QMRNeon Jungle were a British four-piece girl group consisting of Shereen Cutkelvin, Amira McCarthy, Jessica Plummer, and Asami Zdrenka. They were best known for their second single "Braveheart", which peaked at number four on the UK Singles Chart. Their 2014 debut and only album, Welcome to the Jungle, features "Braveheart" alongside fellow top 10 single "Welcome to the Jungle", as well as the top 20 entries "Trouble" and "Louder". The group separated in 2015.
QMRThe Jungle Giants are an Australian four-piece band, which formed in 2011 in Brisbane, Queensland. The band consists of Sam Hales on Vocals/Guitar, Cesira Aitken on Lead Guitar, Andrew Dooris on Bass Guitar/Backing Vocals and Keelan Bijker - Drums/Trombone. In 2011, the band were signed by record label Create/Control.[1] The label has stated that "Brisbane’s The Jungle Giants have been on a roll since their single ‘Mr Polite’ took over the airways and YouTube in 2011. The 12 months following the single saw them hit the road playing countless shows across Australia."[2] Their first album, Learn to Exist was released independently in August 2013.
|
|
QMR4-beat (also known as hardcore or happy hardcore) is a breakbeat style of music that emerged around 1993. It evolved from breakbeat hardcore emanating from the United Kingdom rave scene. Due to the sheer scale of the United Kingdom rave scene, the popularity of this particular music was largely limited to England where it was almost exclusively produced and played.
|
|
QMRGood Shoes are a four-piece English indie rock band, hailing from Morden, London.
|
|
QMRFour Pink Walls is the debut extended play (EP) by Canadian singer Alessia Cara. It was released on August 26, 2015 through Def Jam. With all songs containing writing by Cara, the preview of her upcoming debut studio album Know-It-All also includes major songwriting and production contributions from the duo Pop & Oak. Garnering positive reviews upon its release, Four Pink Walls reached number 11 on the Canadian Albums Chart and number 31 on the United States Billboard 200 chart. The EP's single "Here" became Cara's first top twenty hit on the Hot 100.
|
|
QMRFour Voices is a barbershop quartet based in Tennessee. After winning the SPEBSQSA Collegiate Barbershop Quartet Championship in 1996, Four Voices went on to become international champions in 2002.
|
|
QMrTown and Country Four is a Barbershop quartet that won the 1963 SPEBSQSA international competition. Leo Sisk (tenor) Larry Autenreith (lead) Jack Elder (bari) Ralph Anderson (bass)
|
|
QMRFour Renegades is a Barbershop quartet that won the 1965 SPEBSQSA international competition.
|
|
QMrFour Pitchikers is a Barbershop quartet from Springfield, Missouri, that won the 1959 SPEBSQSA international competition.
|
|
QMRFour Teens is a Barbershop quartet that won the 1952 SPEBSQSA international competition.
|
|
QMRMidstates Four is a Barbershop quartet that won the 1949 SPEBSQSA international competition.
|
|
QMRFour Harmonizers is a Barbershop quartet that won the 1943 SPEBSQSA international competition.
|
|
QMRElastic Four is a Barbershop quartet that won the 1942 SPEBSQSA international competition.
|
|
QMrFlat Foot Four is a Barbershop quartet that won the 1940 SPEBSQSA international competition. The victorious line-up was the following:
Johnny Whalen, tenor
Britt Stegall, lead
Sam Barnes, bass
Red Elliott, baritone
|
|
Dance Chapter
QMRA four-seam fastball, also called a rising fastball, a four-seamer, or a cross-seam fastball, is a pitch in baseball. It is a member of the fastball family of pitches and is usually the hardest (i.e., fastest) ball thrown by a pitcher. A few pitchers at the major league level can sometimes reach a pitch-speed up to 100 mph; compare the two-seam fastball.[1]
Grip and action[edit]
Finger grip on a four-seam fastball
Finger grip on a four-seam fastball
The four-seam fastball is designed purely for velocity; it travels to the batter's box with little or no "break" from straight-line flight—the intent being to challenge the batter's reaction time instead of fooling him with a pitch that breaks downward or to one side or the other. The ball is gripped with the index and middle fingers set on or across a line (cross-seam) of the "horseshoe" seam that faces outward, i.e., away from the pitcher's body (see graphics). The thumb is placed directly underneath the ball; it rests on smooth leather with the base of the thumb overlaying a seam on the underside of the ball. [2]
The four-seam fastball typically is thrown with a straight overhead swing of the throwing arm. The ball leaves the thumb at the top of the throwing motion as the the index and middle fingers play their grip on the "top" seam to roll it down the "back" of the ball, which imparts backspin to the ball that lasts the distance of the pitch. The backspin affects the exchange of momentum between ball and surrounding air such that a lifting force (Magnus effect) offsets the downward pull of gravity on the ball; thus a hard-thrown fastball doesn't drop as much as other types of pitches—and it even appears (to some batters) to rise as it approaches the plate. Further, backspin combined with the steady rotation of four limbs of seams in alignment with the direction of the pitch stabilizes the ball's flight-path.
A successful four-seam fastball overpowers the batter with velocity, nominally zipping through the strike zone before the batter can timely commit to swing. The faster with accuracy a four-seamer pitch is thrown, the more effective it will be. It is very difficult for a batter to get "around on" the pitch—to quickly swing the bat around to meet the ball—because he/she must swing very early to "catch up" to the speedy pitch. One of the most dramatic (and frequent) tableaus in baseball is that of a frustrated batter helplessly swinging "empty" on a fastball that has already passed the hitting zone, and frequently, has already made the catcher's mitt!
Conversely, because the four-seamer doesn't break, it is quite hittable by the quick, "good-eye" batter who can "see" where the pitch will arrive. And its extreme velocity helps experienced batters to hit it extremely hard; that is, if a batter can "square up" on it, a four-seamer pitch can be readily hit for power. Further, a fastball's effectiveness decreases substantially if it is not accurately thrown, i.e., if the pitch is not under control. Due to its straight and level flight an errant fastball will not fool many batters as to its direction; thus, it elicits fewer swings—and produces more walks—when thrown outside the strike zone. And as a pitcher's fastball loses "heat" (speed), the more batters there are who will have sufficient time to read and hit the pitch.
Pitching or throwing a fastball "comes naturally" to most athletes who throw baseballs. The fastball is typically one of the first pitches taught to young pitchers. It requires very little unnatural motion of the arm, elbow or shoulders, and the ball comes off the fingers easily when the pitch is completed as it is intended to be thrown. The fastball is the most common of pitches, as almost all pitchers throw a fastball as part of their standard repertoire.
Scientific studies have shown that the four-seam and two-seam fastballs have essentially the same flight paths and speeds,[3] but, typically, a batter perceives a difference between them. The perceived difference is due to flicker fusion threshold, which is defined as the frequency that an intermittent (flashing) light appears "steady" to the human eye. For example, for a series of flashed still-pictures to appear steady, the frequency of flashing has to be at a rate greater than the flicker fusion threshold, which for humans is about 60 Hz, or 60 cycles per second.
A major league pitcher throws a baseball with a spin of around 20 rotations per second (rps). With each rotation, a four-seam fastball presents four seams crossing the vision of the batter, producing a flicker rate of 80 Hz—which results in the batter not perceiving any features on the ball and having fewer visual cues (than with the two-seamer) to track it. Thus, the batter often perceives the four-seam fastball as faster and higher than a two-seam fastball. [4]
|
|
QMrIn ice hockey, a line is a group of forwards that play in a group, or "shift", during a game.
The first line is usually composed of the best offensive players on the team. Teams heavily rely on this line, which generates the bulk of the team's scoring. These players often see the highest number of minutes among forwards in a game and are usually part of the team's starting lineup.
The second line is generally composed of second-tier offensive players, and helps by adding supplementary offense to that generated by the first line while contributing more two-way play than the offensively-focused scoring line. Higher end (typically first line) players may be put on the second line to spread scoring across the lineup, making a team more difficult for opponents to defend against. This frequently happens when a team has two high-end players who play the same position (Ex: Evgeni Malkin & Sidney Crosby for the Pittsburgh Penguins)
The third line is often called the checking line, and is generally made up of more defensively oriented forwards and grinders. This line is often played against an opponent's first or second lines in an effort to reduce their scoring, and physically wear them down. The third line adds less offense than the first or second lines, but generally more than the fourth.
The fourth line is often called the "energy line," both because their shifts give other players a chance to rest, and because their physically oriented play is said to give their teammates an emotional boost. It is usually composed of journeymen with limited scoring potential, but strong physical play and, as often as possible, strong skating abilities. With the smallest amount of ice time, they tend to play in short bursts rather than pace themselves. Pests and enforcers usually play the fourth line, as do centers whose primary skill is winning faceoffs. The fourth line can be a checking line
QMRA four-hour target in emergency departments was introduced by the Department of Health for National Health Service acute hospitals in England. Setting a target that, by 2004, at least 98% of patients attending an A&E department must be seen, treated, admitted or discharged in under four hours. The target was revised by the Department of Health to 95% in June 2010.[1]
|
|
QMrThe Four Step Brothers were an African-American dance group. The group started out as a trio in 1925, with the original members, Maceo Anderson, Al Williams and Red Walker. Although their original name was the Step Brothers, because that was also the name of another famous young tap dancing quartet, they subsequently changed their name to "The Three Step Brothers." In 1927, after accepting a new member, Sherman Robertson, they became The Four Step Brothers. Dubbed "The Eight Feet of Rhythm," the group soon traveled with Duke Ellington. While starring with the "Brothers," Anderson also appeared at the Hoofer Club and worked part-time as a newsboy.
|
|
QMrChaturaji (meaning "four kings", and also known as choupat, IAST Caupāṭ, IPA: [tʃɔːˈpaːʈ]) is a four player chess-like game. It was first described in detail c. 1030 by Al-Biruni in his India book.[1] Originally, this was a game of chance: the pieces to be moved were decided by rolling two dice. A diceless variant of the game was still played in India at the close of the 19th century.
|
|
QMRTinikling involves five steps; during the first four steps, the dancers dance opposite each other, and during the last step, they start from the same side of the poles. The bamboo is used as a percussive instrument as it is banged against the ground (or a piece of wood to make it easier to hold) and each other in a pattern. The bamboo has to be closed hard enough to make a sound, and the dancers must be quick enough to not get their foot (or feet) caught. As the dance continues, the banging of the bamboo becomes faster and harder, the sound of the clashing bamboo and the quickness of feet demonstrated by the dancers thrilling the crowd.
In the United States, this dance has been altered into a four-beat rhythm to adjust to popular music. In some cases, it has been used in conjunction with traditional Filipino martial arts to demonstrate fleetness of foot and flow of movement.[6]
|
|
QMRJungle Hunt (ジヤンル・ハン卜) is side-scrolling arcade game produced and released by Taito in 1982. It was initially released as Jungle King. Jungle Hunt is one of the first video games to use parallax scrolling.The gameplay is split into four scenes, which have different objectives.
In Scene 1, the explorer is required to swing from vine to vine. This is accomplished by pressing the action key when two vines swing closely enough together. Timing is critical, and missing the vine causes the explorer to fall to the jungle floor, losing a life.
Scene 2 has the explorer navigating a crocodile-infested river. The explorer can attack the crocodiles from below with his knife, unless their mouths are open. The explorer must return to the surface periodically to breathe, where he cannot attack the crocodiles. Bubbles periodically rise from the bottom of the river, which can trap the explorer and carry him to the surface, potentially hitting crocodiles on the way.
Scene 3 involves the explorer dodging various-sized boulders rolling and bouncing towards him as he runs up the side of a volcano. Timing is critical as the differently sized boulders bounce at different speeds and heights, and the explorer can be trapped between them.
In the final scene, the explorer must evade cannibals while attempting to get to a woman being lowered into a flaming cauldron. After the player rescues the woman, the word "Congratulations!" appears, which is then followed by a message saying "I Love You!!!" followed by the woman kissing the explorer.
Further gameplay repeats the scenes with increased difficulty. On rounds other than the first, a cannibal appears in the tree of the cauldron scene and throws spears at the player.[5]
|
|
QMRThe Brogue (derived from the Old Irish bróg) is a style of low-heeled shoe or boot traditionally characterised by multiple-piece, sturdy leather uppers with decorative perforations (or "broguing") and serration along the pieces' visible edges.[1] Modern brogues trace their roots to a rudimentary shoe originating in Ireland that was constructed using untanned hide with perforations, allowing water to drain when crossing wet terrain such as a bog.[2][3] Brogues were traditionally considered to be outdoor or country footwear not otherwise appropriate for casual or business occasions, but brogues are now considered appropriate in most contexts.[4] Brogues are most commonly found in one of four toe cap styles (full or "wingtip", semi-, quarter and longwing) and four closure styles (Oxford, Derby, ghillie, and monk). Today, in addition to their typical form of sturdy leather shoes or boots, brogues may also take the form of business dress shoes, sneakers, high-heeled women's shoes, or any other shoe form that utilises or evokes the multi-piece construction and perforated, serrated piece edges characteristic of brogues.
|
|
QMrIn November 2010, to highlight a new line of Johnston & Murphy men’s comfort shoes, the XC4 collection, the brand asked consumers, by way of juxtaposition, for their most uncomfortable moments in their online Ultimate Comfort Contest. The letters in XC4 are meant to stand for “extreme comfort,” while the number alludes to four aspects of the shoes: they are moisture-wicking, light weight, have additional cushioning and include an extra removable insole to ensure proper fit. XC4 styles are available in dress casual and casual styles – representative of Johnston & Murphy's shift to offering more casual footwear in addition to traditional dress shoes.[10] Horween Leather Company in Chicago supplies leather shells for footwear to Johnston & Murphy.[11][12][13]
|
|
QMRSquash is a racket sport played by two (singles) or four players (doubles) in a four-walled court with a small, hollow rubber ball. The players must alternate in striking the ball with their racket and hit the ball onto the playable surfaces of the four walls of the court.
|
|
QMRBattleship/Connect Four/Sorry!/Trouble is a compilation video game released for Nintendo DS in North America on August 17, 2006. The game contains four classic board games from Milton Bradley and Parker Brothers. Incidentally, these brands are all under the Hasbro Corporation.
