Quadrant Model of Reality Book 32 Religion and Art

Religion Chapter

QMRFour Worlds[edit] Hopi legend tells that the current earth is the Fourth World to be inhabited by Tawa's creations. The story essentially states that in each previous world, the people, though originally happy, became disobedient and lived contrary to Tawa's plan; they engaged in sexual promiscuity, fought one another and would not live in harmony. Thus, the most obedient were led (usually by Spider Woman) to the next higher world, with physical changes occurring both in the people in the course of their journey, and in the environment of the next world. In some stories, these former worlds were then destroyed along with their wicked inhabitants, whereas in others the good people were simply led away from the chaos which had been created by their actions.

QMRMagic circles- There are many published techniques for casting a circle, and many groups and individuals have their own unique methods. The common feature of these practices is that a boundary is traced around the working area. Some witchcraft traditions say that one must trace around the circle deosil three times. There is variation over which direction one should start in.[citation needed] Circles may or may not be physically marked out on the ground, and a variety of elaborate patterns for circle markings can be found in grimoires and magical manuals, often involving angelic and divine names. Such markings, or a simple unadorned circle, may be drawn in chalk or salt, or indicated by other means such as with a cord.[1] The four cardinal directions are often prominently marked, such as with four candles. In ceremonial magic traditions the four directions are commonly related to the four archangels Michael, Gabriel, Raphael and Uriel (or Auriel), or the four classical elements, and also have four associated names of God. Other ceremonial traditions have candles between the quarters, i.e. in the north-east, north-west and so on. Often, an incantation will be recited stating the purpose and nature of the circle, often repeating an assortment of divine and angelic names.

QMrFour Directions is a Canadian dramatic anthology television series, which aired on CBC Television in 1996.[2] The series consisted of four half-hour teleplays about First Nations characters and stories.

Buddhism Chapter

QMRThe Dīrghāgama or Longer Āgama-sūtra (Ch. cháng āhán jīng 長阿含經),[7] was translated to Chinese in 22 fascicles from an Indic original by Buddhayaśas (Fotuoyeshe 佛陀耶舍) and Zhu Fonian 竺佛念 in 412–13 CE.[8] This literature contains 30 discrete scriptures in four groups (vargas). The fourth varga, which pertains to Buddhist cosmology,[9] contains a "Chapter on Hell" (dìyù pǐn 地獄品) within the Scripture of the Account of the World (shìjì jīng 世記經). In this text, the Buddha describes to the sangha each of the hells in great detail, beginning with their physical location and names:

QMRThe four imponderables are identified in the Acintita Sutta, Anguttara Nikaya 4.77, as follows:[5] The Buddha-range of the Buddhas [i.e., the range of powers a Buddha develops as a result of becoming a Buddha]; The jhana-range of one absorbed in jhana [i.e., the range of powers that one may obtain while absorbed in jhana]; The [precise working out of the] results of kamma; Speculation about [the origin, etc., of] the cosmos is an imponderable that is not to be speculated about.

QMRXuanzang said that the Buddha's begging bowl had found its way to Persia after spending time in many different countries. It is said the bowl will one day be given to Maitreya Buddha.[75] According to Faxian however, Buddha's alms bowl took several hundred years to travel across several countries before being taken by a naga king. The bowl would then reappear at Mount Vinataka, where it would by divided into the original four bowls and given to the four guardian kings to bestow on Maitreya. Maitreya would then press the bowls together forming one again, with the next thousand buddhas repeating this same process; using the same bowl. According to Daozuan, the Buddha's bowl — given to him at the time he was offered milk rice — was made of clay. It was bestowed by a mountain deity who had been given the bowl by the previous Kassapa Buddha. The bowl was later repaired by Indra and the guardians of the four quarters crafted thousands of stone replicas, which were placed in thousands of stupas all over the world.[76]

QMrThe Mahaparinirvana sutra says that of the Buddha's four eye teeth (canines), one was worshipped in Indra's Heaven, the second in the city of Ghandara, the third in Kalinga, and the fourth in Ramagrama by the king of the Nagas.[9] Annually in Sri Lanka and China, tooth relics would be paraded through the streets.[10] In the past relics have had the legal right to own property; and the destruction of stupas containing relics was a capital crime viewed as murder of a living person.[11] A southeast Asian tradition says that after his parinirvana the gods distributed the Buddha's 800,000 body and 900,000 head hairs throughout the universe.[12] In Theravada according to the 5th century Buddhaghosa possessing relics was one of the criteria in Theravada for what constituted a proper monastery.[12] The adventures of many relics are said to have been foretold by Buddha, as they spread the dharma and gave legitimacy to rulers.[13]

QMRThe Kanishka stupa in Peshawar, Pakistan has been described as one of the tallest in the world and has been visited by early Chinese Buddhist pilgrims such as Faxian, Sung Yun and Xuanxang. The stupa was excavated in 1908–1909 by a British archaeological mission; where the Kanishka casket was discovered with three small fragments of bone.[73] In peshawar Faxian reported in the fourth century that the Buddha's begging bowl held 4 liters and was made of stone, made of four bowls bestowed upon him by the four guardian gods of the four quarters of mount Vinataka surrounding mount Sumeru.[74] Another legend is of a Yuezhi king who wanted to take away the bowl but could not with the strength of eight elephants, so he constructed a stupa over it.

QMRBaldessari has expressed that his interest in language comes from its similarities in structure to games, as both operate by an arbitrary and mandatory system of rules. In this spirit, many of his works are sequences showing attempts at accomplishing an arbitrary goal, such as Throwing Three Balls in the Air to Get a Straight Line (1973), in which the artist attempted to do just that, photographing the results, and eventually selecting the "best out of 36 tries", with 36 being the determining number just because that is the standard number of shots on a roll of 35mm film. The writer eldritch Priest ties John Baldessari's piece Throwing four balls in the air to get a square (best of 36 tries) as an early example of post-conceptual art.[22] This work was published in 1973 by a young Italian publisher: Giampaolo Prearo that was one of the first to believe and invest in the work of Baldessari. He printed two series one in 2000 copies and a second more precious reserved to the publisher in 500 copies. Following Baldessari’s seminal statement “I will not make any more boring Art”, he conceived the work The Artist Hitting Various Objects with a Golf Club (1972–73), composed of 30 photographs of the artist swinging and hitting with a golf club objects excavated from a dump, as a parody of cataloging rather than a thorough straight classification.[23]

QMRThroughout history, the arms of both Montenegro and Serbia have featured a double-headed eagle, usually silver, on a shield, usually red, bearing on their chests usually a red shield, which in Montenegro's case contained a golden lion while in Serbia's a cross with four firesteels, usually silver. Thus the arms of FR Yugoslavia were designed by combining these elements: the eagle is the symbol common to both countries, symbolizing their unity, the lions represent Montenegro and crosses with firesteels, Serbia. The red shield in the middle was divided into 4 parts, although the federation consisted of 2 federal units. This was done with the intention to accommodate any possible further expansion of the federation.

