship-to-shore crane) is a type of large dockside gantry crane found at container terminals for loading and unloading intermodal containers from container ships.
Container cranes at Kochi
Container cranes consist of a supporting framework that can traverse the length of a quay or yard on a rail track. Instead of a hook, they are equipped with a specialized handling tool called a spreader. The spreader can be lowered on top of a container and locks onto the container's four locking points ("cornercastings") using a twistlock mechanism. Cranes normally transport a single container at once, but some newer cranes have the capability to pick up two to four 20-foot containers at once.
They come in four sizes
|
QMRCranes are a clade (Gruidae) of large, long-legged and long-necked birds in the group Gruiformes. There are fifteen species of crane in four genera. Unlike the similar-looking but unrelated herons, cranes fly with necks outstretched, not pulled back. Cranes live on all continents except Antarctica and South America.
|
QMrThe Soundfield microphone is an audio microphone composed of four closely spaced subcardioid or cardioid (unidirectional) microphone capsules arranged in a tetrahedron. It was invented by Michael Gerzon and Peter Craven, and is a part of, but not exclusive to, Ambisonics, a surround sound technology. It can function as a mono, stereo or surround sound microphone, optionally including height information.
|
QMRFIPS 140-2 defines four levels of security, simply named "Level 1" to "Level 4". It does not specify in detail what level of security is required by any particular application.
Level 1[edit]
a Security Level 1 provides the lowest level of security. Basic security requirements are specified for a cryptographic module (e.g., at least one Approved algorithm or Approved security function shall be used). No specific physical security mechanisms are required in a Security Level 1 cryptographic module beyond the basic requirement for production-grade components. An example of a Security Level 1 cryptographic module is a personal computer (PC) encryption board.
Level 2[edit]
Security Level 2 improves upon the physical security mechanisms of a Security Level 1 cryptographic module by requiring features that show evidence of tampering, including tamper-evident coatings or seals that must be broken to attain physical access to the plaintext cryptographic keys and critical security parameters (CSPs) within the module, or pick-resistant locks on covers or doors to protect against unauthorized physical access.
Level 3[edit]
In addition to the tamper-evident physical security mechanisms required at Security Level 2, Security Level 3 attempts to prevent the intruder from gaining access to CSPs held within the cryptographic module. Physical security mechanisms required at Security Level 3 are intended to have a high probability of detecting and responding to attempts at physical access, use or modification of the cryptographic module. The physical security mechanisms may include the use of strong enclosures and tamper detection/response circuitry that zeroes all plain text CSPs when the removable covers/doors of the cryptographic module are opened.
Level 4[edit]
Security Level 4 provides the highest level of security.
At this security level, the physical security mechanisms provide a complete envelope of protection around the cryptographic module with the intent of detecting and responding to all unauthorized attempts at physical access.
Penetration of the cryptographic module enclosure from any direction has a very high probability of being detected, resulting in the immediate deletion of all plaintext CSPs.
Security Level 4 cryptographic modules are useful for operation in physically unprotected environments. Security Level 4 also protects a cryptographic module against a security compromise due to environmental conditions or fluctuations outside of the module's normal operating ranges for voltage and temperature. Intentional excursions beyond the normal operating ranges may be used by an attacker to thwart a cryptographic module's defenses. A cryptographic module is required to either include special environmental protection features designed to detect fluctuations and delete CSPs, or to undergo rigorous environmental failure testing to provide a reasonable assurance that the module will not be affected by fluctuations outside of the normal operating range in a manner that can compromise the security of the module.
|
QMRThese self-guided trainings help new users learn the basics of Wikipedia with three of four modules relating to student assignments.
Training for newcomers: a short, general training on the basics of Wikipedia's rules and how to edit
Training for students: a four-part training intended for students doing assignments on Wikipedia, with more detailed introductions to core Wikipedia policies, editing basics, and more specific editing advice for students. Welcome (4 pages). The core (14 pages). Editing (24 pages). Advanced (13 pages). Background (2 pages).
Training for language students: an abbreviated version of the student training tailored to translation assignments (where the students are translating good articles from another language into English).
Training for educators: a four-part training for professors and other educators who want to run Wikipedia assignments for class, with introductions to core Wikipedia policies, editing basics, and an overview of best practices for designing and implementing Wikipedia assignments. Welcome (5 pages). The core (15 pages). Editing (24 pages). Medical topics (4 pages). General topic advice (3 pages). Classroom (42 pages). Course pages (4 pages).
Training for Wikipedia Ambassadors: a four-part training for Wikipedia Campus and Online Ambassadors, with introductions to core policies and editing basics for those new to editing and an overview of best practices for Wikipedia assignments. Welcome (5 pages). The core (15 pages). Editing (22 pages). Classroom (39 pages). Course pages (5 pages).
|
QMRThis orientation for students editing Wikipedia as a class assignment consists of four main modules:
Welcome, a short introduction;
The Core, an overview of Wikipedia's core principles;
Editing, a tutorial on the basic mechanics of editing pages and communicating with others; and
Advanced, some selected advanced topics to help you get off to a good start with your first article.
In total, the four modules should take about one hour to complete.
|
QMRTrade in Services refers to the sale and delivery of an intangible product, called a service, between a producer and consumer. Trade in services takes place between a producer and consumer that are, in legal terms, based in different countries, or economies, this is called International Trade in Services.
International trade in services is defined by the Four Modes of Supply of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS).
(Mode 1) Cross border trade, which is defined as delivery of a service from the territory of one country into the territory of other country;
(Mode 2) Consumption abroad - this mode covers supply of a service of one country to the service consumer of any other country;
(Mode 3) Commercial presence - which covers services provided by a service supplier of one country in the territory of any other country, and
(Mode 4) Presence of natural persons - which covers services provided by a service supplier of one country through the presence of natural persons in the territory of any other country.
A "Natural person" is a human being, as distinct from legal persons such as companies or organisations. Countries can freely decide where to liberalize on a sector-by-sector basis, including which specific mode of supply they want to cover for a given sector.
The tourism sector, the financial services sector and the telecommunication services sector are examples of services sectors.
During the Uruguay Round of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), the General Agreement on Trade in Services was drafted, and became enshrined as one of the four pillars of the international treaty comprising the World Trade Organization Agreement in 1995.
Regional trade in services agreements are also negotiated and signed between regional economic groupings such as CARICOM, North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and ASEAN.
Some examples of trade in service would be: banking, check-ups done by a doctor and IT (information technology).
|
QMRAston & Gaudenzi (2012) offer four modes for understanding the nature of interactive documentary; the conversational mode as a conversation with a computer that is typified through forms of game-play, the hypertext mode as means of structuring user experience through a series of branching choices; the participative mode as two-way conversation between author and users that actively involves the user in production of material; the experiential mode as a way of utilising space and embodiment to structure the user experience particularly where the experience of the real and the virtual become blurred.
|
QMRTrade in services statistics are economic statistics which detail international trade in services. They received a great deal of focus at the advent of services negotiations which took place under the Uruguay Round, which became part of the General Agreement on Trade in Services, one of the four principal pillars of the World Trade Organization (WTO) trade treaty, also called the "WTO Agreement".
The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) Four Modes of Supply comprises:
Mode 1 Cross border trade, which is defined as delivery of a service from the territory of one country into the territory of other country;
Mode 2 Consumption abroad - this mode covers supply of a service of one country to the service consumer of any other country;
Mode 3 Commercial presence - which covers services provided by a service supplier of one country in the territory of any other country, i.e., foreign direct investment undertaken by a service provider;
Mode 4 Presence of natural persons - which covers services provided by a service supplier of one country through the presence of natural persons in the territory another economy.
Statistics which correspondent to the GATS Four Modes of Supply comprise quantitative data addressing:
|
Chemistry Chapter
Biology Chapter
QMRNorthern White Rhino- The four rhinos (2 male and 2 female), under constant watch by specialists and staff, lived in specially constructed bomas with access to a 400×400-metre paddock area, allowing them to acclimatize to their new surroundings.[citation needed] These four were:
Sudan, a 43-year-old male (as of 2016), who was caught from the wild in Sudan at 3 years old.[citation needed]
Suni, a male, was born in captivity in 1980. He had mated while in zoos. Some of his sperm has been collected and frozen. On 17 October 2014, he died from natural causes, probably old age.[25][26]
Najin, a female, was born in captivity in 1989. She is Suni's half-sister and mother of Fatu.[27]
Fatu, a female, was born in captivity in 2000. She is the daughter of Najin.[27]
To prevent any unnecessary injuries they might inflict on each other while interacting in their fenced area, and give their horns an opportunity to regrow to a natural shape (as their front horns had grown bent by much rubbing against enclosure bars in captivity), all four rhinos were sedated and their horns were sawn off. This also made them less vulnerable to the poaching that drove their species to near extinction, as the horn is what the poachers are after. In place of their horns, radio transmitters have been installed to allow closer monitoring of their whereabouts.[28] They are protected round-the-clock by armed guards.[29]
|
QMRAn accountant is a practitioner of accounting or accountancy, which is the measurement, disclosure or provision of assurance about financial information that helps managers, investors, tax authorities and others make decisions about allocating resources.
In many jurisdictions, professional accounting bodies maintain standards of practice and evaluations for professionals. Accountants who have demonstrated competency through their professional associations' certification exams are certified to use titles such as Chartered Accountant, Chartered Certified Accountant or Certified Public Accountant. Such professionals are granted certain responsibilities by statute, such as the ability to certify an organization's financial statements, and may be held liable for professional misconduct. Non-qualified accountants may be employed by a qualified accountant, or may work independently without statutory privileges and obligations.
The Big Four auditors are the largest employers of accountants worldwide. However, most accountants are employed in commerce, industry and the public sector.[1]
|
QMRDonated blood is tested by many methods, but the core tests recommended by the World Health Organization are these four:
Hepatitis B Surface Antigen
Antibody to Hepatitis C
Antibody to HIV, usually subtypes 1 and 2
Serologic test for Syphilis
|
QMRFictional group biography[edit]
Describing themselves as "Archaeologists of the Impossible", Planetary is an organization intent on discovering the world's secret history. Funded by the mysterious Fourth Man, the field team consists of three superhuman beings: Jakita Wagner (strong, fast and almost invulnerable); The Drummer (can detect and manipulate information streams, such as computers and other electronics); and new recruit Elijah Snow (can create intense cold and extract heat). Planetary member Ambrose Chase (can create a "selective physics-distortion field") was also a member of the field team until he was killed. It was later revealed that Ambrose Chase was still alive and had used his powers to manipulate time and suspend himself in a time distortion bubble where the effects of his mortal injuries proceeded at an incredibly slow pace. Elijah Snow and the rest of Planetary, using technology based on Randall Dowling's notes, were able to recover Ambrose Chase and save his life.
The field team travel the world investigating strange phenomena - including monsters, aliens and other superhumans, unusual relics and suppressed military secrets - for both the betterment of mankind and out of sheer curiosity. The group is sporadically opposed by a rival group of metahumans called the Four, a parallel Fantastic Four (Dr. Randall Dowling, Kim Süskind, William Leather and Jacob Greene) intent on using the secrets of the world for personal gain.
|
QMRCephalopods, as the name implies, have muscular appendages extending from their heads and surrounding their mouths. These are used in feeding, mobility, and even reproduction. In coleoids they number eight or ten. Decapods such as cuttlefish and squid have five pairs. The longer two, termed tentacles, are actively involved in capturing prey;[1]:225 they can lengthen rapidly (in as little as 15 milliseconds[1]:225). In giant squid they may reach a length of 8 metres. They may terminate in a broadened, sucker-coated club.[1]:225 The shorter four pairs are termed arms, and are involved in holding and manipulating the captured organism.[1]:225 They too have suckers, on the side closest to the mouth; these help to hold onto the prey.[1]:226 Octopods only have four pairs of sucker-coated arms, as the name suggests, though developmental abnormalities can modify the number of arms expressed.[57]
|
QMRThe structure and dispersion relation of internal waves in a uniformly stratified fluid is found through the solution of the linearized conservation of mass, momentum, and internal energy equations assuming the fluid is incompressible and the background density varies by a small amount (the Boussinesq approximation). Assuming the waves are two dimensional in the x-z plane, the respective equations are
\partial_x u + \partial_z w = 0
\rho_{00} \partial_t u = - \partial_x p
\rho_{00} \partial_t w = - \partial_z p - \rho g
\partial_t \rho = -w d\rho_0/dz
in which \rho is the perturbation density, p is the pressure, and (u,w) is the velocity. The ambient density changes linearly with height as given by \rho_0(z) and \rho_{00}, a constant, is the characteristic ambient density.
Solving the four equations in four unknowns for a wave of the form \exp[i(kx+mz-\omega t)] gives the dispersion relation
\omega^2 = N^2 \frac{k^2}{k^2+m^2} = N^2 \cos^2\Theta
in which N is the buoyancy frequency and \Theta=\tan^{-1}(m/k) is the angle of the wavenumber vector to the horizontal, which is also the angle formed by lines of constant phase to the vertical.
The phase velocity and group velocity found from the dispersion relation predict the unusual property that they are perpendicular and that the vertical components of the phase and group velocities have opposite sign: if a wavepacket moves upward to the right, the crests move downward to the right.
|
Most cephalopods possess a single pair of large nephridia. Filtered nitrogenous waste is produced in the pericardial cavity of the branchial hearts, each of which is connected to a nephridium by a narrow canal. The canal delivers the excreta to a bladder-like renal sac, and also resorbs excess water from the filtrate. Several outgrowths of the lateral vena cava project into the renal sac, continuously inflating and deflating as the branchial hearts beat. This action helps to pump the secreted waste into the sacs, to be released into the mantle cavity through a pore.[68]
Nautilus, unusually, possesses four nephridia, none of which are connected to the pericardial cavities.
|
QMRAll living cephalopods have a two-part beak;[5]:7 most have a radula, although it is reduced in most octopus and absent altogether in Spirula.[5]:7[60]:110 They feed by capturing prey with their tentacles, drawing it into their mouth and taking bites from it.[17] They have a mixture of toxic digestive juices, some of which are manufactured by symbiotic algae, which they eject from their salivar...See More
|
QMR A nucleosome is a basic unit of DNA packaging in eukaryotes, consisting of a segment of DNA wound in sequence around eight[1] histone protein cores.[2] This structure is often compared to thread wrapped around a spool.[3]
The nucleosome is composed of an octamer of the four core histones (H3, H4, H2A, H2B) around which 147 base pairs of DNA are wrapped.
Due to the highly basic charge of all four core histones, the histone octamer is stable only in the presence of DNA or very high salt concentrations.
The arrangement of the histones looks like two quadrants, one on top of the other.
|
QMRUnlike this simplified model, any real histone code has the potential to be massively complex; each of the four standard histones can be simultaneously modified at multiple different sites with multiple different modifications. To give an idea of this complexity, histone H3 contains nineteen lysines known to be methylated — each can be un-, mono-, di- or tri-methylated. If modifications are ind...See More
|
the histones look like a quadrant
|
The core histones all exist as dimers, which are similar in that they all possess the histone fold domain; three alpha helices linked by two loops. It is this helical structure that allows for interaction between distinct dimers, particularly in a head-tail fashion (also called the handshake motif).[6] The resulting four distinct dimers then come together to form one octameric nucleosome core, approximately 63 Angstroms in diameter (a solenoid (DNA)-like particle). 147 base pairs of DNA wrap around this core particle 1.65 times in a left-handed super-helical turn to give a particle of around 100 Angstroms across.[7] The linker histone H1 binds the nucleosome at the entry and exit sites of the DNA, thus locking the DNA into place[8] and allowing the formation of higher order structure. The most basic such formation is the 10 nm fiber or beads on a string conformation. This involves the wrapping of DNA around nucleosomes with approximately 50 base pairs of DNA separating each pair of nucleosomes (also referred to as linker DNA). Higher-order structures include the 30 nm fiber (forming an irregular zigzag) and 100 nm fiber, these being the structures found in normal cells. During mitosis and meiosis, the condensed chromosomes are assembled through interactions between nucleosomes and other regulatory proteins.
|
QMRFive major families of histones exist: H1/H5, H2A, H2B, H3 and H4.[2][4][5] four Histones H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 are known as the core histones, while histones H1 and H5 are known as the linker histones.
|
QMRInduced pluripotent stem cells (also known as iPS cells or iPSCs) are a type of pluripotent stem cell that can be generated directly from adult cells. The iPSC technology was pioneered by Shinya Yamanaka’s lab in Kyoto, Japan, who showed in 2006 that the introduction of four specific genes encoding transcription factors could convert adult cells into pluripotent stem cells.[1] He was awarded the 2012 Nobel Prize along with Sir John Gurdon "for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent." [2]
|
wire crossing involves quadrants
|
Wire-crossing[edit]
Figure 8 - Basic Wire-Crossing Technique. Note that this is schematic and distances are not to scale; cells are much farther apart than dots within cells.
Wire-crossing in QCA cells can be done by using two different quantum dot orientations (one at 45 degrees to the other) and allowing a wire composed of one type to pass perpendicularly "through" a wire of the other type, as shown schematically in figure 8. The distances between dots in both types of cells are exactly the same, producing the same Coulombic interactions between the electrons in each cell. Wires composed of these two cell types, however, are different: one type propagates polarization without change; the other reverses polarization from one adjacent cell to the next. The interaction between the different wire types at the point of crossing produces no net polarization change in either wire, thereby allowing the signals on both wires to be preserved.
|
Four stages[edit]
A QCA clock induces four stages in the tunneling barriers of the cells above it. In the first stage, the tunneling barriers start to rise. The second stage is reached when the tunneling barriers are high enough to prevent electrons from tunneling. The third stage occurs when the high barrier starts to lower. And finally, in the fourth stage, the tunneling barriers allow electrons to freely tunnel again. In simple words, when the clock signal is high, electrons are free to tunnel. When the clock signal is low, the cell becomes latched.
