Quadrant Model of Reality Book 32 Philosophy

Philosophy Chapter

QMrWestern philosophy has a long history, conventionally divided into four large eras - the Ancient, Medieval, Modern, and Contemporary. The Ancient era runs through the fall of Rome and includes the Greek philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle. The Medieval period runs until roughly the late 15th century and the Renaissance. The "Modern" is a word with more varied use, which includes everything from Post-Medieval through the specific period up to the 20th century. Contemporary philosophy encompasses the philosophical developments of the 20th century up to the present day.

QMrImmanuel Kant's Antinomies, from the Critique of Pure Reason, are contradictions which he believed follow necessarily from our attempts to conceive the nature of transcendent reality. Kant thought that certain of his Antinomies (God and Freedom) could be resolved as "Postulates of Practical Reason". He used them to describe the equally rational-but-contradictory results of applying the universe of pure thought to the categories or criteria, i.e. applying reason proper to the universe of sensible perception or experience (phenomena). Empirical reason cannot here play the role of establishing rational truths because it goes beyond possible experience and is applied to the sphere of that which transcends it. These antinomies are four: two "mathematical" and two "dynamical". They are connected with (1) the limitation of the universe in respect of space and time, (2) the theory that the whole consists of indivisible atoms (whereas, in fact, none such exist), (3) the problem of free will in relation to universal causality, and (4) the existence of a necessary being.[1]

QMrLife in Pieces is an American sitcom television series created by Justin Adler. CBS ordered the series on May 8, 2015.[1] The show debuted on September 21, 2015, and was picked up for a 22-episode full season on October 27, 2015.[2] The series chronicles the lives of three generations of the Short family as told from the point of view of each character based on their own version of events. Each episode is told as four short stories, one for each branch of the Short clan, with some connections related to the characters' events.

QMrOriole Four is a barbershop quartet that won the 1970 SPEBSQSA international competition.

QMrFour Statesmen is a Barbershop quartet that won the 1967 SPEBSQSA international competition.

QMROur Moment is the first of the four fragrances to be promoted by One Direction, with That Moment, You & I and Between Us being the other three.[6]

QMRIronclaw is a fantasy role-playing game published by Sanguine Productions, in which players take on the roles of anthropomorphic animals. The game is set in a Renaissance-inspired fictional universe on a continent called Calabria. The primary theme of the game involves four noble houses embroiled in political hostilities, with players taking the roles of citizens and adventurers.

QMR"Free Four" was the first Pink Floyd song since "See Emily Play" to attract significant airplay in the US,[6] and the second (after "Corporal Clegg" from A Saucerful of Secrets)[7] to deal with the death of Eric Fletcher Waters, Roger Waters' father.[6][8] "Childhood's End" was the last song Pink Floyd released to have lyrics written by David Gilmour, the band's guitarist, until the release of A Momentary Lapse of Reason in 1987.[citation needed] "Absolutely Curtains", the closing instrumental on the album, ends with a recording of the Mapuga tribe, as seen in the film.[5]

QMRJuly 24 Redbird, Oklahoma Carolyn Lamp 67 years old pit bulls (3) Rottweiler (1) violently killed by up to four dogs. Witnesses said she was walking down South Main Street in the small town of Redbird when the animals attacked. One man chased the dogs away, but it was too late. The dogs savaged the woman's face and ripped off all of her clothing. Witnesses said she was left unrecognizable. She died on scene.

QMRMay 9 Pack of four free-ranging dogs: Pit bulls[617] Pamela Marie Devitt 63 years The woman was walking near her home when she was attacked by a pack of dogs. DNA results later confirmed that four of the eight dogs owned by a local man had been involved in the attack.[617] Local residents reported that the area repeatedly has problems with packs of dogs running loose. The owner of the dogs was charged with second degree murder for the attack. He was also charged with assault with a deadly weapon for a previous incident in which his dogs attacked a horse and rider and he threw a stone at the rider. He also faced several charged related to a marijuana growing operation he was running.[617] The dogs had been involved in several other attacks for which the owner was cited, and he had also been cited for failing to vaccinate, license, spay, neuter or microchip the dogs.[618] He was also in violation of the legal limit in that jurisdiction of owning no more than 3 dogs. In 2006 he had had four other dogs confiscated and destroyed after they attacked emus.[619] [620][621][622][623]

QMRMay 8 4 Pit bulls or Feral dogs (Mixed breed dogs with "possible 'pit bull' influence")[610][611] Carlton Freeman 80 years Freeman, a bi-lateral amputee at the knees, was driving in his wheelchair when he was attacked by a pack of four dogs that neighbors said had been roaming the neighborhood on-and-off for months. He tried to fight the dogs, but was unable to and was pulled from his wheelchair. The incident happened on May 8, and Freeman died on May 12. The coroner says he had lacerations and bites “from his legs to the top of his head." Initial reports said that three of the dogs belonged to a woman who is Freeman's neighbor and relative.[612][613][614] The Sheriff's Office later announced that the four dogs were feral and did not belong to anyone.[615] Sheriff's reports described the dogs as "brown dogs" and Animal Control claimed that they were mixed breed "with possible 'pit bull' influence."[611] However, multiple news sources stated that they were pit bulls. Photos of three of the dogs are available.[611] One of the four dogs has not yet been found.[616]

QMRJanuary 17 Mixed-breed dog or Pit bull (4) Johnny Wilson 56 years Killed by his daughter's four dogs[426] Police said the dogs were pit bulls, while the animal care and control commissioner said they were mixed-breed dogs.[427]

QMRMay 18 Pit bull (4) Tanner Monk 7 years Killed by four of his neighbor's dogs

QMRDecember 4 Pit bull (4) Cora Lee Suehead 61 years Killed by her own four dogs[350]

QMRJuly 1 American Bulldog (2), Neapolitan Mastiff, Border Collie Boyd Fiscus 83 years Killed in his own back yard by his neighbor's four dogs (two American Bulldogs, a Neapolitan Mastiff, and a Border Collie)[268

QMRDecember 17 A pack of four dogs: German Shepherds (2) and Mongrels (2) Gene Anthony Goodman and Kenneth Goodman 5 years and 4 years When the attack happened the boys were playing in a nearby creek. The dogs were owned by a neighbor who often kept them penned up but let them loose to work on his house. They had recently been accused of killing pets in the area, but had never shown any animosity towards children, and had even played with the boys on several occasions

QMRApril 16 Pit bull (4) Roddie Dumas, Jr. 8 years Killed by his father's four dogs.[230] The father was charged with involuntary manslaughter and a federal charge of assaulting a postal worker who tried to rescue the victim.[231] He was convicted and sentenced to 20 years in federal prison after being convicted on the assault charge and related drug and weapons charges.[

QMrThe four Sennenhund breeds, the Grosser Schweizer Sennenhund (Greater Swiss Mountain Dog), the Berner Sennenhund, (Bernese Mountain Dog), the Appenzeller Sennenhund, (Appenzeller), and the Entlebucher Sennenhund (Entlebucher Mountain Dog) are similar in appearance and share the same location and history, but are tricolor rather than red and white.

QMrThrough both history and anatomical evaluation, at least four breeds appear to have been instrumental in Pointer crosses: Greyhounds, Foxhounds, Bloodhounds, and Bull Terriers.[4] Each of these were established breeds with unique qualities the Pointer could use to do its job.[4]

QMrThe American Brahman was the first beef cattle breed developed in the United States. It was bred in the early 1900s as a cross of four different Indian cattle breeds: Gyr, Gujarat, Ongole and Krishna Valley. The original American Brahman cattle originated from a nucleus of approximately 266 bulls and 22 females of several Bos taurus indicus (cattle of India) varieties imported into the United States between 1854 and 1926.