QMRMedieval Monuments in Kosovo (Serbian: Средњовековни споменици на Косову и Метохији / Srednjovekovni spomenici nа Kosovu i Metohiji; Albanian: Monumentet mesjetare në Kosovë) is a World Heritage Site consisting of four Serbian Orthodox Christian churches and monasteries which represent the fusion of the eastern Orthodox Byzantine and the western Romanesque ecclesiastical architecture to form the Palaiologian Renaissance style. The construction was founded by members of Nemanjić dynasty, the most important dynasty of Serbia in the Middle Ages. The sites are located in Kosovo, which Serbia considers to be its southern province, although it unilaterally declared independence in 2008. In 2004, UNESCO recognized the Dečani Monastery for its outstanding universal value. Two years later, the site of patrimony was extended as a serial nomination, to include three other religious monuments. Hence, the properly Medieval Monuments in Kosovo now consists of: Dečani Monastery Patriarchate of Peć Monastery Our Lady of Ljeviš Gračanica Monastery

QMRThe United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) is the officially mandated mission of the United Nations in Kosovo. Currently, UNMIK describes its mandate as being to "help the Security Council achieve an overall objective, namely, to ensure conditions for a peaceful and normal life for all inhabitants of Kosovo and advance regional stability in the western Balkans."[1] UNMIK has been divided into four sections which it calls "pillars." These are: Pillar I: Police and justice (United Nations-led)[12] Pillar II: Civil Administration (United Nations-led) Pillar III: Democratization and institution building (led by the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe) Pillar IV: Reconstruction and economic development (European Union-led)

QMRThe Balkan League[a] was an alliance formed by a series of bilateral treaties concluded in 1912 between the four Balkan states of Greece, Bulgaria, Serbia and Montenegro, and directed against the Ottoman Empire,[1] which at the time still controlled much of the Balkan peninsula. The Balkans had been in a state of turmoil since the early 1900s, with years of guerrilla warfare in Macedonia followed by the Young Turk Revolution and the protracted Bosnian Crisis. The outbreak of the Italo-Turkish War in 1911 had further weakened the Ottomans and emboldened the Balkan states. Under Russian influence, Serbia and Bulgaria settled their differences and signed an alliance, originally directed against Austria-Hungary on 13 March 1912,[2] but by adding a secret chapter to it essentially redirected the alliance against the Ottoman Empire.[3] Serbia then signed a mutual alliance with Montenegro, while Bulgaria did the same with Greece. The League was victorious in the First Balkan War which broke out in October 1912, where it successfully wrestled control of almost all European Ottoman territories. Following this victory however, the old differences between the allies re-emerged over the division of the spoils, particularly Macedonia, leading to the effective break-up of the League, and soon after, on 16 June 1913, Bulgaria attacked her erstwhile allies, beginning the Second Balkan War.

QMRDuring the Soviet era, rock music became extremely popular, because it, as well as folk songs, offered a chance to rebel against the local authorities. Imants Kalniņš was the most important composer of the time, and his songs were extremely popular. He also wrote music for the movie originally called Četri balti krekli ('Four White Shirts'), later given the title Elpojiet Dziļi! ('Breathe Deep!'), which spoke about the need of freedom and was therefore banned. One of the most important social gatherings of the time was the annual Imantdiena ('The Day of Imants (Kalnins)'), forbidden on grounds of interfering with hay-gathering. The tradition continued informally at the composer's house.

QMRThe Ananda Temple (Burmese: အာနန္ဒာဘုရား, pronounced: [ànàɴdà pʰəjá]), located in Bagan, Myanmar is a Buddhist temple built in 1105 AD during the reign (1084–1113) of King Kyanzittha of the Pagan Dynasty. It is one of four surviving temples in Bagan. The temple layout is in a cruciform with several terraces leading to a small pagoda at the top covered by an umbrella known as hti, which is the name of the umbrella or top ornament found in almost all pagodas in Myanmar. The Buddhist temple houses four standing Buddhas, each one facing the cardinal direction of East, North, West and South. The temple is said to be an architectural wonder in a fusion of Mon and adopted Indian style of architecture. The impressive temple has also been titled the "Westminster Abbey of Burma".[1][2][3][4] The temple has close similarity to the Pathothamya temple of the 10th–11th century, and is also known as “veritable museum of stones”.[5][6]

Christianity Chapter

QMRThe New Testament describes James, Joseph (Joses), Judas (Jude) and Simon as the four brothers of Jesus. Also mentioned, but not named, are sisters of Jesus. Some scholars argue that these brothers, especially James,[1] held positions of special honor in the early Christian church.

QMRBonaventure was formally canonised in 1484 by the Franciscan Pope Sixtus IV, and ranked along with Thomas Aquinas as the greatest of the Doctors of the Church by another Franciscan, Pope Sixtus V, in 1587. Bonaventure was regarded as one of the greatest philosophers of the Middle Ages.[11] His works, as arranged in the most recent Critical Edition by the Quaracchi Fathers (Collegio S. Bonaventura), consist of a Commentary on the Sentences of Lombard, in four volumes, and eight other volumes, including a Commentary on the Gospel of St Luke and a number of smaller works; the most famous of which are The Mind's Road to God (Itinerarium mentis in Deum), an outline of his theology or Brief Reading (Breviloquium), Reduction of the Arts to Theology (De reductione artium ad theologiam), and Soliloquy on the Four Spiritual Exercises (Soliloquium de quatuor mentalibus exercitiis), The Tree of Life (Lignum vitae), and The Triple Way (De Triplici via), the latter three written for the spiritual direction of his fellow Franciscans.

Lombard arranged his material from the Bible and the Church Fathers in four books, then subdivided this material further into chapters. Probably between 1223 and 1227, Alexander of Hales grouped the many chapters of the four books into a smaller number of "distinctions". In this form, the book was widely adopted as a theological textbook in the high and late Middle Ages (the 13th, 14th, and 15th centuries). A commentary on the Sentences was required of every master of theology, and was part of the examination system. At the end of lectures on Lombard's work, a student could apply for bachelor status within the theology faculty.

QMRThe Four Books of Sentences (Libri Quattuor Sententiarum) is a book of theology written by Peter Lombard in the 12th century. It is a systematic compilation of theology, written around 1150; it derives its name from the sententiae or authoritative statements on biblical passages that it gathered together.