Figure 7 shows a clock signal with its four stages and the effects on a cell at each clock stage. A typical QCA design requires four clocks, each of which is cyclically 90 degrees out of phase with the prior clock. If a horizontal wire consisted of say, 8 cells and each consecutive pair, starting from the left were to be connected to each consecutive clock, data would naturally flow from left to right. The first pair of cells will stay latched until the second pair of cells gets latched and so forth. In this way, data flow direction is controllable through clock zones.
|
QMRHistones are basic nuclear proteins that are responsible for the nucleosome structure of the chromosomal fiber in eukaryotes. Nucleosomes consist of approximately 146 bp of DNA wrapped around a histone octamer composed of pairs of each of the four core histones (H2A, H2B, H3, and H4). The chromatin fiber is further compacted through the interaction of a linker histone, H1, with the DNA between ... See More
|
QMrBased on their homology of accessory domains to yeast histone deacetylases, the 18 currently known human histone deacetylases are classified into four groups (I-IV):[11]
Class I, which includes HDAC1, -2, -3 and -8 are related to yeast RPD3 gene;
Class II, which includes HDAC4, -5, -6, -7, -9 and -10 are related to yeast Hda1 gene;
Class III, also known as the sirtuins are related to the Sir2 gene and include SIRT1-7
Class IV, which contains only HDAC11 has features of both Class I and II.
|
QMRA very basic summary of the histone code for gene expression status is given below (histone nomenclature is described here): There are four types
Type of
modification Histone
H3K4 H3K9 H3K14 H3K27 H3K79 H4K20 H2BK5
mono-methylation activation[8] activation[9] activation[9] activation[9][10] activation[9] activation[9]
di-methylation repression[4] repression[4] activation[10]
tri-methylation activation[11] repression[9] repression[9] activation,[10]
repression[9] repression[4]
acetylation activation[11] activation[11]
|
HATs can be grouped into several different families based on sequence homology as well as shared structural features and functional roles. The Gcn5-related N-acetyltransferase (GNAT) family includes Gcn5, PCAF, Hat1, Elp3, Hpa2, Hpa3, ATF-2, and Nut1. These HATs are generally characterized by the presence of a bromodomain, and they are found to acetylate lysine residues on histones H2B, H3, and H4.[1] All members of the GNAT family are characterized by up to four conserved motifs (A-D) found within the catalytic HAT domain. This includes the most highly conserved motif A, which contains an Arg/Gln-X-X-Gly-X-Gly/Ala sequence that is important for acetyl-CoA recognition and binding.[3] The C motif is found in most GNATs, but it is not present in the majority of other known HATs.[4] The yeast Gcn5 (general control nonderepressible-5) HAT is one of the best-characterized members of this family. It has four functional domains, including an N-terminal domain, a highly conserved catalytic (HAT) domain, an Ada2 interaction domain, and a C-terminal bromodomain. PCAF (p300/CBP-associated factor) and GCN5 are mammalian GNATs that share a high degree of homology throughout their sequences. These proteins have a 400-residue N-terminal region that is absent in yeast Gcn5, but their HAT functions are evolutionarily conserved with respect to the latter. Hat1 was the first HAT protein to be identified. It is responsible for most of the cytoplasmic HAT activity in yeast, and it binds strongly to histone H4 by virtue of its association with an additional subunit, Hat2. Elp3 is an example of a type A HAT found in yeast. It is part of the RNA polymerase II holoenzyme and plays a role in transcriptional elongation.
|
QMRThe MYST family of HATs is named after its four founding members MOZ, Ybf2 (Sas3), Sas2, and Tip60.[1] Other important members include Esa1, MOF, MORF, and HBO1. These HATs are typically characterized by the presence of zinc fingers and chromodomains, and they are found to acetylate lysine residues on histones H2A, H3, and H4. Several MYST family proteins contain zinc fingers as well as the highly conserved motif A found among GNATs that facilitates acetyl-CoA binding.[3] A cysteine-rich region located in the N terminus of the HAT domain of MYST proteins is involved in zinc binding, which is essential for HAT activity.[5] Tip60 (Tat-interactive protein, 60 kDa) was the first human MYST family member to exhibit HAT activity. Sas3 found in yeast is a homolog of MOZ (monocytic leukemia zinc finger protein), which is an oncogene found in humans. Esa1 was the first essential HAT to be found in yeast, and MOF is its homolog in fruit flies. The HAT activity of the latter is required for the twofold increased transcription of the male X chromosome (dosage compensation) in flies. Human HBO1 (HAT bound to ORC1) was the first HAT shown to associate with components of the origin of replication complex. MORF (MOZ-related factor) exhibits very close homology to MOZ throughout its entire length.[4] It contains an N-terminal repression region that decreases its HAT activity in vitro as well as a C-terminal activation domain that is functional in the absence of the HAT domain.
|
QMRHDAC proteins are grouped into four classes (see above) based on function and DNA sequence similarity. Class I, II and IV are considered "classical" HDACs whose activities are inhibited by trichostatin A (TSA) and have a zinc dependent active site, whereas Class III enzymes are a family of NAD+-dependent proteins known as sirtuins and are not affected by TSA.[6] Homologues to these three groups are found in yeast having the names: reduced potassium dependency 3 (Rpd3), which corresponds to Class I; histone deacetylase 1 (hda1), corresponding to Class II; and silent information regulator 2 (Sir2), corresponding to Class III. Class IV contains just one isoform (HDAC11), which is not highly homologous with either Rpd3 or hda1 yeast enzymes,[7] and therefore HDAC11 is assigned to its own class. The Class III enzymes are considered a separate type of enzyme and have a different mechanism of action; these enzymes are NAD+-dependent, whereas HDACs in other classes require Zn2+ as a cofactor.[8]
|
QMRThere are a total of four classes that categorize Histone Deacetylases (HDACs). Class I includes HDACs 1, 2, 3, and 8. Class II is divided into two subgroups, Class IIA and Class IIB. Class IIA includes HDACs 4, 5, 7, and 9 while Class IIB includes HDACs 6 and 10. Class III contains the Sirtuins and Class IV contains only HDAC11.[5][6] Classes of HDAC proteins are divided and grouped together based on the comparison to the sequence homologies of Rpd3, Hos1 and Hos2 for Class I HDACs, HDA1 and Hos3 for the Class II HDACs and the sirtuins for Class III HDACs.[6]
|
Core histones are four proteins called H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 and they are all found in equal parts in the cell. All four of the core histone amino acid sequences contain between 20 to 24% of lysine and arginine and the size or the protein ranges between 11400 and 15400 Daltons, making them relatively small, yet highly positively charged proteins.[6] High content of positively charged amino acids allow them to closely associate with negatively charged DNA. Heterodimers, or histone-only intermediates are formed from histone-fold domains. The formation of histone only-intermediates proceeds when core histones are paired into the interlocked crescent shape quasi-symmetric heterodimer. Each histone fold domain is composed of 3 α-helix regions that are separated by disordered loops. The histone fold domain is responsible for formation of head-to-tail heterodimers of two histones: H2A-H2B and H3-H4. However, H3 and H4 histones first form a heterodimer and then in turn the heterodimer dimerizes to form a tetramer H32-H42.[7] The heterodimer formation is based on the interaction of hydrophobic amino acid residue interactions between the two proteins.[7]
Quasi symmetry allows the heterodimer to be superimposed on itself by a 180 degree rotation around this symmetry axis. As a result of the rotation, two ends of histones involved in DNA binding of the crescent shape H3-H4 are equivalent, yet they organize different stretches of DNA. The H2A-H2B dimer also folds similarly. The H32-H42 tetramer is wrapped with DNA around it as a first step of nucleosome formation. Then two H2A-H2B dimers are connected to the DNA- H32-H42 complex to form a nucleosome.[8]
Each of the four core histones, in addition to their histone-fold domains, also contain flexible, unstructured extensions called histone “tails”.[9] Treatment of nucleosomes with protease trypsin indicates that after histone tails are removed, DNA is able to stay tightly bound to the nucleosome.[6] Histone tails are subject to a wide array of modifications which includes phosphorylation, acetylation, and methylation of serine, lysine and arginine residues.[6]
|
QMRA histone octamer is the eight protein complex found at the center of a nucleosome core particle. It consists of two copies of each of the four core histone proteins (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4). The octamer assembles when a tetramer, containing two copies of both H3 and H4, complexes with two H2A/H2B dimers. Each histone has both an N-terminal tail and a C-terminal histone-fold. Both of these key components interact with DNA in their own way through a series of weak interactions, including hydrogen bonds and salt bridges. These interactions keep the DNA and histone octamer loosely associated and ultimately allow the two to re-position or separate entirely.
|
QMRThe fundamental unit of chromatin, called a nucleosome, contains DNA wound around a protein octamer. This octamer consists of two copies each of four histone proteins: H2A, H2B, H3, and H4.
|
QMRCausal layered analysis works by identifying many different levels, and attempting to make synchronized changes at all levels to create a coherent new future. Inayatullah's original paper[3] as well as his TEDx talk[4] identify four levels:
The litany: This includes quantitative trends, often exaggerated and used for political purposes. The result could be a feeling of apathy, helplessness, or projected action. Inayatullah calls this "the conventional level of futures research which can readily create a politics of fear."[3]
Social causes, including economic, cultural, political, and historical factors.
Structure and the discourse that legitimizes and supports the structure.
Metaphor and myth
|
QMRConway's rules may also be generalized such that instead of two states (live and dead) there are three or more. State transitions are then determined either by a weighting system or by a table specifying separate transition rules for each state; for example, Mirek's Cellebration's multi-coloured "Rules Table" and "Weighted Life" rule families each include sample rules equivalent to Conway's Life.
Patterns relating to fractals and fractal systems may also be observed in certain Life-like variations. For example, the automaton B1/S12 generates four very close approximations to the Sierpiński triangle when applied to a single live cell. The Sierpiński triangle can also be observed in Conway's Game of Life by examining the long-term growth of a long single-cell-thick line of live cells,[39] as well as in Highlife, Seeds (B2/S), and Wolfram's Rule 90.[40]
Immigration is a variation that is very similar to Conway's Game of Life, except that there are two ON states (often expressed as two different colours). Whenever a new cell is born, it takes on the ON state that is the majority in the three cells that gave it birth. This feature can be used to examine interactions between spaceships and other "objects" within the game.[41] Another similar variation, called QuadLife, involves four different ON states. When a new cell is born from three different ON neighbours, it takes on the fourth value, and otherwise, like Immigration, it takes the majority value.[42] Except for the variation among ON cells, both of these variations act identically to Life.
|
qMRIn Conway's Game of Life, the interaction of just four simple rules creates patterns that seem somehow "alive".
|
QMRPhilosophers have debated both the truth of determinism, and the truth of free will. This creates the four possible positions in the figure. Compatibilism refers to the view that free will is, in some sense, compatible with determinism. The three incompatibilist positions, on the other hand, deny this possibility. The hard incompatibilists hold that both determinism and free will do not exist, the libertarianists that determinism does not hold, and free will might exist, and the hard determinists that determinism does hold and free will does not exist.
The standard argument against free will, according to philosopher J. J. C. Smart focuses on the implications of determinism for 'free will'.[27] However, he suggests free will is denied whether determinism is true or not. On one hand, if determinism is true, all our actions are predicted and we are assumed not to be free; on the other hand, if determinism is false, our actions are presumed to be random and as such we do not seem free because we had no part in controlling what happened.
In his book, The Moral Landscape, author and neuroscientist Sam Harris also argues against free will. He offers one thought experiment where a mad scientist represents determinism. In Harris' example, the mad scientist uses a machine to control all the desires, and thus all the behavior, of a particular human. Harris believes that it is no longer as tempting, in this case, to say the victim has "free will". Harris says nothing changes if the machine controls desires at random - the victim still seems to lack free will. Harris then argues that we are also the victims of such unpredictable desires (but due to the unconscious machinations of our brain, rather than those of a mad scientist). Based on this introspection, he writes "This discloses the real mystery of free will: if our experience is compatible with its utter absence, how can we say that we see any evidence for it in the first place?"[28] adding that "Whether they are predictable or not, we do not cause our causes."[29] That is, he believes there is compelling evidence of absence of free will.
Some research (founded by the John Templeton Foundation) suggested that reducing a person's belief in free will is dangerous, making them less helpful and more aggressive.[30] This could occur because the individual's sense of self-efficacy suffers.
|
QMRYan and Gaier[24] investigated causal attributions of college success and failure between two groups of students, American and Asian. The Asian group was from China, Korea, Japan and Southeast Asia. Performance was similar across the four nationalities. The students were asked to make judgments about someone else's successes and failures in schoolwork, and whether those outcomes were attributable to innate ability or to expended effort. American participants were much more likely to attribute academic achievement to ability than Asian participants were. Although Americans tended to rate success as attributable to effort, failure was not perceived as being a result of a lack of effort. Asian students did not show this pattern.
Comparisons between Western and Eastern children and adults suggest differences between the cultures in the causality attributable to particular illnesses.[25] After reading stories of illnesses and making inferences about the causes of those illnesses, both groups showed an understanding of the biological causes of most illnesses. However, all the children and the Eastern adults also attributed some illnesses (and their remedies) to magical causes.
|
QMRCasual relationships, being a mix between a friendship and a non-romantic sexual relationship, result in the partners facing many challenges in maintaining a working relationship. Based on the exchange theory, Hughes witnessed an individual dependency on either partner as the exchange of resources, knowledge, rewards, and costs of items, becomes more and more prominent.[13] The partners may become dependent on advice the other partner gives, or the company they receive when being around one another. This may be a one-way street and one partner may not feel this way.[13] Any partner that is not fully dependent upon the other typically controls the casual relationship. The dependent partner is more submissive to their dominant partner as they do not want the relationship to end.[13] This allows the less dependent partner to be able to fix and maintain the relationship the way he/she wants it to be. They normally control when they meet up, when they have sex, and when they do things together.[13]
Many students share the same concerns when it came to beginning a casual relationship with a person who was already their friend. Bisson and Levine found that there were four main worries.[9]
Romantic feelings would occur: 65.3% of students were afraid one or both of the participants would establish romantic feelings for the other.[9]
Hurting the friendship: 28.2% were worried that the friendship that was already established would be harmed.[9]
Causes negative emotions towards one another: 27.4% were concerned negative feelings would develop between the two friends.[9]
Pregnancy/STDs: 9.7% of the students surveyed were worried they would become pregnant or catch a STD.[9]
Disclosure of casual relationship to peers[edit]
Hughes's study also revealed the four main categories of why partners participating in a casual relationship did not feel the need to tell their same sex friends about the relationship. The first category was that the partners did not feel that their same sex friends needed to know this information.[13] The second category consisted of people wanting to keep the casual relationship a secret and didn't want their same sex friends to know.[13] The feeling of embarrassment was the third category. Many students said that they would feel ashamed or didn't want to be judged by their same sex friends.[13] The final category is students who didn't want to tell their same sex friends because they would show disapproval of the relationship.[13]
|
QMRThe Abhidharmakośakārikā approach is Vasubandhu's Abhidharma commentary text in the Sarvāstivāda school (c. 500 CE). It has four intricate causal conditioning constructions with the: 1) root cause, 2) immediate antecedent, 3) object support, and 4) predominance
|
QMRThere are also remnant purebred American bison herds on public lands in North America. Three herds are in Yellowstone National Park, Wind Cave National Park in South Dakota and Elk Island National Park in Alberta, Canada. In 2015 a fourth purebred herd of 350 individuals was identified on public lands in the Henry Mountains of southern Utah via genetic testing of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA.[23] This study, published in 2015, also showed the Henry Mountains bison herd to be free of brucellosis, a bacterial disease that was imported with non-native domestic cattle to North America.[24]
|
QMRA 2003 study of mitochondrial DNA indicated four distinct maternal lineages in tribe Bovini:
Taurine cattle and zebu
Wisent
American bison and yak[8] and
Banteng, gaur, and gayal
|
QMRTHE FINAL FOUR OF THE GOP PRESIDENTIAL Election
|
QMrIn pathology, grading is a measure of the cell appearance in tumors and other neoplasms. Some pathology grading systems apply only to malignant neoplasms (cancer); others apply also to benign neoplasms. The neoplastic grading is a measure of cell anaplasia (reversion of differentiation) in the sampled tumor and is based on the resemblance of the tumor to the tissue of origin.[1] Grading in cancer is distinguished from staging, which is a measure of the extent to which the cancer has spread.
Pathology grading systems classify the microscopic cell appearance abnormality and deviations in their rate of growth with the goal of predicting developments at tissue level (see also the 4 major histological changes in dysplasia).
Cancer is a disorder of cell life cycle alteration that leads (non-trivially) to excessive cell proliferation rates, typically longer cell lifespans and poor differentiation. The grade score (numerical: G1 up to G4) increases with the lack of cellular differentiation - it reflects how much the tumor cells differ from the cells of the normal tissue they have originated from (see 'Categories' below). Tumors may be graded on four-tier, three-tier, or two-tier scales, depending on the institution and the tumor type.
|
QMRThe terminology of inherent safety has developed since 1991, with some slightly different words but the same intentions as Kletz. The four main methods for achieving inherently safer design are:[6]
Minimize:[7] Reducing the amount of hazardous material present at any one time, e.g. by using smaller batches.
Substitute: Replacing one material with another of less hazard, e.g. cleaning with water and detergent rather than a flammable solvent
Moderate:[8] Reducing the strength of an effect, e.g. having a cold liquid instead of a gas at high pressure, or using material in a dilute rather than concentrated form
Simplify: Eliminating problems by design rather than adding additional equipment or features to deal with them. Only fitting options and using complex procedures if they are really necessary.
|
qMRLong term prognosis in people with migraines is variable.[17] Most people with migraines have periods of lost productivity due to their disease;[6] however typically the condition is fairly benign[17] and is not associated with an increased risk of death.[106] There are four main patterns to the disease: symptoms can resolve completely, symptoms can continue but become gradually less with time, symptoms may continue at the same frequency and severity, or attacks may become worse and more frequent.[17]
|
QMRSingle gene disorders that result in migraines are rare.[39] One of these is known as familial hemiplegic migraine, a type of migraine with aura, which is inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion.[42][43] Four genes have been shown to be involved in familial hemiplegic migraine.[44] Three of these genes are involved in ion transport.[44] The fourth is an axonal protein associated with the exocytosis complex.[44] Another genetic disorder associated with migraine is CADASIL syndrome or cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy.[2]
|
QMRMigraines typically present with self-limited, recurrent severe headache associated with autonomic symptoms.[6][17] About 15–30% of people with migraines experience migraines with an aura[10][18] and those who have migraines with aura also frequently have migraines without aura.[19] The severity of the pain, duration of the headache, and frequency of attacks is variable.[6] A migraine lasting longer than 72 hours is termed status migrainosus.[20] There are four possible phases to a migraine, although not all the phases are necessarily experienced:[3]
The prodrome, which occurs hours or days before the headache
The aura, which immediately precedes the headache
The pain phase, also known as headache phase
The postdrome, the effects experienced following the end of a migraine attack
Prodrome phase[edit]
Prodromal or premonitory symptoms occur in about 60% of those with migraines,[2][21] with an onset that can range from two hours to two days before the start of pain or the aura.[22] These symptoms may include a wide variety of phenomena,[23] including altered mood, irritability, depression or euphoria, fatigue, craving for certain food(s), stiff muscles (especially in the neck), constipation or diarrhea, and sensitivity to smells or noise.[21] This may occur in those with either migraine with aura or migraine without aura.[24]
Aura phase[edit]
Enhancements reminiscent of a zigzag fort structure Negative scotoma, loss of awareness of local structures
Positive scotoma, local perception of additional structures Mostly one-sided loss of perception
An aura is a transient focal neurological phenomenon that occurs before or during the headache.[2] Auras appear gradually over a number of minutes and generally last less than 60 minutes.[25] Symptoms can be visual, sensory or motor in nature and many people experience more than one.[26] Visual effects occur most frequently; they occur in up to 99% of cases and in more than 50% of cases are not accompanied by sensory or motor effects.[26] Vision disturbances often consist of a scintillating scotoma (an area of partial alteration in the field of vision which flickers and may interfere with a person's ability to read or drive).[2] These typically start near the center of vision and then spread out to the sides with zigzagging lines which have been described as looking like fortifications or walls of a castle.[26] Usually the lines are in black and white but some people also see colored lines.[26] Some people lose part of their field of vision known as hemianopsia while others experience blurring.[26]
Sensory aurae are the second most common type; they occur in 30–40% of people with auras.[26] Often a feeling of pins-and-needles begins on one side in the hand and arm and spreads to the nose–mouth area on the same side.[26] Numbness usually occurs after the tingling has passed with a loss of position sense.[26] Other symptoms of the aura phase can include speech or language disturbances, world spinning, and less commonly motor problems.[26] Motor symptoms indicate that this is a hemiplegic migraine, and weakness often lasts longer than one hour unlike other auras.[26] Auditory hallucinations or delusions have also been described.[27]
Pain phase[edit]
Classically the headache is unilateral, throbbing, and moderate to severe in intensity.[25] It usually comes on gradually[25] and is aggravated by physical activity.[3] In more than 40% of cases, however, the pain may be bilateral and neck pain is commonly associated with it.[28] Bilateral pain is particularly common in those who have migraines without an aura.[2] Less commonly pain may occur primarily in the back or top of the head.[2] The pain usually lasts 4 to 72 hours in adults,[25] however in young children frequently lasts less than 1 hour.[29] The frequency of attacks is variable, from a few in a lifetime to several a week, with the average being about one a month.[30][31]
The pain is frequently accompanied by nausea, vomiting, sensitivity to light, sensitivity to sound, sensitivity to smells, fatigue and irritability.[2] In a basilar migraine, a migraine with neurological symptoms related to the brain stem or with neurological symptoms on both sides of the body,[32] common effects include a sense of the world spinning, light-headedness, and confusion.[2] Nausea occurs in almost 90% of people, and vomiting occurs in about one-third.[33] Many thus seek a dark and quiet room.[33] Other symptoms may include blurred vision, nasal stuffiness, diarrhea, frequent urination, pallor, or sweating.[34] Swelling or tenderness of the scalp may occur as can neck stiffness.[34] Associated symptoms are less common in the elderly.[35]
Rarely, an aura occurs without a subsequent headache.[26] This is known as an acephalgic migraine or silent migraine; however, it is difficult to assess the frequency of such cases because people who do not experience symptoms severe enough to seek treatment may not realize that anything unusual is happening to them and pass it off without reporting any problems.