Games[edit]
Battleship - a guessing game traditionally played by two people in which the players take turns in predicting where their opponent has hidden their pieces in attempt to "sink" their battleships before their own are "sunken"
Connect Four - a strategy game traditionally played by two people in which the players take turns in dropping alternating coloured discs into a seven-column, six-row vertically-suspended grid in attempt to make a line of consecutive pieces in their colour
Sorry! - a board game based on Parcheesi traditionally played by four people
Trouble - a board game also based on Parcheesi traditionally played by four people
|
|
QMRTrouble is a board game in which players compete to be the first to send four pieces all the way around a board. Pieces are moved according to the roll of a die. Trouble was developed by the Kohner Brothers and initially manufactured by Irwin Toy Ltd., later by Milton Bradley (now part of Hasbro). The game was launched in the United States in 1965. It is very similar to the much older game, Mensch ärgere dich nicht as well as another Hasbro game, Sorry! (originally marketed by Parker Brothers). The classic version is now marketed by Winning Moves.
|
|
Literature Chapter
QMRBottle Fairy (瓶詰妖精 Binzume Yōsei?) is an anime series about four fairies who discover the secrets of the world from inside their little house. The show originally aired from October to December 2003 on UHF syndication in Japan, and each episode has a run time of only 12 minutes. It has been licensed in North America by Geneon and was released on two DVDs during 2005 and 2006.[1]
|
|
QMRFour Moons of Darkover is an anthology of fantasy and science fiction short stories edited by Marion Zimmer Bradley. The stories are set in Bradley's world of Darkover. The book was first published by DAW Books (No. 761) in November, 1988.
|
|
QMrBrett-Smith, H. F. B. (ed.) The Four Ages of Poetry etc. (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1953) [no ISBN]. Contains The Four Ages of Poetry, as well as P. B. Shelley's response Defence of Poetry, and Robert Browning's Essay on Shelley. 3rd volume of The Percy Reprints series. Out of print.
|
|
QMrKenneth Burke has called metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche and irony the "four master tropes".[6]
|
|
QMRSmith, Logan Pearsall (1924) Four Words: Romantic, Originality, Creative, Genius. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
QMRThe Book of Rites details ancient stereotypes about the Si Yi "Four Barbarians" surrounding China.
|
|
Han usages[edit]
Many texts dating from the Han Dynasty (206 BCE-220 CE) used the ethnonyms Yi and Siyi.
For example, the (139 BCE) Huainanzi, which is an eclectic compilation attributed to Liu An, uses Siyi "Four Barbarians" in three chapters (and Jiuyi "Nine Barbarians" in two).
Yu understood that the world had become rebellious and thereupon knocked down the wall [built by his father Gun to protect Xia], filled in the moat surrounding the city, gave away their resources, burned their armor and weapons, and treated everyone with beneficence. And so the lands beyond the Four Seas respectfully submitted, and the four Yi tribes brought tribute. (1.6, tr. Major et al. 2010: 54)
The Three Miao [tribes] bind their heads with hemp; the Qiang people bind their necks: the [people of] the Middle Kingdom use hat and hatpin; the Yue people shear their hair. In regard to getting dressed, they are as one. … Thus the rites of the four Yi ["barbarians"] are not the same, [yet] they all revere their ruler, love their kin, and respect their elder brothers. (11.7, tr. Major et al. 2010: 407)
When Shun was the Son of Heaven, he plucked the five-stringed qin and chanted the poems of the "Southern Airs" [a Shijing section], and thereby governed the world. Before the Duke of Zhou had gathered provisions or taken the bells and drums from their suspension cords, the four Yi tribes submitted. (20.16, tr. Major et al. 2010: 813)
Thus when the Son of Heaven attains the Way, he is secure [even] among the four Yi [tribes of "barbarians"]; when the son of Heaven loses the way, he is secure [only] among the Lords of the Land. (20.29, tr. Major et al. 2010: 828)
References to the "Four Barbarians" are especially common among Han-era histories; Siyi occurs 18 times in the Shiji, 62 in the Han Shu, and 30 in the Hou Han Shu.
To evaluate the traditional "civilized vs. barbarian" dichotomy that many scholars use as a blanket description of Chinese attitudes towards outsiders, Erica Brindley (2003) examined how the Chinese classics ethnically described the southern Yue peoples. Brindley found that many early authors presented the Yue in various ways and not in a simplistic manner. For instance, Sima Qian's (c. 109-91 BCE) Shiji history traces the Chinese lineage of King Goujian of Yue back to Yu the Great, legendary founder of the Xia Dynasty (41, tr. Brindley 2003: 27): "Gou Jian, the king of Yue, was the descendant of Yu and the grandson of Shao Kang of the Xia. He was enfeoffed at Kuaiji and maintained ancestral sacrifices to Yu. [The Yue] tattooed their bodies, cut their hair short, and cleared out weeds and brambles to set up small fiefs." On the one hand, this statement conceptualizes the Yue people through alien habits and customs, but on the other, through kinship-based ethnicity. Sima Qian also states (114, tr. Brindley 2003: 28): "Although the Yue are considered to be southern (man 蠻) barbarians (yi 夷), is it not true that their ancestors had once benefited the [Yue] people with their great merit and virtue?" Sima denigrates the Yue by calling them “Man Yi,” but he also "counterbalances such language and descriptions by proving the honor of Yue ancestry and certain of its individual members." (2003:31)
Brindley further notes that,
I translate "Man Yi" above as "Southern barbarian," and not just as the Man and Yi peoples, because it is clear that Sima Qian does not think of them as two distinct groups. Rather, it appears that the term Yi does not point to any particular group … but to a vague category of degraded other. Man, on the other hand, denotes not the specific name of the group ("Yue") but the general southern location of this specific derogatory other. In the literary tradition, the four directions (north, south, east, west) are linked with four general categories of identification denoting a derogatory other (di, man, yi, rong). (2003:29)
In the end, Brindley concludes that,
Much scholarship dealing with the relationship between self and other in Chinese history assumes a simple bifurcation between civilized Chinese or Han peoples and the barbarian other. In this analysis of the concepts of the Yue and Yue ethnicity, I show that such a simple and value-laden categorization did not always exist, and that some early authors differentiated between themselves and others in a much more complicated and, sometimes, conflicted manner. (2003:31-2)
The complexities of the meaning and usage of Yi is also shown in the Hou Han Shu, where in its chapter on the Dongyi, the books describes the Dongyi countries as places where benevolence rules and the gentlemen do not die.
|
|
Eastern Zhou usages[edit]
Zhou Dynasty cosmography of Huaxia and the Siyi: Dongyi in the east, Nanman in the south, Xirong in the west, and Beidi in the north.
The Chinese classics contain many references to the Siyi "Four Barbarians". Around the late Spring and Autumn period (771-476 BCE) or early Warring States period (475-221 BCE), the names Man, Yi, Rong, and Di became firmly associated with the cardinal directions. Yi changed from meaning a specific "barbarians in the east" to "barbarians" generally, and two new words – Siyi and Man-Yi-Rong-Di 蠻夷戎狄 – referred to "all non-Zhou barbarians in the four directions". The Zuozhuan and Mozi contain the earliest extant occurrences of Siyi.
The (early 4th century BCE) Zuozhuan commentary to the Chunqiu "Spring and Autumn Annals" uses Siyi four times.
The affair [presenting Rong prisoners and spoils of war to Duke Zhuang] was contrary to rule. When a prince has gained success over any of the wild tribes, he presents to spoils to the king, who employs them to terrify other tribes. (Zhuang 31, tr. Legge 1872: 119)
It is virtue by which the people of the Middle State are cherished; it is by severity that the wild tribes around are awed. (Duke Xi 25, tr. Legge 1872: 196)
I have heard that, when the officers of the son of Heaven are not properly arranged, we may learn from the wild tribes all about. (Duke Zhao 17, tr. Legge 1872:668)
Anciently, the defenses of the sons of Heaven were the rude tribes on every side of the kingdom; and when their authority became low, their defenses were the various States. (Duke Zhao 23, tr. Legge 1872:700)
In addition, the Zuozhuan has an early usage of Man-Yi-Rong-Di 蠻夷戎狄 meaning "all kinds of barbarians".
When any of the wild tribes, south, east, west, or north, do not obey the king's commands, and by their dissoluteness and drunkenness are violating all the duties of society, the kind gives command to attack them. (Cheng 3, tr. Legge 1872: 349)
The (c. 4th century BCE) Mozi has one occurrence of Siyi referring to King Wu of Zhou.
After King Wu had conquered the Shang dynasty and received the gifts bestowed by God, he assigned guardians to the various spirits, instituted sacrifices to Zhou's ancestors, the former kings of Shang, and opened up communications with the barbarians of the four quarters, so that there was no one in the world who did not pay him allegiance. (Against Offensive Warfare, tr. Watson 2003: 61)
The (c. 4th century BCE) Guanzi recounts how Duke Huan of Qi (d. 643 BCE) conquered all his enemies, including the Dongyi 東夷, Xirong 西戎, Nanman 南蠻, and Beidi 北狄.
Further to the west, he subjugated the Western Yu, of Liusha and for the first time the Rong people of Qin were obedient. Therefore, even, though the soldiers went forth only once, their great accomplishments [victories] numbered twelve, and as a consequence none of the eastern Yi, western Rong, southern Man, northern Di, or the feudal lords of the central states failed to submit. (Xioao Kuang, tr. Rickett 1998: 341)
This text (Ba Yan, tr. Rickett 1998: 365) also recommends, "To use the states bordering the four seas to attack other states bordering the four seas is a condition distinguishing the central states."
The (c. 4th century BCE) Confucian Analects does not use Siyi, but does use Jiuyi 九夷 "Nine Barbarians" (9/19, tr. Waley 1938: 141), "The Master wanted to settle among the Nine Wild Tribes of the East. Someone said, I am afraid you would find it hard to put up with their lack of refinement. The Master said, Were a true gentleman to settle among them there would soon be no trouble about lack of refinement." Yidi 夷狄 "Eastern and Northern Barbarians" occurs twice (3/5, tr. Waley 1938: 94-5; 13/19, 176), ""The Master said, The barbarians of the East and North have retained their princes. They are not in such a state of decay as we in China"; "The Master said, In private life, courteous, in public life, diligent, in relationships, loyal. This is a maxim that no matter where you may be, even amid the barbarians of the east or north, may never be set aside." This text has an indirect reference to "barbarians" (5/6, tr. Waley 1938: 108), "The Master said, The Way makes no progress. I shall get upon a raft and float out to sea."
The (c. 290 BCE) Confucianist Mencius (1A/7, tr. Lau 1970: 57) uses Siyi once when Mencius counsels King Xuan of Qi (r. 319-301 BCE) against territorial expansion: "You wish to extend your territory, to enjoy the homage of Ch'in and Ch'u, to rule over the Central Kingdoms and to bring peace to the barbarian tribes on the four borders. Seeking the fulfillment of such an ambition by such means as you employ is like looking for fish by climbing a tree." This text (3A/4, tr. Lau 1970: 103) uses Yi 夷 in quoting Confucius, "I have heard of the Chinese converting barbarians to their ways, but not of their being converted to barbarian ways."
|
|
The (121 CE) Shuowen Jiezi character dictionary, defines yi 夷 as "men of the east” 東方之人也. The scholar Léon Wieger provided multiple definitions to the term yi: “The men 大 armed with bows 弓, the primitive inhabitants, barbarians, borderers of the Eastern Sea, inhabitants of the South-West countries." (1927:156)
Hanyu Da Cidian (1993 3: 577), a major Chinese language dictionary, notes Siyi as derogatory: "古代華夏族对四方小数民族的統称. 含有轻蔑之意." [Contrasting with the ancient Chinese people, a name for ethnic minorities in all four directions. Contains a pejorative meaning.]
"Four barbarians" is the common English translation of Siyi. Compare these Chinese-English dictionary equivalents for Siyi: "the four barbarian tribes on the borders of ancient China" (Liang Shih-chiu et al. 1971), "the barbarians on borders of China" (Lin Yutang et al. 1992), and "four barbarian tribes on the borders" (John DeFrancis et al. 2003). Some scholars interpret the si "four" in Siyi as sifang 四方 "four directions". Liu Xiaoyuan (2004: 176, 10-11) says the meaning of Siyi "is not 'four barbarians' but numerous 'barbarous tribes' in the four directions". However, Liu also states that the term yi might have been used by the early Chinese to simply mean "ordinary others." Yuri Pines (2005:62) translates Siyi as "barbarians of the four corners".
In Chinese Buddhism, siyi 四夷 or siyijie 四夷戒 abbreviates the si boluoyi 四波羅夷 "Four Parajikas" (grave offenses that entail expulsion of a monk or nun from the sangha).
Western Zhou usages[edit]
Bronze inscriptions and reliable documents from the Western Zhou period (c. 1046-771 BCE) used the word Yi 夷 "barbarian" in two meanings, says Chinese sinologist Chen Zhi (2004: 202). First, Yi or Yifang 夷方 designated a specific ethnic group that had battled against the Shang since the time of King Wu Ding. Second, Yi meant specifically or collectively (e.g., zhuyi 諸夷) peoples in the remote lands east and south of China, such as the well-known Dongyi 東夷, Nanyi 南夷, and Huaiyi 淮夷. Western Zhou bronzes also record the names of some little-known Yi groups, such as the Qiyi 杞夷, Zhouyi 舟夷, Ximen 西門夷, Qinyi 秦夷, and Jingyi京夷. Chen (2004: 200) notes, "These yi are not necessarily identical with the numerous yi in Eastern Zhou literature. On the contrary, except for the Huaiyi, Dongyi and Nanyi, these yi all seem to have vanished from the historical and inscriptional accounts of the Eastern Zhou."
Inscriptions on bronze gui vessels (including the Xun 詢, Shiyou 師酉, and Shi Mi 史密) do not always use the term yi 夷 in reference to alien people of physically different ethnic groups outside China. Chen (2004:201) says, "They classify certain groups of people residing in places within the region of Zhou control, such as the states of Qi 杞, Jing 京, Qin 秦 and Zhou 舟, as yi."
Expanding upon the research of Li Ling that Western Zhou bronze writings differentiate the Zhou people (Wangren 王人, lit. "king's people") from other peoples (yi 夷), Chen (2004: 204) found three major categories: people of Zhou, people of Shang, and people of Yi (neither Zhou nor Shang). "The Zhou rulers treated the Shang remnant elites with courtesy and tolerance, whereas they treated yi people with less respect." Shang people were employed in positions based upon their cultural legacy and education, such as zhu 祝 "priest", zong 宗 "ritual official", bu 卜 "diviner", shi 史 "scribe", and military commander. Yi people, who had a much lower status, served the rulers in positions such as infantry soldiers, palace guards, servants, and slave laborers. Chen (2004: 202) compares the social status of Yi with "xiangren 降人, people captured from other states or ethnicities, or their descendants."
Chen (2004:186) analyzed diachronic semantic changes in the twin concepts of Xia and Yi. During the Western Zhou, they were employed to distinguish "between the Zhou elite and non-Zhou people"; during the Eastern Zhou, they distinguished "between the central states and peripheral barbarian tribes in a geographical sense, as well as between Zhou subjects and non-Zhou subjects in a political sense." Eastern Zhou canonical texts, says Chen (2004:197), "frequently assert a differentiation between Xia (or Zhongguo), meaning those states in the central plains subject to the Zhou sovereign, and Yi 夷, Di 狄, Rong 戎, and Man 蠻, all of which could be used generally to refer to non-Chinese ethnic groups." Among these four terms, Yi was most widely employed for "barbarian" clans, tribes, or ethnic groups. The Chinese classics used it in directional compounds (e.g., "eastern" Dongyi 東夷, "western" Xiyi 西夷, "southern" Nanyi, and "northern" Beiyi 北夷), numerical (meaning "many") generalizations ("three" Sanyi 三夷, "four" Siyi 四夷, and "nine" Jiuyi 九夷), and groups in specific areas and states (Huaiyi 淮夷, Chuyi 楚夷, Qinyi 秦夷, and Wuyi 吳夷).
|
|
QMRThe Lone Gunmen are a trio of fictional characters, Richard "Ringo" Langly, Melvin Frohike and John Fitzgerald Byers, who appeared in recurring roles on the American television series The X-Files, and who starred in the short-lived spin-off, The Lone Gunmen. Their name was derived from the Warren Commission's conclusion that Lee Harvey Oswald was solely responsible for the assassination of John F. Kennedy.[1]
Kenneth Soona aka The Thinker (Bernie Coulson) – an unofficial fourth member, a computer hacker, who succeeded in accessing Majestic 12 files and encrypting them onto a digital tape in the season 2 finale of the X-Files titled "Anasazi". The Thinker first appeared in the season 2 episode titled "One Breath". The Thinker was killed by assassins working for the Cigarette Smoking Man, who eventually re-acquired the tape. He was referred to in the first episode of season 3 titled "The Blessing Way" as being murdered, but he was not in that episode.