QMRThe Myth of the Rational Voter: Why Democracies Choose Bad Policies is a 2007 book by Bryan Caplan, who challenges the notion that voters are reasonable people that society can trust to make laws. Rather, Caplan contends that voters are irrational in the political sphere and have systematically biased ideas concerning economics. Throughout the book, Caplan focuses on voters’ opinion of economics since so many political decisions revolve around economic issues (immigration, trade, welfare, economic growth, and so forth). Using data from the Survey of Americans and Economists on the Economy, Caplan categorizes the roots of economic errors into four biases: make-work, anti-foreign, pessimistic, and anti-market. Make-work bias[edit] Caplan refers to the make-work bias as a “tendency to underestimate the economic benefits from conserving labor.”[1] Caplan claims that there is a tendency to equate economic growth with job creation. However, this is not necessarily true, since real economic growth is a product of increases in the productivity of labor. Dislocation and unemployment can be caused by productivity gains making certain jobs no longer necessary. All things being equal, economic rationality would require that these people make use of their talents elsewhere. Caplan makes special emphasis of the movement away from farming over the past two hundred years—from nearly 95% of Americans as farmers in 1800 to just 3% in 1999—as an illustrative example.[2] As an economy industrialises, increased labour productivity in agriculture means less labour is needed to produce a given quantity of agricultural goods, freeing up labour (a scarce resource) to be employed in the production of manufactured goods and services. Anti-foreign bias[edit] Caplan refers to the anti-foreign bias as a “tendency to underestimate the economic benefits of interaction with foreigners.”[3] People systematically see their country of origin as in competition with other nations and are thus averse to free trade with them. Foreigners are seen as the “enemy” even if the two governments are at a lasting peace. The principles of comparative advantage allow two countries to benefit a great deal from trade. The degree of benefit is rarely equalized, but it is always positive for both parties. Caplan notes how the anti-foreign bias can be rooted in pseudo-racist attitudes: For Americans, trading with Japan and Mexico is more controversial than trading with Canada and England, the latter of whom speak our language and look like white Americans.[4] Pessimistic bias[edit] Caplan refers to the pessimistic bias as a “tendency to overestimate the severity of economic problems and underestimate the (recent) past, present, and future performance of the economy.”[5] The public generally perceives economic conditions as declining. Caplan alleges that there is often little or no evidence to back up such perceptions. Among challengers Caplan cites is Julian Lincoln Simon and his book, The Ultimate Resource, which argues society continues to progress despite claims of environmental degradation and an increasing use of natural resources. Anti-market bias[edit] Caplan refers to the anti-market bias as a “tendency to underestimate the benefits of the market mechanism.”[6] In Caplan's view, the populace tends to view themselves as victims of the market, rather than participants of it. Corporations, and even small-scale suppliers, are seen as greedy monopolists that prey on the consumer. Caplan argues that all trade is a two-way street. Cheating people is bad for business and the existence of multiple firms offering similar products demonstrates there is competition, not monopoly power.

QMRSins that cry to heaven From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The four sins that cry to Heaven for Vengeance (or sins that cry to Heaven) (Latin: peccata clamantia) are a list of mortal sins in Catholic moral theology that Catholics believe demand justice from God:[1] The expression is derived from Genesis 4:10 ("The Lord said to Cain ... the voice of thy brother's blood crieth to me from the earth"). The "blood of Abel": homicide, infanticide, fratricide, parricide, and matricide[2] The "sin of the Sodomites": pride, gluttony, negligence of the poor, abuse of children, and homosexual acts[3][4] The "cry of the people oppressed in Egypt, the cry of the foreigner, the widow, and the orphan": slavery and marginalization[5] The "injustice to the wage earner": taking advantage of and defrauding workers[6]

QMRFour aspects of CIPP evaluation[edit] These aspects are context, inputs, process, and product. These four aspects of CIPP evaluation assist a decision-maker to answer four basic questions: What should we do? This involves collecting and analysing needs assessment data to determine goals, priorities and objectives. For example, a context evaluation of a literacy program might involve an analysis of the existing objectives of the literacy programme, literacy achievement test scores, staff concerns (general and particular), literacy policies and plans and community concerns, perceptions or attitudes and needs.[50] How should we do it? This involves the steps and resources needed to meet the new goals and objectives and might include identifying successful external programs and materials as well as gathering information.[50] Are we doing it as planned? This provides decision-makers with information about how well the programme is being implemented. By continuously monitoring the program, decision-makers learn such things as how well it is following the plans and guidelines, conflicts arising, staff support and morale, strengths and weaknesses of materials, delivery and budgeting problems.[50] Did the programme work? By measuring the actual outcomes and comparing them to the anticipated outcomes, decision-makers are better able to decide if the program should be continued, modified, or dropped altogether. This is the essence of product evaluation.[50] Using CIPP in the different stages of the evaluation[edit] The CIPP model is unique as an evaluation guide as it allows evaluators to evaluate the program at different stages, namely: before the program commences by helping evaluators to assess the need and at the end of the program to assess whether or not the program had an effect. CIPP model allows you to ask formative questions at the beginning of the program, then later gives you a guide of how to evaluate the programs impact by allowing you to ask summative questions on all aspects of the program. Context: What needs to be done? Vs. Were important needs addressed? Input: How should it be done? Vs. Was a defensible design employed? Process: Is it being done? Vs. Was the design well executed? Product: Is it succeeding? Vs. Did the effort succeed?

QMRSins that cry to heaven The four sins that cry to Heaven for Vengeance (or sins that cry to Heaven) (Latin: peccata clamantia) are a list of mortal sins in Catholic moral theology that Catholics believe demand justice from God:[1] The expression is derived from Genesis 4:10 ("The Lord said to Cain ... the voice of thy brother's blood crieth to me from the earth"). The "blood of Abel": homicide, infanticide, fratricide, parricide, and matricide[2] The "sin of the Sodomites": pride, gluttony, negligence of the poor, abuse of children, and homosexual acts[3][4] The "cry of the people oppressed in Egypt, the cry of the foreigner, the widow, and the orphan": slavery and marginalization[5] The "injustice to the wage earner": taking advantage of and defrauding workers[6]

Islam Chapter

QMRAccording to the usul al-fiqh (principles of jurisprudence), the fatwā must meet the following conditions in order to be valid: The fatwā is in line with relevant legal proofs, deduced from Qur'anic verses and a hadith; provided the hadith was not later abrogated by Muhammad. It is issued by a person (or a board) having due knowledge and sincerity of heart; It is free from individual opportunism, and not depending on political servitude; It is adequate with the needs of the contemporary world.

Additionally, the later scholars of the four mainstream Sunni schools of law all increased beyond four sources; while the four sources are the most widely accepted, other practices such as the Fatwas of the first generation of Muslims and the application of pure reason are not universally accepted.

QMRTraditionally four main sources (Qur’an, Sunnah, consensus (Ijma), analogical reason (Qiyas)) are analysed along with a number of secondary sources and principles.

QMRIndeed, even the division of the sources of Sunni law into four – Qur'an, prophetic tradition, consensus and analogical reason – was not present in Shafi'is books at all, despite Muslim scholarship generally attributing this division to him.[8] According to Qadi al-Nu'man, one of the earliest jurists to write about usul after Shafi'i did - perhaps during Shafi'is lifetime - was Abū 'Ubaid al-Qāsim b. Sallām, who actually considered the sources of law to consist of only three – the Qur'an, the prophetic tradition, and consensus consisting of either scholarly consensus or consensus of the early generations.[3] This division into four sources is most often attributed to later jurists upon whose work most Sunni jurisprudence has been modeled such as Baqillani and Abd al-Jabbar ibn Ahmad,[9] of the Ash'arite and Mu'tazilite schools respectively. Thus, the four main sources often attributed to Shafi'i evolved into popular usage long after his death. Additionally, the later scholars of the four mainstream Sunni schools of law all increased beyond four sources; while the four sources are the most widely accepted, other practices such as the Fatwas of the first generation of Muslims and the application of pure reason are not universally accepted