Postdrome[edit]
The effects of migraine may persist for some days after the main headache has ended; this is called the migraine postdrome. Many report a sore feeling in the area where the migraine was, and some report impaired thinking for a few days after the headache has passed. The patient may feel tired or "hung over" and have head pain, cognitive difficulties, gastrointestinal symptoms, mood changes, and weakness.[36] According to one summary, "Some people feel unusually refreshed or euphoric after an attack, whereas others note depression and malaise."[37] For some individuals this can vary each time.
|
QMRWetlands are dominated by vascular plants that have adapted to saturated soil.[7] There are four main types of wetlands: swamp, marsh, fen and bog (both fens and bogs are types of mire). Wetlands are the most productive natural ecosystems in the world because of the proximity of water and soil. Hence they support large numbers of plant and animal species. Due to their productivity, wetlands areoften converted into dry land with dykes and drains and used for agricultural purposes. The construction of dykes, and dams, has negative consequences for individual wetlands and entire watersheds.[7] Their closeness to lakes and rivers means that they are often developed for human settlement.[1] Once settlements are constructed and protected by dykes, the settlements then become vulnerable to land subsidence and ever increasing risk of flooding.[7] The Louisiana coast around New Orleans is a well-known example;[8] the Danube Delta in Europe is another.[9]
|
QMRPonds are small bodies of freshwater with shallow and still water, marsh, and aquatic plants.[5] They can be further divided into four zones: vegetation zone, open water, bottom mud and surface film.[6] The size and depth of ponds often varies greatly with the time of year; many ponds are produced by spring flooding from rivers. Food webs are based both on free-floating algae and upon aquatic plants. There is usually a diverse array of aquatic life, with a few examples including algae, snails, fish, beetles, water bugs, frogs, turtles, otters and muskrats. Top predators may include large fish, herons, or alligators. Since fish are a major predator upon amphibian larvae, ponds that dry up each year, thereby killing resident fish, provide important refugia for amphibian breeding.[7] Ponds that dry up completely each year are often known as vernal pools. Some ponds are produced by animal activity, including alligator holes and beaver ponds, and these add important diversity to landscapes.[7]
|
Four categories[edit]
Detritivores like this dung beetle help to turn animal wastes into organic material that can be reused by primary producers.
The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA) report 2005 defines Ecosystem services as benefits people obtain from ecosystems and distinguishes four categories of ecosystem services, where the so-called supporting services are regarded as the basis for the services of the other three categories.[1] The following lists represent the definition and samples of each according to the MA:
Supporting services[edit]
Ecosystem services "that are necessary for the production of all other ecosystem services".[14][15] These include services such as nutrient recycling, primary production and soil formation.[16] These services make it possible for the ecosystems to provide services such as food supply, flood regulation and water purification.
Provisioning services[edit]
"Products obtained from ecosystems" [14]
food (including seafood and game), crops, wild foods, and spices
raw materials (including lumber, skins, fuel wood, organic matter, fodder, and fertilizer)
genetic resources (including crop improvement genes, and health care)
water
minerals (including diatomite)
medicinal resources (including pharmaceuticals, chemical models, and test and assay organisms)
energy (hydropower, biomass fuels)
ornamental resources (including fashion, handicraft, jewelry, pets, worship, decoration and souvenirs like furs, feathers, ivory, orchids, butterflies, aquarium fish, shells, etc.)
Regulating services[edit]
"Benefits obtained from the regulation of ecosystem processes" [14]
carbon sequestration and climate regulation
waste decomposition and detoxification
purification of water and air
pest and disease control
Cultural services[edit]
"Nonmaterial benefits people obtain from ecosystems through spiritual enrichment, cognitive development, reflection, recreation, and aesthetic experiences" [14]
cultural (including use of nature as motif in books, film, painting, folklore, national symbols, architect, advertising, etc.)
spiritual and historical (including use of nature for religious or heritage value or natural)
recreational experiences (including ecotourism, outdoor sports, and recreation)
science and education (including use of natural systems for school excursions, and scientific discovery)
There is discussion as to how the concept of cultural ecosystem services can be operationalized. A good review of approaches in landscape aesthetics, cultural heritage, outdoor recreation, and spiritual significance to define and assess cultural values of our environment so that they fit into the ecosystem services approach is given by Daniel et al.[17] who vote for models that explicitly link ecological structures and functions with cultural values and benefits. There also is a fundamental critique of the concept of cultural ecosystem services that builds on three arguments:[18]
Pivotal cultural values attaching to the natural/cultivated environment rely on an area’s unique character that cannot be addressed by methods that use universal scientific parameters to determine ecological structures and functions.
If a natural/cultivated environment has symbolic meanings and cultural values the object of these values are not ecosystems but shaped lifeworldly phenomena like mountains, lakes, forests, and, mainly, symbolic landscapes.[19]
Those cultural values do result not from properties produced by ecosystems but are the product of a specific way of seeing within the given cultural framework of symbolic experience.[20]
|
QMRHumankind benefits in a multitude of ways from ecosystems. Collectively, these benefits are becoming known as ecosystem services. Ecosystem services are regularly involved in the provisioning of clean drinking water and the decomposition of wastes. While scientists and environmentalists have discussed ecosystem services implicitly for decades, the ecosystem services concept itself was popularized by the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA) in the early 2000s.[1] This grouped ecosystem services into four broad categories: provisioning, such as the production of food and water; regulating, such as the control of climate and disease; supporting, such as nutrient cycles and crop pollination; and cultural, such as spiritual and recreational benefits. To help inform decision-makers, many ecosystem services are being assigned economic values.
|
QMRBotulinum neurotoxin (Botox) injections have been approved in the US and UK for prevention of chronic migraines,[36] but do not appear to work for episodic migraines.[37] Several invasive surgical procedures are currently under investigation. One involves the surgical removal of specific muscles or the transection of specific cranial nerve branches in the area of one or more of four identified trigger points.[32]
|
QMrFamily history: A person has more of a chance of getting migraines if one of their parents has had them. The International Headache Consortium are doctors from a lot of different countries who study headaches and what causes them. They have found four genetic variations - these are differences in a persons genes - that are risk factors for migraine without aura in people who have these differences. Two of these genetic variations had already been shown to play a role in migraine with aura.[18]
|
QMRFamilial hemiplegic migraine (FHM) is an autosomal dominant classical migraine subtype that typically includes weakness of half the body which can last for hours, days or weeks. It can be accompanied by other symptoms, such as ataxia, coma and paralysis. There is clinical overlap in some FHM patients with episodic ataxia type 2 and spinocerebellar ataxia type 6, benign familial infantile epilepsy, and alternating hemiplegia of childhood. There are 3 known loci for FHM. FHM1, which accounts for approximately 50% of FHM patients, is caused by mutations in a gene coding for the P/Q-type calcium channel α subunit, CACNA1A. FHM1 is also associated with cerebellar degeneration. FHM2, which accounts for <25% of FHM cases, is caused by mutations in the Na+
/K+
-ATPase gene ATP1A2. FHM3 is a rare subtype of FHM and is caused by mutations in a sodium channel α-subunit coding gene, SCN1A. These three subtypes do not account for all cases of FHM, suggesting the existence of at least one other locus (FHM4). Many of the non-familial cases of hemiplegic migraine (sporadic hemiplegic migraine) are also caused by mutations at these loci. A fourth gene that has been associated with this condition is the proline rich transmembrane protein 2 (PRRT2) - an axonal protein associated with the exocytosis complex.[1] A fifth gene associated with this condition is SLC4A4 which encodes the electrogenic NaHCO3cotransporter NBCe1.[2]
|
QMrQuatuor Coronati Lodge No. 2076 (its Latin title meaning Four Crowned Ones) is a Masonic lodge in London dedicated to Masonic research. Founded in 1886,[1] the lodge meets at Freemasons' Hall, Great Queen Street.
|
QMRThe Roosevelt elk (Cervus canadensis roosevelti), also known as Olympic elk, is the largest of the four surviving subspecies of elk in North America.[2] They live in the rain forests of the Pacific Northwest and were introduced to Alaska's Afognak and Raspberry Islands in 1928.[3][4] The desire to protect the elk was one of the primary forces behind the establishment of the Mount Olympus National Monument (later Olympic National Park) in 1909.[5]
|
QMRThere are numerous subspecies of elk described, with six from North America and four from Asia, although some taxonomists consider them different ecotypes or races of the same species (adapted to local environments through minor changes in appearance and behavior). Populations vary as to antler shape and size, body size, coloration and mating behavior. DNA investigations of the Eurasian subspecies revealed that phenotypic variation in antlers, mane and rump patch development are based on "climatic-related lifestyle factors".[16] Of the six subspecies of elk known to have inhabited North America in historical times, four remain, including the Roosevelt (C. canadensis roosevelti), tule (C. canadensis nannodes), Manitoban (C. canadensis manitobensis) and Rocky Mountain (C. canadensis nelsoni).[17] The eastern elk (C. canadensis canadensis) and Merriam's elk (C. canadensis merriami) subspecies have been extinct for at least a century.[18][19]
Four subspecies described in Asia include the Altai wapiti (C. canadensis sibiricus) and the Tianshan wapiti (C. canadensis songaricus). Two distinct subspecies found in China and Korea are the Manchurian wapiti (C. canadensis xanthopygus) and the Alashan wapitis (C. canadensis alashanicus). The Manchurian wapiti is darker and more reddish in coloration than the other populations. The Alashan wapiti of north central China is the smallest of all subspecies, has the lightest coloration and is the least studied.[15] Biologist Valerius Geist, who has written on the world's various deer species, holds that there are only three subspecies of elk. Geist recognizes the Manchurian and Alashan wapiti but places all other elk into C. canadensis canadensis, claiming that classification of the four surviving North American groups as subspecies is driven, at least partly, for political purposes to secure individualized conservation and protective measures for each of the surviving populations.[20]
Recent DNA studies suggest that there are no more than three or four subspecies of elk. All American forms seem to belong to one subspecies (Cervus canadensis canadensis). Even the Siberian elk (Cervus canadensis sibiricus) are more or less identical to the American forms and therefore may belong to this subspecies, too. However the Manchurian wapiti (Cervus canadensis xanthopygus) is clearly distinct from the Siberian forms, but not distinguishable from the Alashan wapiti. The Chinese forms MacNeill's deer, Kansu red deer, and Tibetan red deer belong also to the wapitis and were not distinguishable from each other by mitochondrial DNA studies.[5] These Chinese subspecies are sometimes treated as a distinct species, namely the Central Asian red deer (Cervus wallichi), which also includes the Kashmir stag.[21]
|
QMRThe interaction information (McGill 1954), or amounts of information (Hu Kuo Ting, 1962) or co-information (Bell 2003) is one of several generalizations of the mutual information, and expresses the amount information (redundancy or synergy) bound up in a set of variables, beyond that which is present in any subset of those variables. Unlike the mutual information, the interaction information can be either positive or negative. This confusing property has likely retarded its wider adoption as an information measure in machine learning and cognitive science. These functions, their negativity and minima have a direct interpretation in algebraic topology (Baudot & Bennequin, 2015).
The Four-Variable Case[edit]
One can recursively define the n-dimensional interaction information in terms of the (n-1)-dimensional interaction information. For example, the four-dimensional interaction information can be defined as
\begin{align}
I(W;X;Y;Z) & = I(X;Y;Z|W)-I(X;Y;Z) \\
\ & = I(X;Y|Z,W)-I(X;Y|W)-I(X;Y|Z)+I(X;Y)
\end{align}
or, equivalently,
\begin{align}
I(W;X;Y;Z) = &\ H(W)+H(X)+H(Y)+H(Z) \\
\ & - H(W,X)-H(W,Y)-H(W,Z)-H(X,Y)-H(X,Z)-H(Y,Z) \\
\ & + H(W,X,Y)+H(W,X,Z)+H(W,Y,Z)+H(X,Y,Z)-H(W,X,Y,Z)
\end{align}
|
QMrSplenomegaly is an enlargement of the spleen. The spleen usually lies in the left upper quadrant (LUQ) of the human abdomen. Splenomegaly is one of the four cardinal signs of hypersplenism which include; some reduction in the number of circulating blood cells affecting granulocytes, erythrocytes or platelets in any combination, a compensatory proliferative response in the bone marrow, and the potential for correction of these abnormalities by splenectomy. Splenomegaly is usually associated with increased workload (such as in hemolytic anemias), which suggests that it is a response to hyperfunction. It is therefore not surprising that splenomegaly is associated with any disease process that involves abnormal red blood cells being destroyed in the spleen. Other common causes include congestion due to portal hypertension and infiltration by leukemias and lymphomas. Thus, the finding of an enlarged spleen, along with caput medusa, is an important sign of portal hypertension.[1]
|
QMRThe Moderate Youth League defines its ideology in four statements. Apart from these, the Youth League publishes no manifestos or political programmes of any sort. These are:
For the freedom of the individual. Against political oppression and coercion.
For every human's responsibility for his/her own future. Against paternalism and the nanny state (förmynderi och politisk klåfingrighet).
For diversity and respect for differences. Against intolerance and conformity.
For a free market and a world without borders. Against walls and regulations.
|
qMRComposting organisms require four equally important ingredients to work effectively:
Carbon — for energy; the microbial oxidation of carbon produces the heat, if included at suggested levels.[1]
High carbon materials tend to be brown and dry.
Nitrogen — to grow and reproduce more organisms to oxidize the carbon.
High nitrogen materials tend to be green (or colorful, such as fruits and vegetables) and wet.
Oxygen — for oxidizing the carbon, the decomposition process.
Water — in the right amounts to maintain activity without causing anaerobic conditions.[2]
|
Psychology Chapter
QMRHumour styles are a topic of research in the field of personality psychology related to the ways in which individuals differ in their use of humor in everyday life. People of all ages and backgrounds engage in humor, but the way they use it can vary greatly. Although humor styles can vary slightly depending on the situation, they tend to be a relatively stable personality characteristic among individuals. That is, individuals are fairly consistent in the ways they use humor over time.[1]
The Humor Styles Questionnaire (HSQ) has emerged as a robust model for understanding the individual differences in humor styles. Humor can be used to enhance the self or enhance one's relationship with others. Humor can be relatively benevolent or potentially detrimental (either to the self or others).[2] The combination of these factors creates four distinct humor styles: affiliative, self-enhancing, aggressive, and self-defeating. Some styles of humor promote health and well-being, while other styles can be potentially detrimental to mental and physical health.[1]
The Humor Styles Questionnaire (HSQ)[edit]
The Humor Styles Questionnaire (HSQ) was developed by Rod Martin and Patricia Doris (2003) to measure individual differences in styles of humor.[2] Humor has been shown to be a personality characteristic that remains relatively stable over time.[1] Humor is sometimes viewed as a one-dimensional trait. However, individuals seem to differ in the ways in which they use humor in their everyday lives, and different styles of humor seem to have different outcomes. The Humor Styles Questionnaire was developed to identify the ways in which individuals differ in humor styles and how these differences influence health, well-being, relationships, and other outcomes.[3]
The Humor Styles Questionnaire is a 32-item self-report inventory used to identify how individuals use humor in their lives. Participants respond to the degree to which they agree with each statement (e.g., "I enjoy making people laugh") on a scale from 1 (totally disagree) to 7 (totally agree). The questionnaire measures two main factors in humor. The first factor measures whether humor is used to enhance the self or enhance one's relationships with others. The second factor measures whether the humor is relatively benevolent or potentially detrimental and destructive. The combination of these factors creates four distinct humor styles: affiliative, self-enhancing, aggressive, and self-defeating.[3]
Affiliative humor[edit]
Affiliative humor is defined as the style of humor used to enhance one’s relationships with others in a benevolent, positive manner. This style of humor is typically used in a benevolent, self-accepting way. Individuals high in this dimension often use humor as a way to charm and amuse others, ease tension among others, and improve relationships. They are often spontaneous in their joke telling, frequently participate in witty banter, and enjoy laughing with others. Affiliative humor is similar to self-defeating humor because both styles of humor enhance the relationships with others. However, unlike self-defeating humor, affiliative humor is not used at one’s own expense.[2]
A number of outcomes are associated with the use of affiliative humor. Individuals who report high levels of affiliative humor are more likely to initiate friendships.[4] They are also less likely to exhibit depressive symptoms.[5] In an organizational setting, affiliative humor has been shown to increase group cohesiveness and promote creativity in the workplace.[6] Affiliative humor is also associated with increased levels of self-esteem, psychological well-being, emotional stability, and social intimacy. This style of humor is associated with decreased levels of depression and anxiety. Individuals who use affiliative humor tend to have higher levels of extraversion and openness to experience as personality characteristics.[2]
Examples of items targeting affiliative humor on the HSQ include:
I don’t often joke around with my friends.
I rarely make other people laugh by telling funny stories about myself. (reversed)
Self-enhancing humor[edit]
Self-enhancing humor is a style of humor related to having a good-natured attitude toward life, having the ability to laugh at yourself, your circumstances and the idiosyncrasies of life in constructive, non-detrimental manner. It is used by individuals to enhance the self in a benevolent, positive manner.[2] This type of humor is best understood as a type of coping or emotion-regulating humor in which individuals use humor to look on the bright side of a bad situation, find the silver lining or maintain a positive attitude even in trying times.[7]
Self-enhancing humor is associated with a number of personality variables as well as psychological, physical and health-related outcomes. Individuals who engage more in the self-enhancing humor style are less likely to exhibit depressive symptoms.[5] In an organizational setting, self-enhancing humor has been shown to promote creativity and reduce stress in the workplace.[6] The self-enhancing style of humor has also been shown to be related to increased levels of self-esteem, optimism, and psychological well-being, as well as decreased levels of depression and anxiety. Individuals who use the self-enhancing humor style are more likely to exhibit extraversion and openness to experience as personality characteristics and less likely to exhibit neuroticism.[2]
Examples of self-enhancing humor on the HSQ include:
If I am feeling upset or unhappy I usually try to think of something funny about the situation to make myself feel better.
Even when I’m by myself, I’m often amused by the absurdities of life.
Aggressive humor[edit]
Aggressive humor is a style of humor that is potentially detrimental towards others. This type of humor is characterized by the use of sarcasm, put-downs, teasing, criticism, ridicule, and other types of humor used at the expense of others. Aggressive humor often disregards the impact it might have on others. Prejudices such as racism and sexism are considered to be the aggressive style of humor. This type of humor may at times seem like playful fun, but sometimes the underlying intent is to harm or belittle others. Aggressive humor is related to higher levels of neuroticism and lower levels of agreeableness and conscientiousness.[2]
Individuals who exhibit higher levels of aggressive humor tend to score higher on measures of hostility and general aggression. Males tend to use aggressive humor more often than women.[2]
Examples of aggressive humor on the HSQ might include:
When telling jokes or saying funny things, I am usually not very concerned about how other people are taking it.
People are never offended or hurt by my sense of humor. (reversed)
If you think people are laughing at you, they probably are.
Self-defeating humor[edit]
Self-defeating humor is the style of humor characterized by the use of potentially detrimental humor towards the self in order to gain approval from others. Individuals high in this dimension engage in self-disparaging humor in which laughter is often at their own expense. Self-defeating humor often comes in the form of pleasing others by being the "butt" of the joke. This style of humor is sometimes seen as a form of denial in which humor is used as a defense mechanism for hiding negative feelings about the self.[2]
A variety of variables are associated with self-defeating humor. Individuals who more frequently use self-defeating humor show increased depressive symptoms.[5] Individuals who use this style of humor tend to have higher levels of neuroticism and lower levels of agreeableness and conscientiousness. Self-defeating humor is associated with higher levels of depression, anxiety and psychiatric symptoms. It is also associated with lower levels of self-esteem, psychological well-being and intimacy.
Examples of self-defeating items on the Humor Styles Questionnaire might include:
I often try to make people like or accept me more by saying something funny about my own weaknesses, blunders, or faults.
If I am having problems or feeling unhappy, I often cover it up by joking around, so that even my closest friends don’t know how I really feel.
I used to be a butterface, now I'm just ugly.
|
QMRThe Four Cornerstone Model of Emotional Intelligence is based on emotional literacy, emotional fitness, emotional depth, and emotional alchemy.[1][2][3][4][5] The model moves emotional intelligence out of the realm of psychological analysis and philosophical theories and instead focuses on knowledge, exploration and practical application.[6]
The Four cornerstone model was developed by Ayman Sawaf and Robert Cooper in 1997.[5][7][8] Multiple studies and research carried out in regards to emotional intelligence based on this model revealed a marginal qualitative difference between the public and private sector executives and expand on the usage of this model.[7] The concept focuses on the fact that creative involvement in a stimulating job, opportunity, or an exciting discussion results in an increase in alertness, emotional energy, and performance. Repetitive and boring tasks on the other hand put the performer in danger of dismay, lack of efficiency and making mistakes. This generates its explanation from the fact that professionalism is based on self-discipline, inner guidance and emotional drive.[5][9]
The Four Factors[edit]
The four cornerstone model is mixed model of emotional intelligence based on four factors labeled as cornerstones:[5][10][11]
Emotional Literacy – the ability to identify, respect and expressing feelings appropriately. This may include practical intuition, emotional honesty, emotional energy and emotional feedback.[1][4]
Emotional fitness – consists of trust resilience, authenticity and renewal.[1][4]
Emotional depth – involves applying integrity and core values in influencing others without manipulation or control.[1][4]
Emotional alchemy – blending and tuning emotions to find opportunities and realization of such opportunities by creativity, cognitive thinking and rhetoric.[1][4]
|
QMRThe World Bank’s Global Financial Development Database (GFDD) developed a comprehensive yet relatively simple conceptual 4x2 framework to measure financial development worldwide. This framework identifies four sets of proxy variables characterizing a well-functioning financial system: financial depth, access, efficiency, and stability.[11] These four dimensions are then broken down for two major components in the financial sector, namely the financial institutions and financial markets:
|
qMRJean Piaget was a Swiss scholar who began his studies in intellectual development in the 1920s. Piaget’s first interests were those that dealt with the ways in which animals adapt to their environments and his first scientific article about this subject was published when he was 10 years old. This eventually led him to pursue a Ph.D. in Zoology, which then led him to his second interest in epistemology.[7] Epistemology branches off from philosophy and deals with the origin of knowledge. Piaget believed the origin of knowledge came from Psychology, so he traveled to Paris and began working on the first “standardized intelligence test” at Alfred Binet laboratories; this influenced his career greatly. As he carried out this intelligence testing he began developing a profound interest in the way children’s intellectualism works. As a result, he developed his own laboratory and spent years recording children’s intellectual growth and attempted to find out how children develop through various stages of thinking. This led to Piaget develop four important stages of cognitive development: sensorimotor stage (birth to age 2), preoperational stage (age 2 to 7), concrete-operational stage (ages 7 to 12), and formal-operational stage (ages 11 to 12, and thereafter).[7]
Piaget stages[edit]
Sensorimotor: (birth to about age 2)
According to Piaget, when an infant reaches about 7–9 months of age they begin to develop what he called object permanence, this means the child now has the ability to understand that objects keep existing even when they cannot be seen. An example of this would be hiding the child’s favorite toy under a blanket, although the child cannot physically see it they still know to look under the blanket.
