Quadrant Model of Reality Book 34 Science

The quadrant model is a theory of everything. Plato had a famous concept known as the The Analogy of the Divided Line. Plato said to imagine a sort of quadrant/cross with four parts. The four parts he said were four affections of the psyche. They were

Square 1: Sensation

Square 2: Belief

Square 3: Thinking

Square 4: Knowledge

What is incredible is that I discovered the quadrant model pattern probably two or so years before I learned about the analogy of the divided line. I discovered the quadrant model fascinatingly my sophomore year of college through a personality model my Grandpa taught me, in which he said there were four types of people

Square 1: Thinkers

Square 2: Emoters

Square 3: Doers

Square 4: Dreamers

I realized that thinking and emotion are a duality and doing is a tirad because they are all interrelated, and I recognized that dreaming was transcendent to the previous three yet encompassed them.

The next day I drew a new quadrant in which I put

Square 1: Contemplation

Square 2: Passion

Square 3: Flowing

Square 4: Knowing.

Again I illumined the same pattern. Knowing contained the previous three and was different than the previous three.

Also the next day I drew another quadrant. Although it took me a year to refine this quadrant. It was

Square 1: Sensation

Square 2: Perception

Square 3: Response

Square 4: Awareness

About a week later I drew a final quadrant

Square 1: Belief

Square 2: Faith

Square 3: Behavior

Square 4: Belonging

During this miracle week I was clearly in tune or in touch with the nature of existence. I was experiencing incredible synchronicities some of which my friend Michael Mossad experienced with me. Michael was the first person I showed this model to. One example was the day that I discovered the Belonging quadrant I was sitting in a library at UCSD and noticing how the roof was composed of quadrants. I then texted Michael. Michael said that he texted me at the same exact time (and we didn’t text that much). Right when we texted each other Michael was at the top of the stairs and I was at the bottom sitting at a cubicle looking up at him. And we never were at that library at least I never went to that library. And I said to him Michael I just texted you and he freaked out and said dude I just texted you. Then I don’t want to seem crazy so I won’t tell you the things that occurred next but later that day, needless to say, I thought of the Belonging quadrant.

The miraculous thing is that I thought of these quadrants my sophomore year of college, the beginning of my sophomore year. It was probably my junior year of college that I learned about Plato’s analogy of the divided line in a philosophy class I was sitting in on, and the strange thing was he used the same words that I did. The first square was sensation, the second belief/opinion, the third thinking (he said this was mathematical reasoning), the fourth was knowledge (what he called the realm of ideas or the world of the Forms). I would say that I was shocked that he used the same words as me, but at that point I was not shocked because I had seen the quadrant model in so many places I began to realize that I had found the nature of existence and things did not really shock me anymore.

The quadrant model consists of four squares. The first square/quadrant is mental and weird. The second is normal and conservative. The third square/quadrant is destructive and normal. The fourth square/quadrant is mental and destructive. The fourth is transcendent and indicates the nature of the fifth square. The fifth square becomes a new quadrant. All together there is 16 squares, or four quadrants.

I went through a lot of hard times since I discovered the quadrant model but I am so thankful and fortunate that I discovered it.

Science Chapter

QMRThe branches of science (also referred to as "sciences", "scientific fields", or "scientific disciplines") are commonly divided into four major groups: natural sciences, which study natural phenomena (including fundamental forces and biological life), formal sciences (such as mathematics and logic, which use an a priori, as opposed to factual, methodology), social sciences, which study human behavior and societies,[1] and applied sciences, which apply existing scientific knowledge to develop more practical applications, like technology or inventions.

Physics Chapter

QMRIn mathematical physics, the gamma matrices, \{ \gamma^0, \gamma^1, \gamma^2, \gamma^3 \} , also known as the Dirac matrices, are a set of conventional matrices with specific anticommutation relations that ensure they generate a matrix representation of the Clifford algebra Cℓ1,3(R). It is also possible to define higher-dimensional gamma matrices. When interpreted as the matrices of the action of a set of orthogonal basis vectors for contravariant vectors in Minkowski space, the column vectors on which the matrices act become a space of spinors, on which the Clifford algebra of spacetime acts. This in turn makes it possible to represent infinitesimal spatial rotations and Lorentz boosts. Spinors facilitate spacetime computations in general, and in particular are fundamental to the Dirac equation for relativistic spin-½ particles. In Dirac representation, the four contravariant gamma matrices are \gamma^0 = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & -1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & -1 \end{pmatrix},\quad \gamma^1 = \begin{pmatrix} 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & -1 & 0 & 0 \\ -1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \end{pmatrix} \gamma^2 = \begin{pmatrix} 0 & 0 & 0 & -i \\ 0 & 0 & i & 0 \\ 0 & i & 0 & 0 \\ -i & 0 & 0 & 0 \end{pmatrix},\quad \gamma^3 = \begin{pmatrix} 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & -1 \\ -1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \end{pmatrix}. \gamma^0 is the time-like matrix and the other three are space-like matrices.

QMRSustainable business, or green business, is an enterprise that has minimal negative impact on the global or local environment, community, society, or economy—a business that strives to meet the triple bottom line. Often, sustainable businesses have progressive environmental and human rights policies. In general, business is described as green if it matches the following four criteria:[1] It incorporates principles of sustainability into each of its business decisions. It supplies environmentally friendly products or services that replaces demand for nongreen products and/or services. It is greener than traditional competition. It has made an enduring commitment to environmental principles in its business operations.

QMREgypt's geological history has produced four major physical regions: Nile Valley and Nile Delta Western Desert (also known as the Libyan Desert) Eastern Desert (extends from the Nile Valley all the way to the Red Sea coast) Sinai Peninsula

QMR Born CT (2005). "Blast trauma: The fourth weapon of mass destruction". Scandinavian Journal of Surgery 94 (4): 279–85. PMID 16425623. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i

4 is the squares of the quadrant model You think I'm joking when I say for 8 years I studied the quadrant model and I've seen so much its unbelievable but you all are so blind you couldn't even see it and thought I was crazy.

QMROn 26 January 1950, the Douglas C-54 Skymaster serial number 42-72469 disappeared en route from Alaska to Montana, with 44 people aboard.[1][2] The aircraft made its last radio contact two hours into its eight-hour flight; despite one of the largest rescue efforts carried out by the US military, no trace of the aircraft has ever been found.[2] It is considered one of the largest groups of American military personnel to ever go missing.[3] Flight[edit] The aircraft was part of the First Strategic Support Squadron, Strategic Air Command. out of Biggs AFB, Texas. In addition to its eight-man crew, it was carrying 36 passengers, including two civilians: a woman and her infant son.[4] The aircraft had made an initial attempt to depart, but was delayed several hours after reporting trouble with one of its four engines.[5]

The source S produces pairs of "photons", sent in opposite directions. Each photon encounters a two-channel polariser whose orientation (a or b) can be set by the experimenter. Emerging signals from each channel are detected and coincidences of four types (++, −−, +− and −+) counted by the coincidence monitor.

QMRGeneralizing Bell's original inequality,[4] John Clauser, Michael Horne, Abner Shimony and R. A. Holt,[17] introduced the CHSH inequality,[17] which puts classical limits on the set of four correlations in Alice and Bob's experiment, without any assumption of perfect correlations (or anti-correlations) at equal settings (1) \quad \rho(a,b) + \rho(a,b') + \rho(a',b) - \rho(a',b') \leq 2, where ρ denotes correlation in the quantum physicist's sense: the expected value of the product of the two binary (+/-1 valued) outcomes. Making the special choice a'=a+\pi, denoting b'=c, and assuming perfect anti-correlation at equal settings, perfect correlation at opposite settings, therefore \rho(a,a+\pi)=1 and \rho(b,a+\pi)=-\rho(b,a), the CHSH inequality reduces to the original Bell inequality. Nowadays, (1) is also often simply called "the Bell inequality", but sometimes more completely "the Bell-CHSH inequality".

QMRFour-square cipher From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2009) The four-square cipher is a manual symmetric encryption technique. It was invented by the famous French cryptographer Felix Delastelle. The technique encrypts pairs of letters (digraphs), and thus falls into a category of ciphers known as polygraphic substitution ciphers. This adds significant strength to the encryption when compared with monographic substitution ciphers which operate on single characters. The use of digraphs makes the four-square technique less susceptible to frequency analysis attacks, as the analysis must be done on 676 possible digraphs rather than just 26 for monographic substitution. The frequency analysis of digraphs is possible, but considerably more difficult - and it generally requires a much larger ciphertext in order to be useful. Contents [hide] 1 Using four-square 2 Algorithm 3 Four-square cryptanalysis 4 See also Using four-square[edit] The four-square cipher uses four 5 by 5 (5x5) matrices arranged in a square. Each of the 5 by 5 matrices contains the letters of the alphabet (usually omitting "Q" or putting both "I" and "J" in the same location to reduce the alphabet to fit). In general, the upper-left and lower-right matrices are the "plaintext squares" and each contain a standard alphabet. The upper-right and lower-left squares are the "ciphertext squares" and contain a mixed alphabetic sequence. To generate the ciphertext squares, one would first fill in the spaces in the matrix with the letters of a keyword or phrase (dropping any duplicate letters), then fill the remaining spaces with the rest of the letters of the alphabet in order (again omitting "Q" to reduce the alphabet to fit). The key can be written in the top rows of the table, from left to right, or in some other pattern, such as a spiral beginning in the upper-left-hand corner and ending in the center. The keyword together with the conventions for filling in the 5 by 5 table constitute the cipher key. The four-square algorithm allows for two separate keys, one for each of the two ciphertext matrices. As an example, here are the four-square matrices for the keywords "example" and "keyword." The plaintext matrices are in lowercase and the ciphertext matrices are in caps to make this example visually more simple: a b c d e E X A M P f g h i j L B C D F k l m n o G H I J K p r s t u N O R S T v w x y z U V W Y Z K E Y W O a b c d e R D A B C f g h i j F G H I J k l m n o L M N P S p r s t u T U V X Z v w x y z Algorithm[edit] To encrypt a message, one would follow these steps: Split the payload message into digraphs. (HELLO WORLD becomes HE LL OW OR LD) Find the first letter in the digraph in the upper-left plaintext matrix. a b c d e E X A M P f g h i j L B C D F k l m n o G H I J K p r s t u N O R S T v w x y z U V W Y Z K E Y W O a b c d e R D A B C f g h i j F G H I J k l m n o L M N P S p r s t u T U V X Z v w x y z Find the second letter in the digraph in the lower-right plaintext matrix. a b c d e E X A M P f g h i j L B C D F k l m n o G H I J K p r s t u N O R S T v w x y z U V W Y Z K E Y W O a b c d e R D A B C f g h i j F G H I J k l m n o L M N P S p r s t u T U V X Z v w x y z The first letter of the encrypted digraph is in the same row as the first plaintext letter and the same column as the second plaintext letter. It is therefore in the upper-right ciphertext matrix. a b c d e E X A M P f g h i j L B C D F k l m n o G H I J K p r s t u N O R S T v w x y z U V W Y Z K E Y W O a b c d e R D A B C f g h i j F G H I J k l m n o L M N P S p r s t u T U V X Z v w x y z The second letter of the encrypted digraph is in the same row as the second plaintext letter and the same column as the first plaintext letter. It is therefore in the lower-left ciphertext matrix. a b c d e E X A M P f g h i j L B C D F k l m n o G H I J K p r s t u N O R S T v w x y z U V W Y Z K E Y W O a b c d e R D A B C f g h i j F G H I J k l m n o L M N P S p r s t u T U V X Z v w x y z Using the four-square example given above, we can encrypt the following plaintext: Plaintext: he lp me ob iw an ke no bi Ciphertext: FY GM KY HO BX MF KK KI MD Here is the four-square written out again but blanking all of the values that aren't used for encrypting the first digraph "he" into "FY" - - - - - - - - - - - - h - - - - - - F - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Y - - - - - - e - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - As can be seen clearly, the method of encryption simply involves finding the other two corners of a rectangle defined by the two letters in the plaintext digraph. The encrypted digraph is simply the letters at the other two corners, with the upper-right letter coming first. Decryption works the same way, but in reverse. The ciphertext digraph is split with the first character going into the upper-right matrix and the second character going into the lower-left matrix. The other corners of the rectangle are then located. These represent the plaintext digraph with the upper-left matrix component coming first. Four-square cryptanalysis[edit] Like most pre-modern era ciphers, the four-square cipher can be easily cracked if there is enough text. Obtaining the key is relatively straightforward if both plaintext and ciphertext are known. When only the ciphertext is known, brute force cryptanalysis of the cipher involves searching through the key space for matches between the frequency of occurrence of digrams (pairs of letters) and the known frequency of occurrence of digrams in the assumed language of the original message. Cryptanalysis of four-square generally involves pattern matching on repeated monographs. This is only the case when the two plaintext matrices are known. A four-square encipherment usually uses standard alphabets in these matrices but it is not a requirement. If this is the case, then certain words will always produce single-letter ciphertext repeats. For instance, the word MI LI TA RY will always produce the same ciphertext letter in the first and third positions regardless of the keywords used. Patterns like these can be cataloged and matched against single-letter repeats in the ciphertext. Candidate plaintext can then be inserted in an attempt to uncover the ciphertext matrices. Unlike the Playfair cipher, a four-square cipher will not show reversed ciphertext digraphs for reversed plaintext digraphs (e.g. the digraphs AB BA would encrypt to some pattern XY YX in Playfair, but not in four-square). This, of course, is only true if the two keywords are different. Another difference between four-square and Playfair which makes four-square a stronger encryption is the fact that double letter digraphs will occur in four-square ciphertext. By all measures, four-square is a stronger system for encrypting information than Playfair. However, it is more cumbersome because of its use of two keys, and, preparing the encryption/decryption sheet can be time consuming. Given that the increase in encryption strength afforded by four-square over Playfair is marginal and that both schemes are easily defeated if sufficient ciphertext is available, Playfair has become much more common. A good tutorial on reconstructing the key for a four-square cipher can be found in chapter 7, "Solution to Polygraphic Substitution Systems," of Field Manual 34-40-2, produced by the United States Army.