QMRQiyas or analogical reason is the fourth source of the sharia for the majority of Sunni jurisprudence. It aims to draw analogies to a previously accepted decision. Shiites do not accept analogy, but replace it with reason (aql); among Sunnis, the Hanbalites have traditionally been reluctant to accept analogy while the Zahirites don't accept it at all. Analogical reason in Islam is the process of legal deduction according to which the jurist, confronted with an unprecedented case, bases his or her argument on the logic used in the Qur'an and Sunnah. Legally sound analogy must not be based on arbitrary judgment, but rather be firmly rooted in the primary sources.[20] Supporters of the practice of qiyas will often point to passages in the Qur'an that describe an application of a similar process by past Islamic communities. According to supporters of the practice, Muhammad said: "Where there is no revealed injunction, I will judge amongst you according to reason."[21] Further, supporters claim that he extended the right to reason to others. Finally, supporters of the practice claim that it is sanctioned by the ijma, or consensus, amongst Muhammad's companions.[20] Islamic studies scholar Bernard G. Weiss has pointed out that while analogical reason was accepted as a fourth source of law by later generations, its validity was not a foregone conclusion among earlier Muslim jurists.[22] Thus the issue of analogical reason and its validity was a controversial one early on, though the practice eventually gained acceptance of the majority of Sunni jurists.

Hinduism Chapter

QMRLakshmi Tatma (Hindi: लक्ष्मी तात्मा) is an Indian girl born in 2005 in a village in Araria district, Bihar, having "4 arms and 4 legs." She was actually one of a pair of ischiopagus conjoined twins one of which was headless because its head had atrophied and chest had not fully developed in the womb, causing the appearance of one child with four arms and four legs

QMRThe most distinguishing features of the Jacob are their four horns

According to Chinese legend, when the tyrant King Zhou of Shang ruled the land more than 4,000 years ago, a horse, a donkey, an ox and a deer went into a cave deep in the forest to meditate and on the day the King executed his virtuous minister Bigan, the animals awoke from their meditation and turned into humans.[20] They entered society, learned of the King's heinous acts and wanted to take recourse against the King, who was powerful.[20] So they transformed themselves into one creature that combined the speed of the horse, the strength of the ox, the donkey's keen sense of direction and the nimble agility of the deer.[20] This new animal then galloped to the Kunlun Mountains to seek the advice of the Primeval Lord of Heaven. The Lord was astonished at the sight of a creature that had antlers of a deer, hooves of an ox, face of a horse and tail of a donkey. "It's unlike any of four creatures!" he exclaimed. Upon learning of the animal's quest, Lord gave his blessing and dispatched the creature to his disciple the sage Jiang Ziya, who was battling the King.[20] Jiang Ziya rode the creature to victory over the King and helped found the Zhou Dynasty. After fulfilling its vow, the milu settled in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River.[20] The animal became a symbol of good fortune and was sought by later emperors who believed eating the meat of the milu would lead to everlasting life.[20]

Qmr There are 4 yogas in the hindu religion. 16 is the squares if the quadrant model. There are 16 rites of passage in hinduism. Samskaras, or Hindu rites of passage, according to the ancient sage Panini, are the ornaments that decorate one’s personality. They mark the important stages of one’s life and enable one to live a fulfilling life complete with happiness and contentment. They pave the way for one’s physical and spiritual journey through this life. It is believed that the various Hindu samskaras meticulously leads to a purification of one’s sins, vices, faults, and even correction of physical deformities. The Upanishads mention samskaras as a means to grow and prosper in all four Dharma (righteousness), Artha (wealth), Karma (action) and Kama (work and pleasure), and Moksha (salvation). The 16 samskaras that Rishi Veda Vyas propounded are considered the most important rites of passage in a Hindu’s life. 3 What are the 16 Major Hindu Samskaras? Garbhadhana is the conception ritual for having healthy children. Lord Brahma or Prajapati is appeased by this ritual. Punswana is the fertilization ritual performed on the third month of pregnancy asking for life and safety of the foetus Once again Lord Brahma is prayed to in this ceremony. Seemantonnayana ritual is observed in the penultimate month of pregnancy for safe and assured delivery of the baby. This is a prayer to the Hindu God Dhata. Jatkarma is birth ceremony of the new-born baby. On this occasion, a prayer is observed for goddess Savita. Namkarana is the naming ceremony of the baby, which is observed 11 days after its birth. This gives the new-born an identity with which he or she will be associated all his life. Niskramana is the act of taking the four-month-old child out for the first time into the open to sunbathe. The Sun God Surya is worshiped. Annaprashana is the elaborate ceremony conducted when the child is fed cereal for the first time at the age of six months. Chudakarma or Keshanta karma is the ceremonious tonsuring of the head and Lord Brahma or Prajapati is prayed and offerings made to him. The baby’s head is shaved off and the hair is ceremonially immersed in the river. Karnavedha is the ritual of having the ear pierced. These days it is mostly girls who have their ears pierced. Upanayana aka thread ceremony is the investiture ceremony of the sacred thread where Brahmin boys take the life of a bramachari. They are adorned with a sacred thread hung from one shoulder and passed around their front and back. This day, Lord Indra is invoked and offerings are made to him. Vedarambha or Vidyarambha is observed when the child is initiated into study. In ancient times, boys were sent to live with their gurus in a ‘gurugriha’ or hermitage to study. Devotees pray to the Hindu God Apawaka on this occasion. Samavartana is the convocation or the commencement to the study of the Vedas. Vivaha is the lavish nuptial ceremony. After marriage, the individual enters the life of a ‘grihastha’ or conjugal life – the life of a householder. Lord Brahma is the deity of the day in the wedding ceremony. Awasthyadhana or Vivahagni Parigraha is a ceremony where the marrying couple encircles the sacred fire seven times. It is also known as ‘Saptapadi.’ Tretagnisangraha is the auspicious ritual that starts the couple on their domestic life. Antyeshti is the final rite of passage or funeral rites that is performed after death.

QMRThe ancient Sanskrit epics, the Ramayana and Mahabharata, also termed Itihāsa ("History") or Mahākāvya ("Great Compositions"), refer to epic poems that form a canon of Hindu scripture. Indeed, the epic form prevailed and verse remained until very recently the preferred form of Hindu literary works. Hero-worship was and is a central aspect of Indian culture, and thus readily lent itself to a literary tradition that abounded in epic poetry and literature. The Puranas, a massive collection of verse-form histories of India's many Hindu gods and goddesses, followed in this tradition. Itihāsas and Purāṇas are mentioned in the Atharva Veda[2] and referred to as the fourth Veda.[3]