Jimmy Bond (Stephen Snedden) – another "fourth member", who joined the trio in The Lone Gunmen series. Though he shares the bravery and physicality of his namesake, he initially appears to be rich but not very bright, and is fascinated with the trio, who often consider him a nuisance. His saving grace is his boundless optimism, coupled with an idealistic view that the jaded Gunmen wish they still held.
|
|
QMRWelcome to Eltingville is a animated comedy pilot created by Evan Dorkin based on his comic book series Eltingville. It was premiered in the United States on March 3, 2002, on Cartoon Network's late night programming block, Adult Swim, but was not picked up for a full series.
Welcome to Eltingville takes place in Eltingville, Staten Island, and focuses on the lives of four teenage boys: Bill Dickey, Josh Levy, Pete DiNunzio and Jerry Stokes, all members of "The Eltingville Club", who have shared interests in comic books and science fiction, among other things. In the pilot episode Bill and Josh enter into a fight over a collectible Boba Fett action figure.
|
|
QMR'68[edit]
'68 is a four-issue mini-series covering the period of February 13 and 14, 1968, at the start of the zombie outbreak in Vietnam and the United States. The story follows a unit of US soldiers who are under siege at a firebase by the zombie hordes.[1]
Scars[edit]
'68: Scars is a four-issue mini-series covering the period from February 14 to February 18, 1968. The story follows the defense of Tan Son Nhat International Airport in Saigon by US troops against a combined force of both VC soldiers and zombies. Also included is the story of a group of US soldiers trying to survive on the Mekong river and the parents of one of the main characters back in the United States who are trapped in the now overrun New York City.[2]
Jungle Jim[edit]
'68: Jungle Jim is a four-issue mini-series covering the period from March 27 to March 29, 1968. The story originally started in the one-shot issue Jungle Jim. It follows a US airborne soldier who is waging his personal war against both the VC and the zombie hordes in the jungles far west of Da Nang, on the border with Laos. He also makes attempts to save a group of orphaned children and missionaries who are being held by a group of rogue Viet Cong.[3]
Rule of War[edit]
'68: Rule of War is a four-issue mini-series published in early 2014.
Homefront[edit]
'68: Homefront is a four-issue mini-series published in late 2014. It consists of 2 unrelated story arcs of 2 issues each. The first one called "Peece and Love" and the second one "Dodgers".
Last Rites[edit]
'68: Last Rites is a four-issue mini-series that began publishing in July 2015.
|
|
QMRThe fictional Land of Oz is a magical country first introduced in American author L. Frank Baum's classic children's novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900). The US Library of Congress has considered it the best "home grown fairytale" and the original American fairyland. It is to the United States what Lewis Carroll's Wonderland and C.S. Lewis' Narnia are to the United Kingdom.
Oz consists of four vast quadrants, the North, South, East and West, each of which has its own ruler, sometimes a witch or sorcerer. However, the realm itself has always been ruled by one official dominant monarch, who represents the entire country as a whole.
|
|
QMrThe Fourth Procedure, a 1995 novel by Stanley Pottinger, is a medical thriller and murder mystery that depicts anti-abortion violence in its plot. Two men responsible for the bombing of an abortion clinic turn up dead with baby dolls surgically implanted inside of them.[media 1]
|
|
QMRAnnals of Ireland by the Four Masters as translated into english
|
|
QMrThe Four Continents, also known as The Four Rivers of Paradise, is a painting by Flemish artist Peter Paul Rubens, made in the 1610s. It depicts the female personifications of four continents (Europe, Asia, Africa and America) sitting with the personifications of their respective major rivers – the Danube, the Ganges, the Nile and the Río de la Plata.[1] Europe is shown on the left, Africa in the middle, Asia on the right and America behind it, to the left. The tigress, protecting the cubs from the crocodile, is used as a symbol of Asia.[1] The personification of the Danube holds a rudder. The bottom part of the painting shows several putti. Painted during a period of truce between the Dutch Republic and Spain, the river allegories and their female companions in a lush, bountiful setting reflect the conditions that Rubens hoped would return to Antwerp after military hostilities.[2]
|
|
QMRThe Grandmothers: Four Short Novels is collection of four short stories published in 2003 by 2007 Nobel laureate Doris Lessing. The 2013 Australian-French film Adore (alternatively known as Adoration; previously known as Two Mothers and Perfect Mothers) is based on the story The Grandmothers.
Plot summaries[edit]
The Grandmothers
Rozeanne and Liliane, two British schoolgirls, end up as neighbours after they get married. The marriages crumble but their friendship keeps on. Both are infatuated with one another's son, to the boys' wives dismay.
Victoria and the Staveneys
In London, Victoria, a Black girl, stays over in a white liberal household one night. Over the years, her aunt gives in to cancer, and she looks back on her night at the Staveney's with longing. Much later, she has a little girl, Mary, with one of the Staveneys's sons, Thomas. Mary ends up relinquishing her mother's house for the whites's upbringing.
The Reason for It
In an extant paper, a member of The Twelve, an oligarchy, tells of the history of his civilisation. Subsequent to Destra's death, her son DeRod takes up her role after The Twelve pick him. The civilisation is slowly destroyed; after much reflection, the narrator realises DeRod cannot be blamed for it: he was an idiot and did not know what he was doing.
A Love Child
During the Second World War, James, a British young man, is dispatched to South Africa and India. In SA, he has an affair with a British girl who lives there, Daphne. She becomes pregnant and he never forgets her. Both of them get married, and when the child is twenty he flies to SA and attempts to meet him. He only receives a picture; his life goes on but his marriage seems a sham.
|
|
QMrLife in Pieces is an American sitcom television series created by Justin Adler. CBS ordered the series on May 8, 2015.[1] The show debuted on September 21, 2015, and was picked up for a 22-episode full season on October 27, 2015.[2]
The series chronicles the lives of three generations of the Short family as told from the point of view of each character based on their own version of events. Each episode is told as four short stories, one for each branch of the Short clan, with some connections related to the characters' events.
|
|
Cinema Chapter
QMRThe Crucible is a 1953 play by the American playwright Arthur Miller. It is a dramatized and partially fictionalized story of the Salem witch trials that took place in the Province of Massachusetts Bay during 1692 and 1693. Miller wrote the play as an allegory of McCarthyism, when the U.S. government blacklisted accused communists.[1] Miller himself was questioned by the House of Representatives' Committee on Un-American Activities in 1956 and convicted of contempt of Congress for refusing to identify others present at meetings he had attended.[2]
It is four acts
|
|
QMRA Bold Stroke for a Wife is Susanna Centlivre's 18th-century satirical English play developed in 1717. The plot expresses the author's unabashed support of the British Whig Party: she criticises the Tories, religious hypocrisy, and the greed of capitalism.
Set in 18th-century England, the play tells the story of a military officer who wants to marry a young woman. His obstacles are the four guardians who watch over Anne Lovely. Each of the four has his own idea of the ideal husband. The catch is that each is disagreeable in his own way, and they can't possibly see eye to eye on a man for Anne.
To gain Lovely's hand in marriage, soldier Colonel Fainwell must convince the four guardians that he will make an ideal husband. Fainwell takes the bold stroke of wearing elaborate disguises, four of which mimic the personalities and occupations of each of the guardians in turn: an antiquarian, an old beau, a Quaker, and an exchange broker. In all, Fainwell dons the guise of a preening fop, a mysterious world traveller, a shuffling country steward, a dimwitted Dutchman and a fire-and-brimstone preacher in turn. The fire-and-brimstone Quaker character impersonated by Fainwell is Simon Pure, and one point of the plot is to discover the "real" Simon Pure. Fainwell gets her guardian's permission to wed Lovely but before the marriage can take place, the real Simon Pure shows up at the end to prove his identity.
|
|
QMRThe King and Four Queens is a 1956 American Western adventure comedy/mystery film starring Clark Gable and Eleanor Parker. Directed by Raoul Walsh, the film is based on a story written by Margaret Fitts, who also wrote the screenplay along with Richard Alan Simmons.[2]
|
|
QMRLove Is a Four Letter Word
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Love Is a Four Letter Word may refer to :
Love Is a Four Letter Word (album), an album by Jason Mraz
Love Is a Four Letter Word (TV series), an Australian TV series broadcast by ABC
"Love Is a Four-Letter Word", an episode of The Janice Dickinson Modeling Agency (season 4)
Four-letter word, for other uses of the term
|
|
QMRFour Letter Worlds is a comics anthology published by American company Image Comics in 2005; it tells 16 stories revolving around four lettered words: Love, Hate, Fear, and Fate.
Organized by Image Comics' Executive Director Eric Stephenson, contributors to the book include Amber Benson, R. John Bernales, Joe Casey, Chynna Clugston, Kieron Dwyer, Jay Faerber, Matt Fraction, Steven Griffen, Mike Hawthorne, Phil Hester, Mike Huddleston, Antony Johnston, Robert Kirkman, Steve Lieber, Jim Mahfood, Jamie McKelvie, B. Clay Moore, Scott Morse, Mike Norton, Jeff Parker, Jamie S. Rich, Mark Ricketts, Matt Roberts, Steve Rolston, Eric Stephenson, J. Torres & Andi Watson.
16 is the squares of the quadrant model
|
|
QMrFour Letter Lie is an American post-hardcore band from Minneapolis, Minnesota.
|
|
QMRThe Small One is a 1978 animated featurette produced by Walt Disney Productions and originally released theatrically by Buena Vista Distribution on December 16, 1978 with a Christmas 1978 re-issue of Pinocchio. The story is based on a children's book by Charles Tazewell and was an experiment for the new generation of Disney animators including Don Bluth, Richard Rich, Henry Selick, Gary Goldman and John Pomeroy.
Outside of the city of Nazareth, a young boy and his father own four donkeys. Three of these donkeys are young and strong. The fourth donkey, Small One, is old and weak, but the boy loves him anyway. Everyday, the boy and the donkey play together before they go to work, helping the boy's father to collect wood.
|
|
QMrThe Fearless Four (German: Die furchtlosen Vier) is a 1997 animated film about four funny animals that all have one thing in common: they want to sing, but can't for various reasons. Production began in March 1995 when the studio was founded. It combined traditional animation with computer animation. The film was produced by Munich Animation and released by Warner Bros. Family Entertainment. The film won a Bavarian Film Award for outstanding achievement in Germany.
|
|
QMRA four-poster bed is a bed with four vertical columns, one in each corner, that support a tester, or upper (usually rectangular) panel. There are a number of antique four-poster beds extant dating to the 16th century and earlier; many of these early beds are highly ornate and are made from oak. An example of such an early 16th-century four-poster resides in Crathes Castle, which was made for the original castle owners in the Burnett of Leys family.
In popular culture[edit]
The opening line of "Every Morning" by Sugar Ray is "Every morning there's a halo hanging from the corner of my girlfriend's four-post bed."
The dormitories in the Harry Potter series have four-poster beds in them.
|
|
QMrFour Hours to Kill! is a 1935 American drama film directed by Mitchell Leisen and starring Richard Barthelmess.[1]
|
|
QMRThe Crematorium Puzzle is a puzzle Heather Mason encounters in the Otherworld version of Brookhaven Hospital in Silent Hill 3. While exploring the alternate hospital, Heather is able to take the elevator to a mysterious third basement level completely absent from the map. The B3 level is evidently used as a crematorium, where corpses are stored and cremated. Heather is able to obtain the Cremated Key from within the cremation oven here on easy to start with, however on Normal and Hard riddle difficulties, the oven door will be locked and a puzzle must be solved to open it.
The puzzle involves the ten corpses on gurneys placed inside the room. The oven door is locked by a combination lock which requires four numbers to be entered.
|
|
QMrThe ultimate fruition of the thodgal practices is a body of pure light, called a rainbow body (Wylie 'ja' lus, pronounced jail.)[5] If the four visions of thogal are not completed before death, then during death, from the point of view of an external observer, the dying person starts to shrink until he or she disappears. Usually fingernails, toenails and hair are left behind[6] (see e.g. Togden Ugyen Tendzin, Ayu Khandro, Changchub Dorje.) The attainment of the rainbow body is typically accompanied by the appearance of lights and rainbows.[5]
Exceptional practitioners are held to realize a higher type of rainbow body without dying. Having completed the four visions before death, the individual focuses on the lights that surround the fingers. His or her physical body self-liberates into a nonmaterial body of light (a Sambhogakāya) with the ability to exist and abide wherever and whenever as pointed by one's compassion.[7]
|
|
QMrA Teaspoon Every Four Hours is a comedy play written by Jackie Mason and Mike Mortman which was produced on Broadway in 1969.[1] The play set a Broadway record by having 97 previews before its official opening.[2] After its official opening, A Teaspoon Every Four Hours closed after only one performance.[3]
|
|
QMrA camera unit (sometimes called a "head") is attached to a specially designed clamp which holds on to a wheel. There are usually four camera units in a wheel alignment system (a camera unit for each wheel). The camera units communicate their physical positioning with respect to other camera units to a central computer which calculates and displays[citation needed]
|
|
QMrAnti-Pasti – Four Sore Points (EP)
|
|
QMRBarricade is the name of four fictional characters in the various Transformers universes.
|
|
Bruticus Maximus was one of four combining Transformers sealed away in stasis beneath the surface of Cybertron to guard a hidden reservoir of Super Energon. Megatron, guided by Unicron, set out to search for it, and destroyed one of the immobile robots in his rage (strangely enough, a second Superion Maximus), only for the reservoir to then reveal itself. As the guardians awakened, Megatron immersed himself in the Super Energon to upgrade himself into Galvatron, and Bruticus Maximus and Constructicon Maximus immediately swore fealty to Galvatron as the one who had awoken them. However, their "brother," Superion Maximus, refused, recognising Galvatron's evil and siding with the Autobots.
|
|
QMRNerds and Monsters is a Canadian animated series airing on YTV that follows three nerdy kids and a simple football linebacker on a fantastic uncharted island. As described on the show's website: "The tween castaways must use nothing but their smarts to survive the relentless attacks by the island's inhabitants - a tribe of hideous and hilarious monsters that are mistakenly threatened by their human invaders. Lucky for the nerds, these dim-witted monsters don't have any smarts!"[1] It is produced by Slap Happy Cartoons Inc.
Nerds[edit]
Dudley Squat (voiced by Tabitha St. Germain) - the leader of the nerds, despite his short stature. He demands things be done a certain way - HIS way, but just not to be too bossy though.
Becky Hooger (voiced by Tabitha St. Germain) - a tall, excitable nerd, the only female in the group. She is the love interest of Irwin.
Irwin Chang-Stein (voiced by Vincent Tong) - a Chinese Canadian nerd, has a phobia of everything except some things, including Becky who he has a crush on.
Stan Grissle (voiced by Ty Olsson) - a dumb football linebacker, the top lineman on the Beaverton Bulldogs team. He is the love interest of Becky.