QMRThe poodle is a group of formal dog breeds, the Standard Poodle, Miniature Poodle and Toy Poodle. The Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI) recognizes four sizes of one breed: standard, medium, miniature, and toy.

QMRIn the late 19th century, native Japanese cattle were interbred with European breeds, including Brown Swiss, Shorthorn, and Devon.[citation needed] The cattle originally recognized in 1943 as "Kobe beef" were cattle from herds in the Kobe area of Japan, and could be any of four breeds of Wagyu cattle—Akaushi (Japanese Red/Brown), Kuroushi (Japanese Black), Japanese Polled, and Japanese Shorthorn.[5] Tajima is a strain of the Japanese Black, the most populous breed (around 90% of the four breeds).[6][7] Beef originally carrying the title of "Kobe beef" were simply cattle from herds in the Kobe area of Japan, and could be any of four breeds of Wagyu cattle: the Akaushi (Japanese Red), the Kuroushi (Japanese Black), the Japanese Polled and the Japanese Shorthorn.[2] Kobe Bryant was named after Kobe beef

QMRReason hypothesized that most accidents can be traced to one or more of four failure domains: organizational influences, supervision, preconditions and specific acts. Preconditions for unsafe acts include fatigued air crew or improper communications practices. Unsafe supervision encompasses for example, pairing inexperienced pilots on a night flight into known adverse weather. Organizational influences encompass such things as reduction in expenditure on pilot training in times of financial austerity.[3]

QMRJames Reason hypothesizes that most accidents can be traced to one or more of four levels of failure: Organizational influences, unsafe supervision, preconditions for unsafe acts, and the unsafe acts themselves. In this model, an organization's defences against failure are modelled as a series of barriers, with individual weaknesses in individual parts of the system, and are continually varying in size and position. The system as a whole produces failures when all individual barrier weaknesses align, permitting "a trajectory of accident opportunity", so that a hazard passes through all of the holes in all of the defenses, leading to a failure.[1][2] The model includes, in the causal sequence of human failures that leads to an accident or an error, both active failures and latent failures. The former concept of active failures encompasses the unsafe acts that can be directly linked to an accident, such as (in the case of aircraft accidents) pilot errors. The latter concept of latent failures is particularly useful in the process of aircraft accident investigation, since it encourages the study of contributory factors in the system that may have lain dormant for a long time (days, weeks, or months) until they finally contributed to the accident. Latent failures span the first three levels of failure in Reason's model. Preconditions for unsafe acts include fatigued air crew or improper communications practices. Unsafe supervision encompasses such things as, for example, two inexperienced pilots being paired together and sent on a flight into known adverse weather at night. Organizational influences encompass such things as reduction in expenditure on pilot training in times of financial austerity.[2][3] '

QMRMacroscopic failureEdit Macroscopic material failure is defined in terms of load carrying capacity or energy storage capacity, equivalently. Li[2] presents a classification of macroscopic failure criteria in four categories: Stress or strain failure Energy type failure (S-criterion, T-criterion) Damage failure Empirical failure.

QMRThree or Four Shades of Blues is an album by Charles Mingus recorded for the Atlantic label in 1977. It features two new versions of Mingus' "standards" and three new compositions performed by large ensembles featuring Jack Walrath, Ricky Ford, George Coleman, Sonny Fortune, Jimmy Rowles, Philip Catherine, Larry Coryell, John Scofield, Ron Carter, George Mraz and Dannie Richmond. The Allmusic review by Stuart Kremsky states that the album is "Not his best work, but not without merit".[3]

QMRFour Shades of Brown (Swedish: Fyra nyanser av brunt) is a 2004 Swedish film written by the comedy group Killinggänget and directed by their member Tomas Alfredson. The film stars Robert Gustafsson, Johan Rheborg, Henrik Schyffert, Jonas Inde, Maria Kulle and Ulf Brunnberg. The film consists four interweaved stories about life tragedies, with settlements related to fatherhood as the common theme.[1] It was produced by Sveriges Television. The film won four Guldbagge Awards including Best Director and Best Actor for Gustafsson. In 2005 it was aired on television as four mid-length television films, which had been reedited with additional footage.

QMRThe Bata Shoe Museum is a footwear museum in downtown Toronto, Canada, located at Bloor St. and St George St. in the Bloor St. Culture Corridor. The museum collects, researches, preserves, and exhibits footwear from around the world. It offers four exhibitions, three of which are time-limited, lectures, performances and family events. The collection contains over 13,500 items from throughout history, as well as the present. It is the only museum in North America dedicated solely to the history of footwear.[citation needed]

QMRHorseshoes is an outdoor game played between two people (or two teams of two people) using four horseshoes and two throwing targets (stakes) set in a sandbox area. The game is played by the players alternating turns tossing horseshoes at stakes in the ground, which are traditionally placed 40 feet (12 m) apart. Modern games use a more stylized U-shaped bar, about twice the size of an actual horseshoe.

QMrHistorians have expressed differing opinions on the origin of the horseshoe.[6] Because iron was a valuable commodity, and any worn out items were generally melted down and reused, it is difficult to locate clear archaeological evidence.[7][dubious – discuss] Although some credit the Druids, there is no hard evidence to support this claim.[6] In 1897 four bronze horseshoes with what are apparently nail holes were found in an Etruscan tomb dated around 400 B.C.[8][9] The assertion by some historians that the Romans invented the "mule shoes" sometime after 100 BC is supported by a reference by Catullus who died in 54 BC.[6] However, these references to use of horseshoes and muleshoes in Rome, may have been to the "hipposandal"—leather boots, reinforced by an iron plate, rather than to nailed horseshoes.[10]

QMRGoodgame Empire is a free-to-play medieval castle-building strategy game launched in September 2010. Players build a castle and use troops to attack both computer-controlled and player enemies. Goodgame Empire is available for web browser; Empire: Four Kingdoms is available for Android and iOS.

QMRThe Four Bandits, Four Outlaws (四大寇) or the Four Desperados (清末四大寇) was a nickname given to a group of 4 young students in Hong Kong who were keen on discussing the current issues in China, and aspired to overthrow the corrupt Qing dynasty run by the Manchus. The four bandits were Yeung Hok-ling, Sun Yat-sen, Chan Siu-bak and Yau Lit.[1][2] "Yeung Yiu Kee" (楊耀記), Yeung's family shop located at 24 Gough Street in Hong Kong, used to be the meeting place of the bandits.[3] One of the Four Bandits, Sun Yat-sen later became the leader of China Revolutionary Alliance and the first Provisional President of the Republic of China. At the Dr Sun Yat-sen Museum statues were made of the exact picture taken.

QMrTo accurately map the Amazon's biomass and subsequent carbon related emissions, the classification of tree growth stages within different parts of the forest is crucial. In 2006 Tatiana Kuplich organized the trees of the Amazon into four categories: (1) mature forest, (2) regenerating forest [less than three years], (3) regenerating forest [between three and five years of regrowth], and (4) regenerating forest [eleven to eighteen years of continued development].[63] The researcher used a combination of Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and Thematic Mapper (TM) to accurately place the different portions of the Amazon into one of the four classifications.