QMRStructure[change | change source] There are a few main parts of the Solar System. Here they are in order from the Sun, with the planets numbered, and the dwarf planets marked with the letters a - e. Terrestrial planets region contains the four planets closest to the sun, all are rocky planets (1) Mercury (2) Venus (3) Earth (4) Mars Asteroid belt region contains; Gas giant planets region contains; (5) Jupiter (6) Saturn (7) Uranus (8) Neptune Kuiper belt region contains; (b) Pluto (c) Haumea (d) Makemake Kuiper belt objects and possibly other dwarf planets....... ceres short-period comets scattered disc region contains; (e) Eris Scattered disk objects and possibly other dwarf planets Oort cloud region contains long-period comets 16 in all

QMRThe first four planets are called terrestrial planets. They are mostly made of rock and metal, and they are mostly solid. The last four planets are called gas giants. This is because they are large planets that are mostly made of gas. Even though they are made of gas, they have much more mass than the terrestrial planets

QMRTime Cube[412] – a website created by Gene Ray, in 1997, where he sets out his personal model of reality, which he calls Time Cube. He suggests that all of modern physics is wrong,[413] and his Time Cube model proposes that each day is really four separate days occurring simultaneously

QMR I discussed the big four asteroids in one of my books Most asteroids outside the "big four" (Ceres, Pallas, Vesta, and Hygiea) are likely to be broadly similar in appearance, if irregular in shape. 50-km (31-mi) 253 Mathilde is a rubble pile saturated with craters with diameters the size of the asteroid's radius, and Earth-based observations of 300-km (186-mi) 511 Davida, one of the largest asteroids after the big four, reveal a similarly angular profile, suggesting it is also saturated with radius-size craters.[59] Medium-sized asteroids such as Mathilde and 243 Ida that have been observed up close also reveal a deep regolith covering the surface. Of the big four, Pallas and Hygiea are practically unknown. Vesta has compression fractures encircling a radius-size crater at its south pole but is otherwise a spheroid. Ceres seems quite different in the glimpses Hubble has provided, with surface features that are unlikely to be due to simple craters and impact basins, but details will be expanded with the Dawn spacecraft, which entered Ceres orbit on 6 March 2015.[60]

QMRUntil 1998, asteroids were discovered by a four-step process. First, a region of the sky was photographed by a wide-field telescope, or astrograph. Pairs of photographs were taken, typically one hour apart. Multiple pairs could be taken over a series of days. Second, the two films or plates of the same region were viewed under a stereoscope. Any body in orbit around the Sun would move slightly between the pair of films. Under the stereoscope, the image of the body would seem to float slightly above the background of stars. Third, once a moving body was identified, its location would be measured precisely using a digitizing microscope. The location would be measured relative to known star locations.[11] These first three steps do not constitute asteroid discovery: the observer has only found an apparition, which gets a provisional designation, made up of the year of discovery, a letter representing the half-month of discovery, and finally a letter and a number indicating the discovery's sequential number (example: 1998 FJ74). The last step of discovery is to send the locations and time of observations to the Minor Planet Center, where computer programs determine whether an apparition ties together earlier apparitions into a single orbit. If so, the object receives a catalogue number and the observer of the first apparition with a calculated orbit is declared the discoverer, and granted the honor of naming the object subject to the approval of the International Astronomical Union.

QMRInstruments on the Philae lander found at least sixteen organic compounds at the comet's surface, four of which (acetamide, acetone, methyl isocyanate and propionaldehyde) have been detected for the first time on a comet.[34][35][36] 16 is the squares of the quadrant model

QMrFour Craters Lava Field is a basaltic volcanic field located south east of Newberry Caldera in the U.S. state of Oregon.[1] The volcanic field covers about 30 square kilometers. Four Pleistocene cinder cones are the source of the flows in the field and are aligned along a fissure trending N 30° W. The cones rise 75 to 120 meters above the flows and the distance between the northern most and southern most cones is about 3.5 kilometers.[3] Closely related to the Four Craters lava field is Crack-in-the-Ground located at the southwest corner of the field. The eruptions from the field were accompanied by a slight sinking of the older rock surface. This shallow, graben-like sink is about 3 kilometers wide and extends to the south into an old lake basin. Crack-in-the-Ground marks the western edge of this small, volcano-tectonic depression and is nearly 9 meters deep and over a meter wide. The crack is the result of a tension fracture along a hingeline produced by the drapping of Green Mountain lava flows over the edge of upthrown side of the concealed fault zone.[3]

QMrMeteor Crater is a meteorite impact crater approximately 37 miles (60 km) east of Flagstaff and 18 miles (29 km) west of Winslow in the northern Arizona desert of the United States. Because the United States Board on Geographic Names commonly recognizes names of natural features derived from the nearest post office, the feature acquired the name of "Meteor Crater" from the nearby post office named Meteor.[2] The site was formerly known as the Canyon Diablo Crater and fragments of the meteorite are officially called the Canyon Diablo Meteorite.[3] Scientists refer to the crater as Barringer Crater in honor of Daniel Barringer, who was first to suggest that it was produced by meteorite impact.[4] The crater is privately owned by the Barringer family through their Barringer Crater Company, which proclaims it to be the "best preserved meteorite crater on Earth".[5][6] In 1903, mining engineer and businessman Daniel M. Barringer suggested that the crater had been produced by the impact of a large iron-metallic meteorite. Barringer's company, the Standard Iron Company, staked a mining claim to the land and received a land patent signed by Theodore Roosevelt for 640 acres (2.6 km2) around the center of the crater in 1903.[22][23][24] The claim was divided into four quadrants coming from the center clockwise from north-west named Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn. In 1906, Roosevelt authorized the establishment of a newly named Meteor, Arizona, post office (the closest post office before was 30 miles (48 km) away in Winslow, Arizona).[citation needed]

QMRIn aviation, the flight length is defined as the time airborne during a flight. There are four categories, short-haul, medium-haul, long-haul and ultra long-haul.

QMrTime is a measure in which events can be ordered from the past through the present into the future, and also the measure of durations of events and the intervals between them.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7] Time is often referred to as the fourth dimension, along with the three spatial dimensions.[8]

QMRIn aircraft that are capable of recovering from a spin, the spin has four phases.[5] For all or some types of spin, some airplanes are not recoverable. At low height, recovery may also be impossible. In both cases, only the first three phases occur. Entry – The pilot stalls the plane while in uncoordinated[6] flight. Incipient – With one wing more stalled than the other, the rotation starts. Developed – The aircraft's rotation rate, airspeed, and vertical speed are stabilized. At least one wing of the aircraft is stalled.[7] Recovery – After appropriate control inputs, the angle of attack of both wings decreases below the critical angle of attack, rotation slows. The nose attitude of the aircraft steepens, airspeed increases, autorotation stops, the aircraft is no longer stalled. The controls respond conventionally and the airplane can be returned to normal flight.

QMRThe Oldsmobile 4-4-2 (also known as the 442) is a muscle car that was produced by Oldsmobile. Introduced in 1964 model year as an option package for U.S. sold F-85 and Cutlass models, it became a model in its own right from 1968 to 1971, then reverted to an option through the mid-1970s. The name was revived in the 1980s on the rear-wheel drive Cutlass Supreme and early 1990s as an option package for the new front-wheel drive Cutlass Calais. The "4-4-2" name (pronounced "Four-four-two") derives from the original car's four-barrel carburetor, four-speed manual transmission, and dual exhausts. It was originally written "4-4-2" (with badging showing hyphens between the numerals),[1] and remained hyphenated throughout Oldsmobile's use of the designation. Beginning in 1965, the 4-4-2s standard transmission was a 3 speed manual along with optional 2 speed automatic or 4 speed manual, but were still badged as "4-4-2"s. By 1968 badging was shortened to simply "442", but Oldsmobile brochures and internal documents continued to use the "4-4-2" model designation.[2]

QMRNear Fall: This is similar to the points for "exposure" or the "danger position" awarded in the international styles of wrestling, but the emphasis for near falls is on control, not risk. Near fall criteria is met when: (1) the offensive wrestler holds the defensive wrestler in a high bridge or on both elbows; (2) the offensive wrestler holds any part of both his opponent's shoulders or scapulae (shoulder blades) within four inches of the mat; or (3) the offensive wrestler controls the defensive wrestler in such a way that one of the bottom wrestler's shoulders or scapulae, or the head, is touching the mat, and the other shoulder or scapula is held at an angle of 45 degrees or less to the mat. The referee counts the seconds off.[38] Near fall points are also known as "back points." Much of the criteria for the near fall was used in a former scoring opportunity known as predicament in scholastic wrestling.[39] When near fall points are given after the opponent is injured, signals an injury, or bleeds excessively, it is a consequence of what is sometimes referred to as the scream rule. (2 points) - Two points are given when near fall criteria is met for two to four seconds. Two points can also be granted in cases where a pinning combination is executed legally and a near fall is imminent, but the defensive wrestler is injured, signals an injury, or bleeds excessively before the near fall criterion is met.[38] A near fall situation can also occur if both shoulders are within four inches of touching the mat, as shown. (3 points) - Three points are given when near fall criteria is met for five seconds or more. After five seconds, the referee awards three points and stops counting. When a near fall criterion is met that is between two and four seconds, and the defensive wrestler is injured, indicates an injury, or bleeds excessively, three points are also awarded.[40] (4 points) - Four points are given when a criterion for a near fall is met for five seconds, and the defensive wrestler later is injured, indicates an injury, bleeds excessively.[40]

QMRModes[edit] The U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has defined four different modes of spinning. These four modes are defined by the angle of attack of the airflow on the wing.[8] NASA Spin Mode Classification Spin mode Angle-of-attack range, degrees Flat 65 to 90 Moderately flat 45 to 65 Moderately steep 30 to 45 Steep 20 to 30 During the 1970s NASA used its spin tunnel at the Langley Research Center to investigate the spinning characteristics of single-engine general aviation airplane designs. A 1/11-scale model was used with nine different tail designs.[9] Some tail designs that caused inappropriate spin characteristics had two stable spin modes — one steep or moderately steep; and another that was either moderately flat or flat. Recovery from the flatter of the two modes was usually less reliable or impossible. The further aft that the center of gravity was located the flatter the spin and the less reliable the recovery.[10] For all tests, the center of gravity of the model was at either 14.5% of Mean Aerodynamic Chord (MAC) or 25.5% of MAC.[11] Single-engine airplane types certified in the normal category must be demonstrated to recover from a spin of at least one turn, while single-engine aircraft certified in the utility category must demonstrate a six turn spin that cannot be unrecoverable at any time during the spin due to pilot action or aerodynamic characteristic.[12] NASA recommends various tail configurations and other strategies to eliminate the flatter of the two spin modes and make recovery from the steeper mode more reliable.[13]

QMRFour-spinors[edit] For particles[edit] Particles are defined as having positive energy. The normalization for the four-spinor ω is chosen so that \scriptstyle\omega^\dagger \omega \;=\; 2 E \,[further explanation needed]. These spinors are denoted as u: u(\vec{p}, s) = \sqrt{E+m} \begin{bmatrix} \phi^{(s)}\\ \frac{\vec{\sigma} \cdot \vec{p} }{E+m} \phi^{(s)} \end{bmatrix} \, where s = 1 or 2 (spin "up" or "down") Explicitly, u(\vec{p}, 1) = \sqrt{E+m} \begin{bmatrix} 1\\ 0\\ \frac{p_3}{E+m} \\ \frac{p_1 + i p_2}{E+m} \end{bmatrix} \quad \mathrm{and} \quad u(\vec{p}, 2) = \sqrt{E+m} \begin{bmatrix} 0\\ 1\\ \frac{p_1 - i p_2}{E+m} \\ \frac{-p_3}{E+m} \end{bmatrix} For anti-particles[edit] Anti-particles having positive energy \scriptstyle E are defined as particles having negative energy and propagating backward in time. Hence changing the sign of \scriptstyle E and \scriptstyle \vec{p} in the four-spinor for particles will give the four-spinor for anti-particles: v(\vec{p},s) = \sqrt{E+m} \begin{bmatrix} \frac{\vec{\sigma} \cdot \vec{p} }{E+m} \chi^{(s)}\\ \chi^{(s)} \end{bmatrix} \, Here we choose the \scriptstyle\chi solutions. Explicitly, v(\vec{p}, 1) = \sqrt{E+m} \begin{bmatrix} \frac{p_1 - i p_2}{E+m} \\ \frac{-p_3}{E+m} \\ 0\\ 1 \end{bmatrix} \quad \mathrm{and} \quad v(\vec{p}, 2) = \sqrt{E+m} \begin{bmatrix} \frac{p_3}{E+m} \\ \frac{p_1 + i p_2}{E+m} \\ 1\\ 0\\ \end{bmatrix}

QMRIn quantum mechanics, a boson (/ˈboʊsɒn/,[1] /ˈboʊzɒn/[2]) is a particle that follows Bose–Einstein statistics. Bosons make up one of the two classes of particles, the other being fermions.[3] The name boson was coined by Paul Dirac[4] to commemorate the contribution of the Indian physicist Satyendra Nath Bose[5][6] in developing, with Einstein, Bose–Einstein statistics—which theorizes the characteristics of elementary particles.[7] Examples of bosons include fundamental particles such as photons, gluons, and W and Z bosons (the four force-carrying gauge bosons of the Standard Model), the recently discovered Higgs boson, and the hypothetical graviton of quantum gravity; composite particles (e.g. mesons and stable nuclei of even mass number such as deuterium (with one proton and one neutron, mass number = 2), helium-4, or lead-208[Note 1]); and some quasiparticles (e.g. Cooper pairs, plasmons, and phonons).[8

QMRIn pen spinning there are four main fundamental tricks spinners often learn first. They are as follows. ThumbAround[edit] Photograph of a ThumbAround. The ThumbAround Normal (previously known as "360 Degrees Normal") is performed by pushing a pen using any finger (usually the middle finger) except the thumb to initiate the pen to spin around one's thumb one time, then catching it in between the thumb and a finger.[7] FingerPass[edit] The Pass involves rotating a pen 0.5 times from one finger slot to another. When performing a Pass Normal on the palm-side of hand, the pen goes downward. When performing a Pass Normal on the other side of the hand, the pen goes upward. A small combination of Passes involving the pen rotating fully around the hand, starting and ending at the 12 slot, is called a FingerPass.[8] The FingerPass was used in the James Bond film GoldenEye by Boris Grishenko, in a variation using only three fingers instead of the usual four.[citation needed] Sonic[edit] Photograph of a Sonic. The idea behind the Sonic is to move the pen from one finger position to another finger position in as little time as possible. In the Sonic Normal, a pen is held in a finger slot not involving the thumb and is spun in a conic-like motion behind a finger (or fingers) to another finger slot further up the hand. The pen makes one revolution. Hideaki Kondoh is generally credited with giving the Sonic its name, because of the way the pen would blur in his fingers.[9] Charge[edit] The Charge Normal does not involve spinning the pen over any fingers or any body parts, rather, the pen is spun conically in a single finger slot.[10] When viewing the palm-side of the hand, the pen spins clockwise in the right hand and counterclockwise in the left hand. This trick is often performed by drummers using drumsticks rather than pens.