Preoperational: (begins about the time the child starts to talk to about age 7)
During this stage of development, young children begin analyzing their environment using mental symbols. These symbols often include words and images and the child will begin to apply these various symbols in their everyday lives as they come across different objects, events, and situations.[7] However, Piaget’s main focus on this stage and the reason why he named it “preoperational” is because children at this point are not able to apply specific cognitive operations, such as mental math. In addition to symbolism, children start to engage in pretend play in which they pretend to be people they are not (teachers, superheroes). In addition, they sometimes use different props to make this pretend play more real.[7] Some deficiencies in this stage of development are that children who are about 3–4 years old often display what is called egocentrism, which means the child is not able to see someone else’s point of view, they feel as if every other person is experiencing the same events and feelings that they are experiencing. However, at about at 7 thought processes of children are no longer egocentric and are more intuitive, meaning they now think about the way something looks instead of rational thinking.[7]
Concrete: (about first grade to early adolescence)
During this stage, children begin developing cognitive operations and begin applying this new thinking to different events they may encounter.[7] Unlike the preoperational stage, children can now change and rearrange mental images and symbols to form a logical thought, an example of this is reversibility in which the child now has the ability to reverse an action just by doing the opposite.[7]
Formal operations: (about early adolescence to mid/late adolescence)
The final stage of Piaget’s cognitive development defines a child as now having the ability to “think more rationally and systematically about abstract concepts and hypothetical events”.[7] Some positive aspects during this time is that child or adolescent begins forming their identity and begin understanding why people behave the way they behave. However, there are also some negative aspects which include the child or adolescent developing some egocentric thoughts which include the imaginary audience and the personal fable.[7] An imaginary audience is when an adolescent feels that the world is just as concerned and judgemental of anything the adolescent does as they are, an adolescent may feel as is they are “on stage” and everyone is a critique and they are the ones being critiqued.[7] A personal fable is when the adolescent feels that he or she is a unique person and everything they do is unique. They feel as if they are the only ones that have ever experienced what they are experiencing and that they are invincible and nothing bad will happen to them it will only happen to others.[7]
|
qMRComponents of child language development[edit]
The four components of language development include:
Phonology is concerned with the sounds of language.[42] It is the function, behavior, and organization of sounds as linguistic items.[43] Phonology considers what the sounds of language are and what the rules are for combining sounds. Phonological acquisition in children can be measured by accuracy and frequency of production of various vowels and consonants, the acquisition of phonemic contrasts and distinctive features, or by viewing development in regular stages in their own speech sound systems and to characterize systematic strategies they adopt.[44]
Lexicon is a complex dictionary of words that enables language speakers to use these words in speech production and comprehension.[45] Lexicon is the inventory of a language's morphemes. Morphemes act as minimal meaning-bearing elements or building blocks of something in language that makes sense. For example, in the word "cat", the component "cat" makes sense as does "at", but "at" does not mean the same thing as "cat". In this example, "ca" does not mean anything.
Morphology is the study of form or forms. It is the mental system involved in word formation or to the branch of linguistics that deals with words, their internal structure and how they are formed.[46]
Pragmatics is the study of relationships between linguistic forms and the users of those forms.[47] It also incorporates the use of utterance to serve different functions and can be defined as the ability to communicate one's feelings and desires to others
|
QMRAlso called "development in context" or "human ecology" theory, ecological systems theory, originally formulated by Urie Bronfenbrenner specifies four types of nested environmental systems, with bi-directional influences within and between the systems. The four systems are microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, and macrosystem. Each system contains roles, norms and rules that can powerfully shape development. Since its publication in 1979, Bronfenbrenner's major statement of this theory, The Ecology of Human Development[5] has had widespread influence on the way psychologists and others approach the study of human beings and their environments. As a result of this influential conceptualization of development, these environments — from the family to economic and political structures — have come to be viewed as part of the life course from childhood through adulthood.[6]
|
QMRTypes[edit]
Nerve growth factor[edit]
Main article: Nerve growth factor
Nerve growth factor (NGF), the prototypical growth factor, is a protein secreted by a neuron's target cell. NGF is critical for the survival and maintenance of sympathetic and sensory neurons. NGF is released from the target cells, binds to and activates its high affinity receptor TrkA on the neuron, and is internalized into the responsive neuron. The NGF/TrkA complex is subsequently trafficked back to the neuron's cell body. This movement of NGF from axon tip to soma is thought to be involved in the long-distance signaling of neurons[citation needed].
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor[edit]
Main article: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a neurotrophic factor found originally in the brain, but also found in the periphery. To be specific, it is a protein that has activity on certain neurons of the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system; it helps to support the survival of existing neurons, and encourage the growth and differentiation of new neurons and synapses through axonal and dendritic sprouting. In the brain, it is active in the hippocampus, cortex, cerebellum, and basal forebrain — areas vital to learning, memory, and higher thinking. BDNF is the second neurotrophic factor to be characterized, after NGF and before neurotrophin-3.
BDNF is one of the most active substances to stimulate neurogenesis. Mice born without the ability to make BDNF suffer developmental defects in the brain and sensory nervous system, and usually die soon after birth, suggesting that BDNF plays an important role in normal neural development.
Despite its name, BDNF is actually found in a range of tissue and cell types, not just the brain. Expression can be seen in the retina, the CNS, motor neurons, the kidneys, and the prostate. Exercise has been shown to increase the amount of BDNF and therefore serve as a vehicle for neuroplasticity.[13]
Neurotrophin-3[edit]
Main article: Neurotrophin-3
Neurotrophin-3, or NT-3, is a neurotrophic factor, in the NGF-family of neurotrophins. It is a protein growth factor that has activity on certain neurons of the peripheral and central nervous system; it helps to support the survival and differentiation of existing neurons, and encourages the growth and differentiation of new neurons and synapses. NT-3 is the third neurotrophic factor to be characterized, after NGF and BDNF.
NT-3 is unique among the neurotrophins in the number of neurons it has potential to stimulate, given its ability to activate two of the receptor tyrosine kinase neurotrophin receptors (TrkC and TrkB). Mice born without the ability to make NT-3 have loss of proprioceptive and subsets of mechanoreceptive sensory neurons.
Neurotrophin-4[edit]
Main article: Neurotrophin-4
Neurotrophin-4 (NT-4) is a neurotrophic factor that signals predominantly through the TrkB receptor tyrosine kinase. It is also known as NT4, NT5, NTF4, and NT-4/5.[14]
|
qMRThe term neurotrophin may be used as a synonym for neurotrophic factor,[4] but the term neurotrophin is more generally reserved for four structurally related factors: nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), and neurotrophin-4 (NT-4), Neurotrophin-6 (NT-6) and neurotrophin-7 (NT-7), with neurotrophic factor additionally referring to the GDNF family of ligands and ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF).[5] NT-6 and NT-7 are only found in zebrafish. [6]
|
QMRBordeaux reds[edit]
The need for a classification of the best Bordeaux wines arose from the 1855 Exposition Universelle de Paris. The result was the Bordeaux Wine Official Classification of 1855, a list of the top ranked wines, named the Grand Crus Classés (Great Classified Growths). With several thousand different Chateaux producing their own wines in Bordeaux, to be classified was to carry a mark of high prestige.
Within the Grand Cru Classé list, wines were further ranked and placed in one of five divisions. The best of the best wines were assigned the highest rank of Premier Cru; only four wines, Château Latour, Château Lafite Rothschild, Château Margaux and Château Haut-Brion were deemed worthy. Of all the 61 great classified wines, all but one came from the Médoc region. The exception was the premier cru Château Haut-Brion, produced in Graves.
|
qMRFive temperaments is a theory in psychology, that expands upon the Four Temperaments proposed in ancient medical theory.
The development of a theory of five temperaments begins with the Two-factor models of personality and the work of the late William Schutz, and his FIRO-B program. It is a measure of interpersonal relations orientations that calculates a person's behavior patterns based on the scoring of a questionnaire. Although FIRO-B does not speak in terms of "temperament", this system of analysis graded questionnaires on two scales in three dimensions of interpersonal relations. When paired with temperament theory, a measurement of five temperaments resulted.[1]
|
QMrSelf-regulation theory (SRT) is a system of conscious personal management that involves the process of guiding one's own thoughts, behaviors, and feelings to reach goals. Self-regulation consists of several stages, and individuals must function as contributors to their own motivation, behavior, and development within a network of reciprocally interacting influences. Roy Baumeister, one of the leading social psychologists who have studied self-regulation, claims it has four components: standards of desirable behavior, motivation to meet standards, monitoring of situations and thoughts that precede breaking said standards, and lastly, willpower.[1] Baumeister along with other colleagues developed three models of self-regulation designed to explain its cognitive accessibility: self-regulation as a knowledge structure, strength, or skill. Studies have been done to determine that the strength model is generally supported, because it is a limited resource in the brain and only a given amount of self-regulation can occur until that resource is depleted.[2] SRT can be applied to impulse control, management of short-term desires, cognitive bias of illusion of control, pain, goal attainment and motivation, or illness behavior, and failure can be explained by either under- or mis-regulation. Self-regulation has gained a lot of attention from researchers, psychologists, and educators, which has allowed it to grow and supplement many other components. It has been through the help of the several contributors to make it a relatable concept that has the ability to improve emotional well-being, achievement, initiative, and optimism.
|
Sociology Chapter
QMRWhat's Her Face was a line of customizable dolls that straddled the line between traditional fashion dolls and creative activity toys. Made by Mattel, the line ran from 2001–2003, and enjoyed only a modest success in a market dominated by Mattel's iconic Barbie and MGA Entertainment's Bratz dolls. Following the discontinuation of the What's Her Face line, their body molds were used for the Wee 3 Friends line of Barbie-related dolls. Several fashion, wig, and activity packs were also released for the What's Her Face line.
Features[edit]
The standard What's Her Face Dolls are approximately 9.5" tall. Their most recognizable feature is a large round head with No Facial features. The doll's completely blank face is intended to be drawn on and designed by the owner, using included washable colored markers and if desired, special rubber stamps of eyes and mouths. A flower-shaped mask was also included, with corresponding holes to help align the stamps on the Doll's face. The Doll's oversized head lacks rooted hair, and has velcro on top, designed to help their changeable brightly colored wigs stay in place. The Doll's body is similarly stylized, approaching a nearly cartoonish pre-teen build with large, flat feet, which allow the Doll to stand on her own. Many of the Dolls sport molded-on floral-print panties, but the earliest Dolls did not, this feature being added midway through the line's run.
Product lines[edit]
Wave One: 2001[edit]
This initial Wave introduced the What's Her Face concept with the release of Four Dolls:
Glam, as her name implies, is the fashionista of the group. She has the palest skin of the Dolls in the line. The first edition "Glam" had changeable hot pink and blue wigs, and wore a reversible zebra-print mini skirt, (a possible reason for the addition of the molded panties later) and silver platform boots.
Sweet has the most artistic personality, and usually wears pink. Her debut edition had a bright red waist length wig, and a yellow wig with pigtails.
Hip likes music, and has a medium complexion. She had a medium-length, side-parted green wig and a pink wig with pigtails, and she wore bell-bottoms/capris and a reversible T-Shirt.
Cool is the sporty girl. She has the darkest skin of the Dolls in the line. She had a long straight orange wig with bangs and a purple wig tied in low pigtails. "Cool" wore an ensemble of a T-shirt and cargos that shortened to hot pants.
"Head 2 Toe" Dolls: 2002[edit]
In 2002, Mattel expanded on the line with the "Head 2 Toe" What's Her Face Dolls. The same four characters were revisited with new looks and a few new gimmicks. The "Head 2 Toe" Dolls each came with only one wig, but it was streaked with contrasting colors that changed with the application of cold water. The Dolls' change-around clothing were all made with washable fabrics, so that the same markers used to decorate her face could be used to draw designs on her clothing as well.
The line consisted of
"City Glam" in yellow snakeskin pants
"School Hip" in a red vinyl slacks and T-shirt outfit
"Party Sweet" whose pink party gear included a floor-length ball gown skirt
and
"Beach Cool", in a pink bikini with blue cover up skirt.
Later in the year, extra editions of two of the characters, "Evening Out Glam" in a reversible blue-to-pink mini dress and "Shopping Sweet" in trendy capris and bustier top, arrived as case refreshers.
"What's Her Look": 2003[edit]
The "What's Her Look" line of 2003 seemed to have experienced a very limited release, and was the last line available in America. Glam, Hip, Sweet and Cool were now known as Wild, Retro, Fresh, and Chic respectively. These Dolls were about an inch taller, and much slimmer than their predecessors, though still with the large flat feet. In addition to their simple outfit and their single, glitter-streaked wig, these dolls also came with a multi-patterned tube of stretchy fabric and a pair of scissors. The tube could be cut and customized into any number of unique clothing items for the doll.
Fab Faces[edit]
A Fourth Wave of What's Her Face Dolls were marketed in Europe after the cancellation of the line in America. These Dolls, called "Fab Faces" (a name which was later used for a line of "My Scene" Barbie-related Dolls), were seen at the New York Toy Fair in 2003, but were thought for a time to be unreleased. Instead of the stamps and markers used for previous lines, these Dolls had a traditionally painted face, and came with three different snap-on face masks sporting different expressions. By pushing a button on the back of the Doll's head, You could change the color and position of her eyes, much like the famous Blythe Doll. The "Fab Faces" Dolls had added articulation at the elbows and knees, and an improved hip joint that allowed them to cross their legs when seated. They each came with two streaked wigs, and their costumes could be decorated by using small button-like beads to add rows of lace, fur, or fringe. Interestingly, there were only three "Fab Faces" Dolls produced, called "Twinkle Eyes", "Dreamy Eyes", and "Stylin' Eyes". There was no dark-skinned Doll available.
|
QMRWhat's Her Face was a line of customizable dolls that straddled the line between traditional fashion dolls and creative activity toys. Made by Mattel, the line ran from 2001–2003, and enjoyed only a modest success in a market dominated by Mattel's iconic Barbie and MGA Entertainment's Bratz dolls. Following the discontinuation of the What's Her Face line, their body molds were used for the Wee 3 Friends line of Barbie-related dolls. Several fashion, wig, and activity packs were also released for the What's Her Face line.
|
QMRThe Doll Family, also billed as The Dancing Dolls, were a quartet of four dwarf siblings from Germany who were popular performers in circuses and sideshows in the United States from the 1920s until their retirement in the mid-1950s. They also appeared briefly in films.Harry was the first to begin a film career, with director Tod Browning for the Lon Chaney vehicle The Unholy Three (1925) as the ruthless midget Tweedledee. He reprised the role for the 1930 sound remake, again with Chaney but this time directed by Jack Conway. The family also began appearing in films together, almost always as circus performers, and acted in some comedies with Laurel & Hardy. Harry and Daisy were cast in major roles in Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer's 1932 film Freaks, while Tiny had a bit part. In fact, Harry himself brought to Browning's attention the Tod Robbins story "Spurs" on which the film was based. All four siblings played Munchkins in The Wizard of Oz; Harry played a small featured part as a member of the Lollipop Guild who welcome Dorothy upon her arrival in Oz. The Dolls dubbed themselves "The Moving Picture Midgets" because of their numerous film credits.
The Dolls were a close-knit family who always lived, ate, and worked together—with the exception of Daisy's brief marriage in 1942 to an average-sized man, Louis E. Runyan, which ended in divorce less than a year later. The family's opportunities as film actors had always been limited, and they stopped appearing in films, although Daisy played a small part in The Greatest Show on Earth (1952). They returned to the travelling sideshows. The Dolls toured with the Christiani Circus after the Ringling Circus was sold in 1956. They retired two years later.
Their decades with the circus had provided them with a good living, and they bought a house in Sarasota, Florida, in which all four lived. The house, which was often featured in magazines, was furnished with custom-built reduced-size furniture. On the grounds of the house was a "Doll's House", which the family opened to the public. Each of the four remained living in the house until their deaths. Tiny was the last survivor; she died in 2004 after a long illness and many years living alone after Harry's death in 1985.
|
QMRBratz is an American product line of fashion dolls and merchandise manufactured by MGA Entertainment.[1] Four original 10 inch dolls were released in 2001 – Yasmin, Cloe, Jade and Sasha, and 2015 a Fifth Girl was added to Bratz called Raya, making her the Fifth official Bratz. They featured almond-shaped eyes adorned with eyeshadow, and lush, glossy lips.[1] Bratz reached great success and the original line of dolls was expanded with a number of spin-offs like Bratz Kidz, and Bratz Babyz, as well as media featuring the Bratz characters, including a Web series, movie, TV series, music albums and video games. In 2005, global sales were two billion dollars and by 2006 Bratz had about forty percent of the fashion-doll market.[1]
|
QMRDiva Starz was a series of fashion dolls created by Mattel Inc. during the Christmas shopping season of 2000.[1] They are similar in design to the MGA Entertainment Bratz dolls released in 2001, and the Flavas dolls released by Mattel in 2003. Four dolls (Alexa, Tia, Summer, and Nikki) were offered in the original debut.[2] The line discontinued in 2004.
|
QMREven though there are some actions involved in bullying that are considered criminal, bullying itself is not illegal. There are four basic types of bullying: verbal, physical, psychological, and cyber. Cyber-bullying is becoming one of the most common types of bullying. While victims can experience bullying at any age, it is witnessed most often in school-aged children. With proper knowledge, preventative measures against bullying can be taken.
|
QMRThe Quartet on the Middle East or Middle East Quartet, sometimes called the Diplomatic Quartet or Madrid Quartet or simply the Quartet, is a foursome of nations and international and supranational entities involved in mediating the peace process in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The Quartet are the United Nations, the United States, the European Union, and Russia. The group was established in Madrid in 2002, recalling Madrid Conference of 1991, as a result of the escalating conflict in the Middle East. Tony Blair resigned as the Quartet's Special Envoy on 27 May 2015.[1]
|
QMRThe Cradock Four[edit]
The Cradock Four — Matthew Goniwe, Sparrow Mkhonto, Fort Calata and Sicelo Mhlauli — were abducted while travelling from Port Elizabeth to Cradock in 1985.[7] They were then taken to Olifantshoek Pass and later to Port Elizabeth, where they were assaulted, killed and their bodies and the vehicle in which they were travelling burnt on 27 June 1985.
Three B.O.S.S. policemen, a Sergeant Faku, Sergeant Mgoduka, and one Sakati who participated in the killing of the activists were later killed in a car bomb blast at Motherwell in 1989.
|
QMRBatmalashvili's name is not among those given in as the four "underground" apostolic administrators (only one of whom appears to have been a bishop) for the four sections into which the diocese of Tiraspol was divided after the resignation in 1930 of its already exiled last bishop, Josef Alois Kessler.[71] This source gives Father Stefan Demurow as apostolic administrator of "Tbilisi and Georgia" and says he was executed in 1938. Other sources associate Demurow with Azerbaijan and say that, rather than being executed, he died in a Siberian Gulag.[72]
|
QMRThe Midwestern United States (in the U.S. generally referred to as the Midwest) is one of the four geographic regions within the United States that are recognized by the United States Census Bureau.
|
QMRThe patriarch of Rome was "first in place of honor" among the five patriarchs. Disagreement about the limits of his authority was one of the causes of the Great Schism, conventionally dated to the year 1054, which split the church into the Catholic Church in the West, headed by the Bishop of Rome, and the Orthodox Church, led by the four eastern patriarchs. After the schism this honorary primacy shifted to the Patriarch of Constantinople, who had previously been accorded the second-place rank at the First Council of Constantinople.