QMRThe Barber dime is named for its designer, Charles E. Barber, who was Chief Engraver of the U.S. Mint from 1879 to 1917. The design was shared with the quarter and half-dollar of the same period. Extensive internal politics surrounded the awarding of the design job, which had initially been opened to the public. A four-member committee (which included Barber), appointed by then-Mint Director James Kimball, accorded only two of more than 300 submissions an honorable mention. Kimball's successor, Edward O. Leech, decided to dispense with the committees and public design competitions and simply instructed Barber to develop a new design. It has been speculated that this is what Barber had wanted all along.[13] The Barber dime, as with all previous dimes, featured an image of Liberty on the obverse. She is wearing a Phrygian cap, a laurel wreath with a ribbon, and a headband with the inscription "LIBERTY". This inscription is one of the key elements used in determining the condition of Barber dimes.[2] Liberty's portrait was inspired by two sources—French coins and medals of the period, as well as ancient Greek and Roman sculpture. The obverse also contains the long-used 13 stars (for the 13 colonies) design element. The reverse contained a wreath and inscription almost identical to the one used on the final design of the Seated Liberty dime.[13] Dimes were produced at all four of the mints that operated during the period. While circulated coins of the entire series are readily available to collectors there is one outstanding rarity, the 1894-S Barber Dime. Twenty-four were minted, with 9 currently known.

QMRFour Nights in Knaresborough is a play written by Paul Corcoran (now known as Paul Webb) and first performed at the Tricycle Theatre, London in 1999. It recounts the aftermath of the murder of Thomas Becket by four knights making "the worst career choice in history".[1] Despite being an historical drama, the play uses modern language, including an abundance of profanity and slang.[2] A film version of the play, scripted by Webb and titled Four Knights is to be produced by The Weinstein Company, directed by Paul McGuigan.[3][4]

QMrFour Nights with the Duke is a historical romance novel written by Eloisa James. It was published on March 31, 2015 by Avon and debuted on the New York Times bestseller list at number 6.

QMrFour Nights of a Dreamer (French: Quatre nuits d'un rêveur) is a 1971 French drama film directed by Robert Bresson and starring Isabelle Weingarten.[1] The film was entered into the 21st Berlin International Film Festival.[2]

QMrHexagonal gold pendant with double solidus of Constantine the Great, one of a set of four that date from 321 AD (British Museum)[27]

QMRFourth rail[edit] The unprotected third rail is at the right of the track and the fourth rail at the centre. The London Underground in England is one of the few networks that uses a four-rail system. The additional rail carries the electrical return that, on third rail and overhead networks, is provided by the running rails. On the London Underground, a top-contact third rail is beside the track, energized at +420v DC, and a top-contact fourth rail is located centrally between the running rails at −210v DC, which combine to provide a traction voltage of 630v DC. London Underground is now upgrading its fourth rail system to 750v DC with a positive conductor rail energised to +500v DC and a negative conductor rail energised to -250v DC. However, many older sections in tunnels are still energised to 630v DC. The same system was used for Milan's earliest underground line, Milan Metro's line 1, whose more recent lines use an overhead catenary or a third rail. The key advantage of the four-rail system is that neither running rail carries any current. This scheme was introduced because of the problems of return currents, intended to be carried by the earthed (grounded) running rail, flowing through the iron tunnel linings instead. This can cause electrolytic damage and even arcing if the tunnel segments are not electrically bonded together. The problem was exacerbated because the return current also had a tendency to flow through nearby iron pipes forming the water and gas mains. Some of these, particularly Victorian mains that predated London's underground railways, were not constructed to carry currents and had no adequate electrical bonding between pipe segments. The four-rail system solves the problem. Although the supply has an artificially created earth point, this connection is derived by using resistors which ensures that stray earth currents are kept to manageable levels. Power-only rails can be mounted on strongly insulating ceramic chairs to minimise current leak, but this is not possible for running rails which have to be seated on stronger metal chairs to carry the weight of trains. However, elastomeric rubber pads placed between the rails and chairs can now solve part of the problem by insulating the running rails from the current return should there be a leakage through the running rails. London Underground track at Ealing Common on the District line, showing the third and fourth rails beside and between the running rails On tracks that London Underground share with National Rail third-rail stock (the Bakerloo and District lines both have such sections), the centre rail is connected to the running rails, allowing both types of train to operate, at a compromise voltage of 660 V. Underground trains pass from one section to the other at speed; lineside electrical connections and resistances separate the two types of supply. These routes were originally solely electrified on the four-rail system by the LNWR before National Rail trains were rewired to their standard three-rail system to simplify rolling stock use. Fourth-rail trains occasionally operate on the National third-rail system. To do so, the centre-rail shoes are bonded to the wheels. This bonding must be removed before operating again on fourth-rail tracks, to avoid creating a short-circuit. A few lines of the Paris Métro in France operate on a four-rail power scheme because they run on rubber tyres which run on a pair of narrow roadways made of steel and, in some places, concrete. Since the tyres do not conduct the return current, the two guide rails provided outside the running 'roadways' double up as conductor rails, so at least electrically it is a four-rail scheme. One of the guide rails is bonded to the return conventional running rails situated inside the roadway so a single polarity supply is required. The trains are designed to operate from either polarity of supply, because some lines use reversing loops at one end, causing the train to be reversed during every complete journey.[8] The loop was originally provided to save the original steam locomotives having to 'run around' the rest of the train saving much time. Today, the driver does not have to change ends at termini provided with such a loop, but the time saving is not so significant as it takes almost as long to drive round the loop as it does to change ends. Many of the original loops have been lost as lines were extended.

QMrFour-tracked portions[edit] Quadruple tracked portions of track are fairly common in the subway system. This makes it unique among most metro systems in the world, as most others only have two tracks per line. Generally, these portions are a pair of express and a pair of local tracks unless otherwise noted. Trunk lines: IND Sixth Avenue Line between Broadway – Lafayette Street and 47th–50th Streets IND Eighth Avenue Line between Chambers Street – World Trade Center and 168th Street, and again at Dyckman Street (two local tracks and two tracks leading to the 207th Street Yard) IRT Lexington Avenue Line between Brooklyn Bridge – City Hall and 125th Street IRT Broadway – Seventh Avenue Line between Chambers and 96th Streets BMT Broadway Line between Canal Street and 57th Street – Seventh Avenue BMT Nassau Street Line at Chambers Street (originally a four platform station) Branch lines: Manhattan branches: 63rd Street Lines at Lexington Avenue (two levels of same-direction tracks, with each level containing one track of IND and BMT, with connections between lines on both levels) Chrystie Street Connection (one pair IND and one pair BMT) Manhattan Bridge (one pair of tracks on each of the north and south sides of the bridge) Queens branches: IND Queens Boulevard Line east of Queens Plaza IND Rockaway Line north of Jamaica Bay Archer Avenue Lines from Sutphin Boulevard and east (two levels of paired tracks: all IND on one, all BMT on the other, without connections between lines) IRT Flushing Line and BMT Astoria Line at Queensboro Plaza (two levels of same-direction tracks, with each level containing one track of IRT and BMT, with a non-revenue connection between lines on each level) Brooklyn branches: IRT Eastern Parkway Line (entire line) IND Culver Line north of Church Avenue IND Fulton Street Line between Hoyt–Schermerhorn Streets and Euclid Avenue BMT Brighton Line between Ocean Parkway and Prospect Park BMT Fourth Avenue Line north of 59th Street Manhattan Bridge (one pair of tracks on each of the north and south sides of the bridge) BMT Sea Beach Line (entire line) The Bronx has no four-tracked lines. Pocket tracks are not included.