QMrFourth umpire sometimes referred to as the reserve umpire, is a cricket official. For all international matches a fourth umpire is required to perform duties like bringing on the new ball, carrying drinks on to the field for the umpires, checking the batteries in the light meter and observing the pitch during the lunch and tea intervals to make sure there is no interference. The Fourth umpire will take over the Third umpire duties if something happens to one of the onfield umpires, as the rules state the third umpire will take over on field duties.

QMRSpin bowling is divided into four different categories, depending on the particular physical technique used. There is virtually no overlap between the two basic biomechanical techniques of wrist spin and finger spin.[3] Off break - Right-handed with finger spin technique. (e.g. Muttiah Muralitharan) Left-arm orthodox spin - Left-handed with finger spin technique. (e.g. Daniel Vettori) Leg break - Right-handed with wrist spin technique. (e.g. Shane Warne) Left-arm unorthodox spin - Left-handed with wrist spin technique. (e.g. Brad Hogg)

QMRThe Electronic Theatre Controls (ETC) Source Four (also known unofficially as Source 4 or S4) is an ellipsoidal reflector spotlight (ERS) used in stage lighting. First released in 1992, the Source Four was invented by David Cunningham and features an improved lamp and reflector compared to previous ERS designs, tool-free lamp adjustment, and a rotating, interchangeable shutter barrel.[1][2][3][4][5][6] The Source Four is widely used by professional theaters across the globe.[7][8]

Chemistry Chapter

Biology Chapter

QMRStylidium quadrifurcatum : Four-pronged triggerplant

QMRFour membrane-bound complexes have been identified in mitochondria. Each is an extremely complex transmembrane structure that is embedded in the inner membrane. Three of them are proton pumps. The structures are electrically connected by lipid-soluble electron carriers and water-soluble electron carriers. The overall electron transport chain: NADH+H+ → Complex I → Q → Complex III → cytochrome c → Complex IV → O2 ↑ Complex II ↑ Succinate Complex I[edit] In Complex I (NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase, NADH-CoQ reductase, or NADH dehydrogenase; EC 1.6.5.3), two electrons are removed from NADH and transferred to a lipid-soluble carrier, ubiquinone (Q). The reduced product, ubiquinol (QH2), freely diffuses within the membrane, and Complex I translocates four protons (H+) across the membrane, thus producing a proton gradient. Complex I is one of the main sites at which premature electron leakage to oxygen occurs, thus being one of the main sites of production of superoxide.[3] The pathway of electrons is as follows: NADH is oxidized to NAD+, by reducing Flavin mononucleotide to FMNH2 in one two-electron step. FMNH2 is then oxidized in two one-electron steps, through a semiquinone intermediate. Each electron thus transfers from the FMNH2 to an Fe-S cluster, from the Fe-S cluster to ubiquinone (Q). Transfer of the first electron results in the free-radical (semiquinone) form of Q, and transfer of the second electron reduces the semiquinone form to the ubiquinol form, QH2. During this process, four protons are translocated from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space. [4] Complex II[edit] In Complex II (succinate dehydrogenase or succinate-CoQ reductase; EC 1.3.5.1) additional electrons are delivered into the quinone pool (Q) originating from succinate and transferred (via FAD) to Q. Complex II consists of four protein subunits: SDHA, SDHB, SDHC, and SDHD. Other electron donors (e.g., fatty acids and glycerol 3-phosphate) also direct electrons into Q (via FAD). Complex 2 is a parallel electron transport pathway to complex 1, but unlike complex 1, no protons are transported to the intermembrane space in this pathway. Therefore, the pathway through complex 2 contributes less energy to the overall electron transport chain process. Complex III[edit] In Complex III (cytochrome bc1 complex or CoQH2-cytochrome c reductase; EC 1.10.2.2), the Q-cycle contributes to the proton gradient by an asymmetric absorption/release of protons. Two electrons are removed from QH2 at the QO site and sequentially transferred to two molecules of cytochrome c, a water-soluble electron carrier located within the intermembrane space. The two other electrons sequentially pass across the protein to the Qi site where the quinone part of ubiquinone is reduced to quinol. A proton gradient is formed by one quinol (2H+2e-) oxidations at the Qo site to form one quinol (2H+2e-) at the Qi site. (in total four protons are translocated: two protons reduce quinone to quinol and two protons are released from two ubiquinol molecules). QH2 + 2 cytochrome c (FeIII) + 2 H+in → Q + 2 cytochrome c (FeII) + 4 H+out When electron transfer is reduced (by a high membrane potential or respiratory inhibitors such as antimycin A), Complex III may leak electrons to molecular oxygen, resulting in superoxide formation. Complex IV[edit] In Complex IV (cytochrome c oxidase; EC 1.9.3.1), sometimes called cytochrome A3, four electrons are removed from four molecules of cytochrome c and transferred to molecular oxygen (O2), producing two molecules of water. At the same time, four protons are removed from the mitochondrial matrix (although only two are translocated across the membrane), contributing to the proton gradient. The activity of cytochrome c oxidase is inhibited by cyanide.

QMRPassive transport is a movement of biochemicals and other atomic or molecular substances across cell membranes without need of energy input. Unlike active transport, it does not require an input of cellular energy because it is instead driven by the tendency of the system to grow in entropy. The rate of passive transport depends on the permeability of the cell membrane, which, in turn, depends on the organization and characteristics of the membrane lipids and proteins. The four main kinds of passive transport are simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, filtration and osmosis.

QMRIn 1968 exploratory talks among the four brotherhoods’ interested in forming one transportation union proved fruitful and plans were formulated for merging of the four operation unions into a single organization to represent all four operating crafts. The four unions were the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen and Enginemen, the Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen, the Order of Railway Conductors and Brakemen and the Switchmen’s Union of North America.[3] The first three of these were considered fraternal orders, as well as labor unions.[4]

QMrCultural regions of Latvia are several areas within Latvia formally recognised as distinct from the rest of the country. While some of these regions are seen purely as culturally distinct, others have historically been parts of different countries and have been used to divide the country for administrative and other purposes. The Constitution of Latvia recognises four distinct regions: Kurzeme, Zemgale, Latgale and Vidzeme.[1]

QMRCorn kernels are the fruits of maize. Maize is a grain, and the kernels are used in cooking as a vegetable or a source of starch. One ear of corn contains roughly 800 kernels in 16 rows 16 is the squares of the quadrant model. Kernels of corn look like quadrants also. it is no coincidence the Amerindians saw corn as holy and sacred.

QMrThe great white shark is the first of only four species of sharks that have been involved in a significant number of fatal unprovoked attacks on humans

QMRTwo men, Michael Bellone and Nicholas DeMasi, who worked extensively in the wreckage of the World Trade Center, said in the book Behind-The-Scenes: Ground Zero that they helped federal agents find three of the four "black boxes" from the jetliners:[165] At one point, I was assigned to take Federal Agents around the site to search for the black boxes from the planes. We were getting ready to go out. My ATV was parked at the top of the stairs at the Brooks Brothers entrance area. We loaded up about a million dollars worth of equipment and strapped it into the ATV. There were a total of four black boxes. We found three.[166]

QMRThe technique for total rehabilitation of the edentulous patient or for patients with badly broken down teeth, decayed teeth or compromised teeth due to gum disease, known as the All-on-4 treatment concept, is a prosthodontics procedure.[1][2] The All-on-4 or simply All on 4 or All on Four concept was developed, institutionalized and systematically analyzed in the 1990s through studies funded by Nobel Biocare in collaboration with a Portuguese dentist Paulo Maló.[3][4] It consists of the rehabilitation of the edentulous maxilla and mandible with fixed prosthesis by placing four implants in the anterior maxilla, where bone density is higher. The four implants support a fixed prosthesis with 12 to 14 teeth and it is placed immediately on the day of surgery. All-on-4 is a registered trademark of Nobel Biocare.[5][6][7][8]

QMrAn heirloom tomato (also called heritage tomato in the UK) is an open-pollinated (non-hybrid) heirloom cultivar of tomato. Heirloom tomatoes have become increasingly popular and more readily available in recent years. According to tomato experts Craig LeHoullier and Carolyn Male, heirloom tomatoes can be classified into four categories: family heirlooms, commercial heirlooms, mystery heirlooms, and created heirlooms

QMRA four-leaf clover was consistently believed to be a lucky charm. This very old Irish verse describes why: One leaf is for fame, And one leaf is for wealth, And one is for a faithful lover, And one to bring you glorious health, Are all in the four-leaved clover.[1]

QMRLiver: A Fictional Organ with a Surface Anatomy of Four Lobes is the seventh collection of short stories by Will Self. The stories in the collection are all connected to the liver and was described by the author as "...a collection of two novellas and two longer short stories, all on a liverish theme. Each story features different people suffering from different forms of liver damage."[1] Time Out was one of the first publications to review it and said... "This inspired collection of four stories uses the liver as framework and controlling metaphor – there’s a tale for each lobe – but is less interested in the organ as a metabolic regulator than in what happens when it’s damaged beyond repair. At this point, Self’s gift for (ahem) bilious satire kicks in, its target largely the ‘slapstick of addiction’ – for which the reformed junky has witheringly little time...Self has all the fun you’d expect with this, and the result is satire so vicious it makes Charlie Brooker look restrained."[2]

Psychology Chapter

QMRFirst Things First[1] (1994) is a self-help book written by Stephen Covey, A. Roger Merrill, and Rebecca R. Merrill. It offers a time management approach that, if established as a habit, is intended to help a person achieve "effectiveness" by aligning him- or herself to "First Things". The approach is a further development of the approach popularized in Covey's The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People and other titles. Summary[edit] The book asserts that there are three generations of time management: first-generation task lists, second-generation personal organizers with deadlines and third-generation values clarification as incorporated in the Franklin Planner. Using the analogy of "the clock and the compass," the authors assert that identifying primary roles and principles provides a "true north" and reference when deciding what activities are most important, so that decisions are guided not merely by the "clock" of scheduling but by the "compass" of purpose and values. Asserting that people have a need "to live, to love, to learn, and to leave a legacy" they propose moving beyond "urgency" (not the same as the quadrant II in a Cartesian coordinate system). The four-quadrant "Eisenhower Decision Matrix"[2] for importance and urgency. A weekly worksheet to identify roles and plan important activities before filling in entire schedule. In the book, Covey describes a framework for prioritizing work that is aimed at long-term goals, at the expense of tasks that appear to be urgent, but are in fact less important. He uses a time management formulation attributed to Eisenhower (see: The Eisenhower Method), categorizing tasks into whether they are urgent and whether they are important, recognizing that important tasks may not be urgent, and urgent tasks are not necessarily important.[3][4] This is his 2x2 matrix: classifying tasks as urgent and non-urgent on one axis, and important or non-important on the other axis. His quadrant 2 has the items that are non-urgent but important. These are the ones he believes we are likely to neglect; but, should focus on to achieve effectiveness. Important items are identified by focusing on a few key priorities and roles which will vary from person to person, then identifying small goals for each role each week, in order to maintain a holistic life balance. One tool for this is a worksheet that lists up to seven key roles, with three weekly goals per role, to be evaluated and scheduled into each week before other appointments occupy all available time with things that seem urgent but are not important. This concept is illustrated with a story that encourages people to "place the big rocks first." Delegation is presented as an important part of time management. Successful delegation, according to Covey, focuses on results and benchmarks that are to be agreed in advance, rather than on prescribing detailed work plans.

QMRSome encourage the belief in luck as a false idea, but which may produce positive thinking, and alter one's responses for the better. Others, like Jean-Paul Sartre and Sigmund Freud, feel a belief in luck has more to do with a locus of control for events in one's life, and the subsequent escape from personal responsibility. According to this theory, one who ascribes their travails to "bad luck" will be found upon close examination to be living risky lifestyles. In personality psychology, people reliably differ from each other depending on four key aspects: beliefs in luck, rejection of luck, being lucky, and being unlucky.[12] People who believe in good luck are more optimistic, more satisfied with their lives, and have better moods.[12] If "good" and "bad" events occur at random to everyone, believers in good luck will experience a net gain in their fortunes, and vice versa for believers in bad luck. This is clearly likely to be self-reinforcing. Thus, a belief in good luck may actually be an adaptive meme.