Jurisdictions[edit]
Autocephalous Orthodox churches[edit]
Ranked in order of seniority, with the year of independence (autocephaly) given in the parenthesis.[4][5]
Four Ancient Patriarchates[edit]
Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople
Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria
Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch
Greek Orthodox Church of Jerusalem
|
QMRThe Big Four is the colloquial name for the four main banks in several countries, where the banking industry is dominated by just four institutions and where the phrase has gained currency.
International use[edit]
Internationally, the term "Big Four Banks" has traditionally referred to the following central banks:[1]
United States The Federal Reserve
China The People's Bank of China
Japan The Bank of Japan
European Union The European Central Bank
The Bank of England is occasionally also included in the list:[2]
England The Bank of England
Australia/New Zealand[edit]
See also: Banking in Australia
In Australia, the "big four banks" refers to the four largest banks[3] by market share, who between them hold 80% of the home loan markets in the country. In 2012, their combined total asset is A$2.66 trillion, which is about 200% of Australian GDP in 2011. In order of size, these are:
Commonwealth Bank (CBA) (government owned until 1996)
Westpac (WBC)
Australia and New Zealand Banking Group (ANZ)
National Australia Bank (NAB)
A longstanding policy of the federal government in Australia has been to maintain this status quo, called the "four pillars policy". The policy has been maintained through the Global Recession of 2008–09, as Westpac acquired St.George Bank and the Commonwealth Bank acquired Bankwest, reinforcing the special status of the "big four".
Being New Zealand's closest neighbour, with very close ties culturally and economically, has helped Australia dominate the banking sector there. Often referred to collectively as the 'big banks'[4][5][6] or the 'big Aussie banks', the "Big Four" Australian banks also dominate the New Zealand banking sector in the form of:
Australia and New Zealand Banking Group, or ANZ, also comprising the former business of The National Bank.
ASB Bank, formerly Auckland Savings Bank, wholly owned by the Commonwealth Bank
The Bank of New Zealand (BNZ), wholly owned by the National Australia Bank
Westpac, formerly known as WestpacTrust after a merger with the Trust Bank.
Together they hold over 90% of gross loans and advances in New Zealand [7] as well as close to 90% of all mortgages.[8]
These four subsidiaries are massively profitable and in some cases even outperform the Australian parent company.[9] The extent to which they dominate the banking sector can be seen in profits: In the 2012/2013 financial year, the largest of the Big Banks, ANZ New Zealand, made a profit of NZ$1.37 billion. The smallest, BNZ, made a profit of NZ$695 million.[4] State-owned Kiwibank, community trust-owned TSB Bank, SBS Bank (formerly Southland Building Society) and Heartland Bank, the next four largest banks by profit, made NZ$97 million,[10] NZ$73.5 million,[11] NZ$14 million[12] and NZ$7 million (albeit with an underlying result of about NZ$30 million) respectively.[13] In other words, the profit of New Zealand's next four largest banks (after the Big Four) is equal to less than 30% of the smallest of the Big Four, BNZ.
Brazil[edit]
In Brazil, the "big four", according to the Central Bank of Brazil database (http://www4.bcb.gov.br/top50/port/top50.asp) are:
Banco do Brasil - The largest bank in Brazil; state-run.
Itaú Unibanco - The largest private bank.
Caixa Econômica Federal - state-run.
Banco Bradesco
Canada[edit]
See also: Big Five (banks)
The term "Big Five", is used as opposed to four, with five banks dominating Canadian banking. The operation of Canadian banks include retail banking, mutual funds, insurance, credit cards, and brokerage activities. In addition, they have large international subsidiaries operated through subsidiaries (i.e. CIBC FirstCaribbean International Bank, and TD Bank, N.A.). The Canadian banking operations of the Big Five are largely conducted out of each parent company, unlike U.S. banks that use a holding company structure to hold their primary retail banking subsidiaries. The Big Five include:
Royal Bank of Canada
Toronto-Dominion Bank
Bank of Nova Scotia
Bank of Montreal
Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce
China[edit]
See also: Banking in China
During the 1920s, the term “Big Four” applied to the Four Northern Banks of the Republic of China (i.e. the four most capitalized commercial banks in Northern China).[14] These were the Yien Yieh Commercial Bank, the Kincheng Banking Corporation, the Continental Bank and The China & South Sea Bank. These were contrasted with the Three Southern Banks of Southern China.
By 1949, the Big Four banks were the Bank of China, the Bank of Communications, the Central Bank of China and the Farmers Bank of China. All four were state-owned banks. These four, together with Central Trust of China, Postal Savings and Remittance Bureau of China, Central Cooperative Treasury of China, were called the "Four Banks, Two Bureaus, One Treasury" or "四行两局一库".[15]
Currently, in the People's Republic of China, the Big Four commercial banks ("四大商业银行") are:
Bank of China
China Construction Bank
Industrial and Commercial Bank of China
Agricultural Bank of China
and have been described as such in the Western press. All four are state-controlled banks with commercial banking operations.
India[edit]
In India, the banking system can be segregated in public sector banks owned by the government, private banks which are licensed by Reserve Bank of India to operate and foreign banks. The four largest banks are:[16]
State Bank of India - The largest bank in India; state-run.
ICICI Bank HDFC Bank - Private bank in India.
Bank of Baroda - One of the biggest public sector banks in India with headquarters in Vadodara and managed from Bandra Kurla complex, Mumbai.
Punjab National Bank
Other large banks In India include Axis Bank , IDBI Bank , Bank of India
Ireland[edit]
In Ireland, the term "big four" applies to the four largest banks by market capitalisation.[17][18] These all operate in both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland, and have a wider international presence.[19]
Bank of Ireland
Allied Irish Banks (operates as First Trust Bank in Northern Ireland[20]
Danske Bank (also operates as Danske Bank in Northern Ireland[21]) - Irish Branch of Danske Bank A/S since 2007.
Ulster Bank - Subsidiary of The Royal Bank of Scotland Group since 2000/2001.
Ever since Danske Bank has phased out its personal banking services, it has been suggested that either KBC Ireland or Permanent TSB could replace, in the medium-term, Danske Bank in the "Big Four" ranking.
Italy[edit]
In Italy the term "big four" is not explicitly used. Banks are rated according to the listed market index. The first four are:[22]
Intesa Sanpaolo
UniCredit
UBI Banca
Gruppo Mediolanum
Japan[edit]
In Japan, the "big four" are:[23]
Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group
Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group
Mizuho Financial Group
Japan Post Bank
Pakistan[edit]
The "top five" banks of Pakistan are:[24]
Habib Bank
MCB Bank Limited
National Bank of Pakistan
United Bank
Allied Bank Limited
South Africa[edit]
In South Africa, the "big four" are:[25]
Standard Bank (Not related to Standard Chartered Bank)
FirstRand Bank (operators of First National Bank)
Nedbank - owned by Old Mutual.
Barclays Africa Group Limited trading as ABSA (also capitalised as Absa)- majority owned by Barclays since 2005; remainder owned by the public.
Spain[edit]
In Spain, the "big four" are:[26]
Bankia (Bank of Madrid and Valencia)
BBVA (Bank of Bilbao and Biscay)
Caixabank (Bank of Barcelona and Catalonia)
Santander
Sweden[edit]
In Sweden, the "big four" are:[27]
Nordea Bank AB
Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken AB
Svenska Handelsbanken AB
Swedbank AB
United Kingdom[edit]
In relation to the United Kingdom, the phrase "big four banks" is currently used to refer to the four largest UK-based banking groups, being:
Barclays;
HSBC;
Lloyds Banking Group; and
The Royal Bank of Scotland Group.[28][29]
Until 1970, the phrase "big five banks" was used to refer to the five largest UK clearing banks (institutions which clear bankers' cheques), which in England and Wales were:
Barclays Bank (now part of Barclays);
Midland Bank (now HSBC Bank and part of HSBC);
Lloyds Bank (now part of Lloyds Banking Group);
National Provincial Bank and
Westminster Bank
After the merger of Westminster Bank and National Provincial Bank to form NatWest (now part of The Royal Bank of Scotland Group) in 1970, the term "big four" was used.
In Scotland the "big four" were:
The Royal Bank of Scotland ("RBS") (part of The Royal Bank of Scotland Group);
Bank of Scotland (part of Lloyds Banking Group);
Clydesdale Bank (part of National Australia Group); and
Trustee Savings Bank ("TSB") (now part of TSB Banking Group ).[30]
United States[edit]
In the United States, the "big four" banks hold 39% of all U.S. customer deposits (as of 2009), and consist of:[31][32]
JPMorgan Chase (headquartered in New York, New York, bank chartered in Columbus, Ohio)
Bank of America (headquartered and bank chartered in Charlotte, North Carolina)
Citigroup (headquartered in New York, New York, bank chartered in Sioux Falls, South Dakota)
Wells Fargo (headquartered in San Francisco, California, bank chartered in Sioux Falls, South Dakota)
From a retail banking perspective, U.S. Bancorp (headquarters in Minneapolis, Minnesota/bank charter Cincinnati, Ohio) and PNC Financial Services (headquarters in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania/bank charter Wilmington, Delaware) both have significantly more branches than Citibank, the retail banking arm of Citigroup.[33] However, Citibank still has significantly more assets than U.S. Bancorp and PNC.[34]
|
QMRThe Shūyuàn (simplified Chinese: 书院; traditional Chinese: 書院; pinyin: shū-yuàn), usually known in English as Academies or Academies of Classical Learning, were a type of school in ancient China. Unlike national academy and district schools, shuyuan were usually private establishments built away from cities or towns, providing a quiet environment where scholars could engage in studies and contemplation without restrictions and worldly distractions.
Notable academies[edit]
In discussing the shuyuan, it is common to speak of the "Four Great Academies" (四大书院; sì-dà shū-yuàn) of ancient China. Usually the "Four Great Academies" refers to the Four Great Academies of the Northern Song. However, sources give a number of different lists, sometimes expanded to Six or Eight Great Academies. Only one, the Yuelu Academy, appears in all lists. Each school went up or down the list in different periods. White Deer Grotto Academy had long been important. As for the impact on the politics of China, Donglin Academy in the Ming Dynasty is especially notable.
The Four Great Academies[edit]
Also known as the Four Great Academies of the Northern Song or the Four Northern Song Academies.
Songyang Academy
Yingtianfu Academy
Yuelu Academy
White Deer Grotto Academy
Sometimes the Shigu Academy is substituted for the Songyang Academy.
The Four Great Academies of the Early Song[edit]
Shigu Academy
Jinshan Academy
Yuelu Academy
Culai Academy
The Four Great Academies of the Southern Song[edit]
Lize Academy
Xiangshan Academy
Yuelu Academy
White Deer Grotto Academy
|
QMRTop Four Cup (Northern Ireland)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Top Four Cup was a football competition played between the top four clubs in the Irish League from 1965-66 to 1968-69. It was a knock-out competition, consisting of two semi-finals and a final.
|
QMrFour Northern Banks
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Four Northern Banks (Chinese: 北四行) referred to the four most capitalized commercial banks in the north of the Yangtze River in the Republic of China in the 1920s, in contrast to the Three Southern Banks (南三行) of Southern China.
The four banks were the Yien Yieh Commercial Bank (鹽業銀行), the Kincheng Banking Corporation (金城銀行), the Continental Bank (大陸銀行) and the China & South Sea Bank (中南銀行).[1]
|
QMRThe Four Asian Tigers or Asian Dragons are the highly developed economies of Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea and Taiwan. These regions were the first newly industrialized countries. They are known because they had very high growth rates (they became rich very fast) and fast industrialization between the early 1960s and 1990s. Now people say that all four countries are rich countries.
All four Asian Tigers have a lot of people who are very educated and good at their jobs. They also did different things, and tried to do them better than other countries. For example, Hong Kong and Singapore became very good at international finance, while South Korea and Taiwan became very good at information technology.
The economic success stories of Korea and Taiwan became known as the Miracle on the Han River and the Taiwan Miracle. This helped many developing countries think maybe they could become rich too, especially the Tiger Cub economies.[1][2][3]
The four tigers grew richer very quickly. Some of this was because these countries let companies compete more, and some of this was because they started to sell more to other countries. The United States helped during the Cold War, because they didn't want these countries to become communist countries.
All the Asian Tigers tried to export (sell) things to rich industrialized nations. They grew rich very quickly (they had double-digit economic growth) for decades. Each nation was not a democracy, and people were not very free in the early years. All of these countries later became freer, and people now think Taiwan and Korea are liberal democracies [4]
In 1997, people started to invest (spend) money on things they shouldn't, and that hurt the economies of those countries. But now these countries are getting richer again.[5]
|
QMREaster Vigil[edit]
Main article: Easter Vigil
Easter vigil in Texcoco, Mexico
The name of the Easter Vigil, even if the vigil is held on what on the civil calendar is still Saturday, indicates that liturgically it is already Easter, no longer part of Holy Week, but still part of the Easter Triduum.
In the Anglican, Catholic, Methodist, and Presbyterian traditions, the Easter Vigil, one of the longest and most solemn of liturgical services, lasts up to three or four hours, consists of four parts:[4][20]
The Service of Light
The Liturgy of the Word
The Liturgy of Baptism: The sacraments of Baptism and Confirmation for new members of the Church and the Renewal of Baptismal Promises by the entire congregation.
Holy Eucharist
|
QMRThe Dip: A Little Book That Teaches You When to Quit (and When to Stick) (2007) is the tenth published book by Seth Godin.[1] It is a 76 page book that illustrates the concept of "the dip"—a temporary setback that can be overcome with persistence—and how to recognize if you are within one worth pushing through or one where you should quit.
The rough idea for The Dip first materialized on Godin's blog.[2] On an entry titled "The four curves of want and get," Godin shows four curves representing patterns of adoption.[3] He ends the post with "How do you avoid killing something too early, or celebrating too early. And last, how do you know when to kill a dud," a theme that would reappear in The Dip. Five months later, Godin posted another entry titled "Understanding Local Max," in which he presented another success curve—this time nearly identical to the one that appears in his book—and analyzed the hypothetical conversation that would occur at four points on the curve.[4] In addition to being the basis behind The Dip, the entry was also included in Small is the new Big, a collection of short pieces from his blog.
The four curves of want and get
Fourcurves_1When you launch a product or service, you want A. A is a steep launch curve followed, after the dotted line, by a steep acceptance curve.
A is the curve of the hot knife through butter. A is the curve of big buzz. A is the curve of the unserved audience and the perfect product.
That's what you want.
Usually, though, you get B.
B looks the same as A for a while. But then it stops.
B stops because your product isn't for everybody. B stops because many products and services have a small but eager audience of early adopters, just itching to try something new. And then, once reality sets in, your idea stops spreading.
When I launched my ebook, I thought for a minute I had A. I sold a bazillion of them in one night. And then, bam, I had B. Sales slowed really fast. Why? Was it lousy? I don't think it was. I think the audience of people who were standing by to buy an ebook from me was very connected to me and to each other, they heard about it right away, they bought it right away and then, there you go, the entire market was saturated.
Curve C is the most likely curve of success, not A. Curve C is the remarkable product that takes a while to find its footing. Then, the idea starts moving through communities and slowly builds, until, yes, this product is remarkable and you've got a hit.
Alas, soon after launch, there's no way to tell C from D, is there? D is the curve of the dud. Most launches are duds. Not a lot you can do about it.
The challenges are pretty obvious. First, how do you decide where to put the dotted line? Second, how do you avoid killing something too early, or celebrating too early. And last, how do you know when to kill a dud? The odds are with those smart enough to launch something new tomorrow.
|
QMRMosuo homes consist of four rectangular structures arranged in a square, around a central courtyard. The first floor houses livestock, including water buffalo, horses, geese, and poultry. The main cooking, eating and visiting areas are also on the first floor. The second floor is commonly used for storage and for the bedrooms.[5]
|
QMRThe concept of a prehistoric matriarchy was introduced in 1861 when Johann Jakob Bachofen published Mother Right: An Investigation of the Religious and Juridical Character of Matriarchy in the Ancient World. He postulated that the historical patriarchates were a comparatively recent development, having replaced an earlier state of primeval matriarchy, and postulated a "chthonic-maternal" prehistoric religion. Bachofen presents a model where matriarchal society and chthonic mystery cults are the second of four stages of the historical development of religion. The first stage he called "Hetaerism", characterized as a paleolithic hunter-and-gatherer society practicing a polyamorous and communistic lifestyle. The second stage is the Neolithic, a matriarchal lunar stage of agriculture with an early form of Demeter the dominant deity. This was followed by a "Dionysian" stage of emerging patriarchy, finally succeeded by the "Apollonian" stage of patriarchy and the appearance of civilization in classical antiquity.[2] The idea that this time period was a golden age that was displaced with the advent of patriarchy was first described by Friedrich Engels in his The Origin of the Family, Private Property, and the State.[3]
|
QMRThe concept of a prehistoric matriarchy was introduced in 1861 when Johann Jakob Bachofen published Mother Right: An Investigation of the Religious and Juridical Character of Matriarchy in the Ancient World. He postulated that the historical patriarchates were a comparatively recent development, having replaced an earlier state of primeval matriarchy, and postulated a "chthonic-maternal" prehistoric religion. Bachofen presents a model where matriarchal society and chthonic mystery cults are the second of four stages of the historical development of religion. The first stage he called "Hetaerism", characterized as a paleolithic hunter-and-gatherer society practicing a polyamorous and communistic lifestyle. The second stage is the Neolithic, a matriarchal lunar stage of agriculture with an early form of Demeter the dominant deity. This was followed by a "Dionysian" stage of emerging patriarchy, finally succeeded by the "Apollonian" stage of patriarchy and the appearance of civilization in classical antiquity.[2] The idea that this time period was a golden age that was displaced with the advent of patriarchy was first described by Friedrich Engels in his The Origin of the Family, Private Property, and the State.[3]
|
QMRThe Matriarchs are the wives of the biblical Patriarchs. They are Sarah, the wife of Abraham, Rebekah, the wife of Isaac and Leah and Rachel, the wives of Jacob. They are also known as "The four mothers" (ארבע האמהות).
|
QMRBiblical patriarchy, also known as Christian patriarchy, is a set of beliefs in evangelical Christianity concerning gender relations and their manifestations in institutions including marriage, the family, and the home. It sees the father as the head of the home, responsible for the conduct of his family. Notable people associated with biblical patriarchy include Douglas Wilson,[1] R. C. Sproul, Jr.,[2] the Duggar family,[3] and Douglas Phillips. Notable publications include Patriarch magazine and Above Rubies.[4] The biblical patriarchy movement has been said to be "flourishing among homeschoolers".[5]
Four major positions
Christian egalitarianism
Christian feminism
Complementarianism
Biblical patriarchy
|
QMRA cliché of classical texts, which is repeated throughout the tradition, is the familiar notion that men govern the outer world, while women govern the home. In the Han dynasty, the female historian Ban Zhao wrote the Lessons for Women, advice on how women should behave. She outlines the four virtues women must abide by: proper virtue, proper speech, proper countenance, proper merit. The "three subordinations and the four virtues" is a common four-character phrase throughout the imperial period.
|
qMRIn Key Issues in Women's Work (2nd ed., 2004), sociologist Catherine Hakim compares four competing theories of male dominance, including Goldberg's theory of patriarchy as well as her own preference theory, and notes the strengths and weaknesses of patriarchy theory.[9] For example, women's dislike of female bosses is consistent with Goldberg's theory".[10] Goldberg's "is the only theory that can explain some of the more inconvenient facts about women as well as men".[11] "No other theory has been offered which can explain women's rejection of females in authority".[10] She comments that Goldberg's theory "contrasts interestingly with the mind-games that Western intellectuals like to play",[12] but concludes that Goldberg's thesis has yet to be fully proven.[13] In her book's final chapter, after reviewing the empirical evidence, she notes that none of the four competing theories fully explains women's subordination, but that preference theory rules out the salience of sex and gender, given the evidence for female heterogeneity.
|
QMRThe Inevitability of Patriarchy is a book by Steven Goldberg published by William Morrow and Company in 1973. The theory proposed by Goldberg is that social institutions, that are characterised by male dominance, may be explained by biological differences between men and women (sexual dimorphism), suggesting male dominance (patriarchy) could be inevitable.