QMRThe four terminal model[edit] Variations on the schematic electronic symbol for a transmission line. For the purposes of analysis, an electrical transmission line can be modelled as a two-port network (also called a quadrupole network), as follows: Transmission line 4 port.svg In the simplest case, the network is assumed to be linear (i.e. the complex voltage across either port is proportional to the complex current flowing into it when there are no reflections), and the two ports are assumed to be interchangeable. If the transmission line is uniform along its length, then its behaviour is largely described by a single parameter called the characteristic impedance, symbol Z0. This is the ratio of the complex voltage of a given wave to the complex current of the same wave at any point on the line. Typical values of Z0 are 50 or 75 ohms for a coaxial cable, about 100 ohms for a twisted pair of wires, and about 300 ohms for a common type of untwisted pair used in radio transmission. When sending power down a transmission line, it is usually desirable that as much power as possible will be absorbed by the load and as little as possible will be reflected back to the source. This can be ensured by making the load impedance equal to Z0, in which case the transmission line is said to be matched. A transmission line is drawn as two black wires. At a distance x into the line, there is current I(x) travelling through each wire, and there is a voltage difference V(x) between the wires. If the current and voltage come from a single wave (with no reflection), then V(x) / I(x) = Z0, where Z0 is the characteristic impedance of the line. Some of the power that is fed into a transmission line is lost because of its resistance. This effect is called ohmic or resistive loss (see ohmic heating). At high frequencies, another effect called dielectric loss becomes significant, adding to the losses caused by resistance. Dielectric loss is caused when the insulating material inside the transmission line absorbs energy from the alternating electric field and converts it to heat (see dielectric heating). The transmission line is modelled with a resistance (R) and inductance (L) in series with a capacitance (C) and conductance (G) in parallel. The resistance and conductance contribute to the loss in a transmission line. The total loss of power in a transmission line is often specified in decibels per metre (dB/m), and usually depends on the frequency of the signal. The manufacturer often supplies a chart showing the loss in dB/m at a range of frequencies. A loss of 3 dB corresponds approximately to a halving of the power. High-frequency transmission lines can be defined as those designed to carry electromagnetic waves whose wavelengths are shorter than or comparable to the length of the line. Under these conditions, the approximations useful for calculations at lower frequencies are no longer accurate. This often occurs with radio, microwave and optical signals, metal mesh optical filters, and with the signals found in high-speed digital circuits. Telegrapher's equations[edit] Main article: Telegrapher's equations See also: Reflections on copper lines The telegrapher's equations (or just telegraph equations) are a pair of linear differential equations which describe the voltage and current on an electrical transmission line with distance and time. They were developed by Oliver Heaviside who created the transmission line model, and are based on Maxwell's Equations. Schematic representation of the elementary component of a transmission line. The transmission line model represents the transmission line as an infinite series of two-port elementary components, each representing an infinitesimally short segment of the transmission line: The distributed resistance R of the conductors is represented by a series resistor (expressed in ohms per unit length). The distributed inductance L (due to the magnetic field around the wires, self-inductance, etc.) is represented by a series inductor (henries per unit length). The capacitance C between the two conductors is represented by a shunt capacitor C (farads per unit length). The conductance G of the dielectric material separating the two conductors is represented by a shunt resistor between the signal wire and the return wire (siemens per unit length).

QMrIn dimensions greater than four, the phase transition of the Ising model is described by mean field theory.

QMRIn geometry, the square tiling, square tessellation or square grid is a regular tiling of the Euclidean plane. It has Schläfli symbol of {4,4}, meaning it has 4 squares around every vertex. Conway calls it a quadrille. The internal angle of the square is 90 degrees so four squares at a point make a full 360 degrees. It is one of three regular tilings of the plane. The other two are the triangular tiling and the hexagonal tiling. It is quadrants

QMR"Three on the Tree" vs "Four on the Floor"[edit] During the period when U.S. cars usually had only three forward speeds and the steering column was the most common shifter location, this layout was sometimes called "three on the tree." In contrast European cars and performance cars mostly used a four-speed transmission with floor-mounted shifters. This layout was then referred to as "four on the floor". Most FR (front-engined, rear-wheel drive) cars have a transmission that sits between the driver and the front passenger seat. Floor-mounted shifters are often connected directly to the transmission. FF (front-engined, front-wheel drive) cars, RR (rear-engined, rear-wheel drive) cars and front-engined cars with rear-mounted gearboxes often require a mechanical linkage to connect the shifter to the transmission.

QMrConan Doyle wrote four novels and fifty-six short stories featuring Holmes, and all but four stories are narrated by Holmes's friend, assistant, and biographer, Dr. John H. Watson.

QMRNational Book Awards are currently given to one book (author) annually in each of four categories: fiction, nonfiction, poetry, and young people's literature. There have been awards in many other categories but they have been retired or subsumed in the current four. The National Book Foundation also presents two lifetime achievement awards each year: the "Medal for Distinguished Contribution to American Letters" and the "Literarian Award for Outstanding Service to the American Literary Community".[9] Only publishers nominate books for the NBAs but panelists may request particular nominations from publishers. Each panel comprises five "writers who are known to be doing great work in their genre or field"[10] and publicity emphasizes awards "by writers to writers" in contrast to the 1980 to 1987 American Book Awards.[9] Each panel considers hundreds of books each year in each of the four categories. Beginning with 2013, the Foundation announced a "longlist" of 10 titles in each of the four categories in September (40 titles), followed by a "finalist" list of 5 titles in October (20 titles), and then the winners in November (4 titles).[11] Previous to 2013, there was no longlist and only five finalists per category were announced in October. Panel chairs announce the winners and present the awards at the "National Book Awards Ceremony and Dinner" held in New York City each November. All finalists get $1,000, a medal, and a citation written by the panel; winners gets $10,000 and a bronze sculpture.[12]

QMRCommunity-supported agriculture farms in the United States today share three common characteristics: an emphasis on community and/or local produce, share or subscriptions sold prior to season, and weekly deliveries to members/subscribers. Though CSA operation varies from farm to farm and has evolved over time, these three characteristics have remained constant.[12] The functioning of a CSA also relies on four practical arrangements: for farmers to know the needs of a community, for consumers to have the opportunity to express to farmers what their needs and financial limitations are, for commitments between farmers and consumers to be consciously established, and for farmers needs to be recognized.[13] From this base, four main types of CSAs have been developed: Farmer managed: A farmer sets up and maintains a CSA, recruits subscribers, and controls management of the CSA. Shareholder/subscriber: Local residents set up a CSA and hire a farmer to grow crops, shareholders/subscribers control most management. Farmer cooperative: Multiple farmers develop a CSA program Farmer-shareholder cooperative: Farmers and local residents set up and cooperatively manage a CSA.[14]

QMRJacobson-Truax is common method of calculating clinical significance. It involves calculating a Reliability Change Index (RCI).[10] The RCI equals the difference between a participant’s pre-test and post-test scores, divided by the standard error of the difference. Cutoff scores are established for placing participants into one of four categories: recovered, improved, unchanged, or deteriorated, depending on the directionality of the RCI and whether the cutoff score was met.