The first prototype of the series had four nerds; Becky Hoogerstein, Dudley Squat, Winston Chang and Fareed Singh. They were completely different in appearance; Becky was a curly haired brunette, Dudley had bigger glasses and blond hair and Winston had shorter hair and was described as Spock-like. Fareed was written out of the final version and replaced with Stan. Becky's name was shortened and Winston became Irwin with the 'stein' from Becky's original name being inserted into his. Dudley's name was kept, but he too was altered.[4]
|
|
Hana Wachigai, the device of the Izumo Genji clans(Oki, Enya, Takaoka)
|
|
Yotsu Hanabishi, the emblem of the Yanagisawa clan, Matsumoto family of kabuki actors
|
|
QMRMaruni Sumitate Yotsumei Circle and Four Eyelets on the Edge of the Uda Genji
|
|
QMrMost personal names use one, two, or three kanji.[9] Four syllable given names are common, especially in eldest sons.[12]
|
|
QMRFour noble clans[edit]
Gempeitōkitsu (源平藤橘?), 4 noble clans of Japan:
Minamoto clan (源氏) - also known as Genji; 21 cadet branches of Imperial House of Japan.
Daigo Genji (醍醐源氏) - descended from 60th emperor Daigo.
Go-Daigo Genji (後醍醐源氏) - descended from 96th emperor Go-Daigo.
Go-Fukakusa Genji (後深草源氏) - descended from 89th emperor Go-Fukakusa.
Go-Nijō Genji (後二条源氏) - descended from 94th emperor Go-Nijō.
Go-Saga Genji (後嵯峨源氏) - descended from 88th emperor Go-Saga.
Go-Sanjō Genji (後三条源氏) - descended from 71st emperor Go-Sanjō.
Go-Shirakawa Genji (後白河源氏) - descended from 77th emperor Go-Shirakawa.
Juntoku Genji (順徳源氏) - descended from 84th emperor Juntoku.
Kameyama Genji (亀山源氏) - descended from 90th emperor Kameyama.
Kazan Genji (花山源氏) - descended from 65th emperor Kazan.
Kōkō Genji (光孝源氏) - descended from 58th emperor Kōkō.
Mon of Murakami Genji
Montoku Genji (文徳源氏) - descended from 55th emperor Montoku.
Murakami Genji (村上源氏) - descended from 62nd emperor Murakami.
Nimmyō Genji (仁明源氏) - descended from 54th emperor Nimmyō.
Ōgimachi Genji (正親町源氏) - descended from 106th emperor Ōgimachi.
Reizei Genji (冷泉源氏) - descended from 63rd emperor Reizei.
Saga Genji (嵯峨源氏) - descended from 52nd emperor Saga.
Sanjō Genji (三条源氏) - descended from 67th emperor Sanjō.
Seiwa Genji (清和源氏) - descended from 56th emperor Seiwa; origin of many samurai clans.
Kawachi Genji (河内源氏) - also known as Genke; descended from Minamoto no Yorinobu; origin of Hitachi Genji (常陸源氏), Ishikawa Genji (石川源氏); and Kai Genji (甲斐源氏); famous for 3 Kamakura shoguns.
Settsu Genji (摂津源氏) - descended from Minamoto no Yorimitsu; origin of Tada Genji (多田源氏), Mino Genji (美濃源氏) and Shinano Genji (信濃源氏).
Yamato Genji (大和源氏) - descended from Minamoto no Yorichika.
Uda Genji (宇多源氏) - descended from 59th emperor Uda; origin of Ōmi Genji (近江源氏).
Yōzei Genji (陽成源氏) - descended from 57th emperor Yōzei.
Mon of Taira clan
Taira clan (平氏) - also known as Heishi; 4 cadet branches of Imperial House of Japan.
Kammu Heishi (桓武平氏) - descended from 50th emperor Kammu; famous for Taira no Masakado.
Bandō 8 Heishi (坂東八平氏) - descended from Taira no Yoshifumi.
Ise Heishi (伊勢平氏) - also known as Heike; descended from Taira no Korehira; famous for Taira no Kiyomori.
Kōkō Heishi (光孝平氏) - descended from 58th emperor Kōkō.
Montoku Heishi (文徳平氏) - descended from 55th emperor Montoku.
Nimmyō Heishi (仁明平氏) - descended from 54th emperor Nimmyō.
Fujiwara clan (藤原氏) - descended from Fujiwara no Kamatari.
4 families of Fujiwara (藤原四家) - descended from 4 sons of Fujiwara no Fuhito.
Fujiwara Hokke (藤原北家) - northern family; descended from Fujiwara no Fusasaki.
Fujiwara Kyōke (藤原京家) - descended from Fujiwara no Maro.
Fujiwara Nanke (藤原南家) - southern family; descended from Fujiwara no Muchimaro.
Fujiwara Shikike (藤原式家) - descended from Fujiwara no Umakai.
Northern Fujiwara clan (奥州藤原氏) - also known as Ōshū Fujiwara clan; descended from Fujiwara no Hidesato.
Tachibana clan (橘氏) - descended from Prince Naniwa-Ō, son of Prince Shōtoku-Taishi (572-621), 2nd son of Emperor Yōmei; no direct relation to the feudal Tachibana clan (立花
|
|
QMRSangfu Sizhi Four Principles Underlying the Dress of Mourning
|
|
QMRFour Nights of the Full Moon (Spanish: Las cuatro noches de la luna llena) directed by Sobey Martin is a 1963 Documento film, starring an international ensemble cast with Gene Tierney, Dan Dailey and Analia Gade.
Four Nights of the Full Moon (Spanish: Las cuatro noches de la luna llena) directed by Sobey Martin is a 1963 Documento film, starring an international ensemble cast with Gene Tierney, Dan Dailey and Analia Gade.
|
|
QMR Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, first aired in 1987, features four pizza-loving anthropomorphic turtles with a great knowledge of ninjutsu, led by their anthropomorphic rat sensei, Master Splinter.
|
|
QMRFour Green Fields is a 1967 folk song by Irish musician Tommy Makem, described in the New York Times as a "hallowed Irish leave-us-alone-with-our-beauty ballad."[1] Of Makem's many compositions, it has become the most familiar, and is part of the common repertoire of Irish folk musicians.[2]The song is about Ireland (personified as an “old woman”) and its four provinces (represented by “green fields”), one of which remains occupied (”taken”) by the British (the “strangers”) despite the best efforts of the Irish people (her “sons”), who died trying to defend them. Its middle stanza is a description of the violence and deprivation experienced by the Irish, including the people in Northern Ireland. At the end of the song, one of her fields still shows the promise of new growth:
"But my sons have sons, as brave as were their fathers;
My fourth green field will bloom once again," said she.
The song is interpreted as an allegorical political statement regarding the constitutional status of Northern Ireland. The four fields are seen as the Provinces of Ireland with Ulster being the "field" that remained part of the United Kingdom after the Irish Free State separated. The old woman is seen as a traditional personification of Ireland herself (see Kathleen Ni Houlihan). The words spoken by the woman in Makem's song are taken directly from "Cathleen ni Houlihan", an early play by W. B. Yeats.
Background[edit]
The concept of Four Green Fields representing the four provinces of Ireland had been used before, having been previously used in the 1939 stained glass work My Four Green Fields by Evie Hone.
Makem frequently described the song as having been inspired by a drive through the "no man's land" adjoining Northern Ireland, where he saw an old woman tending livestock. She was oblivious to the political boundaries that loomed so large in the public's eye; the land was older than the argument, and she didn't care what was shown on the map.
Makem commonly sang the song as an encore.
|
|
In media[edit]
1919 film The Four Flusher
The first Governor of Oklahoma, Charles N. Haskell, denounced President and political opponent Theodore Roosevelt, calling him a "four flusher".[12]
Metro Pictures released a comedy titled The Four-Flusher in 1919.[13] Several other films have used the term in their titles.
The 1922 Harold Lloyd silent film Dr. Jack the phrase "a four-flusher" is used to describe the doctor in charge of "The Sick-Little-Well-Girl" in the city.[citation needed]
In the 1945 film Detour Tom Neal's character calls another character a four-flusher. (The other character is named Charlie Haskell Jr., echoing the name of the Oklahoma governor mentioned above.)
In the 1948 film Homecoming starring Clark Gable, one of the characters calls Gable's character a "four flusher".
The Doobie Brothers included the song "Double Dealin' Four Flusher" in their 1975 album Stampede.[14]
The Four Flusher is the name of an American comedy written in 1925.[15]
A Popeye cartoon released in 1954 was titled "Floor Flusher",[16] as a pun on four flusher.
In the Disney film The Jungle Book (1967 film),[17] Bagheera calls Baloo a 'four-flusher' when he sees that Baloo is still alive after believing that he was dead.
In 2014 a screenplay by the name of FourFlush was written by Harley Evseichik
The phrase was used frequently by screenwriter John Hughes as something of a trademark. In National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation, Clark refers to his boss as "four flushing" in his tirade over his corporate Christmas present; in Home Alone 2: Lost in New York it is used by the mafia boss Johnny in the fictional film Angels with Even Filthier Souls; and in Uncle Buck, a quite drunk Pooter the Clown calls Buck a four flusher when ordered to leave the family home, which results in Buck punching the clown right in the face.
|
|
QMRA four flush (also flush draw) is a poker hand that is one card short of being a full flush.[1] Four flushing refers to empty boasting[2] or unsuccessful bluffing,[3] and a four flusher is a person who makes empty boasts or bluffs when holding a four flush.[1][4] Four flusher can also refer to a welcher, piker, or braggart.[5] This pejorative term originated in the 19th century when bluffing poker players misrepresented that they had a flush—a poker hand with five cards all of one suit—when they only had four cards of one suit.[3][4][6] Optimal strategies for bluffing or folding when holding a four flush have been explored extensively in poker strategy books.[7][8][9][10][11]
|
|
QMRLet's All Go to the Lobby is a 1953[1][2] animated musical snipe played as an advertisement before the beginning of the main film. It featured a family of four talking concession stand products, singing "Let's all go to the lobby to get ourselves a treat" and walking to the concession stand. One shot from the film depicts the anthropomorphic gum, soda, popcorn, and candy walking behind the silhouettes of audience members in the foreground, creating an illusion of depth.[3]
Four anthropomorphic, animated food items (from left to right: chewing gum, popcorn, candy, and a soda) are depicted walking leftwards. In the foreground before these characters are silhouettes of audience members, creating an illusion of depth. Daniel Eagan notes that this illusion of depth in animation was a standard technique of the medium. It had been perfected in the 1930s, in films from both the Fleischer Studios and Walt Disney Productions.[3] Later, a group of four consumers are depicted enjoying their purchased food items. The sequential action of this simple scene uses techniques that can be traced back to Gertie the Dinosaur (1914) by Winsor McCay.[3]
|
|
QMRMetamorphic Force (メタモルフィックフォース?) is an arcade game released by Konami in August 1993.[1] It is one of Konami's last side-scrolling Beat 'em up games to appear in the arcades along Violent Storm.
The Evil One has risen from the dead to rule the world once more. The Greek goddess Athena has summoned the souls of four ancient guardians and bestowed their power upon four heroes to stop the evil once again.[2] These guardians wield the ability to shift into anthropomorphic beasts to fight their enemies.
The game's four main characters are able to morph into anthropomorphic "beasts" (referred to as Beast Mode) by collecting a Golden Statue Power-up which drops from either a random chest that falls from the sky, or through an anthropomorphic rodent appearing at random times and supplying the player with either a Health Item, Score Item, or Gold Statue. The rodent will drop Power-ups after a certain period of time, or if the player attacks him, similar to the elves in Golden Axe. When the players collect a Statue when already in Beast Mode, the character performs a "Screen Attack" destroying all on-screen enemies (if the Statue is collected during a boss fight, the boss is hit hard and usually twice).
|
|
QMRThe several wooden anthropomorphic figures found in the West Slavic settlement areas around the Elbe, for example the temple finds from Groß Raden (now part of Sternberg) and Ralswiek and those from Neubrandenburg, all in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, and Altfriesack (now part of Fehrbellin, Brandenburg)[42] possibly depict deities. Saxo Grammaticus describes the Temple at Arkona as containing a great four-headed idol, far taller than a man.[43] However, Slavic anthropomorphic figures do not occur until the 10th century, presumably under the influence of neighbouring cultures.[44]
|
|
Philosophy Chapter
QMROn the Heavens (Greek: Περὶ οὐρανοῦ, Latin: De Caelo or De Caelo et Mundo) is Aristotle's chief cosmological treatise: written in 350 BC it contains his astronomical theory and his ideas on the concrete workings of the terrestrial world. It should not be confused with the spurious work On the Universe (De mundo, also known as On the Cosmos).
According to Aristotle in On the Heavens, the heavenly bodies are the most perfect realities, (or "substances"), whose motions are ruled by principles other than those of bodies in the sublunary sphere. The latter are composed of one or all of the four classical elements (earth, water, air, fire) and are perishable; but the matter of which the heavens are made is imperishable aether, so they are not subject to generation and corruption
|
|
QMREnhancement proposal[edit]
Writer Gupta Ashim has published several arguments on the possibility of developing The Vertical Dyad Linkage Theory.[18] The arguments concentrate on four elements: determining the out-group, investigating the level of determination, eliminate the lack of ambition and establish collaborations.[18]
|
|
QMRTopological algebra[edit]
Intervals can be associated with points of the plane and hence regions of intervals can be associated with regions of the plane. Generally, an interval in mathematics corresponds to an ordered pair (x,y) taken from the direct product R × R of real numbers with itself. Often it is assumed that y > x. For purposes of mathematical structure, this restriction is discarded,[4] and "reversed intervals" where y − x < 0 are allowed. Then the collection of all intervals [x,y] can be identified with the topological ring formed by the direct sum of R with itself where addition and multiplication are defined component-wise.