QMRRamanathaswamy Temple is a Hindu temple dedicated to god Shiva located on Rameswaram island in the state of Tamil Nadu, Daily Indian HeraldThe temple is one of the holiest Hindu Char Dham (four divine sites) sites comprising Badrinath, Puri and Dwarka.[12] Though the origins are not clearly known, the Advaita school of Hinduism established by Sankaracharya, who created Hindu monastic institutions across India, attributes the origin of Char Dham to the seer.[13] The four monasteries lie across the four corners of India and their attendant temples are Badrinath Temple at Badrinath in the North, Jagannath Temple at Puri in the East, Dwarakadheesh Temple at Dwarka in the West and Ramanathaswamy Temple at Rameswaram in the South. Though ideologically the temples are divided between the sects of Hinduism, namely Saivism and Vaishnavism, the Char Dham pilgrimage is an all Hindu affair.[14] There are four abodes in Himalayas called Chota Char Dham (Chota meaning small): Badrinath, Kedarnath, Gangotri and Yamunotri - all of these lie at the foot hills of Himalayas.[15] The name Chota was added during the mid of 20th century to differentiate the original Char Dhams.[citation needed] The journey across the four cardinal points in India is considered sacred by Hindus who aspire to visit these temples once in their lifetime.[16] Traditionally the trip starts at the eastern end from Puri, proceeding in clockwise direction in a manner typically followed for circuambulation in Hindu temples.[16]

QMRLingaraj Temple is a Hindu temple dedicated to Harihara, a form of Shiva (odia:ଲିଂଗରାଜ ଠାକୁର) and is one of the oldest temples in Bhubaneswar, the capital of the East Indian state of Orissa. The temple is the most prominent landmark of the Bhubaneswar city and one of the major tourist attractions of the state.[1][2][3] The Lingaraja temple is the largest temple in Bhubaneswar. The central tower of the temple is 180 ft (55 m) tall. The temple represents the quintessence of the Kalinga Architecture and culminating the medieval stages of the architectural tradition at Bhubaneswar.[4] The temple is believed to be built by the kings from the Somavamsi dynasty, with later additions from the Ganga rulers. The temple is built in the Deula style that has four components namely, vimana (structure containing the sanctum), jagamohana (assembly hall), natamandira (festival hall) and bhoga-mandapa (hall of offerings), each increasing in the height to its predecessor. The temple complex has 50 other shrines and is enclosed by a large compound wall.

QMRThe sthala-virutcham or temple tree is a 3,500-year-old mango tree whose branches are said to yield four different types of mangoes from its four branches.

Ramapuram in Kottayam district, Kerala is another place where temples of all four brothers are situated. The four temples of central Kerala, thronged by Hindu devotees during the holy month of Karkitakam are centred round Ramapuram, within a distance of three kilometres. They are Ramapuram Sree Ramaswamy Temple, Koodappulam Sree Lakshmanaswamy Temple, Amanakara Sree Bharathaswamy Temple and Methiri Sree Sathrughnaswamy Temple. These temples together are called the Nalambalam. The deities here are the four sons of King Dasaratha of Ramayana. Lord Ram, the eldest of them is the seventh avatar (incarnation) of Lord Vishnu, who is the Supreme God of the Hindus. Bharata, second amongst them, is the avatar of the Panchajanya (Conch held by Vishnu) .Lakshmana is the avatar of the Adisesha, the serpent of infinite measures and on whom Lord Vishnu sleeps in the Ocean of Milk. Satrughna (the One who is destroyer of enemies) is the twin bother to Lakshamana and the youngest .He is the avatar of the Sudarshana chakra held by Lord Vishnu. Visiting nalambalam is considered to be a sacred event during the Malayalam month Karkidakam. Nalambalam consists of temples of brothers Sri Rama, Bharatha, Lakshmana & Sathrughnan. Devotees can get down at main bus stop of Ramapuram and hire a taxi/ autorikshaw to visit all these age old temples. Karkkidaka is the prime month suitable for Nalambala darsanam. For more details please visit www.nalambalam.org

QMR'Nalambalam' is a set of four Hindu temples in Kerala. In malayalam, Nalu means four and Ambalam means Temple. These are the temples for the Rama brothers of Ramayana. Nalambalam Yatra begins from the Rama temple in Triprayar and ends up at Shatrughna Temple in Payyammal. It is customary to visit the four temples in the order Rama, Bharata, Lakshmana and Shatrughna respectively. A pilgrimage to these temples on a single day during the holy month of Karkkidakam believed to shower blessings and ensure prosperity. Starting from Thripprayar and ending in Payammel, through Irinjalakuda and Moozhikulam.

QMRThe Charaka Saṃhitā or Compendium of Caraka (Sanskrit चरकसंहिता IAST: Caraka-saṃhitā) is a Sanskrit text on Ayurveda (Indian traditional medicine).[1][2] Along with the Suśruta-saṃhitā, it is one of the two foundational Hindu texts of this field that have survived from ancient India.[3][4][5] The aim of life science Life is of four kinds: Sukha (happy), Duhkha (unhappy), Hita (good) and Ahita (bad). Sukham-Ayuh is a life unaffected by bodily or psychic diseases, is endowed with vigor, capabilities, energy, vitality, activity, knowledge, successes and enjoyments. The opposite of this is the Asukham-Ayuh. Hitam-Ayuh is the life of a person who is always willing to do good to all living beings, truthful, non-stealing, calm, self-restrained, taking steps after examining the situation, virtuous, achieves Dharma-Artha-Kama, without conflict with others, worshipping whatever is worthy, devoted to knowledge-understanding-serenity of mind, and to charity and peace. The opposite of this is the Ahitam-Ayuh. The aim of Ayurveda is to teach what is conducive to these four kinds of life. —Caraka Samhita Chapters 1.1, 1.30 (Abridged)[27][28] The text asserts that there are four important parts to medical practice – the patient, the physician, the nurse and the medicines.[10] All four are essential to recovery and return to health, states the text. The physician provides knowledge and coordinates the treatment, he is who can "explore the dark interior of the body with the lamp of knowledge", according to the text and Valiathan's translation.[10][36] The physician must express joy and cheer towards those who can respond to treatment, masterfully avoid and save time in cases where the patient suffers from incurable disease, while compassionate towards all.[10] The nurse must be knowledgeable, skilled at preparing formulations and dosage, sympathetic towards everyone and clean.[9] The patient is responsible for being positive, have the ability to describe how he or she feels, remember and respectfully follow the physician instructions.[9][10]

QMrInternal hemorrhoids originate above the dentate line.[12] They are covered by columnar epithelium, which lacks pain receptors.[2] They were classified in 1985 into four grades based on the degree of prolapse:[2][1] Grade I: No prolapse, just prominent blood vessels[8] Grade II: Prolapse upon bearing down, but spontaneous reduction Grade III: Prolapse upon bearing down requiring manual reduction Grade IV: Prolapse with inability to be manually reduced.