QMRDescription[edit] The Visible Ops Handbook outlines how successful technology companies like Etsy, Netflix, Facebook, Amazon.com, Twitter and Google transformed their ITIL practices to implement effective change control.[2][3] The book presents four steps to reduce the amount of unplanned change, eliminate firefighting, increase system uptime, and decrease the amount of time it takes to repaira system. It also provides a method for documenting and routing system changes to ferret out potential problems with a change before the change is implemented in the organization’s systems.[4] The Visible Ops Handbook is now considered an IT "cult classic" by the industry.[4][5] Four Phases of ITIL[edit] The Visible Ops Handbook is the result of more than three years of study high-performing IT operations.[6] The handbook outlines how to replicate these high-performing organizations in four phases. They are: Stabilize Patient, Modify First Response Catch and Release, Find Fragile Artifacts Establish Repeatable Build Library Enable Continuous Improvement[7]

QMrQR code (abbreviated from Quick Response Code) is the trademark for a type of matrix barcode (or two-dimensional barcode) first designed for the automotive industry in Japan. A barcode is a machine-readable optical label that contains information about the item to which it is attached. A QR code uses four standardized encoding modes (numeric, alphanumeric, byte/binary, and kanji) to efficiently store data; extensions may also be used.[1]

QMRThe Intelligent Mail barcode is a height-modulated barcode that encodes up to 31 decimal digits of mail-piece data into 65 vertical bars.[1] The code is made up of four distinct symbols, which is why it was once referred to as the 4-State Customer Barcode. Each bar contains the central "tracker" portion, and may contain an ascender, descender, neither, or both (a "full bar").

QMRAn envelope is a common packaging item, usually made of thin flat material. It is designed to contain a flat object, such as a letter or card. Traditional envelopes are made from sheets of paper cut to one of three shapes: a rhombus, a short-arm cross, or a kite. These shapes allow for the creation of the envelope structure by folding the sheet sides around a central rectangular area. In this manner, a rectangle-faced enclosure is formed with an arrangement of four flaps on the reverse side.

QMrPatents related to tandem bicycles date from the late 1890s.[1] In approximately 1898, Mikael Pedersen developed a two-rider tandem version of his Pedersen bicycle that weighed 24 pounds, and a four-rider, or "quad", that weighed 64 pounds.[2] They were also used in the Second Anglo-Boer War. Tandem popularity began to decline after WWII until a revival started in the late sixties. In the UK The Tandem Club was founded in 1971, new tandems came on to the market from the French companies Lejeune and Gitane, and in the USA Bill McReady founded Santana Cycles in 1976.[3] Modern technology has improved component and frame designs, and many tandems are as well-built as modern high-end road and off-road bikes.

QMRThe Jeffery Quad, also known as the Nash Quad or Quad is a four-wheel drive truck that was developed and built by the Thomas B. Jeffery Company from 1913 in Kenosha, Wisconsin and after 1916 by Nash Motors, which acquired the Jeffery Company. Production of the Quad continued unchanged through 1928.

QMRIn the United Kingdom, a round-robin tournament is often called an American tournament in sports such as tennis or billiards which usually have knockout tournaments.[5][6][7] In Italian it is called girone all'italiana (literally "Italian-style circuit"). In Serbian it is called the Berger system (Бергеров систем, Bergerov sistem), after chess player Johann Berger. A round-robin tournament with four players is sometimes called "quad" or "foursome".[8]

QMrThe Quad Cities[1][2][3] is a region of four counties in northwest Illinois and Southeastern Iowa.[4] The urban core consists of five principal cities: Davenport and Bettendorf in Iowa, and Rock Island, Moline, and East Moline in Illinois. These cities are the center of the Quad Cities Metropolitan Area, which, as of 2013, had a population estimate of 383,781 and a CSA (Combined Statistical Area) population of 474,937, making it the 90th largest CSA in the nation.[5][6][7]

QMrJohn Callahan's Quads! is a Canada-Australia co-production cartoon, based upon work of John Callahan. The show aired on Canada's Teletoon, on Australia's SBS, and in Latin America on Adult Swim. It is noted for being one of the first shows animated completely using Macromedia Flash software.

It consists of four actors dressed in robes, hunched and silently walking around and diagonally across a square stage in fixed patterns, alternately entering and exiting. Each actor wears a distinct colored robe (white, red, blue, yellow), and is accompanied by a distinct percussion instrument (leitmotif). The actors walk in sync (except when entering or exiting), always on one of four rotationally symmetric paths (e.g., when one actor is at a corner, so are all others; when one actor crosses the stage, all do so together, etc.), and never touch – when walking around the stage, they move in the same direction, while when crossing the stage diagonally, where they would touch in the middle, they avoid the center area (walking around it, always clockwise or always anti-clockwise, depending on the production).[3] In the original production, the play was first performed once, and then, after a pause, an abbreviated version is performed a second time, this time in black and white and without musical accompaniment. These are distinguished as Quad I and Quad II, though Quad II does not appear in print.

QMRQuad is a television play by Samuel Beckett, written and first produced and broadcast in 1981. It first appeared in print in 1984 (Faber and Faber) where the work is described as "[a] piece for four players, light and percussion"[1] and has also been called a "ballet for four people."[2]

QMRRabia sign (/ˈrɑːbiə, ˈræ-/; sometimes stylized as R4BIA), Rabaa (/ˈrɑːbɑː, ˈræ-/) or, less commonly, Rab3a, is a hand gesture and a sign that first appeared in late August 2013 in social media and protest marches in Egypt. It is used by the Muslim Brotherhood and its supporters in Egypt in the wake of the overthrow of Mohamed Morsi, which occurred after anti-government protests calling for his removal.[1]On July 9th, 2014, a Brotherhood-affiliated organization declared August 14th, the day when the sit-ins were dispersed, "World Rabia Day," in an attempt to garner support across numerous countries.[2] It is four fingers

QMRThere are five digits attached to the hand. The four fingers can be folded over the palm which allows the grasping of objects. Each finger, starting with the one closest to the thumb, has a colloquial name to distinguish it from the others: index finger, pointer finger, forefinger or 2nd digit middle finger or long finger or 3rd digit ring finger or 4th digit little finger, pinky finger, small finger or 5th digit The thumb (connected to the trapezium) is located on one of the sides, parallel to the arm. A reliable way of identifying human hands is from the presence of opposable thumbs. Opposable thumbs are identified by the ability to be brought opposite to the fingers, a muscle action known as opposition.

QMRA chest (also called coffer or kist) is a form of furniture typically of a rectangular structure with four walls and a liftable lid, for storage. The interior space may be subdivided. The early uses of an antique chest or coffer included storage of fine cloth, weapons, foods and valuable items.

QMRA cabriole leg is one of (usually) four vertical supports of a piece of furniture shaped in two curves; the upper arc is convex, while lower is concave; the upper curve always bows outward, while the lower curve bows inward; with the axes of the two curves in the same plane. This design was used by the ancient Chinese and Greeks, but emerged in Europe in the very early 18th century, when it wasincorporated into the more curvilinear styles produced in France, England and Holland.[1] Cabriole legged table Herculaneum Italy in the first century According to Bird, "nothing symbolises 18th century furniture more than the cabriole leg."[2] The cabriole design is often associated with bun or the "ball and claw" foot design. In England, this design was characteristic of Queen Anne and Chippendale furniture. In France, the cabriole leg is associated with the Louis XV period of furniture design.[3] The cabriole design appeared for the first time in the United States in the 18th century.[4] The basis of its original concept was emulated upon legs of certain four-footed mammals, especially ungulates. The etymology of this term specifically derives from the French word cabrioler, meaning to leap like a goat.[5]

QMrA canopy bed is a decorative bed somewhat similar to a four-poster bed. A typical canopy bed usually features posts at each of the four corners extending four feet high or more above the mattress. Ornate or decorative fabric is often draped across the upper space between the posts and a solid swath of cloth may create a ceiling, or canopy directly over the bed.