The direct sum algebra ( R \oplus R, +, \times) has two ideals, { [x,0] : x ∈ R } and { [0,y] : y ∈ R }. The identity element of this algebra is the condensed interval [1,1]. If interval [x,y] is not in one of the ideals, then it has multiplicative inverse [1/x, 1/y]. Endowed with the usual topology, the algebra of intervals forms a topological ring. The group of units of this ring consists of four quadrants determined by the axes, or ideals in this case. The identity component of this group is quadrant I.
|
|
QMrHexachordal combinatoriality[edit]
Combinatorial all-trichord hexachords from Elliott Carter's Piano Concerto, mm. 59-60[9] About this sound Play (help·info)
There are four main types of combinatoriality. A hexachord may be:
Prime combinatorial (transposition)
Retrograde combinatorial (retrograde)
Inversional combinatorial (inversion)
Retrograde-inversional combinatorial (retrograde-inversion
|
|
QMRIn politics, representation describes how some individuals stand in for others or a group of others, for a certain time period. Representation usually refers to representative democracies, where elected officials nominally speak for their constituents in the legislature. Generally, only citizens are granted representation in the government in the form of voting rights; however, some democracies have extended this right further.
|
|
QMRCicero was elected consul for the year 63 BC. His co-consul for the year, Gaius Antonius Hybrida, played a minor role. During his year in office, he thwarted a conspiracy centered on assassinating him and overthrowing the Roman Republic with the help of foreign armed forces, led by Lucius Sergius Catilina. Cicero procured a senatus consultum ultimum (a declaration of martial law) and drove Catiline from the city with four vehement speeches (the Catiline Orations), which to this day remain outstanding examples of his rhetorical style. The Orations listed Catiline and his followers' debaucheries, and denounced Catiline's senatorial sympathizers as roguish and dissolute debtors clinging to Catiline as a final and desperate hope. Cicero demanded that Catiline and his followers leave the city. At the conclusion of his first speech, Catiline hurriedly left the Senate, (which was being held in the Temple of Jupiter Stator). In his following speeches, Cicero did not directly address Catiline. He delivered the second and third orations before the people, and the last one again before the Senate. By these speeches, Cicero wanted to prepare the Senate for the worst possible case; he also delivered more evidence against Catiline.[44]
Weaver divided the nature of man into four categories: rational, emotional, ethical, and religious.[63] Without considering these characteristics as a whole, rhetoricians cannot hope to persuade their listeners. Moreover, when motivating the listener to adopt attitudes and actions, rhetoricians must consider the uniqueness of each audience.[64] In other words, orators should acknowledge that each audience has different needs and responses, and must formulate their arguments accordingly. Weaver also divided "argumentation" into four categories: cause-effect, definition, consequences, and circumstances.[65] The rhetorician must decide which method of argument will best persuade a given audience.
|
|
QMRThe De Inventione is a handbook for orators that Marcus Tullius Cicero composed when he was still a young man. Quintillian tells us that Cicero considered the work rendered obsolete by his later writings.[1] Originally four books in all, only two have survived into modern times. It is also credited with the first recorded use of the term "liberal arts" or artes liberales, though whether Cicero coined the term is unclear.[2][3]
|
|
QMRHortensius or On Philosophy is a lost dialogue written by Marcus Tullius Cicero in the year 45 BC. The work had followed the conventional form of a protreptic,[1] and taught that genuine human happiness is to be found by using and embracing philosophy.[2] The dialogue is named after Cicero's friend, the speaker and politician Quintus Hortensius Hortalus. The two other discussants are Quintus Lutatius Catulus and Lucius Licinius Lucullus. This meeting takes place in Lucullus' villa. While the dialogue was extremely popular in the ancient world,[3] the dialogue only survived into the sixth century AD. Today, it is extant in the fragments preserved by Martianus Capella, Servius, Nonius Marcellus, and Augustine of Hippo. Out of the four, Augustine preserved the largest portion of text, although the work is still considered lost.
|
|
QMRThe Catiline Orations or Catilinarian Orations were speeches given in 63 B.C. by Marcus Tullius Cicero, the consul of Rome, exposing to the Roman Senate the plot of Lucius Sergius Catilina and his allies to overthrow the Roman government.
Contents [hide]
1 The Catiline plot and the orations of Cicero
1.1 Oratio in Catilinam Prima in Senatu Habita
1.2 Oratio in Catilinam Secunda Habita ad Populum
1.3 Oratio in Catilinam Tertia ad Populum
1.4 Oratio in Catilinam Quarta in Senatu Habita
2 Notes
3 References
4 External links
The Catiline plot and the orations of Cicero[edit]
Running for the consulship for a second time after having lost the first time, Catiline was an advocate for the poor, calling for the cancellation of debts, and land redistribution. However, there was substantial evidence Cataline had bribed numerous senators to vote for him, and engaged in other unethical conduct related to the election. Cicero, in indignation at this, issued a law prohibiting such machinations.[1] It seemed obvious to all that the law was directed specifically at Catiline. Catiline, in turn, conspired to murder Cicero and the key men of the Senate on the day of the election in what became known as the second Catilinarian conspiracy. Cicero discovered the plan and postponed the election to give the Senate time to discuss the attempted coup d'état.
The day after the election was supposed to be held, Cicero addressed the Senate on the matter and Catiline's reaction was immediate and violent. In response to Catiline's behavior, the Senate issued a senatus consultum ultimum, a kind of declaration of martial law invoked whenever the Senate and the Roman Republic were considered to be in imminent danger from treason or sedition. Ordinary law was suspended and Cicero, as consul, was invested with absolute power.
When the election was finally held, Catiline lost again. Anticipating the bad news, the conspirators had already begun to assemble an army, made up mostly of Sulla's veteran soldiers. The nucleus of conspirators was also joined by some senators. The plan was to initiate an insurrection in all of Italy, put Rome to the torch and to kill as many senators as they could.[citation needed]
Through his own investigations, Cicero was aware of the conspiracy. On November 8, Cicero called for a meeting of the Senate in the Temple of Jupiter Stator near the forum, which was used for this purpose only when great danger was imminent. Catiline attended as well. It was in this context that Cicero delivered one of his most famous orations.
Oratio in Catilinam Prima in Senatu Habita[edit]
Cicero Denounces Catiline, fresco by Cesare Maccari, 1882-1888.
As political orations go, this was relatively short—some 3,400 words—and to the point. The opening remarks are still widely remembered and used after 2,000 years:
Quo usque tandem abutere, Catilina, patientia nostra? Quam diu etiam furor iste tuus nos eludet? Quem ad finem sese effrenata iactabit audacia?
When, O Catiline, do you mean to cease abusing our patience? How long is that madness of yours still to mock us? When is there to be an end of that unbridled audacity of yours, swaggering about as it does now?[2]
Also remembered is the famous exasperated exclamation, O tempora, o mores! (Oh the times! Oh the customs!)
Catiline was present when this speech was delivered. When he arrived at the Temple of Jupiter Stator and took his seat, however, the other senators moved away from him leaving him alone in his bench. Catiline tried to reply after the speech, but senators repeatedly interrupted him, calling him a traitor. He ran from the temple, hurling threats at the Senate. Later he left the city and, though he claimed that he was placing himself in self-imposed exile at Marseilles, he in fact went to the camp of Manlius, who was in charge of the army of rebels. The next morning Cicero assembled the people, and gave a further oration.
Oratio in Catilinam Secunda Habita ad Populum[edit]
In this speech, Cicero informed the citizens of Rome that Catiline had left the city, not in exile (as it was rumored), but to join with his illegal army. He described the conspirators as rich men who were in debt, men eager for power and wealth, Sulla's veterans, ruined men who hoped for any change, criminals, profligates, and other men of Catiline's ilk. He assured the people of Rome that they had nothing to fear because he, the consul, and the gods would protect the state.
Meanwhile, Catiline joined up with Gaius Manlius, commander of the rebel force. When the Senate was informed of these developments, they declared the two of them public enemies. Antonius Hybrida (Cicero's fellow consul), with troops loyal to Rome, followed Catiline while Cicero remained at home to guard the city.
Oratio in Catilinam Tertia ad Populum[edit]
In this speech, Cicero claims that the city should rejoice because it has been saved from a bloody rebellion. He presents evidence that all of Catiline's accomplices confessed to their crimes. He asked for nothing for himself but the grateful remembrance of the city, and acknowledged that this victory was more difficult than one in foreign lands because the enemies were citizens of Rome.
Oratio in Catilinam Quarta in Senatu Habita[edit]
In his fourth and final argument, which took place in the Temple of Concordia, Cicero establishes a basis for other orators (primarily Cato) to argue for the execution of the conspirators. As consul, Cicero was formally not allowed to voice any opinion in the matter, but he circumvented the rule with subtle oratory. Although very little is known about the actual debate (except for Cicero's argument, which has probably been altered from its original), the Senate majority probably opposed the death sentence for various reasons, one of which was the nobility of the accused. For example, Julius Caesar argued that exile and disenfranchisement would be sufficient punishment for the conspirators, and one of the accused, Lentulus, was a praetor. However, after the combined efforts of Cicero and Cato, the vote shifted in favor of execution, and the sentence was carried out shortly afterwards.
While most historians[dubious – discuss] agree that Cicero's actions, and in particular the final speeches before the Senate, saved the republic, they also reflect his self-aggrandisement—and to a certain extent envy—probably born out of the fact that he was considered a novus homo, a Roman citizen without noble or ancient lineage.[3]
|
|
QMRFour Lanes (Cornish: Peder Bownder) is a village in west Cornwall, England, United Kingdom approximately three miles (5 kilometres) south of Redruth at grid reference SW 689 386 in the civil parish of Carn Brea.
|
|
QMRThe Four-Step Impact Assessment is an academic framework initiated and published by Jonathan Mann and colleagues at the François-Xavier Bagnoud Center for Health and Human Rights at the Harvard School of Public Health. The assessment takes into account the negotiation of objectives between human rights and public health. Such an approach takes into account a measure of each discipline's respective overlap to expose infringement of goals. Such infringement or confluence can be mapped out in what Mann and colleagues proposed in a 2 by 2 table, as illustrated below.
The Four-Step Impact Assessment:
To what extent does the proposed policy or program represent “good public health”?
Is the proposed policy or program respectful and protective of human rights?
How can we achieve the best possible combination of public health and human rights quality?
How serious is the public health problem?
Is the proposed response likely to be effective?
What are the severity, scope and duration of the burdens on human rights resulting from the proposed policy or program?
To what extent is the proposed policy or program restrictive and intrusive?
Is the proposed policy or program over inclusive or under inclusive?
What procedural safeguards are included in the proposed policy or program?
Will the proposed policy or program be periodically reviewed to assess both its public health effectiveness and its impact on human rights? Identify specific changes to the proposed policy or program that increase its human rights and/or public health quality while maintaining (or even strengthening) its public health effectiveness.
Finally, does the proposed policy or program (as revised) still appear to be the optimal approach to the public health problem?
As a way to visualize the intersection of both health and human rights, this table places Human Rights Quality on the Y-axis, and Public Health Quality on the X-axis. The levels or rank of both measures are graphically displayed at some point in the cartesian plane. The organizations that jointly supported this framework consisted of Mann’s Francois Xavier Bagnoud Center for Health and Human Rights, the International Federation of Red Cross, and Red Crescent Societies.
|
|
QMRThe Dual-Stage 4-Grid (DS4G) is an electrostatic ion thruster design currently under development by the European Space Agency, in collaboration with the Australian National University. The design was derived by D. Fern from Controlled Thermonuclear Reactor experiments that use a 4-grid mechanism to accelerate ion beams.
A 4-grid ion thruster with only 0.2 m diameter is projected to absorb 250 kW power. With that energy input rate, the thruster could produce a thrust of 2.5 N. The specific impulse (a measure of fuel efficiency), could reach 19,300 s at an exhaust velocity of 210 km/s if xenon propellant were used.[1] The potentially attainable power and thrust densities would substantially extend the power absorption of current ion thrusters to far more than 100 kW. These characteristics facilitate the development of ion thrusters that can result in extraordinary high-end velocities.[1]
Like with thruster concepts such as VASIMR, the dual-stage-4-grid ion thrusters are mainly limited by the necessary power supply for their operation. For example, if solar panels were to supply more than 250 kW, the size of the solar array would surpass the size of the solar panels of the International Space Station. To provide 250 kW with Stirling radioisotope generators would require roughly 1 tonne of plutonium-238 (for which the US stockpile as of 2013 was no more than 20 kg[2]), and so a nuclear thermal reactor would be needed.
|
|
QMRThe repertory grid is a technique for identifying the ways that a person construes (interprets/ gives meaning to) his or her experience. It provides information from which inferences about personality can be made, but it is not a personality test in the conventional sense. It is underpinned by the Personal Construct Theory developed by George Kelly first published in 1955.
A grid consists of four parts:
A Topic: it is about some part of the person's experience
A set of Elements, which are examples or instances of the Topic. Working as a clinical psychologist, Kelly was interested in how his clients construed people in the roles they adopted towards the client, and so, originally, such terms as 'my father', 'my mother', 'an admired friend' and so forth were used. Since then, the Grid has been used in much wider settings (educational, occupational, organisational) and so any well-defined set of words, phrases, or even brief behavioral vignettes can be used as elements. For example, to see how I construe the purchase of a car, a list of vehicles within my price range could make an excellent set of elements
A set of Constructs. These are the basic terms that the client uses to make sense of the elements, and are always expressed as a contrast. Thus the meaning of 'Good' depends on whether you intend to say 'Good versus Poor', as if you were construing a theatrical performance, or 'Good versus Evil', as if you were construing the moral or ontological status of some more fundamental experience.
A set of ratings of Elements on Constructs. Each element is positioned between the two extremes of the construct using a 5- or 7-point rating scale system; this is done repeatedly for all the constructs that apply; and thus its meaning to the client is captured, and statistical analysis varying from simple counting, to more complex multivariate analysis of meaning, is made possible.
|
|
QMRProperties of the universe[edit]
Plato's Atlantis described in Timaeus and Critias
Timaeus describes the substance as a lack of homogeneity or balance, in which the four elements (earth, air, fire and water) were shapeless, mixed and in constant motion. Considering that order is favourable over disorder, the essential act of the creator was to bring order and clarity to this substance. Therefore, all the properties of the world are to be explained by the demiurge's choice of what is fair and good; or, the idea of a dichotomy between good and evil.
First of all, the world is a living creature. Since the unintelligent creatures are in their appearance less fair than intelligent creatures, and since intelligence needs to be settled in a soul, the demiurge "put intelligence in soul, and soul in body" in order to make a living and intelligent whole. "Wherefore, using the language of probability, we may say that the world became a living creature truly endowed with soul and intelligence by the providence of God" (30a-b).
Then, since the part is imperfect compared to the whole, the world had to be one and only. Therefore, the demiurge did not create several worlds, but a single unique world (31b).
The creator decided also to make the perceptible body of the universe by four elements, in order to render it proportioned. Indeed, in addition to fire and earth, which make bodies visible and solid, a third element was required as a mean: "two things cannot be rightly put together without a third; there must be some bond of union between them". Moreover, since the world is not a surface but a solid, a fourth mean was needed to reach harmony: therefore, the creator placed water and air between fire and earth. "And for these reasons, and out of such elements which are in number four, the body of the world was created, and it was harmonised by proportion" (31-33).
As for the figure, the demiurge created the world in the geometric form of a globe. Indeed, the round figure is the most perfect one, because it comprehends or averages all the other figures and it is the most omnimorphic of all figures: "he [the demiurge] considered that the like is infinitely fairer than the unlike" (33b).
The creator assigned then to the world a rotatory or circular movement, which is the "most appropriate to mind and intelligence" on account of its being the most uniform (34a).
Finally, he created the soul of the world, placed that soul in the center of the world's body and diffused it in every direction. Having thus been created as a perfect, self-sufficient and intelligent being, the world is a god (34b).
The creation of the World Soul[edit]
Timaeus then explains how the soul of the world was created (Plato's following discussion is obscure, and almost certainly intended to be read in light of the Sophist). The demiurge combined three elements: two varieties of Sameness (one indivisible and another divisible), two varieties of Difference (again, one indivisible and another divisible), and two types of Being (or Existence, once more, one indivisible and another divisible). From this emerged three compound substances, intermediate (or mixed) Being, intermediate Sameness, and intermediate Difference. From this compound one final substance resulted, the World Soul.[4] He then divided following precise mathematical proportions, cutting the compound lengthways, fixed the resulting two bands in their middle, like in the letter Χ (chi), and connected them at their ends, to have two crossing circles. The demiurge imparted on them a circular movement on their axis: the outer circle was assigned Sameness and turned horizontally to the right, while the inner circle was assigned to Difference and turned diagonally and to the left (34c-36c).