QMRQuality of rationality[edit] Abulof argues that rationality has become an "essentially contested concept," as its "proper use… inevitably involves endless disputes." He identifies "four fronts" for the disputes about the meaning of rationality: The purpose, or function, of ascribing rationality: Is it descriptive/explanatory, prescriptive or subjunctive (rationality "as if" real)? The subject of rationality: What, or who, is rational: the choice, the act, or the choosing actor? Cognition: What is the quality of the cognitive decision-making process: minimal (calculative intentionality) or optimal (expected-utility)? Rationale: Is rationality merely instrumental, that is, agnostic about the logic of human action and its motivations (instrumental rationality) or does it substantially inform them (substantive rationality, focusing on material maximization)?[9]

QMRQuality of rationality[edit] Abulof argues that rationality has become an "essentially contested concept," as its "proper use… inevitably involves endless disputes." He identifies "four fronts" for the disputes about the meaning of rationality: The purpose, or function, of ascribing rationality: Is it descriptive/explanatory, prescriptive or subjunctive (rationality "as if" real)? The subject of rationality: What, or who, is rational: the choice, the act, or the choosing actor? Cognition: What is the quality of the cognitive decision-making process: minimal (calculative intentionality) or optimal (expected-utility)? Rationale: Is rationality merely instrumental, that is, agnostic about the logic of human action and its motivations (instrumental rationality) or does it substantially inform them (substantive rationality, focusing on material maximization)?[9]

QMrKolb breaks down this learning cycle into four stages: concrete experience, reflective observation, abstract conceptualisation, and active experimentation. Children observe new situations, think about the situation, make meaning of the situation, then test that meaning in the world around them.[38]

QMRGottman developed multiple models, scales and formulas to predict marital stability and divorce in couples, and has completed seven studies in this field.[4] These studies regarding newlywed couples are most well known. This work concludes that the four negative behaviors that most predict divorce are criticism of partners’ personality, contempt (from a position of superiority), defensiveness, and stonewalling, or emotional withdrawal from interaction. On the other hand, stable couples handle conflicts in gentle, positive ways, and are supportive of each other.[5]

QMRThreefold and fourfold view[edit] Rudolf Steiner often described humans as consisting of an eternal spirit, an evolving soul and a temporal body, giving a detailed analysis of each of these three realms.[1][2][3] Spirit: anthroposophical teachings describe the human spirit as eternal yet becoming progressively more individualized and consciously experienced. Steiner believed that humans pass between stages of existence, incarnating into an earthly body, living a life, leaving the body behind and entering into the spiritual worlds before returning to be born again into a new life on earth. In earthly life, the individuality or ego awakens to self-consciousness through its experience of its reflection in the deeds and suffering of a physical body. Soul: We also have a framework of consciousness that includes our set feelings, concepts and intentions. As each human soul evolves through its experiences, the earth itself and civilization as a whole also evolve; thus, new types of experience are available at each successive incarnation. Body: Steiner uses the term body to describe the aspects of human existence that endure for a single lifetime. The physical body is the most obvious of these. Permeating our physical existence are forces of life, growth and metamorphosis that maintain and develop the physical body; as it is an aspect of a lifetime that falls away after death, Steiner called this the life or etheric body. Steiner called that which receives sensory impressions the body of consciousness or sentient body. A fourfold articulation of the human body often applied to contexts such as medicine and education includes:[1][2][3] the physical body as physical-material structure, held in common with the mineral world; the life or etheric body, the source of life and growth, held in common with the plant world; the consciousness or astral body, held in common with the animal world; the ego or "I" of the human being, the faculty of self-awareness unique to humanity

QMrSelf-regulation theory (SRT) is a system of conscious personal management that involves the process of guiding one's own thoughts, behaviors, and feelings to reach goals. Self-regulation consists of several stages, and individuals must function as contributors to their own motivation, behavior, and development within a network of reciprocally interacting influences. Roy Baumeister, one of the leading social psychologists who have studied self-regulation, claims it has four components: standards of desirable behavior, motivation to meet standards, monitoring of situations and thoughts that precede breaking said standards, and lastly, willpower.[1] Baumeister along with other colleagues developed three models of self-regulation designed to explain its cognitive accessibility: self-regulation as a knowledge structure, strength, or skill. Studies have been done to determine that the strength model is generally supported, because it is a limited resource in the brain and only a given amount of self-regulation can occur until that resource is depleted.[2] SRT can be applied to impulse control, management of short-term desires, cognitive bias of illusion of control, pain, goal attainment and motivation, or illness behavior, and failure can be explained by either under- or mis-regulation. Self-regulation has gained a lot of attention from researchers, psychologists, and educators, which has allowed it to grow and supplement many other components. It has been through the help of the several contributors to make it a relatable concept that has the ability to improve emotional well-being, achievement, initiative, and optimism.

Sociology Chapter

QMRThe Guildford Four were charged with direct involvement with the IRA attacks. They were: Defendant Age at time of trial Convicted of Paul Michael Hill 21 Guildford pub bombings Woolwich bombing (separately) the murder of British soldier Brian Shaw, confessed to during the same questioning Gerard "Gerry" Conlon 21 Guildford bombings Patrick "Paddy" Armstrong 25 Guildford bombings Woolwich bombing Carole Richardson 17 Guildford bombings After their arrest, all four defendants confessed to the bombing under intense amount of coercion by the police.[2] These statements were later retracted, but nonetheless formed the basis of the case against them. They would later be alleged to be the result of coercion by the police, ranging from intimidation to torture—including threats against family members—as well as the effects of drug withdrawal.[3] Conlon argues in his autobiography that a key factor in his purportedly coerced confession was the fact that strengthened anti-terrorism laws passed in the early 1970s allowed the police to hold suspects without charges for up to a week, rather than the previous limit of 48 hours, and that he might have been able to withstand the treatment he had received had the original time limit been in effect.[4]

QMRThe Bielski partisans were an organization of Jewish partisans who rescued Jews from extermination and fought against the Nazi German occupiers and their collaborators in the vicinity of Nowogródek (Navahrudak) and Lida in German-occupied Poland (now western Belarus). They are named after the Bielskis, a family of Polish Jews who led the organization. Under their protection, 1,236 Jews survived the war, making it one of many remarkable rescue missions in the Holocaust.[1] The group spent more than two years living in the forests and was initially organised by members of the Bielski family. The four Bielski brothers, Tuvia, Alexander (also known as "Zus"), Asael and Aron Bielski managed to flee to the nearby forest after their parents and other family members were killed in the ghetto in August 1941. Together with 13 neighbours from the ghetto, they formed the nucleus of their partisan combat group in the spring of 1942. Originally, the group consisted of around forty people, but grew quickly. The group's commander was the oldest brother, Tuvia, who had served in the Polish Army from 1927 to 1929, rising to the rank of corporal. He had been interested in the Zionist youth movement. He sent emissaries to infiltrate the ghettos in the area, recruiting new members to join the group in the Naliboki Forest. Hundreds of men, women, and children eventually found their way to the Bielski camp; at its peak, 1,236 people belonged to the group, and 70% were women, children, and the elderly; no one was turned away.[1] About 150 engaged in armed operations.[1]

QMRClassification and relationship to other languages[edit] The question of whether contemporary Belarusian and Russian (as well as Ukrainian and Rusyn) are dialects of a single language or separate languages is not entirely decided by linguistic factors alone. This is because there is a high degree of mutual intelligibility.[16] As members of the East Slavic group of languages, they are descended from a common ancestor. Although Belarusian, Russian, and Ukrainian are usually listed by linguists as separate languages,[17] one source lists them, with Rusyn, as four inner-languages within a single outer-language.[18] Within East Slavic, the Belarusian language is most closely related to Ukrainian.[19]

QMRThe Evolution of LMX Theory[edit] Much of what is called Leader–member exchange theory today can be traced back to the introduction of Vertical dyad linkage theory (VDL) in 1975. Vertical dyad linkage theory is now widely known as Leader-member Exchange Theory, although researchers such as George B. Graen and Mary Uhl-Bien maintain that current LMX theory is very different than early VDL work.[1] Previous leadership theories had assumed that all subordinates have similar characteristics and that all supervisors behaved in the same fashion with all their subordinates.[10] Gerstner & Day explain that traditional leadership theories attributed leadership effectiveness to personal characteristics of the leader, features of the situation, or an interaction between the two.[8] LMX seeks to provide a different perspective that treats each subordinate/supervisor pair as an individual dyad with its own relationships. According to LMX, the quality of this dyadic relationship predicts attitudinal and behavioral outcomes (such as those discussed above) at the individual, group, and organizational level.[8] In 1976, Graen published "Role-making processes in complex organizations" in the Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, further increasing awareness about LMX. Before this article was published, few researchers explored LMX, but after its publication, LMX became a widely researched and cited theory.[11] By the 1980s, researchers in this field began transitioning from VDL to LMX, with the primary difference being a new focus specifically on jobs and task domains.[10] By the 1990s, LMX was becoming a substantial theory, integrating the previous theories of organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) and perceived organizational support (POS).[10] It was becoming increasingly clear that LMX was correlated with job satisfaction and organizational commitment.[8] In 1995 Graen and Uhl-Bien used four stages to explain how LMX theory has evolved over time. (These stages are discussed in more detail below.) During the first stage the theory primarily involved work socialization and vertical dyad linkage and the focus was on the analysis of differentiated dyads, that is, in-groups and out-groups.[8] In the second stage the focus of LMX was on the quality of the leader-member relationship and its outcomes.[8] The third stage involved the creation of a prescriptive approach to building dyadic relationships.[8] In the fourth stage, LMX moved beyond the dyad level and was assessed at the systems-level, that is, group and network levels.[8] Throughout the 2000s and to present-day, Leader-member Exchange Theory has been researched extensively, adding more correlates and processes, as described in the Antecedents and Consequences sections above. LMX is evolving into a theory that crosses dyad-group levels.[10] The Four Stages of LMX[edit] In their 1995 paper titled "Relationship-Based Approach to Leadership: Development of Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) Theory of Leadership over 25 Years: Applying a Multi-Level Multi-Domain Perspective," George B. Graen and Mary Uhl-Bien discuss the development of LMX from through four evolutionary stages.[1] Based on Graen & Uhl-Bien[1] Stage 1: Vertical Dyad Linkage[edit] Graen & Uhl-Bien explain that research into issues relating to Leader-Member Exchange began with studies on work socialization and Vertical Dyad Linkage which found that many managerial processes in organizations occurred on a dyadic basis, with managers forming differentiated relationships with those who reported to them.[1] Longitudinal studies of management teams were conducted in which managers and those who reported to them were asked to describe their work and working relationships in terms of inputs, process, and outcomes.[1] When asked to describe their manager's behavior, different employees gave very different descriptions of the same person.[1] Some employees described what are called "high-quality exchanges" (also known as "in-group"), which are "characterized by a high degree of mutual trust, respect, and obligation."[1] Others described "low-quality exchanges" (also known as "out-group"), which are "characterized by low trust, respect, and obligation."[1] According to Graen & Uhl-Bien, early VDL research concluded that these differentiated relationships resulted from a manager's limited time and social resources, allowing him/her to form only a few higher-quality exchange relationships.[1] Stage 2: Leader-Member Exchange[edit] In the second stage, terminology shifted from Vertical Dyad Linkage to Leader-Member Exchange.[1] Graen & Uhl-Bien explain that VDL research was followed by a series of studies which moved the theory "beyond a description of the differentiated relationships in a work unit to an explanation of how these relationships develop and what the consequences of the relationships are for organizational functioning."[1] A number of studies analyzed the specific characteristics of LMX relationships and other studies analyzed the relationship between LMX and organizational outcomes/consequences.[1] Graen & Uhl-Bien describe the central concepts of LMX research at this time as: "(1) development of LMX relationships is influenced by characteristics and behaviors of leaders and members and occurs through a role-making process, and (2) higher-quality LMX relationships have very positive outcomes for leaders, followers, work units, and the organization in general."[1] Stage 3: Leadership-Making[edit] Graen & Uhl-Bien describe that the research in the third stage moved beyond "in-groups" and "out-groups" and focused more on producing effective leadership process through the development of effective leadership relationships.[1] According to Graen & Uhl-Bien, the key difference in this stage is that it says that managers should make high-quality LMX relationships available to all employees, rather than having differentiated relationships among employees as described in the VDL approach.[1] This stage uses the Leadership Making model to provide a more prescriptive and practically useful model of leadership development. The idea of Leadership Making began with two longitudinal field experiments that analyzed what would happen if leaders were trained to give all of their subordinates the opportunity to develop a high-quality relationship.[1] Results showed that the performance of subordinates who took advantage of the opportunity to develop a high-quality LMX improved dramatically.[1] Overall, the performance of the work unit was enhanced by increasing the number of high-quality LMX relationships.[1] The Leadership Making model was developed based on these studies to emphasize the importance of forming high-quality relationships within organizations and to outline a process for how these relationships might be formed and maintained in practice.[1] The model describes a process in which leader-member relationships go from a "stranger" phase (characterized by formal, contractual interactions) to an "acquaintance" stage (characterized by increased social exchanges and the sharing of information and resources on a personal and work level) to a level of "mature partnership" exchanges (characterized by "in kind" exchanges that are behavioral and emotional, loyalty, support, mutual respect, trust, and a high degree of incremental influence).[1]

Hanna Fenichel Pitkin established four theories of representation in her philosophical writing on this subject:[1] Formalistic Representation, including: Authorization Accountability Symbolic Representation Descriptive Representation, and Substantive Representation