QMRA four-poster bed is a bed with four vertical columns, one in each corner, that support a tester, or upper (usually rectangular) panel. There are a number of antique four-poster beds extant dating to the 16th century and earlier; many of these early beds are highly ornate and are made from oak. An example of such an early 16th-century four-poster resides in Crathes Castle, which was made for the original castle owners in the Burnett of Leys family.

QMRWith the advent of practical steam power, fans could finally be used for ventilation. David Boswell Reid, a Scottish physician, installed four steam powered fans in the ceiling of St George's Hospital in Liverpool, so that the pressure produced by the fans would force the incoming air upward and through vents in the ceiling.[4] In 1849 a 6 m radius steam driven fan, designed by William Brunton, was made operational in the Gelly Gaer Colliery of South Wales. The model was exhibited at the Great Exhibition of 1851. Improvements in the technology were made by James Nasmyth, Frenchman Theophile Guibal and J. R. Waddle.[5]

Design against fatigue[edit] Dependable design against fatigue-failure requires thorough education and supervised experience in structural engineering, mechanical engineering, or materials science. There are four principal approaches to life assurance for mechanical parts that display increasing degrees of sophistication:[17] Design to keep stress below threshold of fatigue limit (infinite lifetime concept); fail-safe, graceful degradation, and fault-tolerant design: Instruct the user to replace parts when they fail. Design in such a way that there is no single point of failure, and so that when any one part completely fails, it does not lead to catastrophic failure of the entire system. Safe-life design: Design (conservatively) for a fixed life after which the user is instructed to replace the part with a new one (a so-called lifed part, finite lifetime concept, or "safe-life" design practice); planned obsolescence and disposable product are variants that design for a fixed life after which the user is instructed to replace the entire device; damage tolerant design: Instruct the user to inspect the part periodically for cracks and to replace the part once a crack exceeds a critical length. This approach usually uses the technologies of nondestructive testing and requires an accurate prediction of the rate of crack-growth between inspections. The designer sets some aircraft maintenance checks schedule frequent enough that parts are replaced while the crack is still in the "slow growth" phase. This is often referred to as damage tolerant design or "retirement-for-cause

QMrFatigue and fracture mechanics[edit] The account above is purely empirical and, though it allows life prediction and design assurance, life improvement or design optimisation can be enhanced using Fracture mechanics. It can be developed in four stages. Crack nucleation; Stage I crack-growth; Stage II crack-growth; and Ultimate ductile failure.

QMRThe Trisakti shootings (Indonesian: Tragedi Trisakti [ˈtraɡədi triˈsaʔti], literally "Trisakti Tragedy") occurred at Trisakti University, Jakarta, Indonesia on 12 May 1998. At a demonstration demanding President Suharto's resignation, soldiers opened fire on unarmed protestors. Four students, Elang Mulia Lesmana, Heri Hertanto, Hafidin Royan, and Hendriawan Sie, were killed and dozens more were injured. The shootings caused riots to break out throughout Indonesia, eventually leading to Suharto's resignation.[A][1]

QMRThe Aluu four was a necklace lynching that involved four young men, Ugonna Obuzor, Toku Lloyd, Chiadika Biringa, and Tekena Elkanah, all students of the University of Port Harcourt. They were all lynched after they were falsely accused of theft in Aluu, a community in Port harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria on 5 October 2012.[1][2][3] Contents [hide] 1 Incident 2 Reactions 3 Aftermath 4 References Incident[edit] Chiadika Biringa, Lloyd Toku Mike, Tekena Elkanah and Ugonna Obuzor were all friends, first sons of their parents, and students of University of Port Harcourt. The four students were also occasional roommates. Ugbonna sometimes spent the night with Tekena who lived outside the campus. He moved in because his residence on campus was broken into multiple times. Ugbona and Tekena were coming back from outside the campus one night when they met their other friends, Chiadika and Lloyd. One of the four had a debtor living in the nearby village of Aluu so all four decided to meet the person together. In the cause of settling the debt, a misunderstanding ensued which turned sour and eventually turned into a fight. The debtor started screaming, claiming that the men were there to steal laptops and mobile phones. The vigilante group was alerted with the impression that the students were the criminals disturbing the community. The four men were chased through the streets by the stick and stone-wielding vigilantes, stripped naked, beaten and tortured until they were almost unconscious. Afterwards, in the presence of a crowd, they were dragged through mud, had concrete slabs dropped on their heads and car tyres filled with petrol wrapped around their necks in order to burn them.[4] A sister of Tekena was nearby and discovered that her brother was about to be killed via "jungle justice." She tried to intervene and rescue him with his friends by screaming at the top of her voice at the mob and reiterating their innocence but she was overpowered by the size of the mob. People from the mob told her to flee. In a last attempt to save her brother's life, she decided to contact other family members and the police, but the men had been killed by the time the required assistance was sought. The murders were filmed with a mobile phone and uploaded on the internet.[5][1][6] Reactions[edit] The video went viral, with most viewers condemning the crime. Condolences were sent to the families of the victims. The Senate condemned the jungle justice that members of the community carried out where the four students were hurriedly murdered without trial in the presence of a crowd. Students of the University protested the murders and went on rampage by rioting and destroying propertes in the community were the students had been lynched.

QMrOne method that has been gaining popularity in University teaching is the creation or encouragement of learning communities (Zhao and Kuh 2004). Learning communities are widely recognized as an effective form of student engagement and consist of groups of students that form with the intention of increasing learning through shared experience. Lenning and Ebbers (1999) defined four different types of learning communities: 1. Curricular communities which consist of students co-enrolled in multiple courses in the same field of study. 2. Classroom learning communities that focus on group learning activities in the classroom. 3. Residential learning communities that are formed off-campus that provide out of the classroom learning and discussion opportunities. 4. Student-type learning communities that are created for special groups of students. Within learning communities, students are able to interact with peers who share similar interests and stimulate conversation about the topic. Such conversations are beneficial because they expose the members of the community to new ideas and methods. Students that are a part of such communities are therefore able to generate and construct their knowledge and understanding through inquisitive conversations with peers, as opposed to being given information by the instructor. This type of engagement in the field leads to a deep understanding of the material and gives the student a personal connection to the topic (Zhao and Kuh 2004).

QMRThere are four main mechanisms for cooling the air to its dew point: adiabatic cooling, conductive cooling, radiational cooling, and evaporative cooling. Adiabatic cooling occurs when air rises and expands.[12] The air can rise due to convection, large-scale atmospheric motions, or a physical barrier such as a mountain (orographic lift). Conductive cooling occurs when the air comes into contactwith a colder surface,[13] usually by being blown from one surface to another, for example from a liquid water surface to colder land. Radiational cooling occurs due to the emission of infrared radiation, either by the air or by the surface underneath.[14] Evaporative cooling occurs when moisture is added to the air through evaporation, which forces the air temperature to cool to its wet-bulb temperature, or until it reaches saturation.[15]

QMRNew Zealand rabbits are a breed of rabbit, which despite the name, are American in origin. The breed originated in California from rabbits imported from New Zealand. New Zealand rabbits are available in four ARBA-recognized colors: [New Zealand white rabbit, New Zealand red rabbit, New Zealand black rabbit, and New Zealand Broken rabbit(color mingled with white)]. Although, cross breeding can result in many different combinations of the three basic pigmentations. The most common of these variations are Gold Tipped Steel and Chestnut Agouti. There are efforts with certificates of development on a blue variety. They average 10 lb. to 12 lb (5 kg)with the does being slightly larger than the bucks. New Zealands are bred for meat, pelts, show, and laboratory uses, being the most used rabbit breed both for meat production and animal testing. They are also bred as pet rabbits.