The demiurge gave the primacy to the motion of Sameness and left it undivided; but he divided the motion of Difference in six parts, to have seven unequal circles. He prescribed these circles to move in opposite directions, three of them with equal speeds, the others with unequal speeds, but always in proportion. These circles are the orbits of the heavenly bodies: the three moving at equal speeds are the Sun, Venus and Mercury, while the four moving at unequal speeds are the Moon, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn (36c-d). The complicated pattern of these movements is bound to be repeated again after a period called a 'complete' or 'perfect' year (39d).
Then, the demiurge connected the body and the soul of the universe: he diffused the soul from the center of the body to its extremities in every direction, allowing the invisible soul to envelop the visible body. The soul began to rotate and this was the beginning of its eternal and rational life (36e).
Therefore, having been composed by Sameness, Difference and Existence (their mean), and formed in right proportions, the soul declares the sameness or difference of every object it meets: when it is a sensible object, the inner circle of the Diverse transmit its movement to the soul, where opinions arise, but when it is an intellectual object, the circle of the Same turns perfectly round and true knowledge arises (37a-c).
The Elements[edit]
Timaeus claims that the minute particle of each element had a special geometric shape: tetrahedron (fire), octahedron (air), icosahedron (water), and cube (earth).
Tetrahedron.gif Octahedron.gif Icosahedron.gif Hexahedron.gif
Tetrahedron (fire) Octahedron (air) Icosahedron (water) Cube (earth)
The Timaeus makes conjectures on the composition of the four elements which some ancient Greeks thought constituted the physical universe: earth, water, air, and fire. Timaeus links each of these elements to a certain Platonic solid: the element of earth would be a cube, of air an octahedron, of water an icosahedron, and of fire a tetrahedron.[5] Each of these perfect polyhedra would be in turn composed of triangular faces the 30-60-90 and the 45-45-90 triangles. The faces of each element could be broken down into its component right-angled triangles, either isosceles or scalene, which could then be put together to form all of physical matter. Particular characteristics of matter, such as water's capacity to extinguish fire, was then related to shape and size of the constituent triangles. The fifth element (i.e. Platonic solid) was the dodecahedron, whose faces are not triangular, and which was taken to represent the shape of the Universe as a whole, possibly because of all the elements it most approximates a sphere, which Timaeus has already noted was the shape into which God had formed the Universe.
The extensive final part of the dialogue addresses the creation of humans, including the soul, anatomy, perception, and transmigration of the soul.
QMRMadness (244a–245c)[edit]
Socrates begins by discussing madness. If madness is all bad, then the preceding speeches would have been correct, but in actuality, madness given as a gift of the gods provides us with some of the best things we have.[Note 18] There are, in fact, several kinds of divine madness (theia mania), of which he cites four examples:
From Apollo, the gift of prophecy;
From Dionysus, the mystic rites and relief from present hardship;
From the Muses, poetry;
From Aphrodite, love.
As they must show that the madness of love is, indeed, sent by a god to benefit the lover and beloved in order to disprove the preceding speeches, Socrates embarks on a proof of the divine origin of this fourth sort of madness. It is a proof, he says, that will convince "the wise if not the clever".[Note 19]
|
|
QMROne of the main themes in the Phaedo is the idea that the soul is immortal. Socrates offers four arguments for the soul's immortality:
The Cyclical Argument, or Opposites Argument explains that Forms are eternal and unchanging, and as the soul always brings life, then it must not die, and is necessarily "imperishable". As the body is mortal and is subject to physical death, the soul must be its indestructible opposite. Plato then suggests the analogy of fire and cold. If the form of cold is imperishable, and fire, its opposite, was within close proximity, it would have to withdraw intact as does the soul during death. This could be likened to the idea of the opposite charges of magnets.
The Theory of Recollection explains that we possess some non-empirical knowledge (e.g. The Form of Equality) at birth, implying the soul existed before birth to carry that knowledge. Another account of the theory is found in Plato's Meno, although in that case Socrates implies anamnesis (previous knowledge of everything) whereas he is not so bold in Phaedo.
The Affinity Argument, explains that invisible, immortal, and incorporeal things are different from visible, mortal, and corporeal things. Our soul is of the former, while our body is of the latter, so when our bodies die and decay, our soul will continue to live.
The Argument from Form of Life, or The Final Argument explains that the Forms, incorporeal and static entities, are the cause of all things in the world, and all things participate in Forms. For example, beautiful things participate in the Form of Beauty; the number four participates in the Form of the Even, etc. The soul, by its very nature, participates in the Form of Life, which means the soul can never die.
|
|
QMRThe Discourses of Epictetus (Greek: Ἐπικτήτου διατριβαί, Epiktētou Diatribai) are a series of extracts of the teachings of the Stoic philosopher Epictetus written down by Arrian c. 108 AD. There were originally eight books, but only four now remain in their entirety, along with a few fragments of the others. In a preface attached to the Discourses, Arrian explains how he came to write them:
|
|
QMR This is in one of my books
The Analogy of the Divided Line (or Allegory of the Divided Line; Greek: γραμμὴ δίχα τετμημένη) is presented by the Greek philosopher Plato in the Republic (509d–511e). It is written as a dialogue between Glaucon and Socrates, in which the latter further elaborates upon the immediately preceding Analogy of the Sun at the former's request. Socrates asks Glaucon to not only envision this unequally bisected line but to imagine further bisecting each of the two segments. Socrates explains that the four resulting segments represent four separate 'affections' (παθήματα) of the psyche. The lower two sections are said to represent the visible while the higher two are said to represent the intelligible. These affections are described in succession as corresponding to increasing levels of reality and truth from conjecture (εἰκασία) to belief (πίστις) to thought (διάνοια) and finally to understanding (νόησις). Furthermore this Analogy not only elaborates a theory of the psyche but also presents metaphysical and epistemological views.
This analogy is immediately followed by the Analogy of the Cave at 514a.
In The Republic (509d–510a), Plato describes the Divided Line this way:
Now take a line which has been cut into two unequal parts, and divide each of them again in the same proportion,[2] and suppose the two main divisions to answer, one to the visible and the other to the intelligible, and then compare the subdivisions in respect of their clearness and want of clearness, and you will find that the first section in the sphere of the visible consists of images. And by images I mean, in the first place, shadows, and in the second place, reflections in water and in solid, smooth and polished bodies and the like: Do you understand?
Yes, I understand.
Imagine, now, the other section, of which this is only the resemblance, to include the animals which we see, and everything that grows or is made.[3]
The visible worldEdit
Thus AB represents shadows and reflections of physical things, and BC the physical things themselves. These correspond to two kinds of knowledge, the illusion (εἰκασία eikasia) of our ordinary, everyday experience, and belief (πίστις pistis) about discrete physical objects which cast their shadows.[4] In the Timaeus, the category of illusion includes all the "opinions of which the minds of ordinary people are full," while the natural sciences are included in the category of belief.[4]
The intelligible worldEdit
According to some translations,[2] the segment CE, representing the intelligible world, is divided into the same ratio as AC, giving the subdivisions CD and DE (it can be readily verified that CD must have the same length as BC:[5]
There are two subdivisions, in the lower of which the soul uses the figures given by the former division as images; the enquiry can only be hypothetical, and instead of going upwards to a principle descends to the other end; in the higher of the two, the soul passes out of hypotheses, and goes up to a principle which is above hypotheses, making no use of images as in the former case, but proceeding only in and through the ideas themselves (510b).[3]
Plato describes CD, the "lower" of these, as involving mathematical reasoning (διάνοια dianoia),[4] where abstract mathematical objects such as geometric lines are discussed. Such objects are outside the physical world (and are not to be confused with the drawings of those lines, which fall within the physical world BC). However, they are less important to Plato than the subjects of philosophical understanding (νόησις noesis), the "higher" of these two subdivisions (DE):
And when I speak of the other division of the intelligible, you will understand me to speak of that other sort of knowledge which reason herself attains by the power of dialectic, using the hypotheses not as first principles, but only as hypotheses — that is to say, as steps and points of departure into a world which is above hypotheses, in order that she may soar beyond them to the first principle of the whole (511b).[3]
Plato here is using the familiar relationship between ordinary objects and their shadows or reflections in order to illustrate the relationship between the physical world as a whole and the world of Ideas (Forms) as a whole. The former is made up of a series of passing reflections of the latter, which is eternal, more real and "true." Moreover, the knowledge that we have of the Ideas – when indeed we do have it – is of a higher order than knowledge of the mere physical world. In particular, knowledge of the forms leads to a knowledge of the Idea (Form) of the Good.[1]
Tabular summary of the Divided LineEdit
Segment Type of knowledge or opinion Affection of the psyche Type of object Method of the psyche or eye Relative truth and reality
DE Noesis (νόησις) Knowledge: understanding of only the Intelligible (νοητόν) Only Ideas, which are all given existence and truth by the Good itself (τὸ αὐτὸ ἀγαθόν) The Psyche examines all hypotheses by the Dialectic making no use of likenesses, always moving towards a First Principle Highest
CD Dianoia (διάνοια) Knowledge: thought that recognizes but is not only of the Intelligible Some Ideas, specifically those of Geometry and Number The Psyche assumes hypotheses while making use of likenesses, always moving towards final conclusions High
BC Pistis (πίστις) Opinion: belief concerning visible things visible things (ὁρατά) The eye makes probable predictions upon observing visible things low
AB Eikasia (εἰκασία) Opinion: conjectures concerning likenesses likenesses of visible things (εἰκόνες) The eye makes guesses upon observing likenesses of visible things lowest
Metaphysical importanceEdit
The Allegory of the Divided Line is the cornerstone of Plato's metaphysical framework. This structure, well hidden in the middle of the Republic, a complex, multi-layered dialogue, illustrates the grand picture of Plato's metaphysics, epistemology, and ethics, all in one. It is not enough for the philosopher to understand the Ideas (Forms), he must also understand the relation of Ideas to all four levels of the structure to be able to know anything at all.[6][7][8] In the Republic, the philosopher must understand the Idea of Justice to live a just life or to organize and govern a just state.[9]
The Divided Line also serves as our guide for most past and future metaphysics. The lowest level, which represents "the world of becoming and passing away" (Republic, 508d), is the metaphysical model for a Heraclitean philosophy of constant flux and for Protagorean philosophy of appearance and opinion. The second level, a world of fixed physical objects,[10][11] also became Aristotle's metaphysical model. The third level might be a Pythagorean level of mathematics. The fourth level is Plato's ideal Parmenidean reality, the world of highest level Ideas.
Epistemological meaningEdit
Plato holds a very strict notion of knowledge. For example, he does not accept expertise about a subject, nor direct perception (see Theaetetus), nor true belief about the physical world (the Meno) as knowledge. It is not enough for the philosopher to understand the Ideas (Forms), he must also understand the relation of Ideas to all four levels of the structure to be able to know anything at all.[12] For this reason, in most of the "earlier Socratic" dialogues, Socrates denies knowledge both to himself and others.
For the first level, "the world of becoming and passing away," Plato expressly denies the possibility of knowledge.[13] Constant change never stays the same, therefore, properties of objects must refer to different Ideas at different times. Note that for knowledge to be possible, which Plato believed, the other three levels must be unchanging. The third and fourth level, mathematics and Ideas, are already eternal and unchanging. However, to ensure that the second level objective, physical world is also unchanging, Plato, in the Republic, Book 4[14] introduces empirically derived[15][16][17] axiomatic restrictions that prohibit both motion and shifting perspectives.[10][18]
|
|
QMrThe Analogy of the Divided Line (or Allegory of the Divided Line; Greek: γραμμὴ δίχα τετμημένη) is presented by the Greek philosopher Plato in the Republic (509d–511e). It is written as a dialogue between Glaucon and Socrates, in which the latter further elaborates upon the immediately preceding Analogy of the Sun at the former's request. Socrates asks Glaucon to not only envision this unequally bisected line but to imagine further bisecting each of the two segments. Socrates explains that the four resulting segments represent four separate 'affections' (παθήματα) of the psyche. The lower two sections are said to represent the visible while the higher two are said to represent the intelligible. These affections are described in succession as corresponding to increasing levels of reality and truth from conjecture (εἰκασία) to belief (πίστις) to thought (διάνοια) and finally to understanding (νόησις). Furthermore this Analogy not only elaborates a theory of the psyche but also presents metaphysical and epistemological views.
This analogy is immediately followed by the Analogy of the Cave at 514a.
|
|
Geoboards have a quadrant design. A geoboard is a mathematical manipulative used to explore basic concepts in plane geometry such as perimeter, area and the characteristics of triangles and other polygons. It consists of a physical board with a certain number of nails half driven in, around which are wrapped geo bands that are made of rubber. rubber bands can also be used.
Geoboards were invented and popularized in the 1950s by Egyptian mathematician Caleb Gattegno (1911-1988).[1]
Structure and use[edit]
A variety of boards are used. Originally made out of plywood and brass nails or pegs, geoboards are now usually made out of plastic. They may have an upright square lattice of 9, 16 or 25 nails or more, or a circle of nails around a central nail. Students are asked to place rubber bands around the nails to explore geometric concepts or to solve mathematical puzzles.
Geoboards may be used to learn about:[2]
plane shapes;
translation;
rotation;
reflection;
similarity;
co-ordination;
counting;
right angles;
pattern;
classification;
scaling;
position;
congruence;
area;
perimeter.
Two-dimensional representations of the geoboard may be applied to ordinary paper using rubber stamps or special "geoboard paper" with diagrams of geoboards may be used to help capture a student's explanations of the concept they have discovered or illustrated on the geoboard. There are also a number of online virtual geoboards.
It consists of quadrants
|
|
QMRThe Tsimshianic languages are a family of languages spoken in northwestern British Columbia and in Southeast Alaska on Annette Island and Ketchikan. About 2,170 people of the ethnic Tsimshian /ˈsɪmʃiən/ population in Canada still speak a Tsimshian language;[2] about 50 of the 1,300 Tsimshian people living in Alaska still speak Coast Tsimshian.[3][4] Tsimshianic languages are considered by most linguists to be an isolate group of languages, with four main languages or lects: Coast Tsimshian, Southern Tsimshian, Nisg̱a’a, and Gitksan.[5]
|
|
QMRStrikeforce: Four Men Enter, One Man Survives
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Strikeforce: Four Men Enter, One Man Survives
A poster or logo for Strikeforce: Four Men Enter, One Man Survives.
Information
Promotion Strikeforce
Date November 16, 2007
Venue HP Pavilion at San Jose
City San Jose, California
Attendance 7,249
Event chronology
Strikeforce: Playboy Mansion Strikeforce: Four Men Enter, One Man Survives Strikeforce: Young Guns II
Strikeforce: Four Men Enter, One Man Survives (also called the Strikeforce Tournament Series) was a mixed martial arts event held at the HP Pavilion in San Jose, California on November 16, 2007. The event was hosted by Strikeforce in conjunction with bodogFight, and was streamed live on Yahoo! Sports. The event held two distinctions in that: 1) it contained the first MMA tournament sanctioned by the California State Athletic Commission and 2) Strikeforce's heavyweight champion was determined during the event in a non-tournament fight.