QMR The people in the psych ward were trying to teach us dialectical behavior therapy in my head I was like "'I already know this its the quadrant model everything is" All DBT can be said to involve 4 components: Individual – The therapist and patient discuss issues that come up during the week (recorded on diary cards) and follow a treatment target hierarchy. Self-injurious and suicidal behaviors, or life-threatening behaviors, take first priority. Second in priority are behaviors which, while not directly harmful to self or others, interfere with the course of treatment. These behaviors are known as therapy-interfering behaviors. Third in priority are quality of life issues and working towards improving one's life generally. During the individual therapy, the therapist and patient work towards improving skill use. Often, a skills group is discussed and obstacles to acting skillfully are addressed. Group – A group ordinarily meets once weekly for two to two-and-a-half hours and learns to use specific skills that are broken down into four skill modules: core mindfulness, interpersonal effectiveness, emotion regulation, and distress tolerance. Therapist Consultation Team – A therapist consultation team includes all therapists providing DBT. The meeting occurs weekly and serves to support the therapist in providing the treatment. Phone Coaching – Phone coaching is designed to help generalize skills into the patient's daily life. Phone coaching is brief and limited to a focus on skills. Neither component is used by itself; the individual component is considered necessary to keep suicidal urges or uncontrolled emotional issues from disrupting group sessions, while the group sessions teach the skills unique to DBT, and also provide practice with regulating emotions and behavior in a social context. Four modules[edit] This article or section contains close paraphrasing of one or more non-free copyrighted sources. Ideas in this article should be expressed in an original manner. More details may be available on the talk page. (December 2013) Mindfulness[edit] Further information: Mindfulness (psychology) Mindfulness is one of the core concepts behind all elements of DBT. It is considered a foundation for the other skills taught in DBT, because it helps individuals accept and tolerate the powerful emotions they may feel when challenging their habits or exposing themselves to upsetting situations. The concept of mindfulness and the meditative exercises used to teach it are derived from traditional Buddhist practice, though the version taught in DBT does not involve any religious or metaphysical concepts. Within DBT it is the capacity to pay attention, nonjudgmentally, to the present moment; about living in the moment, experiencing one's emotions and senses fully, yet with perspective. "What" skills[edit] Observe This is used to nonjudgmentally observe one’s environment within or outside oneself. It is helpful in understanding what is going on in any given situation. DBT recommends developing a "teflon mind," the ability to let feelings and experiences pass without sticking in the mind.[11] Describe This is used to express what one has observed with the observe skill. It is to be used without judgmental statements. This helps with letting others know what you have observed. Participate This is used to become fully focused on, and involved in, the activity that one is doing. "How" skills[edit] Nonjudgmentally This is the action of describing the facts, and not thinking about what's "good" or "bad," "fair," or "unfair." These are judgments, not a factual description. Being nonjudgmental helps to get your point across in an effective manner without adding a judgment that someone else might disagree with. One-mindfully This is used to focus on one thing. One-mindfully is helpful in keeping your mind from straying into emotion mind by a lack of focus. Effectively This is simply doing what works. It is a very broad-ranged skill and can be applied to any other skill to aid in being successful with said skill.[12] Distress tolerance[edit] Many current approaches to mental health treatment focus on changing distressing events and circumstances such as dealing with the death of a loved one, loss of a job, serious illness, terrorist attacks and other traumatic events.[13] They have paid little attention to accepting, finding meaning for, and tolerating distress. This task has generally been tackled by psychodynamic, psychoanalytic, gestalt, or narrative therapies, along with religious and spiritual communities and leaders. Dialectical behavior therapy emphasizes learning to bear pain skillfully. Distress tolerance skills constitute a natural development from DBT mindfulness skills. They have to do with the ability to accept, in a non-evaluative and nonjudgmental fashion, both oneself and the current situation. Since this is a non-judgmental stance, this means that it is not one of approval or resignation. The goal is to become capable of calmly recognizing negative situations and their impact, rather than becoming overwhelmed or hiding from them. This allows individuals to make wise decisions about whether and how to take action, rather than falling into the intense, desperate, and often destructive emotional reactions that are part of borderline personality disorder.[12] Distract with ACCEPTS This is a skill used to distract oneself temporarily from unpleasant emotions. Activities - Use positive activities that you enjoy. Contribute - Help out others or your community. Comparisons - Compare yourself either to people that are less fortunate or to how you used to be when you were in a worse state. Emotions (other) - cause yourself to feel something different by provoking your sense of humor or happiness with corresponding activities. Push away - Put your situation on the back-burner for a while. Put something else temporarily first in your mind. Thoughts (other) - Force your mind to think about something else. Sensations (other) – Do something that has an intense feeling other than what you are feeling, like a cold shower or a spicy candy.[12] Self-soothe This is a skill in which one behaves in a comforting, nurturing, kind, and gentle way to oneself. You use it by doing something that is soothing to you. It is used in moments of distress or agitation.[12] New York Jets wide receiver Brandon Marshall, who was diagnosed with BPD in 2011 and is a strong advocate for DBT, cited activities such as prayer and listening to jazz music as instrumental in his treatment. IMPROVE the moment This skill is used in moments of distress to help one relax. Imagery - Imagine relaxing scenes, things going well, or other things that please you. Meaning - Find some purpose or meaning in what you are feeling. Prayer - Either pray to whomever you worship, or, if not religious, chant a personal mantra. Relaxation - Relax your muscles, breathe deeply; use with self-soothing. One thing in the moment - Focus your entire attention on what you are doing right now. Keep yourself in the present. Vacation (brief) - Take a break from it all for a short period of time. Encouragement - Cheerlead yourself. Tell yourself you can make it through this and cope as it will assist your resilience and reduce your vulnerability.[12] Pros and cons Think about the positive and negative things about not tolerating distress.[12] Radical acceptance Let go of fighting reality. Accept your situation for what it is.[12] Turning the mind Turn your mind toward an acceptance stance. It should be used with radical acceptance.[12] Willingness vs. willfulness Be willing and open to do what is effective. Let go of a willful stance which goes against acceptance. Keep your eye on the goal in front of you.[12] Emotion regulation[edit] Further information: Emotional self-regulation Individuals with borderline personality disorder and suicidal individuals are frequently emotionally intense and labile. They can be angry, intensely frustrated, depressed, or anxious. This suggests that these clients might benefit from help in learning to regulate their emotions. Dialectical behavior therapy skills for emotion regulation include:[14][15] Identify and label emotions Identify obstacles to changing emotions Reduce vulnerability to emotion mind Increase positive emotional events Increase mindfulness to current emotions Take opposite action Apply distress tolerance techniques[12] Story of emotion This skill is used to understand what kind of emotion one is feeling. Prompting event Interpretation of the event Body sensations Body language Action urge Action Emotion name, based on previous items on list[12] PLEASE This skill concerns ineffective health habits can make one more vulnerable to emotion mind. This skill is used to maintain a healthy body, so one is more likely to have healthy emotions. PhysicaL illness (treat) - If you are sick or injured, get proper treatment for it. Eating (balanced) - Make sure you eat a proper healthy diet, and eat in moderation. Avoid mood-altering drugs - Do not take non-prescribed medication or illegal drugs. They are very harmful to your body, and can make your mood unpredictable. Sleep (balanced) - Do not sleep too much or too little. Eight hours of sleep is recommended per night for the average adult. Exercise - Make sure you get an effective amount of exercise, as this will both improve body image and release endorphins, making you happier.[12] Build mastery Try to do one thing a day to help build competence and control.[12] Opposite action This skill is used when you have an unjustified emotion, one that doesn’t belong in the situation at hand. You use it by doing the opposite of your urges in the moment. It is a tool to bring you out of an unwanted or unjustified emotion by replacing it with the emotion that is opposite.[12] Problem solving This is used to solve a problem when your emotion is justified. It is used in combination with other skills.[12] Letting go of emotional suffering Observe and experience your emotion, accept it, then let it go.[12] Interpersonal effectiveness[edit] Interpersonal response patterns taught in DBT skills training are very similar to those taught in many assertiveness and interpersonal problem-solving classes. They include effective strategies for asking for what one needs, saying no, and coping with interpersonal conflict. Individuals with borderline personality disorder frequently possess good interpersonal skills in a general sense. The problems arise in the application of these skills to specific situations. An individual may be able to describe effective behavioral sequences when discussing another person encountering a problematic situation, but may be completely incapable of generating or carrying out a similar behavioral sequence when analyzing his or her own situation. The interpersonal effectiveness module focuses on situations where the objective is to change something (e.g., requesting that someone do something) or to resist changes someone else is trying to make (e.g., saying no). The skills taught are intended to maximize the chances that a person’s goals in a specific situation will be met, while at the same time not damaging either the relationship or the person’s self-respect. DEARMAN - getting something This acronym is used to aid one in getting what he or she wants when asking. Describe your situation. Express why this is an issue and how you feel about it. Assert yourself by asking clearly for what you want. Reinforce your position by offering a positive consequence if you were to get what you want. Mindful of the situation by focusing on what you want and ignore distractions. Appear Confident even if you don’t feel confident. Negotiate with a hesitant person and come to a comfortable compromise on your request. GIVE - giving something This skill set aids one with maintaining his or her relationships, whether they are with friends, coworkers, family, romantic partners, etc. It is to be used in conversations. Gentle: Use appropriate language, no verbal or physical attacks, no put downs, avoid sarcasm unless you are sure the person is all right with it, and be courteous and non-judgmental. Interested: When the person you are speaking to is talking about something, act interested in what they are saying. Maintain eye contact, ask questions, etc. Do not use your cell phone while having a conversation with another person! Validate: Show that you understand a person’s situation and sympathize with them. Validation can be shown through words, body language and/or facial expressions. Easy Manner: Be calm and comfortable during conversation, use humor, smile. FAST - keeping self-respect This is a skill to aid one in maintaining his or her self-respect. It is to be used in combination with the other interpersonal effectiveness skills. Fair: Be fair to both yourself and the other person. Apologies (few): Don’t apologize more than once for what you have done ineffectively, or apologize for something which was not ineffective. Stick to Your Values: Stay true to what you believe in and stand by it. Don’t allow others to get you to do things against your values. Truthful: Don’t lie. Lying can only pile up and damage relationships and your self-respect.[12] This list does not include the "problem solving" module, the purpose of which is to practice being one's own therapist.