The book has ten chapters divided into four parts (I–IV), and an addendum. The five chapters of the first part outline Goldberg's theory of patriarchy. The second part contains two chapters of engagement with alternative views. The third part speculates about possible cognitive differences between men and women. Part four consists of a single chapter of general sociological commentary on broader community discussion of the relationships between men and women. The addendum that concludes the book is offered in support of the anthropological consensus described in chapter 2 of part I, but has been considered by some to be the most valuable part of the total work,[7] including Goldberg himself.[8]
|
QMrWounded Knee Massacre[edit]
Spotted Elk lying dead, after the Wounded Knee Massacre, December 1890
Main article: Wounded Knee Massacre
The night before the massacre, Col. James W. Forsyth arrived at Wounded Knee Creek and ordered his men to position four Hotchkiss cannons around the area in which the Lakota had been forced to camp.
On the morning of 29 December 1890, Forsyth's soldiers entered the camp and demanded that the Lakota give up their weapons. In the ensuing confrontation, a firearm was discharged. It was later believed to have been by a deaf man, Black Coyote, who presumably did not hear the command to put down his rifle. A large gun fight quickly ensued. The US forces killed 153 Lakota, majoritarily non-combatants (women and children) and Spotted Elk was among those killed.
|
QMRThe Crow often hunted bison by utilizing buffalo jumps. "Where Buffaloes are Driven Over Cliffs at Long Ridge" was a favorite spot for meat procurement by the Crow Indians for over a century, from 1700 to around 1870 when modern weapons were introduced.[25] The Crow used this place annually in the autumn, a place of multiple cliffs along a ridge that eventually sloped to the creek. Early in the morning the day of the jump a medicine man would stand on the edge of the upper cliff, facing up the ridge. He would take a pair of bison hindquarters and pointing the feet along the lines of stones he would sing his sacred songs and call upon the Great Spirit to make the operation a success.[25] After this invocation the medicine man would give the two head drivers a pouch of incense.[25] As the two head drivers and their helpers headed up the ridge and the long line of stones they would stop and burn incense on the ground repeating this process four times.[25] The ritual was intended to make the animals come to the line where the incense was burned, then bolt back to the ridge area.[25]
|
QMRHistorical subgroups[edit]
The Apsaalooke by the early 19th century were divided into three independent groupings, who came together only for common defense:[citation needed]
Ashalaho (‘Many Lodges’, today called Mountain Crow), Awaxaawaxammilaxpáake (‘Mountain People’) or Ashkúale (‘The Center Camp’). The Ashalaho or Mountain Crow, the largest Crow group, split from the Awatixa Hidatsa and were the first to travel west. (McCleary 1997: 2-3)., (Bowers 1992: 21) Their leader No Intestines had received a vision and led his band on a long migratory search for sacred tobacco, finally settling in southeastern Montana. They lived in the Rocky Mountains and foothills on the present-day Wyoming-Montana border along the Upper Yellowstone River, in the Big Horn and Absaroka Range (also Absalaga Mountains) with the Black Hills comprising the eastern edge of their territory.
Binnéessiippeele (‘Those Who Live Amongst the River Banks’), today called River Crow or Ashshipíte (‘The Black Lodges’) The Binnéessiippeele, or River Crow, split from the Hidatsa proper, according to tradition because of a dispute over a bison stomach. As a result, the Hidatsa called the Crow Gixáa-iccá—"Those Who Pout Over Tripe".[14][15] They lived along the Yellowstone and Musselshell rivers south of the Missouri River and in the river valleys of the Big Horn, Powder and Wind rivers, (historically known as the Powder River Country), sometimes traveling north up to the Milk River.
Eelalapito (Kicked In The Bellies) or Ammitaalasshé (‘Home Away From The Center’, that is, away from the Ashkúale - Mountain Crow).[16][17] They claimed the area known as the Bighorn Basin, from the Bighorn Mountains in the east to the Absaroka Range to the west, and south to the Wind River Range in northern Wyoming. Sometimes they settled in the Owl Creek Mountains, Bridger Mountains and along the Sweetwater River in the south.[18]
The oral tradition of the Apsaalooke mentions a fourth group, the Bilapiluutche (‘Beaver Dries its Fur’), who are believed to have merged with the Kiowa in the second half of the eighteenth century.
|
QMROnce established in the Valley of the Yellowstone River[9] and its tributaries on the Northern Plains in Montana and Wyoming, the Crow divided into four groups: the Mountain Crow, River Crow, Kicked in the Bellies and Beaver Dries its Fur. Formerly semi-nomad hunters and farmers in the northeastern woodland, they picked up the nomadic lifestyle of the Plains Indians as hunters and gatherers and hunted bison. Before 1700, they were using dog travois for carrying goods. They obtained horses from the Spanish.[10][11]
|
QMRDiversification is a corporate strategy to enter into a new market or industry which the business is not currently in, whilst also creating a new product for that new market. This is most risky section of the Ansoff Matrix, as the business has no experience in the new market and does not know if the product is going to be successful.
Diversification is part of the four main growth strategies defined by Igor Ansoff's Product/Market matrix:[1]
|
QMR
QMRThe Ansoff Matrix is a strategic planning tool that provides a framework to help executives, senior managers, and marketers devise strategies for future growth.[1][2] It is named after Russian American Igor Ansoff, who came up with the concept.
Growth strategies[edit]
Ansoff, in his 1957 paper, provided a definition for product-market strategy as "a joint statement of a product line and the corresponding set of missions which the products are designed to fulfill".[3] He describes four growth alternatives:
Market penetration[edit]
In market penetration strategy, the organization tries to grow using its existing offerings (products and services) in existing markets. In other words, it tries to increase its market share in current market scenario.This involves increasing market share within existing market segments. This can be achieved by selling more products or services to established customers or by finding new customers within existing markets. Here, the company seeks increased sales for its present products in its present markets through more aggressive promotion and distribution.
This can be accomplished by: (i) Price decrease; (ii) Increase in promotion and distribution support; (iii) Acquisition of a rival in the same market; (iv) Modest product refinements
Market development[edit]
In market development strategy, a firm tries to expand into new markets (geographies, countries etc.) using its existing offerings.
This can be accomplished by: (i) Different customer segments; (ii) Industrial buyers for a good that was previously sold only to the households; (iii) New areas or regions of the country (iv) Foreign markets. This strategy is more likely to be successful where:- (i) The firm has a unique product technology it can leverage in the new market; (ii) It benefits from economies of scale if it increases output; (iii) The new market is not too different from the one it has experience of; (iv) The buyers in the market are intrinsically profitable.
Product development[edit]
In product development strategy, a company tries to create new products and services targeted at its existing markets to achieve growth.
This involves extending the product range available to the firm's existing markets. These products may be obtained by: (i) Investment in research and development of additional products; (ii) Acquisition of rights to produce someone else's product; (iii) Buying in the product and "branding" it; (iv) Joint development with ownership of another product who need access to the firm's distribution channels or brands.
Diversification[edit]
In diversification an organization tries to grow its market share by introducing new offerings in new markets. It is the most risky strategy because both product and market development is required. (i) Related Diversification - Here there is relationship and, therefore, potential synergy, between the firms in existing business and the new product/market space. (a) Concentric diversification, and (b) Vertical integration. (ii) Unrelated Diversification: This is otherwise termed conglomerate growth because the resulting corporation is a conglomerate, i.e. a collection of businesses without any relationship to one another.A strategy for company growth through starting up or acquiring businesses outside the company’s current products and markets
|
QMR4-track or 4-track tape may refer to:
The 4-track cartridge as an analogue music storage format popular from the late 1950s
A 4-track tape for multitrack recording used in professional recording studios
|
QMRFour important railway companies operated along the south coast of England prior to 1923 – the London & South Western Railway (LSWR), the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway (LBSCR), and the South Eastern Railway and the London Chatham and Dover Railway. (The last two had formed a working union known as the South Eastern and Chatham Railway (SECR) in 1899.) These companies were amalgamated, together with several small independently operated lines and non-working companies, to form the Southern Railway in 1923, which operated 2186 route miles (3518 km) of railway.[1] The new railway also partly owned several joint lines: notably the East London Railway, the West London Extension Joint Railway, the Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway and the Weymouth and Portland Railway.
The first main line railway in southern England was the London and Southampton Railway, (renamed LSWR in 1838), which completed its line in May 1840.[3] It was quickly followed by the London and Brighton Railway (September 1841),[4] and the South Eastern Railway (formerly the South Eastern and Dover Railway) in February 1844.[5] The LSWR branched out to destinations including Portsmouth, Salisbury and later Exeter and Plymouth.[6] It grew to be the largest of the four constituent companies. The LBSCR was a smaller railway than its LSWR neighbour, serving the port of Newhaven and several popular holiday resorts on the south coast and operating much of the south London suburban network. It had been almost bankrupt in 1867, but during the last twenty-five years of its existence it had been well-managed and profitable.[7] It had begun to electrify routes around London (using an overhead line system) from 1909 to compete with the new electric trams that were taking away some of its traffic.[8] Finally, the SECR had been created after years of wasteful and damaging competition between the two companies involved, with duplication of routes and services. Both companies had been unpopular with the travelling public and operated poorly maintained vehicles and infrastructure.[9] Nevertheless, real progress had been made in rectifying this during the period 1899–1922.[10]
The formation of the Southern Railway was rooted in the outbreak of the First World War, when all British railway companies were taken into government control. Many members of staff joined the armed forces and it was not possible to build and maintain equipment at peacetime levels. After the war the government considered permanent nationalisation but instead decided on a compulsory amalgamation of the railways into four large groups through the 1921 Railways Act, known as the Grouping.[11] The resultant amalgamation of the four south coast railways to form the Southern Railway meant that several duplicate routes and management structures were inherited. The LSWR had most influence on the new company, although genuine attempts were made to integrate the services and staff after 1923.[12] The rationalisation of the system led to the downgrading of some routes in favour of more direct lines to the channel ports, and the creation of a coordinated, but not necessarily centralised form of management based at the former LSWR headquarters in Waterloo station.[13]
In addition to its railway operations, the Southern Railway inherited several important port and harbour facilities along the south coast, including Southampton, Newhaven and Folkestone. It also ran services to the harbours at Portsmouth, Dover and Plymouth. These had come into being for handling ocean-going and cross-channel passenger traffic and the size of the railway-owned installations reflected the prosperity that the industry generated. This source of traffic, together with the density of population served in the London suburbs ensured that the Southern would be a predominantly passenger-orientated railway.
|
QMRThe Mittagong Mail was first published in 1885 by Daniel Beer.[1] In 1886 Beer sold the newspaper to J. C. Murphy who changed the newspaper's name to The Southern Mail. Murphy began to publish The Robertson Advocate in 1887, The Moss Vale Record in 1888 and The Mittagong Express in 1891. By 1924 the four newspapers were owned by Hector Lamond who changed The Robertson Advocate to The Robertson Mail, The Moss Vale Record to The Moss Vale Mail and The Mittagong Express to The Mittagong Mail.[2] The newspapers were referred to as the four Mails.
In 1958, Stan Lord launched the Southern Highland News to compete with the other newspapers in the region.[3] By 1960 Lord had sold his newspaper interests to his nephew, Colin Lord. In 1960, the proprietor of the four Mails, Hector Spence Lamond, sold them to Lord. At this point Lord incorporated The Mittagong Star, which he already owned, into The Mittagong Mail. The four Mails were then incorporated into the Southern Highland News in 1961.[4]
The Southern Highland News is currently published by Fairfax Regional Media.[5]
|
QMRSouthern Thailand is a distinct region of Thailand, connected with the central region by the narrow Kra Isthmus.
Four-region division system
Northern Region Isan ("Northeastern Region") Central Region Southern Region
|
QMRA typical (stadiametric) rangefinding reticle used by military snipers. The Mil-dots can be seen on the cross hairs. The four horizontal bars over the horizontal line are also intended for (quick) ranging purposes.
If the helmeted head of a man (≈ 0.25 m tall) fits between the fourth bar and the horizontal line, the man is at approximately 100 meters distance. When the upper part of the body of a man (≈ 1 m tall) fits under the fourth bar, he stands at approximately 400 meters distance.
It is a quadrant
|
QMrThe Thule 4Peaks Mountain Challenge is a rugged 24 kilometres (15 mi) mountain skyline route for trail runners, held every September since 2002 in the Witteberge 32 kilometres (20 mi) NNE of Ficksburg in South Africa's Free State province near the Lesotho border..
A record field of 210 mountain runners tackled the route in 2010. The large number of entrants necessitated a start of 3 batches at 15 min intervals. Ryan Sandes, the 2010 men's winner, set a new record time of 2h 41m 58s. Fit athletes complete the course in about 6hrs with the backmarkers finishing in about 9hrs.[1][2]
The skyline route runs clockwise around an amphitheatre curving around the valley of Moolmanshoek. Starting at 1750m, the first high peak is 'The Pyramid' at 2167m. There are some sections of fairly flat terrain along the high ridges. Grassy tussocks form a large part of the landscape, broken by rock bands and steep scrambles to reach the saddles and high points.[3]
The route rates as extremely demanding, but is made bearable by spectacular mountain scenery. The start and finish are at Moolmanshoek.
|
qMRFour Four Four Four Sight board game (Games & Gadgets)
Inactive Products (Never Edit/Delete)
Players: 2-6
Time To Play: 15 Min
Manufacturer: Games & Gadgets
Description: Played on a four by four grid, with four levels. The object is to get four in a row, whether on one level or between all four levels, straight or diagonal. It is essentially a Tic-Tac-Toe game in a 4x4x4 cube.
The cube needs to be emptied before start. Each player choose a color of their pieces and take turn to place their pieces in vacant positions, one piece at a time. The player wins who first gets four in a row of his own pieces - either horizontal, vertical or diagonal. It is not allowed to remove or replace pieces that have already been placed. If all positions are occupied without anyone having four in a row, then the game is called a tie.
Description provided by boardgamegeek.com
|
QMRThe question of whether Christ was crucified with three or four nails has long been debated, and can hardly be answered with references to medieval treatises or ancient iconic traditions. The details can be followed, however, in the Catholic Encyclopedia (see external link below). The belief that three nails were used is called Triclavianism.
|
QMrThe Artifacts is a hip hop group consisting of El Da Sensei, Tame One and DJ Kaos. They hail from Newark, New Jersey and made underground music that paid homage to the four elements of hip hop. The Artifacts' most popular single "Wrong Side of Da Tracks" paid special homage to graffiti art, as they were graffiti artists themselves.
|
Religion Chapter
Buddhism Chapter
The four harmonious animals or four harmonious brothers (Wylie: mthun pa spun bzhi[1] or Wylie: mthun pa rnam bzhi[2]) figure in Buddhist mythology and the Jataka tales[3] that can often be found as subject in Tibetan art.
A popular scene often found as wall paintings in Tibetan religious buildings represents an elephant standing under a fruit tree carrying a monkey, a hare and a bird on top of each other. The scene refers to a legend which tells that four animals were trying to find out who was the oldest. The elephant said that the tree was already fully grown when he was young, the monkey that the tree was small when he was young, the hare that he saw the tree as a sapling when he was young and the bird claimed that he had carried the seed from which the tree grew. So the bird was recognized by the other animals as the oldest, and the four animals lived together in harmony, helping each other to enjoy the fruits of the tree. This is the origin of their name.
The primary source for the Buddhist legend of the four harmonious brothers is the Vinayavastu (Wylie: 'dul ba'i gzhi), which forms the first section of the Kangyur, the canon of Tibetan Buddhism.[2]
QMRTheta Nu Epsilon (ΘΝΕ, commonly known as T.N.E.) is a sophomore class society. Founded at Wesleyan University in 1870 as a chapter of Skull and Bones,[1] the society accepts members regardless of their fraternity status.[2]
Theta Nu Epsilon was founded on December 11, 1870 in Room Seven of Wesleyan’s South College by Herbert Hull Coston, Coleridge Allen Hart, George Washington Shonk, Lyman Horace Weeks, (all four Alpha Delta Phi), Benjamin Emmons Gerst, Arthur Collins McClay, George Bickford Davey Toy, (all four Delta Kappa Epsilon), Stephen Judson Kirby, George Henry Towle, Alfred Charles True, (all four Eclectic), George William Elliott, Charles Hamlin Furber, William Henry Lawrence, Olin Levings Livesey, (all four Psi Upsilon), Amos Howard Hoagland, (independent). Founded as the Wesleyan chapter of Skull & Bones, two years later the chapter cut its ties to Yale and changed the bones of the Skull & Bones emblem to keys.[3]
Class societies were once common in northeastern American colleges and universities. There were freshman, sophomore, junior and senior class societies. Membership was by class year, and cut across the fraternity membership lines. Some class societies became fraternities outside the northeast; DKE and Alpha Sigma Phi were founded as class societies. Skull & Bones and Theta Nu Epsilon were probably the most famous and successful class societies.[4]
T.N.E. is a sophomore class society, and in a traditional type chapter, members were chosen near the end of their freshman or start of their sophomore year. Once selected, the new members were active and responsible for operation of the chapter during their sophomore year. As juniors and seniors, they were considered honorary members and only had authority in an advisory role. The society always excluded freshmen. From the beginning, the identities of the sophomore members were kept secret. In yearbooks, the names of the sophomores appeared in code. The Alpha Chapter and legitimate chapters continue this traditional type.[5] Several latter types of chapters developed over time: one type is that of the three-year society, adopted by chapters at many institutions without a class society system, a third type was as a feeder organization to a senior society, a fourth type was where the chapter acted as an interfraternity coordinating body, and a fifth type was as a wholly secret society, (which were usually chapters that had notorious reputations, such as the University of Alabama).
|
QMR Edward Roer (Translator), Shankara's Introduction, p. 3, at Google Books to Brihad Aranyaka Upanishad at pages 3-4; Quote - "(...) Lokayatikas and Bauddhas who assert that the soul does not exist. There are four sects among the followers of Buddha: 1. Madhyamicas who maintain all is void; 2. Yogacharas, who assert except sensation and intelligence all else is void; 3. Sautranticas, who affirm actual existence of external objects no less than of internal sensations; 4. Vaibhashikas, who agree with later (Sautranticas) except that they contend for immediate apprehension of exterior objects through images or forms represented to the intellect."
Jump up ^
|
QMrFour Extremes[edit]
The 'Four Extremes' (Tibetan: མཐའ་བཞི, Wylie: mtha' bzhi; Sanskrit: caturanta; Devanagari: चतुरन्त) [25] is a particular application of the Catuṣkoṭi:
Being (Wylie: yod)
Non-being (Wylie: med)
Both being and non-being (Wylie: yod-med)
Neither being and non-being (Wylie: yod-med min)[25]
Dumoulin et al. (1988, 2005: pp. 43–44), in the initially groundbreaking work on Zen which is now for the most part dated due to progress in scholarship (though still useful as the premier English work of comprehensive overview), model a particular formulation of the Catuṣkoṭi that approaches the Caturanta engaging the Buddhist technical term 'dharmas' and attribute the model to Nagarjuna:
If we focus on the doctrinal agreement that exists between the Wisdom Sūtras[26] and the tracts of the Mādhyamika we note that both schools characteristically practice a didactic negation. By setting up a series of self-contradictory oppositions, Nāgārjuna disproves all conceivable statements, which can be reduced to these four:
All things (dharmas) exist: affirmation of being, negation of nonbeing
All things (dharmas) do not exist: affirmation of nonbeing, negation of being
All things (dharmas) both exist and do not exist: both affirmation and negation
All things (dharmas) neither exist nor do not exist: neither affirmation nor negation
With the aid of these four alternatives (catuṣkoṭika: affirmation, negation, double affirmation, double negation), Nāgārjuna rejects all firm standpoints and traces a middle path between being and nonbeing. Most likely the eight negations, arranged in couplets in Chinese, can be traced back to Nāgārjuna: neither destruction nor production, neither annihilation nor permanence, neither unity nor difference, neither coming nor going.[27]
|
qMr
I already put this one i a previous book
Catuṣkoṭi (Sanskrit; Devanagari: चतुष्कोटि, Tibetan: མུ་བཞི, Wylie: mu bzhi) is a logical argument(s) of a 'suite of four discrete functions' or 'an indivisible quaternity' that has multiple applications and has been important in the Dharmic traditions of Indian logic and the Buddhist logico-epistemological traditions, particularly those of the Madhyamaka school.
Robinson (1957: pp. 302–303) states (negativism is employed in amplification of the Greek tradition of Philosophical skepticism):
A typical piece of Buddhist dialectical apparatus is the ...(catuskoti). It consists of four members in a relation of exclusive disjunction ("one of, but not more than one of, 'a,' 'b,' 'c,' 'd,' is true"). Buddhist dialecticians, from Gautama onward, have negated each of the alternatives, and thus have negated the entire proposition. As these alternatives were supposedly exhaustive, their exhaustive negation has been termed "pure negation" and has been taken as evidence for the claim that Madhyamika is negativism.[1]
In particular, the catuṣkoṭi is a "four-cornered" system of argumentation that involves the systematic examination and rejection of each of the 4 possibilities of a proposition, P:
P; that is, being.
not P; that is, not being.