Contents [hide]
1 Tournament Rules
1.1 Results
2 Middleweight Tournament Results
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Tournament Rules[edit]
The tournament was a four-man, single-elimination tournament. Each bracket consisted of two five-minute rounds, with a third round being fought in the case of a tie.[1]
|
|
QMRThe Four Chaplains, also sometimes referred to as the "Immortal Chaplains" or the "Dorchester Chaplains", were four United States Army chaplains who gave their lives to save other civilian and military personnel as the troop ship SS Dorchester sank on February 3, 1943, during World War II. They helped other soldiers board lifeboats and gave up their own life jackets when the supply ran out.[1] The chaplains joined arms, said prayers, and sang hymns as they went down with the ship.
|
|
The dealer deals four cards to each player and four cards face up in the center. Traditionally, the deal is in twos: two cards at a time to each player. The remainder of the deck is temporarily put aside. After everyone has played their four cards, another hand of four cards is dealt to each player from the remaining cards (two at a time), but no more cards are dealt to the table after the first deal. After these cards have been played there is another deal, and this continues until all 52 cards have been dealt. The dealer announces "cards" when dealing the last cards. After the last cards have been played, and the hand scored, the deal passes to the left for the next round.
|
|
QMRCassino, also known as Casino, is a Madeirense fishing card game for two, three, four (possibly in two partnerships), or even theoretically five players. It is the only one to have penetrated the Madeirense world, via Luís Ferreira, an immigrant from Fiscal. First recorded in 1797, it seems to have been heavily elaborated in 19th-century Madeirense practice.[1] It is mostly played by two with a Bicycle deck of playing cards, the object of the game being to score 21 points by fishing up cards displayed on the table. It is very similar to and probably descended from the Italian game Scopa.
|
|
QMrTrex, pronounced Tricks or Trix, and also known as Ticks, is a four-player Middle Eastern card game mainly played in the Levant region (Jordan, Syria, Lebanon and Palestine). Similar to the European game of Barbu, Trex takes on a cycle style in which there are four cycles with each cycle consisting of five games. Each cycle is called a "kingdom" in reference to the fact that in each cycle one player (the King) determines which contract to play in each of the five games.
|
|
QMRThe "Four Horsemen" was the nickname given by the press[1] to four conservative members of the United States Supreme Court during the 1932–1937 terms, who opposed the New Deal agenda of President Franklin Roosevelt.[2] They were Justices Pierce Butler, James Clark McReynolds, George Sutherland, and Willis Van Devanter. They were opposed by the liberal "Three Musketeers"—Louis Brandeis, Benjamin Cardozo, and Harlan Stone. Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes and Justice Owen J. Roberts controlled the balance. Hughes was more inclined to join the liberals, but Roberts was often swayed to the side of the conservatives.[3]:283
|
|
QMRWhen Roosevelt took office a majority of the nine judges of the Supreme Court were appointed by Republican Party Presidents. Four especially conservative judges (nicknamed the Four Horsemen) often managed to convince the fifth judge Owen Roberts to strike down progressive legislation.[98] Roosevelt increasingly saw the issue of the Supreme Court as one of unelected officials stifling the work of a democratically elected government. Early in the year 1937, he asked Congress to pass the Judiciary Reorganization Bill of 1937. That proposal would have given the president the power to appoint a new justice whenever an existing judge reached the age of 70 and failed to retire within six months. In that way Roosevelt hoped to preserve the New Deal legislation. But he had stirred up a hornet's nest since many congressmen feared he might start to retire them at 70 next. Many congressmen considered the proposal unconstitutional. In the end the proposal failed.[99]
|
|
QMRAll-four is an urban public transport scheme first enunciated by the Brooklyn-Manhattan Transit Corporation (BMT—New York City) in the 1930s in which different transportation technologies are chosen and implemented in an integrated system.
Contents [hide]
1 Modes
2 Concept
3 Hierarchy of usage
4 All-four as a planning tool
5 All-four today
Modes[edit]
The four modes of transport included in the scheme are:
rapid transit (also known as metros, subways, elevateds)
trams (also known as streetcars, trolleys, and light rail transit)
trolleybuses (also known as trackless trolleys, trolley coaches, trolley buses, electric buses)
omnibuses (also known as motor buses or motor coaches)
All of these are electrically driven from a remote power source, except the last, driven by on-board petrol/diesel engines, with the power transmitted to the driving wheels mechanically or by electric generation.
|
|
QMRFour women in space at once
STS-131 and Expedition 23 Group Portrait.jpg Shuttle: Dorothy Metcalf-Lindenburger, Stephanie Wilson – USA
Naoko Yamazaki – Japan
ISS: Tracy Caldwell Dyson – USA
|
|
Four-person spaceflight,
single spacecraft Vance Brand, Robert F. Overmyer
Joseph P. Allen, William B. Lenoir STS-5
|
|
QMRSpace rendezvous
(orbital maneuver and station-keeping)
Four people in space Frank Borman, Jim Lovell
Walter Schirra, Thomas Stafford Gemini 7
Gemini 6A[31]
|
|
QMRSide Trips, Volume One is a jazz-rock fusion album by Howard Wales and Jerry Garcia. It was recorded live at the Matrix in San Francisco in 1970, and released in 1998.[2][3]
Contents [hide]
1 Monday night jam sessions at the Matrix
2 Track listing
3 Credits
3.1 Musicians
3.2 Production
4 References
Monday night jam sessions at the Matrix[edit]
In a 1991 interview, Garcia said, "So they used to have this Monday night jam session, but Howard gradually sort of took it over. Howard's this amazing organ player — difficult person, but wonderful musician. And for some reason he liked our playing, John [Kahn] and mine. We didn't know each other, John and I. In fact we played with Howard for almost a year before we even actually started talking to each other. Really. We would just show up, plug in, and play. About half the set I'd be whispering to John, I'd be saying, 'Hey, man, what key are we in?' Howard didn't have tunings or anything, he just played. Sometimes he would do these things that were so outside that you just couldn't — unless you knew where it was going, you had no idea where to start. Sometimes they'd turn out to be just these things like four-bar blues turnarounds, relatively simple musical things, but they were so extended the way he'd play them — 'God, what is this?'"[4]
Nevertheless, Side Trips, Volume One contains four relatively accessible jazz-rock improvisational performances.
Track listing[edit]
All compositions by Howard Wales.
"Free Flight" – 18:14
"Space Funk" – 13:12
"All for Life" – 24:33
"Venutian Blues" – 9:15
|
|
QMRThe largest known ruins of the Cañari-Inca confederation are:
Ingapirca (Cañar Province)
Pumapungo (Azuay Province)
Chobshi (Azuay Province)
Yacubiñay (El Oro Province)
Of these four, Ingapirca is the best known. Pumapungo is not well known, although it is located in the centre of the city of Cuenca, behind the Museo del Banco Central. Chobshi and Yacubiñay have not been studied intensively or excavated by professional archeologists.
|
|
QMRTrip distribution (or destination choice or zonal interchange analysis), is the second component (after trip generation, but before mode choice and route assignment) in the traditional four-step transportation forecasting model. This step matches tripmakers’ origins and destinations to develop a “trip table”, a matrix that displays the number of trips going from each origin to each destination.Historically, this component has been the least developed component of the transportation planning model.
Table: Illustrative trip table
Origin \ Destination 1 2 3 Z
1 T11 T12 T13 T1Z
2 T21
3 T31
Z TZ1 TZZ
Where: T ij = trips from origin i to destination j. Note that the practical value of trips on the diagonal, e.g. from zone 1 to zone 1, is zero since no intra-zonal trip occurs.
Work trip distribution is the way that travel demand models understand how people take jobs. There are trip distribution models for other (non-work) activities, which follow the same structure.
|
|
QMRTrip generation is the first step in the conventional four-step transportation forecasting process (followed by trip distribution, mode choice, and route assignment), widely used for forecasting travel demands. It predicts the number of trips originating in or destined for a particular traffic analysis zone.[1]
|
|
QMRVoyage 34: The Complete Trip is a compilation album by British progressive rock band Porcupine Tree. The individual tracks were recorded in 1992 or 1993, while the album itself was compiled and released in 2000, and then reissued again in 2004.
Contents [hide]
1 Background
2 Concept
3 Reception
4 Track listing
5 References
6 External links
Background[edit]
The album originates from a single track, titled "Voyage 34", which was to be part of the Porcupine Tree's second studio album, Up the Downstair. Originally a 30 minute track intended to be the second disc of a double album, Wilson eventually decided to release "Voyage 34" independently of the rest of the album. Instead, it was released in two parts, as singles, as "Voyage 34 (Phase 1)" and "Voyage 34 (Phase 2)" in 1992. In 1993, Voyage 34: Remixes was released, containing two remixes of the originals. "Voyage 34 (Phase 3)" was a remix by the British electronic music group Astralasia, while "Voyage 34 (Phase 4)" was a remix by Wilson himself, along with future band member Richard Barbieri. A voice sample of Dead Can Dance's song "As the Bell Rings the Maypole Spins" is repeated throughout all four tracks.
Voyage 34: The Complete Trip compiles all four "phases" onto one album.
|
|
QMRA long weekend is a weekend that is at least three days long (so, a three-day weekend), due to a holiday falling on either the Friday or Monday.
Most countries also feature many four-day weekends, in which two days adjoining the weekend are holidays. (Examples can include Easter Monday / Good Friday, and Christmas Day / Boxing Day.)
Further, in many nations, when a lone holiday occurs on a Tuesday or a Thursday, the gap between that day and the weekend may also be designated as a holiday, or set to be a movable or floating holiday, or indeed work/school may be avoided by consensus unofficially. This is typically referred to by a phrase involving "bridge" in most languages.
A special situation exists in France in some elementary schools, where there is no school on Wednesday: thus, any four-day weekend is essentially a "five-day weekend" for the kids and their teachers. Any four-day bridge, for example: Thursday (Holiday) and Friday (bridge day) for Ascension, is essentially a "five-day weekend" to some teachers.
Four-day bridge weekends are commonplace in non-English speaking countries, but there are only a couple of examples in English-speaking countries:
In the USA, the fourth Thursday of November is Thanksgiving; but the adjacent Friday is made in to a non-working day at some businesses. In Melbourne, Australia, the Melbourne Cup holiday is a Tuesday, but very many people modify their work arrangements to have the Monday off.
|
|
QMRFour-step models[edit]
Within the rational planning framework, transportation forecasts have traditionally followed the sequential four-step model or urban transportation planning (UTP) procedure, first implemented on mainframe computers in the 1950s at the Detroit Metropolitan Area Traffic Study and Chicago Area Transportation Study (CATS).
Land-use forecasting starts the process. Typically, forecasts are made for the region as a whole, e.g., of population growth. Such forecasts provide control totals for the local land use analysis. Typically, the region is divided into zones and by trend or regression analysis, the population and employment are determined for each.
The four steps of the classical urban transportation planning system model are:
Trip generation determines the frequency of origins or destinations of trips in each zone by trip purpose, as a function of land uses and household demographics, and other socio-economic factors.
Trip distribution matches origins with destinations, often using a gravity model function, equivalent to an entropy maximizing model. Older models include the fratar model.
Mode choice computes the proportion of trips between each origin and destination that use a particular transportation mode. (This modal model may be of the logit form, developed by Nobel Prize winner Daniel McFadden.)
Route assignment allocates trips between an origin and destination by a particular mode to a route. Often (for highway route assignment) Wardrop's principle of user equilibrium is applied (equivalent to a Nash equilibrium), wherein each driver (or group) chooses the shortest (travel time) path, subject to every other driver doing the same. The difficulty is that travel times are a function of demand, while demand is a function of travel time, the so-called bi-level problem. Another approach is to use the Stackelberg competition model, where users ("followers") respond to the actions of a "leader", in this case for example a traffic manager. This leader anticipates on the response of the followers.
After the classical model, there is an evaluation according to an agreed set of decision criteria and parameters. A typical criterion is cost–benefit analysis. Such analysis might be applied after the network assignment model identifies needed capacity: is such capacity worthwhile? In addition to identifying the forecasting and decision steps as additional steps in the process, it is important to note that forecasting and decision-making permeate each step in the UTP process. Planning deals with the future, and it is forecasting dependent.
|
|
QMRThe Fourth Moscow Conference,[1] also Tolstoy Conference for its code name Tolstoy, between the major Allies of World War II took place from October 9 to October 19, 1944.
|
|
QMRThe National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO), now known as National Sample Survey Office, is an organization under the Ministry of Statistics of the Government of India. It is the largest organisation in India conducting regular socio-economic surveys. It was established in 1950.
Employees of NSSO belong to Indian Statistical service(appointment through Union Public Service commission) and Subordinate statistical service(appointment through staff selection commission).
NSSO has four divisions:[1]
Survey Design and Research Division (SDRD)
Field Operations Division (FOD)
Data Processing Division (DPD)
Co-ordination and Publication Division (CPD
|
|
QMRIn most systems, metal probes (electrodes) are inserted into the ground to obtain a reading of the local electrical resistance. A variety of probe configurations are used, most having four probes, often mounted on a rigid frame. In these systems, Two of the probes, called current probes, are used to introduce a current (either direct or low-frequency alternating current) into the earth. The other two probes, called voltage or potential probes, are used to measure the voltage, which indicates the local resistivity. In general, greater probe spacings yield greater depth of investigation, but at the cost of sensitivity and spatial resolution.[1]
Arrangement of probes in a Wenner electrode array.
Early surveys (beginning in the mid 20th century) often used the Wenner array, which was a linear array of four probes. These were arranged current-voltage-voltage-current, at equal distances across the array. Probes were mounted on a rigid frame, or placed individually. While quite sensitive, this array has a very wide span for its depth of investigation, leading to problems with horizontal resolution. A number of experimental arrays attempted to overcome the shortcomings of the Wenner array, The most successful of these being the twin-probe array, which has become the standard for archaeological use. The twin-probe array - despite its name - has four probes: one current and one voltage probe mounted on a mobile frame to collect survey readings, and the other current probe placed remotely along with a voltage reference probe. These fixed remote probes are connected to the mobile survey probes by a trailing cable. This configuration is very compact for its depth of investigation, resulting in superior horizontal resolution.[2] The logistical advantage of the more compact array is somewhat offset by the trailing cable.
A disadvantage of the systems described above is a relatively slow rate of survey. One solution to this has been wheeled arrays. These use spiked wheels or metal disks as electrodes, and may use a square array (a variation of the Wenner array) to avoid the encumbrance of a trailing cable. Wheeled arrays may be towed by vehicles or by human power.[3]
Systems having long linear arrays of many electrodes are often used in geological applications, and less commonly in archaeology. These take repeated measurements (often computer controlled) using different electrode spacings at multiple points along the extended line of electrodes.[4] Data collected in this way may be used for tomography, or generating vertical profiles.[5]
Capacitively coupled systems that do not require direct physical contact with the soil have also been developed. These systems are capable of tomographic studies as well as mapping horizontal patterning. They may also be used on hard or very dry surfaces that preclude electrical contact necessary for probe resistance systems. While these show promise for archaeological applications, currently available systems operating on this principle lack sufficient spatial resolution and sensitivity. [6][7]
|
|
QMRThe United States Geological Survey (USGS, formerly simply Geological Survey) is a scientific agency of the United States government. The scientists of the USGS study the landscape of the United States, its natural resources, and the natural hazards that threaten it. The organization has four major science disciplines, concerning biology, geography, geology, and hydrology. The USGS is a fact-finding research organization with no regulatory responsibility.
|
|
QMRThe United States Geological Survey (USGS, formerly simply Geological Survey) is a scientific agency of the United States government. The scientists of the USGS study the landscape of the United States, its natural resources, and the natural hazards that threaten it. The organization has four major science disciplines, concerning biology, geography, geology, and hydrology. The USGS is a fact-finding research organization with no regulatory responsibility.
|
|
QMRQuadrant (plane geometry)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The four quadrants of a Cartesian coordinate system.