QMRFoundations of Simmel's theory[edit] Sociology Social Network Diagram (segment).svg History Outline Portal Theory Positivism Antipositivism Functionalism Conflict theories Social constructionism Structuralism Interactionism Critical theory Structure and agency Actor-network theory Methods Quantitative Qualitative Historical Mathematical Computational Ethnography Ethnomethodology Network analysis Subfields Conflict Criminology Culture Development Deviance Demography Education Economic Environmental Family Gender Health Industrial Inequality Knowledge Law Literature Medical Military Organizational Political Race & ethnicity Religion Rural Science Social change Social movements Social psychology Stratification STS Technology Urban Browse Bibliography Index Journals Organizations People Timeline v t e Levels of concern[edit] There are four basic levels of concern in Simmel’s work. First are his assumptions about the psychological workings of social life. Second is his interest in the sociological workings of interpersonal relationships. Third is his work on the structure of and changes in the social and cultural “spirit” of his times. He also adopted the principle of emergence, which is the idea that higher levels emerge from the lower levels. Finally, he dealt with his views in the nature and inevitable fate of humanity. His most microscopic work dealt with forms and the interaction that takes place with different types of people. The forms include subordination, superordination, exchange, conflict and sociability.[8]

QMR"Four Founding Principles"[edit] The Fraternity's Four Founding Principles originated in the Preamble to the early Constitution of the Anti-Secret Confederation. They remained unchanged until the 1891 Convention undertook a complete revision of the Constitution, article-by-article. In the new revision, the old Preamble was completely stricken and the following text was added to Article 1, Section 2: "The objects of this Fraternity shall include the promotion of friendship, the exertion of moral influence, the diffusion of liberal culture, and the advancement of equity in college affairs. It shall be non-secret." This version remained with minor changes until around 1923, when the first printed example of the current version was published in that year's edition of the Manual of Delta Upsilon.[11] The "Four Founding Principles" are currently: the Advancement of Justice, the Promotion of Friendship, the Development of Character, and the Diffusion of Liberal Culture.[14] Delta Upsilon

QMRFour functions of folklore[edit] In a major article published in 1954, Bascom argued that folklore can serve four primary functions in a culture: Folklore lets people escape from repressions imposed upon them by society ex: tall tales Folklore validates culture, justifying its rituals and institutions to those who perform and observe them. Folklore is a pedagogic device which reinforces morals and values and builds wit. ex: scary stores/moral lessons Folklore is a means of applying social pressure and exercising social control. ex: the boy who cried wolf

QMRDon Box of Microsoft was one of the first to provide a set of design guidelines referred to as his "four tenets of service-orientation" which he described primarily in relation to the Microsoft Indigo (subsequently Windows Communication Foundation) platform that was emerging at the time: Boundaries are explicit Services are autonomous Services share schema and contract, not class Service compatibility is based on policy

QMRMichel de Nostredame (depending on the source, 14 or 21 December 1503[1] – 2 July 1566), usually Latinised as Nostradamus,[2] was a French apothecary and reputed seer who published collections of prophecies that have since become widely famous. He is best known for his book Les Propheties, the first edition of which appeared in 1555. Since the publication of this book, which has rarely been out of print since his death, Nostradamus has attracted a following that, along with much of the popular press, credits him with predicting many major world events.[3][4] Most academic sources maintain that the associations made between world events and Nostradamus's quatrains are largely the result of misinterpretations or mistranslations (sometimes deliberate) or else are so tenuous as to render them useless as evidence of any genuine predictive power.[5]

QMRThe Doomsday Quatrain is a Big Finish Productions audio drama based on the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who.[1] It contains a four-part story. Contents [hide] 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Continuity 4 References 5 External links Plot[edit] In Florence, 1560, an apocalyptic quatrain by Michel de Nostredame is coming true. Cast[edit] The Doctor - Sylvester McCoy Nostradamus / Conclave Leader - David Schofield Brors / Captain of the Guard / Bernardo - John Banks Garilund / Computer Voice - Caroline Keiff Kren / Second Nuncio - Derek Carlyle Larrett / Milo / First Nuncio - Nicholas Chambers Continuity[edit] In The Ark in Space, the Fourth Doctor claimed that his trademark scarf was knitted by Madame Nostradamus. This is referenced early on in this audio. The Skull of Sobek also featured aggressive, crocodilian aliens in conflict with blue-skinned, humanoid aliens. Black and White features a scene in which the Doctor is leaving Liv Chenka in Robophobia and heading to Celdor in this story. There is also a scene featuring him leaving Celdor and going to the House of Blue Fire in the next.

Stage 4: Team-Making[edit] At this fourth stage Graen & Uhl-Bien propose that a systems-level perspective should be used to investigate how differentiated dyadic relationships combine to form larger, network systems.[1] These networks are what make up an organization's leadership structure, or the "pattern of leadership relationships among individuals throughout the organization."[1] Graen & Uhl-Bien explain that the leadership structure emerges from the network of relationships and mutual dependencies that are developed as organization members fulfill roles and complete tasks.[1] Investigation at this stage analyzes task interdependencies and the quality of the relationships that develop due to these interdependencies.[1] Specifically, research seeks to identify where more effective leadership relationships have a large impact on task performance as well as how differentiated relationships effect each other and the entire leadership structure.[1]

QMRSketch of Savannah's Town Plan showing four cellular wards, each containing eight city blocks around a square (four residential blocks in the corners, each split by a narrow lane, plus four smaller commercial blocks east and west of the square) It was a quadrant

QMRThe city of Savannah, Georgia, United States, was laid out in 1733 around four open squares, each surrounded by four residential ("tything") blocks and four civic ("trust") blocks. Later a lot more squares were added. The layout of a square and eight surrounding blocks was known as a "ward." The original plan (now known as the Oglethorpe Plan) allowed for growth of the city and thus expansion of the grid; additional squares were added during the 18th and 19th centuries, and by 1851 there were 24 squares in the city. In the 20th century, three of the squares were demolished or altered beyond recognition, leaving 21. In 2010, one of the three "lost" squares, Ellis, was reclaimed. Most of Savannah's squares are named in honor or in memory of a person, persons or historical event, and many contain monuments, markers, memorials, statues, plaques, and other tributes. First four squares, 1733[edit] The first four squares were laid out by James Oglethorpe in 1733, the same year in which he founded the Georgia colony and the city of Savannah. Johnson Square[edit] Monument to General Nathanael Greene in Johnson Square The sundial in Johnson Square Johnson Square was the first of Savannah's squares and remains the largest of the 24. It was named for Robert Johnson, colonial governor of South Carolina and a friend of General Oglethorpe.[7][8] Interred in the square is Revolutionary War hero General Nathanael Greene, the namesake of nearby Greene Square. Greene died in 1786 and was buried in Savannah's Colonial Park Cemetery. His son, George Washington Greene, was buried beside him after drowning in the Savannah River in 1793. Following vandalism of the cemetery by occupying Union forces during the Civil War the location of Greene's burial was lost. After the remains were re-identified Greene and his son were moved to Johnson Square. An obelisk in the center of the square now serves as a memorial to Gen. Greene. The cornerstone of the monument was laid by the marquis de La Fayette in 1825. At that time the obelisk did not yet commemorate any specific individual or event. In fact, due to financial restrictions the unmarked obelisk served for several years as a joint monument to both Greene and Casimir Pulaski. Inscriptions honoring Greene were added in 1886, but the Greenes’ physical remains did not arrive until 1901, following their "rediscovery."[3][8][9] Johnson Square contains two fountains, as well as a sundial dedicated to Colonel William Bull, the namesake of Savannah's Bull Street. Bull was a South Carolinian who assisted Oglethorpe with the establishment of Savannah and, as a surveyor, laid out the original street grid. The sundial has four panels, one on each side of its square granite base. The dial itself is bronze, set atop a marble shaft. One of the base panels reproduces a 1734 map of Savannah.[8] Another landmark of Johnson Square includes the Johnson Square Business Center. This building, formerly known as the Savannah Bank Building, was the city's first "skyscraper", built in 1911. Johnson square is known as the financial district, or banking square, and many of the City's financial services companies are located here.[10] These companies include the Savannah Bancorp, Savannah Bank, Coastal Bank Headquarters, Bank of America branch, SunTrust branch, TitleMax Corporate Headquarters, and a Regions Bank building. Johnson Square is located on Bull, between Bryan and Congress Streets. Wright Square[edit] The second square established in Savannah, Percival Square was named for Lord Percival, generally regarded as the man who gave the colony of Georgia its name (a tribute to Great Britain's King George II). It was renamed in 1763 to honor James Wright, the third, last and perhaps most notable of Georgia's royal governors. Throughout its history it has also been known as Court House Square and Post Office Square; the present Tomochichi Federal Building and U.S. Courthouse is adjacent to the west.[11] The square is the burial site of Tomochichi, a leader of the Creek nation of Native Americans. Tomochichi was a trusted friend of James Oglethorpe and assisted him in the founding of his colony. When Tomochichi died in 1739 Oglethorpe ordered him buried with military honors in the center of Percival Square. In accordance with his people's customs the grave was marked by a pyramid of stones gathered from the surrounding area. In 1883, citizens wishing to honor William Washington Gordon replaced Tomochichi's monument with an elaborate and highly allegorical monument to Gordon.[8] William Gordon is thus the only native Savannahian honored with a monument in one of the city's squares.[11] Gordon's own widow objected strongly to this perceived insult to Tomochichi. She and other members of the Colonial Dames of the State of Georgia planned to erect a new monument to Tomochichi, made of granite from Stone Mountain. The Stone Mountain Monument Company offered the material at no cost. Mrs. Gordon felt that she was being condescended to and insisted on paying. The Monument Company sent her a bill—some sources say for 50 cents, others for one dollar—payable on Judgment Day. Mrs. Gordon paid the bill and attached a note explaining that on Judgment Day she would be occupied with her own affairs.[12] The new monument was erected in 1899. It stands in the southeast corner of the square and eulogizes Tomochichi as a great friend of James Oglethorpe and the people of Georgia.[3][8] Wright Square is on Bull, between State and York Streets. Ellis Square[edit] Ellis Square is located on Barnard between Bryan and Congress Streets. It was named after Henry Ellis, second Royal Governor of the Georgia colony. It was also known as Marketplace Square, as from the 1730s through the 1950s it served as a center of commerce and was home to four successive market houses. Prior to Union General Sherman's arrival in December 1864 it was also the site of a slave market.[2] In 1954 the city signed a 50-year lease with the Savannah Merchants Cooperative Parking Association, allowing the association to raze the existing structure and construct a parking garage to serve the City Market retail project. Anger over the demolition of the market house helped spur the historic preservation movement in Savannah.[5] When the garage's lease expired in 2004, the city began plans to restore Ellis Square. The old parking garage was demolished in 2006 to make way for a new public square (park) that features open spaces for public concerts, as well as an underground parking garage. The underground facility was completed and formally dedicated in January 2009. Meanwhile, hotel, residentialegun in the spring of 2008, was completed in February 2010. Ellis Square officially reopened at a dedication ceremony held on March 11, 2010.[13] A bronze statue, by Susie Chisholm, of songwriter-lyricist Johnny Mercer, a native Savannahian, was formally unveiled in Ellis Square on November 18, 2009. Telfair Square[edit] St. James Square was named in honor of a green space in London, England and marked one of the most fashionable neighborhoods in early Savannah.[11] It was renamed in 1883 to honor the Telfair family.[7] It is the only square honoring a family rather than an individual. The Telfairs included former Governor Edward Telfair, Congressman Thomas Telfair (Edward Telfair's son), and Mary Telfair (1791–1875), benefactor of Savannah's Telfair Museum of Art. The square also contains tributes to the Girl Scouts of the USA, founded by Savannahian Juliette

QMRJames Arthur "Jim" Williams (December 11, 1930 – January 14, 1990) was the only person in the state of Georgia ever to be tried four times for the same crime. Following the May 2, 1981 shooting death of assistant Danny Lewis Hansford in his Savannah home, Mercer House, Williams was charged with murder and tried four times. He was found not guilty at the final trial.

QMRThe Georgia Tech campus is located in Midtown, an area north of downtown Atlanta. Although a number of skyscrapers—most visibly the headquarters of AT&T, The Coca-Cola Company, and Bank of America—are visible from all points on campus, the campus itself has few buildings over four stories and has a great deal of greenery. This gives it a distinctly suburban atmosphere quite different from other Atlanta campuses such as that of Georgia State University.[41][42] The campus is organized into four main parts: West Campus, East Campus, Central Campus, and Technology Square. West Campus and East Campus are both occupied primarily by student living complexes, while Central Campus is reserved primarily for teaching and research buildings.[41]

QMRThe 2006 Georgian–Russian espionage controversy began when the Government of Georgia arrested four Russian officers on charges of espionage, on September 27, 2006. The Western and Georgian media sources report that relations between the two post-Soviet nations have significantly deteriorated after Georgia and NATO agreed to hold talks on closer relations.[1]

QMRThe kokyū (胡弓?) { 胡弓 } is a traditional Japanese string instrument, the only one played with a bow. Although it was introduced to Japan from China along with the shamisen, its material, shape, and sound are unique to Japan[clarification needed]. The instrument also exists in an Okinawan version, called kūchō (胡弓 くーちょー?) in the Okinawan language. The instrument is similar in construction to the shamisen, appearing like a smaller version of that instrument. It is 70 cm (28 inches) tall, with a neck made of ebony and a hollow body made of coconut or Styrax japonica wood, covered on both ends with cat skin (or snakeskin in Okinawa). It has three (or, more rarely, four) strings and is played upright, with the horsetail-strung bow rubbing against the strings. In central Japan, the kokyū was formerly used as an integral part of the sankyoku ensemble, along with the koto and shamisen, but beginning in the 20th century the shakuhachi most often plays the role previously filled by the kokyū. Since Shinei Matayoshi, a kokyū and sanshin musician and sanshin maker, invented and popularized a four-stringed version of the kokyū in order to expand the instrument's range, the kokyū has become much more popular. A kokyū society, dedicated to promoting the instrument, exists in Japan.