Art Chapter

Painting Chapter

Music Chapter

QMRAnother band with the same animated characteristic would be the Gorillaz. Created in 1988, the four members of the band are depicted as characters: Murdoc Niccals, Noodle, Russel Hobbs and 2D. With the voices of this band being anonymous and represented by characters, they counter the main objective of a band which would be for the voices of their members themselves to be widely known and admired, diverting the attention to the characters instead.

QMRIn response to The Beatles being a hit, Robert "Bob" Rafelson and Bert Schneider created a television series called The Monkees which was based on The Beatles. This series was a sitcom about four young men trying make it big in the music industry, starring four young men who had no relation other than the show. Despite only being a band on television, the group grew in fame and eventually produced spin-off records which would lead to their début performance in Hawaii, December 1966. After a few years of success, the group eventually disbanded but reunited to play every few years and have been active since 2010.

QMrAll-4-One is an American male R&B/pop group best known for their cover hit single "I Swear" from their self-titled 1994 debut album. The group comprises Jamie Jones, Delious Kennedy, Alfred Nevarez, and Tony Borowiak, all from the Antelope Valley and Mojave, California areas, but are based in the Los Angeles area. The group has sold 22 million records worldwide.

QMRAll Four One is the RIAA Gold-certified third album by new wave band The Motels, released in 1982. It features the band's breakout Top 10 smash "Only the Lonely", and its follow-up hit "Take The L". Both songs were assisted by popular MTV music videos.

QMrFour Winds Field at Coveleski Stadium is a baseball stadium in South Bend, Indiana, home to the South Bend Cubs, a minor league baseball team which plays in the Class-A Midwest League. The stadium opened in 1987, and its open concourse is considered the template for many later minor league ball parks built in the 1990s. It has a capacity of 5,000 spectators and is undergoing major renovations in time for the 2015 season.

QMRUEFA stadium categories are categories for association football stadiums laid out in the UEFA Stadium Infrastructure Regulations.[1] Using these regulations, stadiums are rated as category one, two, three, or four (renamed from elite) in ascending ranking order. These categories replaced the previous method of ranking stadiums on one to five star scale in 2006. A stadium must be category four to host games in the playoffs of the qualifying stage for the UEFA Champions League or any game in the main competition.[2] Category four is also required to host any game in the main competition of the UEFA Europa League[3] or the UEFA European Football Championship.[4]

QMRHumble Pie were an English rock band formed by Steve Marriott, in Essex during 1969. They are known as one of the late 1960s' first supergroups and found success on both sides of the Atlantic. the band are also remembered for songs such as "Black Coffee", "30 Days in the Hole", "I Don't Need No Doctor" and "Natural Born Bugie". The original band line-up featured lead vocalist and guitarist Steve Marriott from the Small Faces, vocalist and guitarist Peter Frampton from The Herd, former Spooky Tooth bassist Greg Ridley and a seventeen-year-old drummer, Jerry Shirley. They had four members

QMrAccording to The Atlantic, the four most influential singing styles of grunge were exemplified by Alice in Chains' Layne Staley, who was called the "most memorable voice" of the genre for his "...ability to project power and vulnerability"; Nirvana's Kurt Cobain, who could both scream and sing melodically in the same song like John Lennon; Soundgarden's Chris Cornell, who "wailed and hit high notes" like Robert Plant; and Pearl Jam's Eddie Vedder, who "...combined a Jim Morrison-style natural baritone range with other punk and rock influences."[16]

QMrThe Au Pairs were a British post-punk band that formed in Birmingham in 1978 and continued until 1983. They produced two studio albums and three singles. Their songs were said to have "contempt for the cliches of contemporary sexual politics"[1] and their music has been compared to the Gang of Four and the Young Marble Giants.[2] The band was led by Lesley Woods, who was once described as "one of the most striking women in British rock".[3] They have four members

Dance Chapter

QMRMagnetic tape enabled the development of the first practical commercial sound systems that could record and reproduce high-fidelity stereophonic sound. The experiments with stereo during the 1930s and 1940s were hampered by problems with synchronization. A major breakthrough in practical stereo sound was made by Bell Laboratories, who in 1937 demonstrated a practical system of two-channel stereo, using dual optical sound tracks on film. Major movie studios quickly developed three-track and four-track sound systems, and the first stereo sound recording for a commercial film was made by Judy Garland for the MGM movie Listen, Darling in 1938. The first commercially released movie with a stereo soundtrack was Walt Disney's Fantasia, released in 1940. The 1941 release of Fantasia used the "Fantasound" sound system. This system used a separate film for the sound, synchronized with the film carrying the picture. The sound film had four double-width optical soundtracks, three for left, center, and right audio—and a fourth as a "control" track with three recorded tones that controlled the playback volume of the three audio channels. Because of the complex equipment this system required, Disney exhibited the movie as a roadshow, and only in the United States. Regular releases of the movie used standard mono optical 35 mm stock until 1956, when Disney released the film with a stereo soundtrack that used the "Cinemascope" four-track magnetic sound system.