QMRAs a general rule, four teeth erupt for every six months of life, mandibular teeth erupt before maxillary teeth, and teeth erupt sooner in females than males.[9] During primary dentition, the tooth buds of permanent teeth develop inferior to the primary teeth, close to the palate or tongue

QMRAn EP entitled Four Words to Stand On was released in January 2009 and received attention on a number of websites. The EP was self recorded and produced and was mixed and mastered by Ryan Mitchell.[11]

Don't fear god[edit] In Hellenistic religion, the gods were conceived as hypothetical beings in a perpetual state of bliss, indestructible entities that are completely invulnerable. Gods in this view are mere role models for human beings, who are to "emulate the happiness of the gods, within the limits imposed by human nature."[5] Don't worry about death[edit] As D. S. Hutchinson wrote concerning this line, "While you are alive, you don't have to deal with being dead, but when you are dead you don't have to deal with it either, because you aren't there to deal with it." In Epicurus' own words, "Death means nothing to us...when we exist, death is not yet present, and when death is present, then we do not exist,"[6] for there is no afterlife. Death, says Epicurus, is the greatest anxiety of all, in length and intensity. This anxiety about death impedes the quality and happiness of one's life by the theory of afterlife: the worrying about whether or not one's deeds and actions in life will translate well into the region of the gods, the wondering whether one will be assigned to an eternity of pain or to an eternity of pleasure.[7] What is good is easy to get[edit] Sustenance and shelter, these things can be acquired by anyone — by both animal and human — with minimal effort, regardless of wealth. But if one wants more than one needs (over indulgency, gluttony, etc.), one is limiting the chances of satisfaction and happiness, and therefore creating a “needless anxiety” in one’s life. "What is good is easy to get" implies that the minimum amount of necessity it takes to satisfy an urge is the maximum amount of interest a person should have in satisfying that urge.[8] What is terrible is easy to endure[edit] The Epicureans understood that, in nature, illness and pain is not suffered for very long, for pain and suffering is either "brief or chronic ... either mild or intense, but discomfort that is both chronic and intense is very unusual; so there is no need to be concerned about the prospect of suffering." Like "What is good is easy to get," recognizing one's physical and mental limit and one's threshold of pain — understanding how much pain the body or mind can endure — and maintaining confidence that pleasure only follows pain (and the avoidance of anxiety about the length of pain), is the remedy against prolonged suffering.[9]

QMRThe Tetrapharmakos (τετραφάρμακος) "four-part remedy" is a summary of the first four of the Κύριαι Δόξαι (Kuriai Doxai, the forty Epicurean Principal Doctrines given by Diogenes Laertius in his Life of Epicurus) in Epicureanism, a recipe for leading the happiest possible life. They are recommendations to avoid anxiety or existential dread.[1] The "tetrapharmakos" was originally a compound of four drugs (wax, tallow, pitch and resin); the word has been used metaphorically by Roman-era Epicureans.[2] to refer to the four remedies for healing the soul.[3] Contents [hide] 1 The four-part cure 1.1 Don't fear god 1.2 Don't worry about death 1.3 What is good is easy to get 1.4 What is terrible is easy to endure 2 References and notes The four-part cure[edit] Part of a series on Hedonism Thinkers[show] Schools of hedonism[show] Key concepts[show] Related articles[show] v t e As expressed by Philodemos, and preserved in a Herculaneum Papyrus (1005, 4.9–14), the tetrapharmakos reads:[4] Don't fear god, Don't worry about death; What is good is easy to get, What is terrible is easy to endure Ἄφοβον ὁ θεός, ἀνύποπτον ὁ θάνατος καὶ τἀγαθὸν μὲν εὔκτητον, τὸ δὲ δεινὸν εὐεκκαρτέρητον This is a summary of the first four of the forty Epicurean Principal Doctrines (Sovran Maxims) given by Diogenes Laertius, which in the translation by Robert Drew Hicks (1925) read as follows: 1. A happy and eternal being has no trouble himself and brings no trouble upon any other being; hence he is exempt from movements of anger and partiality, for every such movement implies weakness 2. Death is nothing to us; for the body, when it has been resolved into its elements, has no feeling, and that which has no feeling is nothing to us. 3. The magnitude of pleasure reaches its limit in the removal of all pain. When pleasure is present, so long as it is uninterrupted, there is no pain either of body or of mind or of both together. 4. Continuous pain does not last long in the body; on the contrary, pain, if extreme, is present a short time, and even that degree of pain which barely outweighs pleasure in the body does not last for many days together. Illnesses of long duration even permit of an excess of pleasure over pain in the body.

QMRMillion Tongues Festival Lineups[edit] Million Tongues[edit] Simon Finn, LSD March, Michael Yonkers Band, Six Organs of Admittance, Jutok Kaneko/Shimura Koji, Charalambides, PG6, Plastic Crimewave Sound with guests, Espers, Kawabata Makoto with Kinski, Matt Valentine, Fursaxa, Nisennenmondai, Paul Flaherty/Chris Corsano, Josephine Foster & The Supposed, Taurpis Tula, Spires That in the Sunset Rise, The Cherry Blossoms, By Lightning to the Womb, The Civilized Age. Sidestage: Panicsville, Lichens, Born Heller, Monostripe, Tom Carter, Goldblood, Inner Throne, Frankie Delmane, Nick Castro, Farms, MV Carbon, Davenport. Two Million Tongues[edit] Tony Conrad, Michael Chapman, Charlie Nothing, Jack Rose, No-Neck Blues Band, Andrew Ortmann, Whitehouse, Ed Askew, Hototogisu, Gary Higgins, Jackie O Motherfucker, Pearls and Brass, Josephine Foster, Miminikoto, Mountains, Haptic. Sidestage: The Singleman Affair, Traveling Bell, Number None, Chris Connelly, Tim Kinsella/Amy Cargil, Tar Pet, Birdshow, Hardscrabble, Lux. Three Million Tongues[edit] Bert Jansch, Smegma, Steve Mackay with Radon Ensemble, Charalambides, Michael Yonkers and the Blind Shake, Spires That in the Sunset Rise, The Singleman Affair, Burning Star Core, Aleks and the Drummer, White Lichens, Dreamweapon, Nick Schillace. Sidestage: Th' Exceptional Child, Skog Device, Frankie Delmane, The Joy Poppers, Folk and Violence, Yellow Universe, J. Glenn, Michael Young, Hands of Hydra. Four Million Tongues[edit] Peter Walker, Neptune, Alasdair Roberts, Ruthann Friedman, Up-Tight, Alela Diane, Heather Murray, Charalambides, The Molten Truth Ensemble, Alla, Aleks and the Drummer, Angel Olsen. Sidestage: Mike Tamburo, Horseback, The End of the World Band/ONO, Outpost, Kohoutek, Scarcity of Tanks, Terminal Lovers.