QMRThe Constitution of the Republic of Bulgaria (Bulgarian: Конституция на Република България, Konstitutsia na Republika Balgaria) is the supreme and basic law of the Republic of Bulgaria. The current constitution was adopted on 12 July 1991 by the 7th Grand National Assembly of Bulgaria, and defines the country as a unitary parliamentary republic. It has been amended four times (in 2003, 2005, 2006 and 2007) and is chronologically the fourth constitution of Bulgaria, the first being the Tarnovo Constitution of 1879.

QMRAlamgirpur (Hindi: अलाम्गिरपुर) is an archaeological site of the Indus Valley Civilization that thrived along Yamuna River (c. 3300–1300 BC) from the Harappan-Bara period, located in Meerut district, Uttar Pradesh, India.[1][2] It is the eastern most site of the civilization.

The tomb was found in relatively good condition compared to the other tombs of Amarna. After the death of Akhenaten, depictions of his rule and religion were destroyed because they were considered to be heretical. In Meryra’s tomb, Akhenaten and Nefertiti’s features have been consistently erased. The desecration is confined to these individuals, and the names and figures of the princesses remain untouched. The tomb consists of four sections: the antechamber, the hall of columns, a second hall, and the shrine. The entrance to the tomb was originally decorated with inscriptions to the Amarna Royal family and the Aten. These decorations have either been destroyed, or are hidden by the modern doors protecting the tomb entrance. The antechamber itself shows Meryre offering prayers to the Akhenaten, and the cartouches of the king, Nefertiti and the Aten. The door jambs are inscribed with funerary prayers for Akhenaten and the Aten. The entrance from the antechamber to the outer hall is decorated with the Short Hymn to the Aten, and shows Meryre's wife Tenre making offerings to the sun-disc.

QMRThe Tomb of Meryra is part of a group of tombs located near Amarna, Egypt. Placed in the mountainsides, the tombs are divided into north and south groupings; the northern tombs are located in the hillsides and the southern on the plains. Meryra’s tomb, identified as Amarna Tomb 4 is located in the northern cluster. The tomb is the largest and most elaborate of the noble tombs of Amarna. It, along with the majority of these tombs, was never completed.[1] The rock cut tombs of Amarna were constructed specifically for the officials of King Akhenaten. Norman de Garis Davies originally published details of the Tomb in 1926 in the Rock Tombs of El Amarna, Part I – the Tomb of Meryra. The tomb dates back to the 18th Egyptian Dynasty.

QMRNeferneferuaten also appears in the award scene of Panehesy. She is shown standing in the building near the window of appearance as her parents, Akhenaten and Nefertiti, bestow honors upon the first servant of the Aten named Panehesy. In another scene in this tomb Neferneferuaten and her three older sisters all accompany their parents who are shown offering flowers to the Aten. The four royal daughters are all shown holding bouquets of flowers.[4]

QMRThe Lintel on the North Wall shows a depiction of the two royal families. On the left hand side Akhenaten and Nefertiti are shown seated. Nefertiti turns toward Akhenaten. Before them four royal daughters are shown: Meritaten, Meketaten, Ankhesenpaaten and Neferneferuaten Tasherit. All four girls are holding plume shaped wands. On the right side Amenhotep III is shown seated opposite Queen Tiye who is accompanied by the princess Baketaten. Three female attendants are shown behind Tiye.

QMRAmarna Tomb 1

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Coordinates: 27°39′42″N 30°54′20″E

F18

Y1 i i A A52

Huya[1]

in hieroglyphs

The tomb of the Ancient Egyptian noble Huya, known as Amarna Tomb 1 is located in the cluster of tombs known collectively as the Northern tombs, near to the city of Amarna, in Egypt.

Huya was the treasurer and steward in the house of the King's Chief Wife, Tiye and the overseer of the royal quarters of the Great King's Wife Tiye. He held further titles including that of favorite of the Lord of the Two Lands.

The sculptor Iuti-Iuti working on a statue of Beketaten.

Huya is also appointed as standard-bearer of the troop of young fighters called 'Aten Appears for him'. In other scenes he is shown overseeing the craftsmen and others who serve under him. Mentioned in the tomb are the scribe of the House of Charm, Nakhtiu and the Overseer of the sculptors of the king's chief wife Tiye, named Iuti-Iuti.

Huya also mentions his wife Wenher, and his mother Tuy. In other scenes there is mention of two possible sisters of Huya, by the name of Nebet and Kherpu(t).

The tomb includes several scenes:[1]

The South Wall: includes two scenes depicting Tiye sitting at meal with Akhenaten and Nefertiti Akhenaten and Nefertiti are seated on the left. Akhnaten seems to wear a khat headdress and Nefertiti a short Nubian style wig. Next to Nefertiti seated on small chairs are Meritaten and one of her sisters - possibly Neferneferuaten-tasherit. Queen Tiye is shown opposite the King and Queen. She is seated and wears the double plumed headdress with the horned sundisk. She is accomponaied by her daughter Baketaten, who is seated next to her on a small chair.

Banquet scene

In another scene Tiye is now seated on the left. She wears a tripartite wig, topped with a modius and the double plumes with the horned sun-disk. Baketaten is shown standing next to Tiye. On the right Akhenaten and Nefertiti are seated and shown drinking from cups. Ankhesenpaaten is shown standing on the footstool in front of Nefertiti, while another princess (Meketaten?) stands next to Nefertiti and looks as though she's helping herself to some fruit. Nefertiti is called: "The heiress, great of favor, lady of grace, charming in loving-kindness, mistress of South and North, the Great wife of the King whom he loves, the Lady of the Two Lands, Nefertiti, living for ever and ever."

Akhenaten leading Tiye to the temple

East wall: Akhenaten is shown leading his mother Tiye to a temple. They are accompanied by the princess Baketaten as they enter the temple. Nefertiti and her daughters are not shown in this scene.

West Wall: Akhenaten and Nefertiti on the State Palanquin and the year 12 Durbar scene. Akhenaten and Nefertiti are shown being carried on a sedan chair. Akhenaten appears to be wearing the red crown of the north and holding a crook and flail(?). The royal daughters Meritaten and Meketaten are shown walking behind the sedan chair. They are attended by two nurses and six female attendants.

On the North Wall Huya is shown in an award scene. He appears before Akhenaten and Nefertiti to receive his reward. Two princesses are shown in the palace. The princesses are identified as Meritaten and Meketaten.

QMrAnother important limestone block shows Sahure cultivating a Myrrh tree in what is probably the garden of his palace.[13] The same block also shows four ships coming back from an expedition to Punt, loaded with Myrrh trees, people from Punt as well as dogs and donkeys.[13][14] Finally, a relief showing starving Bedouins was unearthed, which is very similar to the one from the pyramid of Unas.[5] This discovery is significant as Unas' relief was thought to be the unique witness of a real event: the declining quality of life of Saharan Bedouins brought about by the end of the Sahara wet phase[5] c. 2350 BC, when it has in fact a mostly symbolic value.

QMRThe main entrance to the valley temple was, as usual, located on the eastern side. It comprised a ramp directly in front of a portico with two rows of four palmiform columns made of red granite. Less common was the presence of a second entrance on the southern side of the temple, apparently built after the main entrance during a second phase of construction. The southern entrance was accessible via a canal[1] and comprised a ramp and a portico with four columns. These were simple conical pillars without capital. Borchardt proposed that this entrance was reserved to the priests.[3] Finally, a wall there suggests the presence of the pyramid town The Soul of Sahure Comes Forth in Glory[1] in the close vicinity of the valley temple.

QMRThe construction of the Pyramid of Neferirkare wasn’t actually completed during his reign, but rather during the reign of his son, Neferefre. The original plan was for Neferirkare’s pyramid to be based on the pyramid complex of Sahure, but on larger.[6] The base of the completed structure measured 106 m on each side; while the height measured around 70 m. The slope of the pyramid was about 53°. The pyramid was constructed of coarse local limestone cased with white limestone.[4] Sand was used in between the walls. It was originally designed as a step pyramid, with 4 of the 6 steps remaining today. At some point though it was converted into a true pyramid by filling in the steps. The temple was set up with elements similar to the Temple of Sahure. It started with a long hallway called the House of the Great Ones. Then it would go to an open court called the Royal Offering of the Court. These structures were intended to be built with stone, but due to Neferirkare’s death they were finished with mud brick.[7] Both entrances to the temple led into four small rooms originally made with granite and white limestone.[4] Each room in the temple served a specific purpose for honoring the dead.

QMRThe X-Brain is an auto-return yo-yo produced by Yomega, and the second generation of the Brain. It features a four-way independent clutch system that automatically returns the yo-yo to the user's hand, when it begins to slow down. This system can also be disabled by removing the rubber o-ring from its axle sleeve, making it behave similarly to a Fireball. It is great for beginners who have never yo-yoed before and are just learning the basics. It was also licensed to Bandai for the Hyper Yo-Yo line twice; first in the late 1990s, and in the 2010s as the CrossDragon (Japanese: クロスドラゴン).

QMRAccording to Pol Pot, Cambodia was made up of four classes: peasants and workers, bourgeoisie, capitalists, and feudalists. Post-revolutionary society, as defined by the 1976 Constitution of Democratic Kampuchea, consisted of workers, peasants, and "all other Kampuchean working people." No allowance was made for a transitional stage such as China's "New Democracy" in which "patriotic" landlord or bourgeois elements were permitted to play a role in socialist construction.

QMRIn 525 CE, the Aksumites invaded Ḥimyar, and this Kindites, had a knock-on effect with the Kindites who lost the support of the Ḥimyarites. Within three years the Kindite kingdom had split into four groups: Asad, Taghlib, Qays and Kinānah, each led by a prince of Kindah. These small 'principalities' were then overthrown in the 530s and 540s in a series of uprisings of the 'Adnānī tribes of Najd and Ḥijāz. In 540 CE, the Lakhmids destroyed all the Kindite settlements in Nejd, forcing the majority of them to move to the Yemen. The Kindites and most of the Arab tribes switched their alliances to the Lakhmids.

QMRArabian Peninsula, simplified Arabia[1] (Arabic: الجزيرة العربية al-jazīra al-ʿarabiyya, « Arabian island ») is a peninsula of Western Asia situated north-east of Africa on the Arabian plate. From a geological perspective, it is considered a subcontinent of Asia.[citation needed] It is the largest peninsula in the world, at 3,237,500 square kilometers (1,250,000 square miles). The Arabian Peninsula consists of the countries Yemen, Oman, Qatar, Bahrain, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates as well as parts of southern Iraq and Jordan.[2] The peninsula formed as a result of the rifting of the Red Sea between 56 and 23 million years ago, and is bordered by the Red Sea to the west, the Persian Gulf to the northeast, the Levant to the north and the Indian Ocean to the southeast. The Arabian Peninsula plays a critical geopolitical role in the Middle East and Arab world due to its vast reserves of oil and natural gas. Before the modern era, it was divided into four distinct regions: Hejaz, Najd, Southern Arabia and Eastern Arabia. Hejaz and Najd make up most of Saudi Arabia. Southern Arabia consists of Yemen and some parts of Saudi Arabia and Oman (Dhofar). Eastern Arabia consists of the entire coastal strip of the Arab side of the Persian Gulf (the Khaleej).

QMRIn Negeri Sembilan, the Yamtuan Besar of the state is nominally elected by a council of Four Ruling Chieftains (Undang Empat), although succession stays within the state royal family.[21] In 1967, after the death of Tuanku Munawir, his son, Tunku Muhriz was not selected as the next Yamtuan Besar because of his youth. Instead, the Chieftains elected his uncle, Tuanku Jaafar, to succeed his father. In 2008, upon the death of Tuanku Jaafar, the Chieftains passed over Jaafar's sons and elected Tunku Muhriz as the next ruler.[22]

QMRWhen the United States acquired the Philippines from Spain in 1898, the islands were divided into four gobiernos (governments), which were further subdivided into provinces and districts. The American administration initially inherited the Spanish divisions and placed them under military government. As insurgencies were pacified, civil government was gradually organized.