P and not P; that is, being and not being.
not (P or not P); that is, neither being nor not being.
It is interesting to note that under propositional logic, De Morgan's laws imply that the fourth case (neither P nor not P) is equivalent to the third case (P and not P), and is therefore superfluous.
|
Christianity Chapter
QMREastern Christians do not share the same religious traditions, but do share many cultural traditions. Christianity divided itself in the East during its early centuries both within and outside of the Roman Empire in disputes about Christology and fundamental theology, as well as national divisions (Roman, Persian, etc.). It would be many centuries later that Western Christianity fully split from these traditions as its own communion. Today there are four main branches or families of Eastern Christianity, each of which has distinct theology and dogma.
the Eastern Orthodox Church
the Oriental Orthodox Churches
the Assyrian Church of the East
the Eastern Catholic Churches
In many Eastern churches, some parish priests administer the sacrament of chrismation to infants after baptism, and priests are allowed to marry before ordination. While all the Eastern Catholic Churches recognize the authority of the Pope, some of them who having originally been part of the Orthodox Church or Oriental Orthodox Church closely follow the traditions of Orthodoxy or Oriental Orthodoxy, including the tradition of allowing married men to become priests.
The Eastern churches' differences from Western Christianity have as much, if not more, to do with culture, language, and politics, as theology. For the non-Catholic Eastern churches, a definitive date for the commencement of schism cannot usually be given (see East-West Schism). The Church of the East declared independence from the churches of the Roman Empire at its general council in 424, which was before the Council of Ephesus in 431, and so had nothing to do with the theology declared at that Council. Oriental Orthodoxy separated after the Council of Chalcedon in 451.
Since the time of the historian Edward Gibbon, the split between the Church of Rome and the Orthodox Church has been conveniently dated to 1054,though the reality is more complex. This split is sometimes referred to as the Great Schism, but now more usually referred to as the East-West Schism. This final schism reflected a larger cultural and political division which had developed in Europe and southwest Asia during the Middle Ages and coincided with Western Europe's re-emergence from the collapse of the Western Roman Empire.
|
QMREastern Christianity consists of four main church families: the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Oriental Orthodox Churches, the Assyrian Church of the East, and the Eastern Catholic Churches. The term is used in contrast to Western Christianity. Collectively they comprise the Christian traditions and churches that developed in the Balkans, Eastern Europe, Asia Minor, the Middle East, Africa, India and parts of the Far East over several centuries. The term does not describe a single communion or common religious tradition. Some Eastern churches have more in common historically and theologically with Western Christianity than with one another. The various Eastern churches do not normally refer to themselves as "Eastern", with the exception of the Assyrian Church of the East and its offshoots.
Eastern Christianity consists of four main church families: the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Oriental Orthodox Churches, the Assyrian Church of the East, and the Eastern Catholic Churches. The term is used in contrast to Western Christianity. Collectively they comprise the Christian traditions and churches that developed in the Balkans, Eastern Europe, Asia Minor, the Middle East, Africa, India and parts of the Far East over several centuries. The term does not describe a single communion or common religious tradition. Some Eastern churches have more in common historically and theologically with Western Christianity than with one another. The various Eastern churches do not normally refer to themselves as "Eastern", with the exception of the Assyrian Church of the East and its offshoots.
|
QMRFour more of the Eastern Catholic Churches are headed by a prelate known as a "Major Archbishop," a title created in 1963 and essentially equivalent to that of Patriarch:[10]
The Major Archbishop of Kiev-Halych and head of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church
The Major Archbishop of Ernakulam-Angamaly and head of the Syro-Malabar Catholic Church
The Major Archbishop of Trivandrum and head of the Syro-Malankara Catholic Church
The Major Archbishop of Făgăraş and Alba Iulia and head of the Romanian Church United with Rome, Greek-Catholic
|
QMREaster Vigil[edit]
Main article: Easter Vigil
Easter vigil in Texcoco, Mexico
The name of the Easter Vigil, even if the vigil is held on what on the civil calendar is still Saturday, indicates that liturgically it is already Easter, no longer part of Holy Week, but still part of the Easter Triduum.
In the Anglican, Catholic, Methodist, and Presbyterian traditions, the Easter Vigil, one of the longest and most solemn of liturgical services, lasts up to three or four hours, consists of four parts:[4][20]
The Service of Light
The Liturgy of the Word
The Liturgy of Baptism: The sacraments of Baptism and Confirmation for new members of the Church and the Renewal of Baptismal Promises by the entire congregation.
Holy Eucharist
|
QMRIndiana University East is a regional campus in the Indiana University system located in Richmond, Indiana. It is colloquially known as IU East. The local campus is four buildings on 174 acres and has an enrollment of 4573 students (fall 2014). It was established in 1971 as an extension of Earlham College. IU East offers four-year degree programs in areas of Business & Economics, Education, Humanities & Social Sciences, Natural Science & Mathematics, Informatics, General Studies, Nursing, and Social Work. There are also off-campus degree programs in Newcastle, Lawrenceburg, and Connersville, as well as online degree completion programs. The University also offers master's degrees in several areas. The University hosts men's and women's sports teams known as the Red Wolves.
|
QMRIn 1907, the Hamilton Tigers and Toronto Argonauts of the ORFU joined with the QRFU's Montreal Foot Ball Club and Ottawa Rough Riders (Ottawa had been moving back and forth between the two unions over the past few years) to form an elite competition, the Interprovincial Rugby Football Union. The new competition was soon dubbed the "Big Four". Montreal won the first championship that year. In 1909 Lord Earl Grey, the Governor General of Canada, donated a trophy to be awarded to the CRU champion. The trophy, which became known as the Grey Cup, would not be won by an IRFU club until the Hamilton Tigers captured the trophy in 1913. Following the 1915 season, the competition was suspended because of the First World War, and would not fully resume until 1920.
From 1925 until 1953, IRFU teams would dominate Canadian football, winning 18 of the 26 Grey Cups its clubs contested in that timespan (the IRFU suspended operations from 1942 through 1944 because of World War II). During this period, the calibre of play in the IRFU was recognized as being on par with any league in North America. The Big Four attracted considerable interest in the United States and even had its games televised by the National Broadcasting Company for a time during the 1950s (in fact, these games were more widely available than their NFL counterparts). This interest would eventually decline as the National Football League gained prominence and the American Football League rose in popularity.
|
QMRThe text of the Dead Sea Scrolls is written in four different languages: Hebrew, Aramaic, Greek, and Nabataean.
|
QMRArrangements with the Bedouin left the scrolls in the hands of a third party until a profitable sale of them could be negotiated. That third party, George Isha'ya, was a member of the Syrian Orthodox Church, who soon contacted St. Mark's Monastery in the hope of getting an appraisal of the nature of the texts. News of the find then reached Metropolitan Athanasius Yeshue Samuel, better known as Mar Samuel. After examining the scrolls and suspecting their antiquity, Mar Samuel expressed an interest in purchasing them. Four scrolls found their way into his hands: the now famous Isaiah Scroll (1QIsaa), the Community Rule, the Habakkuk Pesher (a commentary on the book of Habakkuk), and the Genesis Apocryphon. More scrolls soon surfaced in the antiquities market, and Professor Eleazer Sukenik and Professor Benjamin Mazar, Israeli archaeologists at Hebrew University, soon found themselves in possession of three, The War Scroll, Thanksgiving Hymns, and another, more fragmented, Isaiah scroll (1QIsab).
Four of the Dead Sea Scrolls went up for sale eventually, in an advertisement in the 1 June 1954, Wall Street Journal.[154] On 1 July 1954, the scrolls, after delicate negotiations and accompanied by three people including the Metropolitan, arrived at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel in New York. They were purchased by Professor Mazar and the son of Professor Sukenik, Yigael Yadin, for $250,000, approximately 2.14 million in 2012-equivalent dollars, and brought to Jerusalem.[155]
|
QMRThe paw is characterised by thin, pigmented, keratinised, hairless epidermis covering subcutaneous, collagenous, and adipose tissue, which make up the pads. These pads act as a cushion for the load-bearing limbs of the animal. The paw consists of the large, heart-shaped metacarpal or palmar pad (forelimb) or metatarsal or plantar pad (rear limb), and generally four load-bearing digital pads, although there can be five or six toes in the case of domestic cats and bears (including giant panda). A carpal pad is also found on the forelimb which is used for additional traction when stopping or descending a slope in digitigrade species. Additional dewclaws can also be present.
|
QMRCanids have four claws on the rear feet,[4] although some domestic dog breeds or individuals have an additional claw. A more technical term for this fifth claw on the rear legs is hind-limb-specific preaxial polydactyly.[5] Several genetic mechanisms can cause rear dewclaws; they involve the LMBR1 gene and related parts of the genome.[5] Rear dewclaws often have no phalanx bones and are attached by skin only.[6]
|
QMRThe Wesleyan Quadrilateral,[1] or Methodist Quadrilateral,[2] is a methodology for theological reflection that is credited to John Wesley, leader of the Methodist movement in the late 18th Century. The term itself was coined by 20th century American Methodist scholar Albert C. Outler.[3][4]
This method based its teaching on four sources as the basis of theological and doctrinal development, scripture, tradition, reason, and experience.
|
QMRThe Quattro pezzi sacri (Italian pronunciation: [ˈkwattro ˈpɛttsi ˈsaːkri], Four Sacred Pieces) are choral works by Giuseppe Verdi. Written separately during the last decades of the composer's life and with different origins and purposes, they were nevertheless published together in 1898 by Casa Ricordi. They are often performed as a cycle, not in chronological sequence of their composition, but in the sequence used in the Ricordi publication:
Ave Maria, a setting of the Latin "Ave Maria" for four solo voices a cappella composed in 1889
Stabat Mater, a setting of the Latin "Stabat Mater" for chorus and orchestra composed in 1896 and 1897
Laudi alla Vergine Maria, a setting of a prayer in Canto XXXIII of Dante's Paradiso for four female voices a cappella composed between 1886 and 1888
Te Deum, a setting of the Latin "Te Deum" for double chorus and orchestra composed in 1895 and 1896.
They were first performed together (without the Ave Maria) in a concert by the Paris Opera on April 7, 1898.
|
In contrast to the highly decorated Nativity Façade, the Passion Façade is austere, plain and simple, with ample bare stone, and is carved with harsh straight lines to resemble the bones of a skeleton. Dedicated to the Passion of Christ, the suffering of Jesus during his crucifixion, the façade was intended to portray the sins of man. Construction began in 1954, following the drawings and instructions left by Gaudí for future architects and sculptors. The towers were completed in 1976, and in 1987 a team of sculptors, headed by Josep Maria Subirachs, began work sculpting the various scenes and details of the façade. They aimed to give a rigid, angular form to provoke a dramatic effect. Gaudí intended for this façade to strike fear into the onlooker. He wanted to "break" arcs and "cut" columns, and to use the effect of chiaroscuro (dark angular shadows contrasted by harsh rigid light) to further show the severity and brutality of Christ's sacrifice.
Facing the setting sun, indicative and symbolic of the death of Christ, the Passion Façade is supported by six large and inclined columns, designed to resemble sequoia trunks. Above there is a pyramidal pediment, made up of eighteen bone-shaped columns, which culminate in a large cross with a crown of thorns. Each of the four towers is dedicated to an apostle (James, Thomas, Philip, or Bartholomew) and, like the Nativity Façade, there are three porticos, each representing the theological virtues, though in a much different light.
|
Interior[edit]
See also: Cathedral floorplan and for definitions of the architectural terms
The church plan is that of a Latin cross with five aisles. The central nave vaults reach forty-five metres (150 ft) while the side nave vaults reach thirty metres (100 ft). The transept has three aisles. The columns are on a 7.5 metre (25 ft) grid. However, the columns of the apse, resting on del Villar's foundation, do not adhere to the grid, requiring a section of columns of the ambulatory to transition to the grid thus creating a horseshoe pattern to the layout of those columns. The crossing rests on the four central columns of porphyry supporting a great hyperboloid surrounded by two rings of twelve hyperboloids (currently under construction). The central vault reaches sixty metres (200 ft). The apse is capped by a hyperboloid vault reaching seventy-five metres (250 ft). Gaudí intended that a visitor standing at the main entrance be able to see the vaults of the nave, crossing, and apse; thus the graduated increase in vault loft.
|
QMRConstructed between 1894 and 1930, the Nativity façade was the first façade to be completed. Dedicated to the birth of Jesus, it is decorated with scenes reminiscent of elements of life. Characteristic of Gaudí's naturalistic style, the sculptures are ornately arranged and decorated with scenes and images from nature, each a symbol in their own manner. For instance, the three porticos are separated by two large columns, and at the base of each lies a turtle or a tortoise (one to represent the land and the other the sea; each are symbols of time as something set in stone and unchangeable). In contrast to the figures of turtles and their symbolism, two chameleons can be found at either side of the façade, and are symbolic of change.
The façade faces the rising sun to the northeast, a symbol for the birth of Christ. It is divided into three porticos, each of which represents a theological virtue (Hope, Faith and Charity). The Tree of Life rises above the door of Jesus in the portico of Charity. Four towers complete the façade and are each dedicated to a Saint (Matthias the Apostle, Saint Barnabas, Jude the Apostle, and Simon the Zealot).
|
QMRClimate Change 2007, the Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) of the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), is the fourth in a series of reports intended to assess scientific, technical and socio-economic information concerning climate change, its potential effects, and options for adaptation and mitigation. The report is the largest and most detailed summary of the climate change situation ever undertaken, produced by thousands of authors, editors, and reviewers from dozens of countries, citing over 6,000 peer-reviewed scientific studies.Sections[edit]
The report was released in four principal sections:
Contribution of Working Group I (WGI): Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis.[1]
Contribution of Working Group II (WGII): Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability.[2]
Contribution of Working Group III (WGIII): Climate Change 2007: Mitigation of Climate Change.[3]
Contribution of Working Groups I, II, and III: The Synthesis Report (SYR).[4]
The four SRES scenario families [5] of the Fourth Assessment Report vs. projected global average surface warming until 2100
AR4
(Summary; PDF)[page needed]
More economic focus
More environmental focus
Globalisation
(homogeneous world) A1
rapid economic growth
(groups: A1T; A1B; A1Fl)
1.4–6.4 °C B1
global environmental sustainability
1.1–2.9 °C
Regionalisation
(heterogeneous world) A2
regionally oriented
economic development
2.0–5.4 °C B2
local environmental sustainability
1.4–3.8 °C
|
QMRThe big four[edit]
A black-and-white bust portrait of a distinguished man in a suit.
H. Roy Cullen, industrialist and philanthropist, considered one of the key figures in the early Texas oil industry
Four businessmen were emblematic of the 1920s and 30s boom years — H. Roy Cullen, H. L. Hunt, Sid W. Richardson, and Clint Murchison.[112] Cullen was a self-educated cotton and real-estate businessman who moved to Houston in 1918 and soon began oil prospecting.[113] Cullen's success led to his founding the South Texas Petroleum Company (with partner Jim West Sr.) and Quintana Oil Company.[114] Cullen and his wife established the Cullen Foundation, which became one of the largest charitable organizations in the state, and donated heavily to the University of Houston, the Texas Medical Center, and numerous other causes in Texas, particularly in the Houston area.[86]
Hunt's first successes were in the oilfields of Arkansas, but he lost most of his fortune by the outset of the Depression as overproduction depleted his fields and his speculation on land and oil drained his resources.[115] He joined in Columbus Joiner's venture which opened the East Texas Oil Field. Hunt bought most of Joiner's interests in eastern Texas and his company, Placid Oil, owned hundreds of wells. He became established in Dallas and was labeled the richest man in the nation in 1948 by Fortune Magazine.[115] A scandal emerged in 1975, after his death, when it was discovered that he had had a hidden bigamous relationship, with his second wife living in New York.[115]
Richardson was a cattle trader who established an independent oil production business in Fort Worth in 1919.[116] He soon expanded into numerous businesses and owned the Texas City Refining Company, cattle ranches, radio and television networks, among other businesses. He was a very private man who was sometimes referred to as the "bachelor billionaire."[116] Murchison, who began his career at his father's bank, soon became an oil lease trader working with Richardson.[117] He expanded into exploration and production in northern Texas, then around San Antonio, and finally the Dallas area. He went on to create the Southern Union Gas Company and became a developer on the East Texas field. He expanded his business into international oil and gas operations in Canada and Australia. His son Clint Jr. went on to form the Dallas Cowboys football franchise. For their part, Murchison and Richardson were known to have been major national political operatives and had close ties to President Dwight D. Eisenhower and his vice president Richard M. Nixon, as well as FBI chief J. Edgar Hoover and President Lyndon B. Johnson.[118]
|
QMRJambudvīpa (Sanskrit: जम्बुद्वीप) is the dvipa ("island" or "continent") of the terrestrial world, as envisioned in the cosmologies of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism, which is the realm where ordinary human beings live.
The word Jambudvipa literally refers to "the land of Jambu trees" where Jambu is the name of the species (also called Jambul or Indian Blackberry) and dvipa means "island" or "continent".Markandeya Purana and Brahmanda Purana divide Jambudvipa into four vast regions shaped like four petals of a lotus with Mount Meru being located at the center like a pericarp. The city of Brahmapuri is said to be enclosed by a river, known as Akash Ganga. Akash Ganga is said to issue forth from the foot of Lord Vishnu and after washing the lunar region falls "through the skies" and after encircling the Brahmapuri "splits up into four mighty streams", which are said to flow in four opposite directions from the landscape of Mount Meru and irrigate the vast lands of Jambudvipa.[3]
The common names of the dvīpas, having their varṣas (9 for Jambu-dvīpa, 7 for the other dvīpas) with a mountain and a river in each varṣa, is given in several Purāṇas [1]. There is a distinct set of names provides, however, in other Purāṇas [2]. The most detailed geography is that described in the Vāyu Purāṇa [3].
|
Theory of the Bible
This is a premise to the other book I’ve been writing.
Yes I know I’ve discovered some incredible stuff
This theory, which I call the Jesus- Destroyer of Empires Theory, is never before seen and revolutionary. It shows that Jesus is an allegory of the God of Israel in the Old Testament and it represents Jesus destroying the Roman Empire, like in the Old Testament the God of Israel destroys the Egyptian Empire. I obviously got some of the ideas in this theory from studying at Church. One example was I got the idea that the multiplying of bread represents the sharing of food from the Providence Church. They go into details about how that is the right interpretation of that event. I got the notion that the multiplying of bread parallels the sending of bread from heaven in the Old Testament from a seventh day adventist church. But I made the connection that this occurred after the symbolic annihilation of the Roman army by the healing of Legion, who represents the Roman Legions, and that the story of the New Testament is a chronological allegorical parallel of the story of the Old Testament torah.
So let me explain the revolutionary theory I discovered. The Old Testament and the gospels are parallel and they both represent, destructions of corrupt Empires. In the story of the Old Testament it is Israelites destroying Egypt and the Canaanite Empire with the help of God. In the story of the New Testament, what is represented is the destruction of the Roman Empire, through Jesus.
In the Old Testament Israel crosses the Reed Sea. After crossing the waves swallow the Egyptian army and the Egyptian army is obliterated.
In the Gospels Jesus heals a Roman commander's servant. This represents him loving his enemy. After healing the servant Jesus crosses a sea. As he crosses the sea, he stops the wind, like when the Israelites cross the Reed Sea the wind is stopped by God. When the Israelites cross the Reed sea the wind is stopped. After crossing the sea Jesus heals a man named Legion. Demons leave Legion and go into pigs. The pigs are swallowed by the sea. The pigs being swallowed by the sea is an allegory of the Roman legions being destroyed. It is an allegory of the Jews, through Jesus, destroying the Roman army. The Jews would call the Roman soldiers pigs. Romans were viewed as the enemy. The Roman legions were the Roman army. That is why Legion was called Legion. He symbolically represented the Roman legions. After the Israelites cross the Reed sea the Egyptian army is swallowed by the water, like the pigs/Roman army is swallowed by the water. The New Testament, is a cryptic expression of the destruction of the Roman Empire.
The gospels are an allegory of the destruction of the Roman Empire by Jesus. The Jews were at war with the Roman Empire. Really, the Roman Empire, a lot of people would say, won. But not really. According to the famous historian Gibbons, Christianity destroyed the Roman Empire. According to Gibbons, Christianity introduced a belief system that was antithetical to the Roman Empires' ideologies. The Roman Empire was a very stratified, divided society, that thrived off of people being separated, and the exploitation of the poor. Also in the society the Emperor was worshipped as a god. Christianity undermined the ideologies of the Roman Empire, and thus uprooted it, and weakened it, making it susceptible to being destroyed.