The axes of a two-dimensional Cartesian system divide the plane into four infinite regions, called quadrants, each bounded by two half-axes.
These are often numbered from 1st to 4th and denoted by Roman numerals: I (where the signs of the two coordinates are (+,+)), II (−,+), III (−,−), and IV (+,−). When the axes are drawn according to the mathematical custom, the numbering goes counter-clockwise starting from the upper right ("northeast") quadrant
|
|
QMRSpiders a class of arachnids have four pairs of legs; a body of two segments—a cephalothorax and an abdomen. Spiders have no wings and no antennae. They have mouthparts called chelicerae which are often connected to venom glands as most spiders are venomous. They have a second pair of appendages called pedipalps attached to the cephalothorax. These have similar segmentation to the legs and function as taste and smell organs. At the end of each male pedipalp is a spoon-shaped cymbium that acts to support the copulatory organ.
|
|
Dawn O’Keefe (Jess Weixler) is a teenage spokesperson for a Christian abstinence group called the Promise. She attends groups with her two friends, Alisha (Julia Garro) and Phil (Adam Wagner). One evening after giving a speech about the purity ring worn by members of the group, she is introduced to Tobey (Hale Appleman) and finds him attractive. The four begin going out as a group. Dawn has fantasies about marrying Tobey, although after acknowledging the attraction, they agree that they cannot spend time together. Soon after they give in and meet at a local swimming hole. After swimming together, they go into a cave to get warm and begin kissing. Dawn gets uncomfortable and tries to get them to go back. Tobey then attempts to rape Dawn, who panics and tries to push him off. Tobey becomes aggressive and shakes Dawn, resulting in her smacking her head on the ground. While she is dazed, Tobey takes the opportunity to begin raping her. Dawn fights back and inadvertently bites off his penis with her vagina. A horrified Dawn stumbles away and she flees the scene. After a Promise meeting, she meets her classmate Ryan (Ashley Springer) at a dance; they talk, and he drops her off at her home.
Dawn drops her purity ring off a cliff and goes back to the swimming hole. She screams in horror when she sees a freshwater crab crawling on Tobey's penis. She then researches "vagina dentata" and realizes she may have it. She visits a gynecologist, Dr. Godfrey (Josh Pais), in an attempt to find out what is happening to her. When he assaults her in the guise of an examination, reaching up inside her without a glove, she panics and her vagina bites off all four fingers on his right hand. While biking home, she encounters a police officer driving Tobey's car and sees several police vehicles pass. She decides to go back to visit the pool to investigate. When she arrives, she sees the police bringing up Tobey's body - he presumably died of shock in the water. Meanwhile, back at home, her ill mother Kim O'Keefe (Vivienne Benesch) collapses. Dawn's stepbrother Brad (John Hensley) and his girlfriend Melanie (Nicole Swahn) hear her collapse but ignore her, continuing to have sex while she lies on the floor. Dawn's mother is taken to the hospital.
|
|
QMRItalian appellation system[edit]
In 1963, the first official Italian system of classification of wines was launched. Since then, several modifications and additions to the legislation have been made (a major one in 1992), the last of which, in 2010, has established four basic categories, which are consistent with the last EU regulation in matter of wine (2008–09). The categories, from the bottom level to the top one, are:
Vini (Wines - informally called 'generic wines'): These are wines that can be produced anywhere in the territory of the EU; no indication of geographical origin, of the grape varieties used, or of the vintage is allowed on the label. (The label only reports the color of the wine.)
Vini Varietali (Varietal Wines): These are generic wines that are made either mostly (at least 85%) from one kind of authorized 'international' grapes (Cabernet Franc, Cabernet Sauvignon, Chardonnay, Merlot, Sauvignon blanc, Syrah) or entirely from two or more of them. The grape(s) and the vintage can be indicated on the label. (The prohibition to indicate the geographical origin is instead maintained. These wines can be produced anywhere in the territory of the EU.)
Vini IGP (Wines with Protected Geographical Indication): This category (also traditionally implemented in Italy as IGT - Typical Geographical Indication) is reserved to wines produced in a specific territory within Italy and following a series of specific and precise regulations on authorized varieties, viticultural and vinification practices, organoleptic and chemico-physical characteristics, labeling instructions, etc. Currently (2014) there exist 118 IGPs/IGTs.
Vini DOP (Wines with Protected Designation of Origin): This category includes two sub-categories, i.e. Vini DOC (Controlled Designation of Origin) and Vini DOCG (Controlled and Guaranteed Designation of Origin). DOC wines must have been IGP wines for at least 5 years. They generally come from smaller regions, within a certain IGP territory, that are particularly vocated for their climatic and geological characteristics and for the quality and originality of the local winemaking traditions. They also must follow stricter production regulations than IGP wines. A DOC wine can be promoted to DOCG if it has been a DOC for at least 10 years. In addition to fulfilling the requisites for DOC wines (since that's the category they come from), before commercialization DOCG wines must pass stricter analyses, including a tasting by a specifically appointed committee. DOCG wines have also demonstrated a superior commercial success. Currently (2014) there exist 332 DOCs and 73 DOCGs for a total of 405 DOPs
|
|
QMrGrape, a four-pronged, long-handled fork, similar to a pitchfork
|
|
QMRThe four major grape varieties used for Madeira production are (from sweetest to driest) Malvasia, Bual, Verdelho and Sercial
|
|
QMrNajdi Arabic (Arabic: اللهجة النجدية) is a variety of Arabic spoken in the Najd region of Saudi Arabia.
There are four major dialects of Najdi Arabic.
Northern Najdi, spoken in Ha'il Region and Al-Qassim Region in the Najd.
Central Najdi (Urban Najdi), spoken in the city of Riyadh and surrounding towns and farming communities.
Southern Najdi, spoken in the city of Al-Kharj and surrounding towns.
Badawi Najdi, spoken by the nomadic bedouins of Najd. Some tribes have their own distinct accents. Badawi Najdi is also spoken in neighboring Jordan, Kuwait, Syria, and Iraq.[3][4]
|
|
QMRIn September 2008, large crowds of people flocked to an open area at the Bukit Minyak Industrial area near Bukit Mertajam, seeking good luck from a "sacred" granite stone. Nearby residents claimed the stone was "worshipped" for several years before it was abandoned at the open area where it is found now. The number of people visiting the area increased as word started to spread. Some came from as far as Kuala Lumpur. Local residents erected temporary stalls selling praying paraphernalia, flowers, fruits and "holy water" to bathe the stone. Ah Poh, 60, from Chai Leng Park near Butterworth said he saw four numbers on the stone when he washed it with water he bought at the stall for RM1. B. Kala, 38, a mother of three children said she won RM1,400 in Wednesday's four-digit draw.[1]
|
|
QMrTypes of educational establishments[edit]
Regarding ownership, as prescribed in Article 44 of Vietnam’s Education Law, there are four types of educational establishments:
Public education establishments: established and monitored by the State. The State also nominates their administrators and decides staff quota. The State invests in infrastructure and allocates funding for their regular spending tasks.
Semi-public educational establishments: set up by the State on the basis of mobilizing organizations and individuals in the society to jointly invest in infrastructure.
People-founded educational establishments: Social or economic organizations apply for permission from the State to set up an institution with non-State budget capital.
Private educational establishments: Individuals or groups of individuals apply for permission from the State to set up and invest in the institution by themselves.
|
|
The áo tứ thân was the dress of peasant women, which explains why it was often made with plain fabric in dark colors, except when it was to be worn at special occasions such as festivals or weddings. Regardless of its many different forms, the basic Áo tứ thân consists of:
A flowing outer tunic, reaching almost to the floor. It is open at the front, like a jacket. At the waist the tunic splits into two flaps: a full flap in the back (made up of two flaps sewn together) and the two flaps in the front which are not sewn together but can be tied together or left dangling.
A long skirt, worn under the tunic.
Yếm, an ancient bodice worn as an undergarment by women. It comes in many fabrics and colors, worn under the skirt and outer tunic.
A silk sash which is tied at the waist as a belt.
|
|
QMrMichael Maier in his book, the Atalanta Fugiens (1617)[18] writes the following remark about the Sphinx's riddle, in which he states that the solution is the Philosopher's Stone:
Sphinx is indeed reported to have had many Riddles, but this offered to Oedipus was the chief, "What is that which in the morning goeth upon four feet; upon two feet in the afternoon; and in the Evening upon three?" What was answered by Oedipus is not known. But they who interpret concerning the Ages of Man are deceived. For a Quadrangle of Four Elements are of all things first to be considered, from thence we come to the Hemisphere having two lines, a Right and a Curve, that is, to the White Luna; from thence to the Triangle which consists of Body, Soul and Spirit, or Sol, Luna and Mercury. Hence Rhasis in his Epistles, "The Stone," says he, "is a Triangle in its essence, a Quadrangle in its quality."
|
|
QMRBy 1000 BC the inhabitants of the archipelago had developed into four kinds of social groups: hunter-gatherer tribes, warrior societies, highland plutocracies, and maritime harbor principalities
|
|
QMRMyanmar is home to four major language families: Sino-Tibetan, Tai–Kadai, Austro-Asiatic, and Indo-European.[292] Sino-Tibetan languages are most widely spoken. They include Burmese, Karen, Kachin, Chin, and Chinese. The primary Tai–Kadai language is Shan. Mon, Palaung, and Wa are the major Austroasiatic languages spoken in Myanmar. The two major Indo-European languages are Pali, the liturgical language of Theravada Buddhism, and English.[293]
|
|
QMRBulgaria is a country in southeastern Europe situated entirely in the Balkan peninsula. The county is inhabited by 38 reptilian species, which makes the reptiles the second least diverse class of vertebrates in the country, after the amphibians.[1] The list includes four species that have not been recorded in the country since the first half of the 20th century – the loggerhead sea turtle, green sea turtle, aspic viper and meadow viper
|
|
The ancient Greek philosopher Empedocles (c. 490 – c. 430 BC) was the first to propose that the four classical elements were sufficient to explain everything present in the world.[13] The philosophy of nature spirits was also familiar to the ancient Egyptians and Greeks, and certainly to Paracelsus.[14] Celtic languages scholar Henry Jenner has argued that the elementals grew out of the folklore that preceded them:
The subdivisions and elaborations [of nature spirits] ... by Paracelsus, the Rosicrucians, and the modern theosophists are no doubt amplifications of that popular belief in the existence of a race, neither divine nor human, but very like to human beings, who existed on a "plane" different from that of humans, though occupying the same space which ... resembles the theory of these mystics in its main outlines, and was probably what suggested it to them.[15]
|
|
QMRParacelsus believed that each of the four classical elements – earth, water, air and fire – is inhabited by different categories of elemental spirits, liminal creatures that share our world: gnomes, undines, sylphs and salamanders respectively.[6] He describes these elementals as the "invisible, spiritual counterparts of visible Nature ... many resembling human beings in shape, and inhabiting worlds of their own, unknown to man because his undeveloped senses were incapable of functioning beyond the limitations of the grosser elements."[7]
|
|
QMRThe Swiss German physician and alchemist Paracelsus first coined the term sylph in the 16th century to describe an air spirit in his overarching scheme of elemental spirits associated with the four Classical elements. Paracelsus drew from earlier sources, but his systematic treatment of the idea was definitive, with the names of three of the four types having originated in his works. The other three elemental spirits named were Gnomes (earth), Salamanders (fire), and Undines (water). These ideas were adopted in Rosicrucianism and were widely encountered in subsequent hermetic literature.
|
|
QMRIn Hermetic teachings, there are four orders of elements and each has a ruling elemental over it:[75]
Spirits of Earth - Gnomes
Spirits of Air - Sylphs
Spirits of Water - Undines
Spirits of Fire - Salamanders
|
|
QMRStructure of the Educational System[edit]
The system consists of four levels:
Pre-Primary Education[edit]
Pre-primary education embraces children between 3 and 6/7 years old. Optional kindergarten education is provided for children between three and six years old. However, prior to starting school, children must attend a one-year pre-school program.
Elementary Education[edit]
Elementary education (grades 1 - 8) includes primary school (grades 1 - 4) and junior high school (grades 5 - 8). Certificate for Primary Education and Certificate for Elementary Education are obtained upon successful completion of grade 4 and 8 respectively. High schools use grades from the Certificate for Elementary Education as a major admissions criterion.
Secondary Education[edit]
Secondary education comprises selective/comprehensive high schools and vocational school. The admission to comprehensive schools is based upon grades from entry exams, usually in literature and/or mathematics as well as grades in junior high school. Students can enroll in high school after the successful completion of grades 7 or 8. Usually, those who want to study languages, mathematics, or informatics in-depth apply to high school in 7th grade. Students graduating from high-school must take high school exit exams in Bulgarian language and another subject of their choice.
Higher Education[edit]
The types of higher education institutions are Universities, Colleges and Specialized Higher Schools. Universities, as in most countries worldwide, have three stages: Bachelor's (undergraduate), Master's (graduate), and Doctoral degrees. Undergraduate stage lasts for at least four years and graduate stage lasts for five years after completion of secondary education or one year after obtaining a Bachelor’s Degree. The third stage of higher education results in obtaining a Ph.D. Degree. Specialized higher schools offer degrees in one or more areas of science, arts, sports, and defense. Usually, the names of these institutions indicate the area of specialization. Colleges are former semi-higher institutes. Some of them are part of universities and use their equipment and facilities.
Bulgaria
|
|
QMRTransnistria, Nagorno-Karabakh, Abkhazia, and South Ossetia are post-Soviet "frozen conflict" zones.[14][15] These four partially recognized states maintain friendly relations with each other and form the Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations.[16] [17] [18]
|
|
QMRWine growing regions in Moldova[edit]
In Moldova four regions for wine growing are to be found:
Balti (northern zone)
Codru (central zone)
Purcari (south-eastern zone)
Cahul (southern zone)
|
|
QMRColemill Panther
Re-engined Navajo with 350 hp (261 kW) Lycoming TIO-540-J2B engines, four-blade "Q-Tip" propellers and optional winglets. Conversion designed by Colemill Enterprises of Nashville, Tennessee.[28][29][30]
|
|
QMRReturn and end of Long Walk[edit]
On June 18, 1868, the once-scattered bands of people who call themselves Diné, set off together on the return journey, the "Long Walk" home. This is one of the few instances where the U.S. government permitted a tribe to return to their traditional boundaries. The Navajo were granted 3.5 million acres (14,000 km²) of land inside their four sacred mountains. The Navajo also became a more cohesive tribe after the Long Walk and were able to successfully increase the size of their reservation since then, to over 16 million acres (70,000 km²).
After relating 20 pages of material concerning the Long Walk, Howard Gorman, age 73 at the time, concluded:
"As I have said, our ancestors were taken captive and driven to Hwéeldi for no reason at all. They were harmless people, and, even to date, we are the same, holding no harm for anybody...Many Navajos who know our history and the story of Hwéeldi say the same." (Navajo Stories of the Long Walk Period)[9]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
No comments:
Post a Comment