QMrvThe Big Four are the four major international beauty pageants for women.[1][2] These are Miss World, Miss Universe, Miss International and Miss Earth.[3][4][5] The group was first described by China Daily newspaper in 2004 as the world's four major beauty contests.[6] The world's top four beauty pageants[7] are the most publicised,[8] most influential,[9] and the most prestigous.[10][11]

QMRHistory[edit] Overseas Vietnamese can be generally divided into four distinct categories that rarely interact with each other:[citation needed] The first category consists of people who have been living in territories outside of Vietnam prior to 1975; they usually reside in neighboring countries, such as Cambodia, Laos, and China. During French colonialism, many Vietnamese also migrated to France as students or workers. These people are not usually considered "Việt Kiều" by people residing in Vietnam. The second category, consisting of the vast majority of overseas Vietnamese, are Vietnamese who fled Vietnam as refugees, after the end of the Vietnam War, along with their descendants. They usually reside in industrialized countries such as those in North America, the European Union, Hong Kong, the Chinese provinces of Guangdong and Fujian, and Australia. The third category consists of Vietnamese working and studying in the former Soviet bloc who opted to stay there after the Soviet collapse. This group is found mainly in the European Union (particularly countries formerly aligned with the Soviet Union in the Warsaw Pact and/or Comecon) and the Russian Federation. The last category consists of recent economic migrants who work in regional Asian countries such as Taiwan and Japan. They also include Vietnamese brides who married men from Taiwan and South Korea through marriage agencies. These brides usually follow their husbands to live in those countries. In Taiwan, Vietnamese economic migrants constitute most of the overseas Vietnamese there; according to a 2011 report, there are 40000 Vietnamese brides in Taiwan. There is much social tensions, controversy and criticism about the latter group in Vietnam, saying they were "blinded by money" by their foreign husbands, and many are beaten.[34] A 2014 report says that "women make up at least two-thirds of workers who leave the country," and sometimes leave fathers behind to care for children. It asserted that "The total amount of remittances sent back from all Vietnamese workers overseas now exceeds $2 billion a year."[35]

QMRThe Chinese domination of Vietnam (Vietnamese: bắc thuộc, "belonging to the North"[1][2][3]) began in 111 BC, and is usually considered to have ended in 938 AD. A fourth, relatively brief, 20-year punitive invasion by the Ming dynasty, 400 years later, is usually excluded by historians in discussion of the main, almost continuous, period of Chinese colonization from 111 BC to 938 AD. First Chinese domination of Vietnam (111 BC–39 AD) Chinese incursions, followed by Chinese victory in the Han-Nanyue War (111 BC), established Chinese rule in Vietnam. This was briefly interrupted by the revolt of the Trưng Sisters (40–43 AD). Second Chinese domination of Vietnam (43–544) ended by the revolt of Lý Nam Đế who led a rebellion taking advantage of internal disorder in China and the weakness of the waning Southern Liang dynasty. This secured 60 years of independence for Vietnam, but following regime change and consolidation of power in China, the new Sui dynasty sent an overwhelmingly large army south to reestablish control over northern Vietnam in 602. Third Chinese domination of Vietnam (602–938) starting with the peaceful abdication by Lý's successor in the face of overwhelming Chinese numbers, and marked by entrenchment of mandarin administration. The period concluded with the internal collapse of China's Tang dynasty and Ngô Quyền's destruction of the Southern Han armada at the naval Battle of Bach Dang River (938). Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam (1407–1427) a 20-year occupation by the Ming dynasty army, from Vietnamese defeat in the Ming–Hồ War (1406–1407) to Vietnamese rebellion and Lê Lợi's defeat of the Chinese at the Battle of Tốt Động – Chúc Động and Battle of Chi Lăng - Xương Giang (1427). '

QMRThe first Chinese domination is a period in Vietnamese history during which Vietnam was under Chinese rule from the north.[1] It is the first of four periods of Chinese domination of Vietnam, the first three of which are almost continuous and referred to as Bắc thuộc ("Northern domination"). The fourth is always different

QMRFollowing the allied victory in World War II, France was hoping to regain control over its former colony in Indochina, which was also claimed by the Viet Minh. France attempted to invade and reoccupy Vietnam, but after nine years of war, the French gave up and retreated from Indochina. This resulted in Indochina being divided into four countries: North Vietnam, South Vietnam, Laos and Kampuchea.

QMRThe Four Palaces (Tứ Phủ) are where “spirits of the Four Palaces” (thánh Tứ Phủ) reside in Vietnamese indigenous religion.[1][2][3] The colour of the clothes of mediums reflects the token colour of each of the four spirits of which they are possessed.[4] Trần Triều (literally "Trần dynasty"), the spirit of Saint Trần altars associated with Trần Hưng Đạo Supreme Commander of Đại Việt during the Trần Dynasty is distinguished from the spirits of the four palaces.[5][6][7] The chair of the four spirits is found in many temples in Vietnam. The four palaces are: Thiên phủ (Heavens Palace) ruled by mẫu Thượng Thiên (goddess of the upper sky) Nhạc phủ (Forest Palace) ruled by mẫu Thượng Ngàn (goddess of the highlands), also known as Lâm Cung Thánh Mẫu (林宮聖母) Thuỷ phủ (Water Palace) ruled by mẫu Thoải (Mother Water), also known as Thủy cung Thánh Mẫu (水宮聖母). Địa phủ (Earth Palace) ruled by mẫu Địa Phủ, also known as Lục cung thánh mẫu

QMRVietnamese personal names are usually three syllables long, but may also be two or four syllables. The first syllable is the family name or surname. Because certain family names, notably Nguyen, are extremely common, they cannot be used to distinguish among individuals in the manner customary in English. Do not shorten two-syllable names, i.e. Lê Duẩn is always Lê Duẩn. For three-syllable names, use the final syllable as a short form to refer to the subject after the first reference. Thus Ngô Bảo Châu is shortened to "Châu". For four-syllable names, use the last two syllables as the short form. Thus Nguyễn Thị Minh Khai is "Minh Khai". It should be noted that "Hồ Chí Minh" is exception to these rules since this is a pseudonym with a strongly literal meaning. Chí Minh means "he who enlightens," so these two syllables are not divided. An explanatory header, {{Vietnamese name}}, may be used if clarification is considered necessary.

QMRThe Áo Tứ Thân or "four-part dress" is one such example of an ancient dress widely worn by commoner women, along with the Áo yếm bodice which accompanied it. Peasants across the country also gradually came to wear silk pajama-like costumes, known as "Áo cánh" in the north and Áo bà ba in the south.

QMRThe áo tứ thân or “4-part dress” is one of several traditional Vietnamese costumes. It is related to the áo ngũ thân which translates as "5-part dress."[1]

QMRIsan's total population as of 2010 was 21,305,000. Forty percent of the population is concentrated in the provinces of Khorat, Ubon Ratchathani, Udon Thani, and Khon Kaen, known as "big four of Isan". These provinces surround the four major cities of the same names. As of 2010, their populations were: Khorat 142,169; Udon Thani 137,979; Khon Kaen 113,828; and Ubon Ratchathani 83,148. However, as of 2010 only 50% of the region's population lived in municipal areas. Kalasin was the most urbanised province (with almost 100% in municipal areas), and Roi Et the least (2.8%). Thus, the population is still largely rural, but concentrated around the urban centres.

QMR4bia or Phobia (Thai: สี่แพร่ง; rtgs: Si Phraeng; literally "Crossroads") is a 2008 Thai horror film in four parts, directed by Youngyooth Thongkonthun, Banjong Pisanthanakun, Parkpoom Wongpoom, and Paween Purijitpanya. Plot[edit] Loneliness (Thai title - เหงา, Ngao; directed by Youngyooth Thongkonthun) Pin, a young woman stuck in her apartment due to the cast on her leg, communicates with the outside world via cell phone and text messages. She complains to her boyfriend, Puak, who went on a camping trip in Chiang Mai, that she feels so lonely. Every night, Pin exchanges text messages with a stranger, who asks to befriend her and seems friendly enough. The stranger says that he is in somewhere "cramped" for 100 days and is oddly only able to be contacted at night. After sending the mysterious stranger her photo, Pin asks for one in return and is sent the same photo. When she questions him, he says he is in the picture next to her. A ghostly face is slightly visible next to Pin's smiling face. As she researches recent deaths, Pin discovers that the son of Princess Sophia of Virnistan died and was buried with a cellphone so he can communicate with Princess Sophia—his mother, or to connect to someone else whenever he feels lonely. Pin then gets a text from the stranger, saying that he will come to her place now. All of the lights begin to go out and Pin cries in fear. She is then assaulted by the ghost and is thrown out of the window to her death. A scene from the past shows the prince receiving a text message from his girlfriend ending the relationship which makes him walk in front of a taxi cab causing an accident, the same accident that was the cause of Pin's broken leg as she was inside the cab. Deadly Charm (Thai title - ยันต์สั่งตาย, Yan Sang Tai; directed by Paween Purikitpanya) A nerdy student named Ngid sees his school friends take some drugs, and he is beaten to death. One of the gang's member, Pink, is worried but fails to stop her friends from bullying Ngid. Unfortunately, when he is beaten, he curses his friends on a deadly charm, which requires a photo of a person died with his/her eyes open. Things get worse when everything keeps moving by itself when ordered by Ngid's soul, and one by one the drug addicts start dying. Even though Pink did not beat him, Ngid's soul decides not to spare her too because she had seen it all yet had not do anything to help him. In the end, a police officer comes by to warn her not to go outside, and is shocked to see Pink laughing after having gouged her own eyes; because the curse requires the victim to see Ngid, he cannot harm her anymore now that she has gotten rid of her ability to see. It is revealed that the person in the photo Ngid used to practice the charm is Pin, the disabled young woman in the first story who died with her eyes open. The Man In The Middle (Thai title - คนกลาง, Khon Klang; directed by Banjong Pisanthanakun) Four rafting-lovers, Aey, Ter, Shin, and Phuak are rafting in a lonely jungle in Chiang Mai. At night in the camp, Aey tells his friends that if he dies, the person who sleep in the middle will be the next to die with him. The next day, when they are swimming in the river, Aey drowns and cannot be located. The rest are scared, but decide to stay and fight over who gets to sleep in the middle (they are frightened by Aey's story). That night, Aey comes back, but strange events happening afterwards make his friends suspicious. Shin then finds Aey's body. Frightened, they go running in the woods but are shocked to find their own dead bodies. It is revealed that all of them had died when the raft crumpled over, but only Aey accepted his death, while the rest continued to ignore the fact that they had died. At the end, the four become ghosts together. Flight 244 (Thai title - เที่ยวบิน 224, Thiao Bin 244; directed by Parkpoom Wongpoon) Flight attendant Pim is secretly having an affair with Prince Albert of Virnistan. One day she is ordered to go aboard an airliner on a charter flight for Princess Sophia, the wife of the Prince. Her fellow stewardess, Tui, is unable to attend the flight as her brother Ter had been found drowned in Chiang Mai. What was supposed to be an ordinary flight turns into something tragic when the princess forms an allergic reaction to Pim's lunch as it contains shrimp to which the princess is allergic to. After the royal house of Virnistan requests that her corpse be sent back immediately for cremation, Pim is required to remain on the plane and escort the body - the only passenger - for the return flight. As the Princess tries to get out of her shroud, Pim's worst nightmare begins. When the plane lands, Pim's body is found lying on the floor, under the feet of the intact enshrouded corpse of Princess Sophia.

QMrWith a total area of approximately 513,000 km2 (198,000 sq mi), Thailand is the world's 51st-largest country. It is the 20th-most-populous country in the world, with around 66 million people. The capital and largest city is Bangkok, which is Thailand's political, commercial, industrial, and cultural hub. About 75–95% of the population is ethnically Tai, which includes four major regional groups: central Thai, northeastern Thai (Khon [Lao] Isan),[2] northern Thai (Khon Mueang); and southern Thai. Thai Chinese, those of significant Chinese heritage, are 14% of the population,[5] while Thais with partial Chinese ancestry comprise up to 40% of the population.[15] Thai Malays represent 3% of the population, with the remainder consisting of Mons, Khmers and various "hill tribes". The country's official language is Thai and the primary religion is Theravada Buddhism, which is practised by around 95% of the population.

QMRBy 1000 BC the inhabitants of the archipelago had developed into four kinds of social groups: hunter-gatherer tribes, warrior societies, highland plutocracies, and maritime harbor principalities

QMRMyanmar is home to four major language families: Sino-Tibetan, Tai–Kadai, Austro-Asiatic, and Indo-European.[292] Sino-Tibetan languages are most widely spoken. They include Burmese, Karen, Kachin, Chin, and Chinese. The primary Tai–Kadai language is Shan. Mon, Palaung, and Wa are the major Austroasiatic languages spoken in Myanmar. The two major Indo-European languages are Pali, the liturgical language of Theravada Buddhism, and English.[293]

QMrWakatobi is an acronym for the four main islands of Wangi-Wangi, Kaledupa, Tomia, and Binongko that, together with smaller islands, comprise the Tukang Besi Archipelago at the southeastern tip of Sulawesi. The archipelago is renowned for the diversity of its spectacular coral gardens. Wakatobi’s 3.4 million acres of islands and waters were declared a national park in 1996. The ethnically diverse human population strives to make the area a learning laboratory in areas such as fisheries and agriculture.

QMrSiberut is the largest in the chain of four Mentawai Islands situated off the west coast of Sumatra. It has been isolated from the Sumatra mainland and the Sunda shelf for at least 500,000 years, resulting in an exceptionally high degree of endemism. 65% of the animals are though to be endemic. Lowland dipterocarp rain forest is the principal ecosystem.

QMRLocated in Bagan Historic city, Myazedi quadrilingual stone inscription is the oldest Myanmar Language inscription documenting the Myanmar history, religion and culture in 12th century A.D. The document is an inscription in four languages, Pyu, Mon, Myanmar and Pali, on each of the four sides.

QMrThe four tugging rituals and games are Lbaoz~ Teanh Pro (Cambodia), Punnuk (Philippines), GamnaeGe-juldarigi (South Korea), and Tro chui va Nglzi ti keo eo (Vietnam). Tugging rituals and games in the rice-farming cultures of East Asia and Southeast Asia are enacted among communities to ensure abundant harvests and prosperity. They promote social solidarity, provide entertainment and mark the start of a new agricultural cycle. Many tugging rituals and games also have profound religious significance. Most variations include two teams, each of which pulls one end of a rope attempting to tug it from the other. The intentionally uncompetitive nature of the event removes the emphasis on winning or losing, affirming that these traditions are performed to promote the well-being of the community, and reminding members of the importance of cooperation. Many tugging games bear the traces of agricultural rituals, symbolizing the strength of natural forces, such as the sun and rain while also incorporating mythological elements or purification rites. Tugging rituals and games are often organized in front of a village’s communal house or shrine, preceded by commemorative rites to local protective deities. Village elders play active roles in leading and organizing younger people in playing the game and holding accompanying rituals. Tugging rituals and games also serve to strengthen unity and solidarity and sense of belonging and identity among community members.