QMRAccording to the Constitution of Singapore,[1] the four official languages of Singapore are Malay, Mandarin, Tamil, and English, while the national language is Malay.[2] The three languages other than English were chosen to correspond with the major ethnic groups present in Singapore at the time: Mandarin had gained status since the introduction of Chinese-medium schools; Malay was deemed the "most obvious choice" for the Malay community; and Tamil for the largest Indian ethnic group in Singapore, in addition to being "the language with the longest history of education in Malaysia and Singapore".[3] In 2009, more than 20 languages were identified as being spoken in Singapore, reflecting a rich linguistic diversity in the city.[4][5] Singapore's historical roots as a trading settlement gave rise to an influx of foreign traders,[6] and their languages were slowly embedded in Singapore's modern day linguistic repertoire.

QMRSpoons, also known as Pig or Tongue,[1] is a fast-paced game of matching and occasional bluffing. It is played with an ordinary pack of playing cards and several ordinary kitchen spoons or other objects. Spoons is played in multiple rounds, and each player's objective is to grab a spoon. No spoon may be grabbed until one player has collected a four of a kind, but once the first player to get a four of a kind has grabbed a spoon, all players may immediately reach out to attempt to grab a spoon. No player may grab more than one spoon at a time. As in the game musical chairs, there is always one fewer spoon than there are players, so one player will always be left without a spoon. Depending on the variety of game being played, that player either loses the game and is eliminated, or continues playing but loses a point.

The four extant species of anteaters

QMRAnteater is a common name for the four extant mammal species of the suborder Vermilingua[1] (meaning "worm tongue") commonly known for eating ants and termites.[2] The individual species have other names in English and other languages. Together with the sloths, they are within the order Pilosa. The name "anteater" is also colloquially applied to the unrelated aardvark, numbat, echidnas, pangolins and some members of the Oecobiidae.

Foliate papillae[edit] Magnified diagram of a vertical section through some foliate papillae in a rabbit. Foliate papillae are short vertical folds and are present on each side of the tongue.[2] They are located on the sides at the back of the tongue, just in front of the palatoglossal arch of the fauces,[3][2] There are four or five vertical folds,[2] and their size and shape is variable.[3] The foliate papillae appear as a series of red colored, leaf–like ridges of mucosa.[2] They are covered with epithelium, lack keratin and so are softer, and bear many taste buds.[2] They are usually bilaterally symmetrical. Sometimes they appear small and inconspicuous, and at other times they are prominent. Because their location is a high risk site for oral cancer, and their tendency to occasionally swell, they may be mistaken as tumors or inflammatory disease. Taste buds, the receptors of the gustatory sense, are scattered over the mucous membrane of their surface. Serous glands drain into the folds and clean the taste buds. Lingual tonsils are found immediately beneath the foliate papillae and, when hyperplastic, cause a prominence of the papillae. According to some books it is absent in humans. Circumvallate papillae[edit] The circumvallate papillae (or vallate papillae) are dome-shaped structures on the human tongue that vary in number from eight to twelve. They are situated on the surface of the tongue immediately in front of the foramen cecum and sulcus terminalis, forming a row on either side; the two rows run backward and medially, and meet in the midline. Each papilla consists of a projection of mucous membrane from 1 to 2 mm. wide, attached to the bottom of a circular depression of the mucous membrane; the margin of the depression is elevated to form a wall (vallum), and between this and the papilla is a circular sulcus termed the fossa. The papilla is shaped like a truncated cone, the smaller end being directed downward and attached to the tongue, the broader part or base projecting a little above the surface of the tongue and being studded with numerous small secondary papillæ and covered by stratified squamous epithelium. Ducts of lingual salivary glands, known as Von Ebner's glands empty a serous secretion into the base of the circular depression, which acts like a moat. The function of the secretion is presumed to flush materials from the base of circular depression to ensure that taste buds can respond to changing stimuli rapidly.[4] The circumvallate papillae get special afferent taste innervation from cranial nerve IX, the glossopharyngeal nerve, even though they are anterior to the sulcus terminalis. The rest of the anterior two-thirds of the tongue gets taste innervation from the chorda tympani of cranial nerve VII, distributed with the lingual nerve of cranial nerve V. Function[edit] Lingual papillae, particularly filiform papillae, are thought to increase the surface area of the tongue and to increase the area of contact and friction between the tongue and food.[2] This may increase the tongue's ability to manipulate a bolus of food, and also to position food between the teeth during mastication (chewing) and swallowing.

QMRThe Four Queens Hotel and Casino is located in downtown Las Vegas on the Fremont Street Experience. The 690-room hotel and 40,000 sq ft (3,700 m2) casino is owned and operated by TLC Enterprises, which acquired the property from the Elsinore Corporation in 2003.[1]

QMRThat the Earth's water originated purely from comets is implausible, as a result of measurements of the isotope ratios of hydrogen in the four comets Halley, Hyakutake, Hale-Bopp, and 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko by researchers such as David Jewitt, as according to this research the ratio of deuterium to protium (D/H ratio) of the comets is approximately double that of oceanic water. What is however unclear is whether these comets are representative of those from the Kuiper Belt. According to Alessandro Morbidelli [4] the largest part of today's water comes from protoplanets formed in the outer asteroid belt that plunged towards the Earth, as indicated by the D/H proportions in carbon-rich chondrites. The water in carbon-rich chondrites point to a similar D/H ratio as oceanic water. Nevertheless, mechanisms have been proposed[5] to suggest that the D/H-ratio of oceanic water may have increased significantly throughout Earth's history. Such a proposal is consistent with the possibility that a significant amount of the water on Earth was already present during the planet's early evolution.

QMrThe de Havilland DH 106 Comet was the world's first production commercial jetliner.[N 2] Developed and manufactured by de Havilland at its Hatfield Aerodrome, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom headquarters, the Comet 1 prototype first flew on 27 July 1949. It featured an aerodynamically clean design with four de Havilland Ghost turbojet engines buried in the wings, a pressurised fuselage, and large square windows. For the era, it offered a relatively quiet, comfortable passenger cabin and showed signs of being a commercial success at its 1952 debut.

QMRA typical CHSH (two-channel) experiment[edit] Scheme of a "two-channel" Bell test The source S produces pairs of "photons", sent in opposite directions. Each photon encounters a two-channel polariser whose orientation can be set by the experimenter. Emerging signals from each channel are detected and coincidences counted by the coincidence monitor CM. The diagram shows a typical optical experiment of the two-channel kind for which Alain Aspect set a precedent in 1982.[3] Coincidences (simultaneous detections) are recorded, the results being categorised as '++', '+−', '−+' or '−−' and corresponding counts accumulated. Four separate subexperiments are conducted, corresponding to the four terms E(a, b) in the test statistic S (equation (2) shown below). The settings a, a′, b and b′ are generally in practice chosen to be 0, 45°, 22.5° and 67.5° respectively — the "Bell test angles" — these being the ones for which the quantum mechanical formula gives the greatest violation of the inequality. For each selected value of a and b, the numbers of coincidences in each category (N++, N--, N+- and N-+) are recorded. The experimental estimate for E(a, b) is then calculated as: (1) E = (N++ + N-- − N+- − N-+)/(N++ + N-- + N+- + N-+). Once all four E’s have been estimated, an experimental estimate of the test statistic (2) S = E(a, b) − E(a, b′) + E(a′, b) + E(a′, b′) can be found. If S is numerically greater than 2 it has infringed the CHSH inequality. The experiment is declared to have supported the QM prediction and ruled out all local hidden variable theories. A strong assumption has had to be made, however, to justify use of expression (2). It has been assumed that the sample of detected pairs is representative of the pairs emitted by the source. That this assumption may not be true comprises the fair sampling loophole. The derivation of the inequality is given in the CHSH Bell test page.