The eradication of the Roman Empire can be illustrated by the event of the torturing of Jesus. When Jesus is being tortured, a Roman commander sees him and says, "surely this is the son of God". The Roman soldier converting to Christianity symbolizes the destruction of the Roman Empire and the salvation of the Jews. Now with the soldier believing in Christianity, he will no longer continue fighting for the Roman Empire system, and he will no longer fight against the Jews. As a result Jesus’s death represents the saving of the Jews, by the destruction of the Roman Empire, by its conversion to Christianity, a Jewish religion.
Now let me continue with how the gospels parallel the Old Testament. Jesus symbolically destroys the Roman legions by having them swallowed by water (interestingly water has symbolic significance and can signify the word of God), like the God of Israel massacres the Egyptian army by having it swallowed by water. Then Jesus multiplies bread. The multiplication of bread is symbolic. Bread symbolizes abundance. Before the multiplication the people were starving. There were a lot of haves and have nots/ stratification. Now with the teachings of Jesus, who teaches to share and to help the poor, everybody shares their food.
Similarly, after the Israelites disintegrate the Egyptian army, after they cross the sea, God rains down mana from heaven. This raining of mana is like Jesus multiplying the bread, after he crosses the sea. The mana from heaven is again symbolic. The Israelites left the old system of the Egyptian Empire where there was scarcity and stratification and they were treated poorly, and now they are in a new system where there is sharing and abundance.
Next Jesus crosses another sea. Similarly the Israelites, after crossing the desert cross another river- the Jordan River. Jesus walks on the water. The Israelites walk across the river. Again, the Old Testament and the New Testament chronologically parallel each other.
After crossing the river the Israelites come across a woman named Rahab. The Israelites tell her that they will allow her family to live if she helps them to uproot the Canaanite city of Jericho. Rahab is a Canaanite prostitute. Therefore, she has nothing to lose, and everything to gain. She is a marginalized member of the society who decides to help the Israelites destroy her society.
Correspondingly, after Jesus crosses the river, Jesus comes across a Canaanite woman, and the Canaanite woman asks him to heal her daughter. He helps the woman and this magically heals her daughter. Like Rahab, this woman is desperate. This woman is a type of Rahab. She represents Rahab. It is interesting that the Israelites tell Rahab that if they help her they will save her family. In the same way Jesus saves this Canaanite woman’s daughter.
After Jericho is destroyed, there is abundance. Jericho was a very stratified society, structured around division. Once the Israelites annihilate it, a new society is set up that is less stratified, and there is flourishing.
After Jesus heals the Canaanite woman's daughter, representing the helping of Rahab and the destruction of Jericho, Jesus again multiplies bread. Again, after the dissolution of the Jericho, the Canaanite Empire system, there was sharing and abundance for the Israelites. It is no coincidence that it is after the symbolic destruction of the empires that there is multiplication of bread/abundance. Abundance in the story of Jesus is symbolized through the multiplying of bread, after he heals the Canaanite woman. So Jesus healing of the Canaanite woman, is a parallel to the Israelites helping of Rahab, and the destruction of Canaan. The healing of the Canaanite woman, like the healing of Legion, is symbolic of the destruction of these empires. It is interesting that in the story of Elijah, Elijah heals a woman from an enemy group and that woman ends up killing the king of the enemy empire of the Jews. By loving your enemy you destroy them.
Historians do believe that the historical event of the birth of Israel in the Bible actually occurred through a revolution by serfs/slaves/ the oppressed in Canaan. Historians do not believe that Israelites were actually slaves in Egypt, although some lend that it is possible that a group did leave Egypt, and influenced the creation of Israel, but historians think that the Israelites were actually the Canaanite slaves who revolted against their society, and then made up a story that they came from Egypt. But historians agree, that the birth of Israel occurred due to the destruction of Canaan, which they attribute to revolts by Canaanite slaves against their oppressors, the Canaanite elite. Rahab helping the Israelites take down Jericho represents the impoverished and the marginalized revolting against their society. Christianity was an ideology that was for the poor, and antithetical to the Roman Empire, leading to its destruction. The destruction of the Egyptian/Canaanite Empire helped the Jews, and so did the creation of Christianity and the destruction of the Roman Empire.
So as I just elucidated, the gospels are an exact parallel of the Old Testament. The New Testament is an allegorical destruction of the Roman Empire by Jesus. Elijah in the Old Testament says to “love your enemies” because it is like “dumping burning coals on their heads”. Jesus teaches the Jews to love their enemies, the Romans. That is what Jesus does. It is interesting too that Peter converts a Roman commander and magically after Peter is put in jail he asks “miraculously”. I say that it was miraculous, but miraculous in the sense that it was the Roman commander that Peter converted to Christianity that helped him escape. Before crossing the sea, Jesus helps a Roman commander. Then after crossing the sea, the pigs, representing the Roman legions are swallowed. By loving his enemy, the Roman commander, Jesus may have gotten the commander to double cross and join Jesus, thus ensuring the destruction of the Roman legions. I illustrated in other books that the Bible is full of these manipulations, and that every story in the Bible describes sort of Marxist revolutions usually sparked by heroic figures like Gideon or Samson or so on against corrupt rulers and oppressors of the Israelites. For instance, in the case of Gideon, the Israelites enemies are killed after a dream of a rolling piece of bread destroying their camps (representing their hunger). Elijah I illustrated in other books helps his enemies commander like Jesus helps the Roman commander, and then the Israelites start magically defeating their enemies (its because the commander double crossed and joined the Israelites although that is not explicitly stated but I discovered that and can prove it convincingly). Samson defeats the Philistines with a donkey's jawbone (the donkey is a beast of burden and represents the oppressed workers). Also Samson dies and after he dies the Philistines are destroyed by his death. In the same way the Roman Empire is destroyed by Jesus’ death. The philistines were destroyed through a Marxist revolution. Right now I am making assertions that you may not think are backed up by evidence, but in other books I went into detail proving my assertions. All I can say is trust me. In the Bible the Israelites defeat their enemies by inspiring their enemies to separate from their societies through sort of Marxist revolutions. Deborah inspires Jael to kill Sisera. Jael was an impoverished tent dweller and Sisera represented the rich/elite. The Bible is full of the oppressed overthrowing their oppressors. Just take my word for it. And the New Testament was the same. It was the destruction of the Roman Empire by Jesus.Samson destroys the Philistine Empire (Philistines were agricultural people who were European sea people) through his death and it foreshadows Jesus. Trust me when I say that every story of the Bible is the same. Ehud kills the Moabite King who oppressed the Israelites. The Moabite king is represented as fat and oppressive and indulgent (he represents the rich/the elite who oppress the people). The heroes in the Bible destroy their oppressive enemies by converting them to Jewish ideologies. For instance Jonah destroys the Ninevites, enemies of the Jews, after he converts them to believe in the God of Israel. It is described later in the Bible the Ninevites were destroyed. It is no coincidence that the Ninevites were converted after Jonah dies and resurrects like the Roman Empire converted to Christianity after Jesus dies and resurrects (and Jesus death and resurrection destroys his enemy the Roman Empire). I can go into extreme detail that does not just present this as assertions but proves in depth in ways you would not even believe, my thesis, but the whole Bible (and I mean the whole Bible you would not believe it but literally the whole Bible) is an allegory of the destruction of enemy people by converting them.And the enemy people tend to be agriculturalists with corrupt stratified systems, and thus they are destroyed by Jewish ideologies which fight for the poor and the oppressed, because as I mentioned, Judaism emerged from an ideology that stemmed from an oppressed people overturning their oppressors. I can give a vast number of examples.
Another example is david befriends the philistines. And the philistine king loves david. But every night david goes out and kills philistines. The philistines tell the king "hey youre taking care if david hes not on our side" but the king loves david so much he doesnt believe them. Same thing with jesus and the roman empire. He became their god/king and he destroyed them
I can give many more examples and i mean many from the bible
I elaborated this theory years ago look back on my timeline
One other example is an Israelite is killed carrying the arc of god because it falls and he grabs it. He represents the sacrifice like jesus. As a result david gives the arc to an edomite and the edomite and his family later it is says protects israel and are gatekeepers and food keepers for israel. Edomites were enemies but by converting them they become your friends they help you. Also the philistines take the arc of god and this represents their conversion. But then they are killed by the arc. Like rime was destroyed by converting to christianity the philistines are killed by the arc. There is even a sacrifice of an israelite before the philistines take the src like the death of jesus
There are so many examples. One of jacobs daughters is raped by an enemy to the israleites. The man wants to marry dinah the raped woman. But Jacob's sons, the 12 tribes of israel tell him and his people to first get circumcised. This represents conversion like the roman empire converted to christianity. Then while they are sore from the circumcision they are killed, like how the roman empire was killed after it was converted. I can literally give tons of examples in the bible ones you wouldnt even believe
Moses destroys the israelites enemies when his arms are lifted in a cross formation. Whenever his arms are in the cross formation the Israelites win when he is not they lose. Similarly once jesus is lifted on the cross the roman empire is destroyed. I can give tons more examples but a lot of them you need background and some are controversual so i wont get into it. The israelites are going to be killed die to their sin. Moses lifts a snake on a pole like jesus was lifted on a cross. The israelites sons are spares and they are not killed. In the same way jesus being lifted in the cross saves the jews from their sins so they are not killed by the roman empire by converting the roman empire. The idea is by converting the enemy to the god of israel the israelites destiny the enemy throughout the bible. Mordecai is supposed to be killed like jesus was supposed to be killed. Instead mordecai is made king like jesus was made king and the enemies of the jews were killed when originally the jews were supposed to be killed. In the same way the jews were supposed to be killed but because of jesus being condemned to death like mordecai was (mordecai was supposed to be put up on aa pole like jesus was) instead of the jews being destroyed the roman empire was destroyed through christianity. Mordecai became kinf like jesus became
King and he converts the empire. In one of my quadrant models I wrote A LOT on this and gave a ton of explanations. From Abraham’s sacrifice of Issac to a ton more explaining this thesis. Joseph dies and resurrects and saves the israelites and becomes king of Egypt like jesus dies and resurrects and becomes king of the roman empire and saves israel. Jepthah sacrifices his daughter like jesus was sacrificed in order to destroy his enemies. Another example is Jacob who lives with his uncle Laban and Laban mistreats him. Then Jacob leaves after taking Labans daughters as wives with Rachel, his wife, taking Labans idols (he converted him). So on and so on. I can go through every story of the bible its the same thing literally and beyond you can imagine.
And in all the cases it is israelites fighting agricultural people who have subjugated them
And yes i discovered all of that on my own as much on my own as i could
|
QMRWhen the names of the first group were learned, it was decreed that they should be commemorated with the second group.[1] The bodies of the First Group were interred by St Sebastian and Pope Melchiades (Miltiades) at the third milestone on the Via Labicana, in a sandpit where rested the remains of other executed Christians. According to tradition, since the names of the four martyred soldiers could not be authentically established, Pope Melchiades commanded that, since the date of their deaths (November 8) was the same as that of the second group, their anniversary should be celebrated on that day.
It is unclear where the names of the second group actually come from. The tradition states that Melchiades asked that the saints be commemorated as Claudius, Nicostratus, Simpronian, and Castorius. These same names actually are identical to names shared by converts of Polycarp the priest, in the legend of St. Sebastian.[4]
According to the Catholic Encyclopedia, "this report has no historic foundation. It is merely a tentative explanation of the name Quatuor Coronati, a name given to a group of really authenticated martyrs who were buried and venerated in the catatomb of Saint Marcellinus and Pietro, the real origin of which, however, is not known. They were classed with the five martyrs of Pannonia in a purely external relationship."[3]
The bodies of the martyrs are kept in four ancient sarcophagi in the crypt of Santi Marcellino e Pietro. According to a lapid dated 1123, the head of one of the four martyrs is buried in Santa Maria in Cosmedin.
Confusion and conclusions[edit]
The rather confusing story of the four crowned martyrs was well known in Renaissance Florence, principally as told in the thirteenth-century Golden Legend by Jacopo da Voragine. It appears that the original four martyrs were beaten to death by order of the emperor Diocletian (r. AD 284-305). Their story became conflated with that of a group of five stonecarvers, also martyred by Diocletian, in this case because they refused to carve an image of a pagan idol. Because of their profession, the five early Christian martyrs were an obvious choice for the guild of stonemasons, but their number seems often to have been understood to be four, as in this case.[5]
Problems arise with determining the historicity of these martyrs because one group contains five names instead of four. Alban Butler believed that the four names of Group One, which the Roman Martyrology and the Breviary say were revealed as those of the Four Crowned Martyrs, were borrowed from the martyrology of the diocese of Albano Laziale, which kept their feast on August 8, not November 8.[4] These "borrowed" four martyrs were not buried in Rome, but in the catacomb of Albano; their feast was celebrated on August 7 or August 8, the date under which it is cited in the Roman Calendar of Feasts of 354.[3] The Catholic Encyclopedia wrote that "these martyrs of Albano have no connection with the Roman martyrs".[3]
The double tradition may have arisen because a second passio had to be written. It was written to account for the fact that there were five saints in Group 2 rather than four. Thus, the story concerning Group 1 was simply invented, and the story describes the death of four martyrs, who were soldiers from Rome rather than Pannonian stonemasons. The Bollandist Hippolyte Delehaye calls this invented tradition "l'opprobre de l'hagiographie" (the disgrace of hagiography).[4]
Delehaye, after extensive research, determined that there was actually only one group of martyrs – the stonemasons of Group 2 - whose relics were taken to Rome.[4] One scholar has written that “the latest research tends to agree” with Delehaye's conclusion.[4]
The Roman Martyrology gives the stonemasons Simpronianus, Claudius, Nicostratus, Castorius and Simplicius as the martyrs celebrated on November 8, and the Albano martyrs Secundus, Carpophorus, Victorinus and Severianus as celebrated on 8 August.[6]
|
QMRThe designation Four Crowned Martyrs or Four Holy Crowned Ones (Latin, Sancti Quatuor Coronati) actually refers to nine individuals venerated as martyrs in the Catholic Church. The nine saints are divided into two groups:
Severus (or Secundius), Severian(us), Carpophorus (Carpoforus), Victorinus (Victorius, Vittorinus)
Claudius, Castorius, Symphorian (Simpronian), Nicostratus, and Simplicius
According to the Golden Legend, the names of the members of the first group were not known at the time of their death “but were learned through the Lord’s revelation after many years had passed."[1] They were called the "Four Crowned Martyrs" because their names were unknown ("crown" referring to the crown of martyrdom).
|
QMRThe Three Saints are the three ultra-prominent peaks of Southern California. Each peak lies adjacent to the Los Angeles Basin and reside in close proximity to each other. They are popular destinations for hikers, skiers, and rock climbers.
The peaks are:[1][2]
San Gorgonio Mountain – 11,503 feet (3,506 m)
San Jacinto Peak – 10,834 feet (3,302 m)
Mount San Antonio – 10,064 feet (3,068 m)
The list is sometimes referred to as the Four Saints due to the inclusion of San Bernardino Peak (10,649 feet (3,246 m)),[3] a historically important peak in the San Bernardino Mountains. San Bernardino Peak (prom. 209 ft) has insignificant topographical prominence compared to the other three mountains, overshadowed by nearby Anderson Peak.
|
QMRThe Four Comely Saints (Irish: an Ceathrar Álainn) is a collective name for Fursey, Brendan of Birr, Conall, and Berchán, four saints in the early Irish Christian church.
At their reputed burial place on Inishmore is a ruined fifteenth-century church dedicated to them.[1][2][3][4][5] A reputed miraculous cure at the adjacent holy well inspired John Millington Synge's play The Well of the Saints.[6]
|
QMRThe Martyrdom of Four Saints is an oil on canvas painting by the Italian Renaissance artist Correggio, dating from around 1524 and housed in the Galleria Nazionale of Parma, Italy.
|
QMrAs an example of improving safety of infant bed designs, the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission has set standards for infant beds sold since 1973. Since this time U.S. annual deaths attributed to infant beds reducing from approximately 200 to approximately 50,[4] and injury rates now at approximately 8,000 per year.[5] Many of these injuries are attributed to the 25 million infant beds manufactured prior to the progressively refined safety standards, yet still in use.[6]
Infant beds are designed to restrict the baby to the bed. The sides are too high for a baby to climb and provide no footholds. Technical standards for infant beds include considerations such as the materials used and preventing hand and head entrapment. Standards for infant beds have been specified in Australia and New Zealand,[7] Europe,[8] the United States[9] and internationally.[10] Design standards all identify and address four broad hazards:
Falls
To prevent injuries such as concussion and bone fractures from falls when trying to climb out, footholds are not permitted. Minimum cot side heights are defined for various mattress positions.
Strangulation
Infants can become trapped and strangled if their clothing gets caught on parts of a cot that stick out, or if their head becomes trapped between gaps. Neither gaps large enough for a child's head nor protrusions are permitted.
Suffocation
Babies lack the motor skills or strength to turn their heads should they roll into something that obstructs their breathing. They can become trapped and suffocate if they fall into gaps created by ill-fitting or additional mattresses. Babies can also suffocate if the mattress is too soft.
Entrapment
Infants can suffer injuries to their arms and legs if they become trapped between gaps. Gaps small enough for a limb to become trapped are not permitted.
|
Islam Chapter
Hinduism Chapter
Dana is, as with Hindu texts like Mitaksara and Vahni Purana and in Buddhist texts, described as a virtue and duty in Jainism.[51] It is considered an act of compassion, and must be done with no desire for material gain.[52] Four types of Dana are discussed in the texts of Jainism: Ahara-dana (donation of food), Ausadha-dana (donation of medicine), Jnana-dana (donation of knowledge) and Abhaya-dana (giving of protection or freedom from fear, asylum to someone under threat).[52] Dāna is one of ten means to gain positive karma, in the soteriological theories of Jainism. Medieval era texts of Jainism dedicate a substantial portion of their discussions to the need and virtue of Dāna.[53]
|
Generosity developed through giving leads to experience of material wealth and possibly being reborn in happy states. In the Pāli Canon's Dighajanu Sutta, generosity (denoted there by the Pāli word cāga, which can be synonymous with dāna) is identified as one of the four traits conditioning happiness and wealth in the next life. Conversely, lack of giving leads to unhappy states and poverty.
|
qMRAl-Biruni, the Persian historian, who visited and lived in India for 16 years from about 1017, mentions the practice of charity and almsgiving among Hindus as he observed during his stay. He wrote, "It is obligatory with them (Hindus) every day to give alms as much as possible."[7]
After the taxes, there are different opinions on how to spend their income. Some destine one-ninth of it for alms.[40] Others divide this income (after taxes) into four portions. One fourth is destined for common expenses, the second for liberal works of a noble mind, the third for alms, and the fourth for being kept in reserve.
— Abū Rayḥān al-Bīrūnī, Tarikh Al-Hind, 11th century AD[7]
|
The determination is made based on four contextual factors:
the presence or absence of a privative clause or statutory right of appeal;
the expertise of the tribunal relative to that of the reviewing court on the issue in question;
the purposes of the legislation and the provision in particular; and
the nature of the question - law, fact or mixed law and fact
|
QMRThe powers of an ADM are primarily created by statute, which is known as the "enabling statute". These powers are limited by the legislative authority of the enabling government provided under section 91 or 92 of the Constitution Act, 1867. Superior Courts (known as Section 96 Courts) have an inherent power at common law to review any decision of an ADM.[2] A judicial review allows for the court to consider the entire decision-making process, including the process, the findings of fact and of law. The power of judicial review is found either in the enabling statute or by virtue of the common law.[3] The common law powers are derived from the four original writs of certiorari, prohibition, mandamus, and habeas corpus.
|
QMRThe United Kingdom comprises four countries: England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.[24] Nevertheless, it is a unitary state, not a federation (like Australia, Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Germany, Russia or the United States), nor a confederation (like pre-1847 Switzerland or the former Serbia and Montenegro). Although Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have possessed legislatures and executives, England does not (see West Lothian question). The authority of all these bodies is dependent on Acts of Parliament and that they can in principle be abolished at the will of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. A historical example of a legislature that was created by Act of Parliament and later abolished is the Parliament of Northern Ireland, which was set up by the Government of Ireland Act 1920 and abolished, in response to political violence in Northern Ireland, by the Northern Ireland Constitution Act 1973 (Northern Ireland has since been given another legislative assembly under the Northern Ireland Act 1998). The Greater London Council was abolished in 1986 by the Local Government Act 1985[25] and a similar institution, the Greater London Authority, was established in 2000 by the Greater London Authority Act 1999.
|
QMRThe Coat of arms of Elizabeth II in the United Kingdom. The design, in use since the accession of Queen Victoria in 1837, features the arms of England in the first and fourth quarters, Scotland in the second, and Ireland in the third. In Scotland a separate version is used (shown right) whereby the Arms of Scotland take precedence.
|
No comments:
Post a Comment