QMRIn the provinces of Bắc Ninh and Bắc Giang in northern Viet Nam, many of the villages are twinned, reinforcing their relationship through social customs such as Quan họ Bắc Ninh folk songs. The songs are performed as alternating verses between two women from one village who sing in harmony, and two men from another village who respond with similar melodies, but with different lyrics. The women traditionally wear distinctive large round hats and scarves; the men’s costumes include turbans, umbrellas and tunics. The more than 400 song lyrics, sung with 213 different melody variations, express people’s emotional states of longing and sadness upon separation, and the happiness of the meeting of lovers, but custom forbids marrying a singing partner. Quan họ singing is common at rituals, festivals, competitions and informal gatherings, where guests will perform a variety of verses for their hosts before singing farewell. Younger musicians of both sexes may practice the four singing techniques – restrained, resonant, ringing and staccato – at parties organized around singing. Quan họ songs express the spirit, philosophy and local identity of the communities in this region, and help forge social bonds within and between villages that share a cherished cultural practice.

QMRIn the provinces of Bắc Ninh and Bắc Giang in northern Viet Nam, many of the villages are twinned, reinforcing their relationship through social customs such as Quan họ Bắc Ninh folk songs. The songs are performed as alternating verses between two women from one village who sing in harmony, and two men from another village who respond with similar melodies, but with different lyrics. The women traditionally wear distinctive large round hats and scarves; the men’s costumes include turbans, umbrellas and tunics. The more than 400 song lyrics, sung with 213 different melody variations, express people’s emotional states of longing and sadness upon separation, and the happiness of the meeting of lovers, but custom forbids marrying a singing partner. Quan họ singing is common at rituals, festivals, competitions and informal gatherings, where guests will perform a variety of verses for their hosts before singing farewell. Younger musicians of both sexes may practice the four singing techniques – restrained, resonant, ringing and staccato – at parties organized around singing. Quan họ songs express the spirit, philosophy and local identity of the communities in this region, and help forge social bonds within and between villages that share a cherished cultural practice.

QMrThe Miagao Church also known as the Sto. Tomas de Villanueva Parish Church is a Roman catholic church located in Miagao, Iloilo, Philippines. It was also called the Miagao Fortress Church since it served as defensive tower of the town against Muslim raids. The church was declared as a UNESCO World Heritage Site on December 11, 1993 together with San Agustin Church in Manila; Nuestra Señora de la Asuncion Church in Santa Maria, Ilocos Sur; and San Agustin Church in Paoay, Ilocos Norte under the collective title Baroque Churches of the Philippines, a collection of four Baroque Spanish-era churches.[1]

QMrIxkun is a large site containing many unrestored mounds and ruins and is the best known archaeological site within the municipality of Dolores.[13] It was the capital of one of the four largest kingdoms in the upper Mopan Valley.[14] Stela 1 at Ixkun is one of the tallest stone monuments in the entire Petén Basin.[15] Although the main period of activity was during the Late Classic Period, the site was occupied from the Late Preclassic right through to the Postclassic Period.

Four periods of Alamgirpur respectively belonged to (I) Harappan, (II) Painted Grey Ware (III) Early historical and (IV) Late Medieval Period.[2]

On excavation, the site showed four cultural periods with interevning breaks; the earliest of them represented by a thickness of 6 feet, belonged to Harappan Culture. Although kiln burnt bricks were in evidence, no structure of this period was found, probably due to the limited nature of the excavations. Brick sizes were, 11.25 to 11.75 in. in length,5.25 to 6.25 in. in breadth and 2.5 to 2.75 in.in thickness; larger bricks averaged 14 in. x 8 in.x 4 in. which were used in furnace only.[2]

QMRAlbion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America is a 1989 book by David Hackett Fischer that details the folkways of four groups of people that moved from distinct regions of England (Albion) to the United States. The argument is that the culture of each of the groups persisted and that these cultures provide the basis for the modern United States.[1] Fischer explains "the origins and stabilityof a social system which for two centuries has remained stubbornly democratic in its politics, capitalist in its economy, libertarian in its laws and individualist in its society and pluralistic in its culture"[2] Fischer describes Albion's Seed as a modified Teutonic germ theory within the framework of the Frontier Thesis and the migration model. Contents [hide] 1 Four folkways 1.1 Origins 1.2 Key characteristics 2 References 3 See also 4 External links Four folkways[edit] The four migrations are discussed in the four main chapters of the book: East Anglia to Massachusetts The Exodus of the English Puritans (Pilgrims influenced the Northeastern United States' corporate and educational culture)[3] The South of England to Virginia Distressed Cavaliers and Indentured Servants (Gentry influenced the Southern United States' plantation culture)[4] North Midlands to the Delaware The Friends' Migration (Quakers influenced the Middle Atlantic and Midwestern United States' industrial culture)[5] Borderlands to the Backcountry The Flight from North Britain (Scotch-Irish, or border English, influenced the Western United States' ranch culture and the Southern United States' common agrarian culture)[6] Fischer includes satellite peoples such as Welsh, Scots, Irish, Dutch, French, Germans, Italians and a treatise on Black slaves in South Carolina. Fischer covers voting patterns and dialects of speech in four regions which span from their Atlantic colonial base to the Pacific. Fischer remarks on his own connective feelings between the Chesapeake and Southern England in Albion's Seed, but attempts to flesh that out in Bound Away: Virginia and the Westward Movement—a corollary of his work in this book.[7] Origins[edit] Fischer states that the book's purpose is to examine the complex cultural processes at work within the four folkways during the time period. Albion's Seed argues that: "The legacy of four British folkways in early America remains the most powerful determinant of a voluntary society in the United States." The term 'folkways' was originally conceived of by William Graham Sumner, a 19th-century American sociologist. Sumner’s treatise Folkways: A Study of the Sociological Importance of Usages, Manners, Customs, Mores, and Morals posits that: "The folkways are habits of the individual and customs of the society which arise from efforts to satisfy needs; they are intertwined with goblinism and demonism and primitive notions of luck (sec. 6), and so they win traditional authority. Then they become regulative for succeeding generations and take on the character of a social force. They arise no one knows whence or how. They grow as if by the play of internal life energy. They can be modified, but only to a limited extent, by the purposeful efforts of men. In time they lose power, decline, and die, or are transformed. While they are in vigor they very largely control individual and social undertakings, and they produce and nourish ideas of world philosophy and life policy. Yet they are not organic or material. They belong to a superorganic system of relations, conventions, and institutional arrangements."[8]

Like I said I already posted the stuff below before. But since my computer got reset I can't tell what I posted before so now I'm mainly just looking at stuff associated with different countries in the world because I know I didn't put that stuff in my books yet but now it's going to be more difficult for me to know what I've already posted

QMRIn 2003, a group of sociologists examined the gender and suicide gap by considering how cultural factors impacted suicide rates. The four cultural factors; power-difference, individualism, uncertainty avoidance, and masculinity, were measured for 66 countries using data from the World Health Organization.[14] Cultural beliefs regarding individualism were most closely tied to the gender gap; countries that placed a higher value on individualism showed higher rates of male suicide. Power-difference, defined as the social separation of people based on finances or status, was negatively correlated with suicide. However, countries with high levels of power-difference had higher rates of female suicide.[14] The study ultimately found that stabilizing cultural factors had a stronger effect on suicide rates for women than men.[14]

QMRThe social aspects of the philosophy are hierarchical with a focus on filial piety. This created a Confucian social stratification in Edo society that previously had not existed, dividing Japanese society into four main classes: samurai, farmers, artisans and merchants.[47] The samurai were especially avid readers and teachers of Confucian thought in Japan, establishing many Confucian academies.

QMrWeaver identified four traditional Southern characteristics: "a feudal theory of society, a code of chivalry, the ancient concept of the gentleman, and a noncreedal faith".[18] According to him, the Southern feudal system was centered on the legitimate pride a family line derived from linking its name to a piece of land.[19] For Weaver, land ownership gave the individual a much needed "stability, responsibility, dignity, and sentiment".[20]

QMRRichard M. Weaver was a rhetorical and cultural critic well known for his contributions to the new conservatism. He focused on the ethical implications of rhetoric and his ideas can be seen in "Language is Sermonic" and "The Ethics of Rhetoric." According to Weaver there are four types of argument, and through the argument a person habitually uses the critic can see the rhetorician's worldview. Those who prefer the argument from genus or definition are idealists. Those who argue from similitude see the connectedness between things and are used by poets and religious individuals. The argument from consequence sees a cause and effect relationship. Finally the argument from circumstance considers the particulars of a situation and is an argument preferred by liberals.

QMrThe concept of a "cult" as a sociological classification was introduced in 1932 by American sociologist Howard P. Becker as an expansion of German theologian Ernst Troeltsch's church-sect typology. Troeltsch's aim was to distinguish between three main types of religious behavior: churchly, sectarian and mystical. Becker created four categories out of Troeltsch's first two by splitting church into "ecclesia" and "denomination", and sect into "sect" and "cult".

QMRAll remained relatively quiet until suddenly four very loud stun grenades went off in four places at around 17:09 local time. One of the explosions knocked a letter off of the Hypercacher logo sign. Heavily armed police marched towards the scene whilst backup came to the scene. They surrounded the shop, with Coulibaly firing shots in the air. Someone had opened the shutters and automatic sliding doors to the supermarket. This led to police storming the grocery store, shooting and killing Coulibaly, who fired shots back at police and then charged at the entrance to attack police. As he jumped, police opened fire and killed him. At least four explosions were heard, all of which stun grenades that police threw. Hostages were seen running out, one of them had a child in his arms, as ambulances swarmed the area.[28][29] Fifteen hostages were rescued.[30] Several people, including two police officers, were wounded during the incident.[31] French President François Hollande and a prosecutor later confirmed that four people had been killed by Coulibaly as he took the hostages before the siege began.[32][33] Explosives tied to a detonator were later found around the store.[29] Bathily provided information about the store to assist police.[34]

QMRAs Ionians, the Athenians had always been divided into four tribes

QMRAnthesteria or the Anthesteria (Greek: Ἀνθεστήρια, Anthestḗria) was one of the four Athenian festivals in honor of Dionysus. It was held each year from the 11th to the 13th of the month of Anthesterion,[n 1] around the time of the January or February full moon.[n 2] The three days of the feast were called Pithoigia, Choës, and Chytroi.

QMRThe Anthesteria, one of the four Athenian festivals in honour of Dionysus (collectively the Dionysia), was held annually for three days, the eleventh to thirteenth of the month of Anthesterion (the January/February full moon);[1] it was preceded by the Lenaia.[2] At the centre of this wine-drinking festival was the celebration of the maturing of the wine stored at the previous vintage, whose pithoi were now ceremoniously opened, and the beginning of spring. Athenians of the Classical age were aware that the festival was of great antiquity; Walter Burkert points out that the mythic reflection of this is the Attic founder-king Theseus' release of Ariadne to Dionysus,[3] but this is no longer considered a dependable sign that the festival had been celebrated in the Minoan period. Since the festival was celebrated by Athens and all the Ionian cities, it is assumed that it must have preceded the Ionian migration of the late eleventh or early tenth century BCE.

QMrKryptos is a sculpture by the American artist Jim Sanborn that is located on the grounds of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) in Langley, Virginia. Since its dedication on November 3, 1990, there has been much speculation about the meaning of the encrypted messages it bears. Of the four messages, three have been solved, while the fourth remains as one of the most famous unsolved codes in the world. The sculpture continues to be of interest to cryptanalysts, both amateur and professional, who are attempting to decipher the final section. The sculptor has given two clues to this section. The fourth is always different

QMrTraditionally philosophy has been broken into four main branchesEpistemology[edit] A Wikibookian has nominated this page for cleanup. You can help make it better. Please review any relevant discussion. Epistemology, or the Introduction to the Five Branches of Philosophy Philosophy can be divided into five branches which address the following questions: Metaphysics Study of Existence What's out there? Epistemology Study of Knowledge How do I know about it? Ethics Study of Action What should I do? Politics Study of Force What actions are permissible? Esthetics Study of Art What can life be like? There is a hierarchical relationship between these branches as can be seen in the Concept Chart. At the root is Metaphysics, the study of existence and the nature of existence. Closely related is Epistemology, the study of knowledge and how we know about reality and existence. Dependent on Epistemology is Ethics, the study of how man should act. Ethics is dependent on Epistemology because it is impossible to make choices without knowledge. A subset of Ethics is Politics: the study of how men should interact in a proper society and what constitutes proper. Esthetics, the study of art and sense of life is slightly separate, but depends on Metaphysics, Epistemology, and Ethics. e theory of knowledge, from the Greek words episteme (knowledge) and logos (word/speech) is the branch of philosophy that deals with the nature, origin, scope and possibility of knowledge. Metaphysics[edit] Metaphysics however (derived from the Greek words "ta meta ta physika biblia") - meaning 'the book that follows the physics book'. It was the way students referred to a specific book in the works of Aristotle, and it was a book on First Philosophy. (The assumption that the word means "beyond physics" is misleading) Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy concerned with the study of "first principles" and "being" (ontology). In other words, Metaphysics is the study of the most general aspects of reality, pertaining to subjects such as substance, identity, the nature of the mind, and free will.In other way is a study of nature and the nature of the world in which man lives Logic[edit] Logic (from Classical Greek λόγος (logos), originally meaning the word, or what is spoken, but coming to mean thought or reason) is most often said to be the study of arguments. Logic is the study of correct reasoning. However, the subject is grounded, the task of the logician is the same: to advance an account of valid and fallacious inference to allow one to distinguish Ethics[edit] Ethics is a general term for what is often described as the "science (study) of morality". In philosophy, ethical behaviour is that which is "good" or "right." The Western tradition of ethics is sometimes called moral philosophy.

QMRPractical Action (previously known as the Intermediate Technology Development Group, ITDG) is a development charity registered in the United Kingdom[1] which works directly in four regions of the developing world – Latin America, East Africa, Southern Africa and South Asia, with particular concentration on Peru, Bolivia, Kenya, Sudan, Zimbabwe, Bangladesh and Nepal.