QMRSteps[edit] There is no universal terminology for tap techniques and steps. The following includes descriptions of steps that are well known, although the names may vary. File:Tap Dance Technique.webm Tap Dance Technique Steps with one sound[edit] toe: tap the ball or pad of the foot against the floor, use your ankle not your whole leg. heel tap: strike the heel of the foot on the floor and release it immediately. step: place the ball of the foot on the floor with a change of weight. touch: place the ball of the foot on the floor without change of weight. stamp: place the flat foot on the floor with a change of weight. Foot stays on floor. stomp: place the flat foot on the floor, lift foot off floor (no change of weight). (heel) dig: place the heel on the floor, keeping the ball off the floor (with or without change of weight). heel (drop): standing on the balls of one or both feet, "drop" the heel on the floor, with or without change of weight. ball (drop):standing on the heels of one or both feet, "drop" the ball on the floor, with or without change of weight. toe: hit the floor with the tip of the foot, usually behind the other foot, without change of weight. toe stand: stand on one or both tips of the feet. This requires fairly stiff tap shoes. hop: standing on one foot, jump up and land on the same foot. leap: standing on one foot, jump up and land on the other foot. jump: standing on one or both feet, jump up and land on both feet. brush: standing on one leg sweep the opposite leg forward or backward from the hip striking the ball of the foot. (Backward aka "spank") scuff: as a brush, but striking the floor with the heel instead of the ball of the foot, Steps with two sounds[edit] ball heel: strike the ball of the foot on the floor and drop your heel. shuffle: combine two brushes, one forward and one backward. A faster shuffle can be achieved by making smaller movements that are closer to the body. There are actually many different ways to perform a shuffle. Broadway-style shuffles use knee movement to swing the foot into a shuffle. Hoofers generally execute a shuffle from movement in the upper leg and hip. While a faster shuffle may seem to come from the ankle, it is actually much easier to get speed and clarity from the hip, which is why this method is preferred. scuffle or paddle: combine a scuff with a backward brush. flap: brush forward and a step (which is striking the ball of the foot on the floor with a change of weight; similar to a walking step, only done on the ball of the foot—the heel does not touch the floor). The flap is often counted as "& 1." It is similar to the shuffle, but instead of brushing the ball back after the brush forward, the dancer steps (i.e. brush step instead of brush brush, as in a shuffle). slap: brush forward and a touch, similar to the flap but without change of weight. pickup: standing on the ball of one foot, jump up, hitting the ground with the ball of the foot you stood on, and land on the other foot. pullback: standing on the balls of one or both feet, jump up, hitting the ground with the ball(s) of the foot/feet, and land on the same foot (or again both feet) riff: standing on one leg, swing the other leg to the front, first hitting the ground with the ball of the foot, then with the heel. ball change: two steps on alternating feet. The first step does not get full weight. Steps with three sounds[edit] riffle: a riff combined with a backward brush. ripple: using only the toe tap of one foot, striking with the outer edge of the tap, followed by the inner edge, followed by the ball of the foot. slurp: one foot is placed on the floor with or without weight, first hitting with the ball, then with the heel, then again with the ball. This step is usually very fast with precision. shuffle-hop-step: a shuffle connected with a hop and a step on the foot that had brushed in the beginning. three beat shuffle:the same movement as a two beat shuffle except with a heel Steps with four sounds[edit] Cramp roll: Steps and heel drops can be combined to make a cramp roll which produces a rolling sound like a horse gallop or a drum roll. It is performed by doing two steps (right then left or vice versa), followed by two heel drops (right then left or vice versa), releasing the first heel immediately upon completion. In other words, it is performed as "ball (R) ball (L) heel (R) heel (L)" and is often counted as "1 and a 2." It may be preceded by a brush (counted as "& 1 & a 2" and known as a flap cramp roll or 5-cramp roll) or done double time, known as a "bite cramproll" and counted as "a & a 1." paradiddle: a scuffle, followed by step heel, all on the same foot. riff walk: a riff, followed by a dig-ball on the same foot. Can be extended to a 5-sound riff walk by inserting a heel on the other foot between the riff and the dig-ball. Four beat shuffle: a shuffle with four beats, with relaxed movement of the foot. Irish: Named for its resemblance to Irish jigs. A shuffle followed by a hop on the standing foot, then the working foot crosses either in front or in back. All tap dancing steps are a combination of simple movements that build upon each other. Most movements, simple and complex, include "taps", "drops", "brushes" (including shuffles and flaps), and "steps". For example, "shuffle ball change" is a shuffle followed by a ball change. Tap dancing steps may be learned and mastered by children and adults alike and are a good way to express/learn rhythm, dance, and percussion.

QMRYotsugana (四つ仮名?, literally "four kana") are a set of four specific kana, じ, ぢ, ず, づ (in the Nihon-shiki romanization system: zi, di, zu, du), used in the Japanese writing system. They historically represented four distinct voiced morae (syllables) in the Japanese language; however, today, in standard Japanese and the dialects of most Japanese speakers these morae have merged down to two sounds. Modern sound usage in various dialects[edit] Most of the far northern dialects (Tōhoku dialects and Hokkaidō) and far southern dialects (notably Okinawan Japanese) and the Ryukyuan languages (the other Japonic languages) have also mostly merged these down to one sound. However a few dialects, namely around Shikoku and Kyushu in the southwest, have conserved the distinction between three or all four sounds. In the current Tokyo dialect, on which the modern standard Japanese language is based, and also in the widely spoken Kansai dialect, only two sounds are distinguished, as represented in the Hepburn (ji, ji, zu, zu) and Kunrei (zi, zi, zu, zu) romanization systems. Modern kana usage[edit] The spelling differences between the four kana were retained well up to the mid-twentieth century, long after the different sounds they represented had merged. That left two distinct morae in most mainland dialects, such as that of Tokyo. Shortly after the end of World War II, the discrepancy between kana usage and pronunciation was rectified as part of a general orthographic reform, the Gendai Kanazukai, or modern kana orthography. Under the new rules, only the two kana じ zi and ず zu are to be used, but two notable exceptions exist: When a word exhibits sequential voicing, or rendaku, as a result of compounding, a second morpheme that would otherwise begin with the kana つ tu or ち ti in isolation ( 神無月　かんなづき, kannaduki for which 月 in isolation is written つき tuki); When the kana つ tu or ち ti is repeated and voiced in a word (続く つづく, tuduku). An exception to was permitted for regions that pronounced the four kana as three or four distinct sounds. After a 1986 update to the Gendai Kanazukai, the exception was replaced with a statement that the unified spelling was to be primarily used but still permitting etymologically correct spellings.

QMRUsing the four simple geometric shapes of a green triangle, a red circle, a blue cross, and a pink square (Triangle, Circle, X, Square) to label its action buttons rather than traditionally used letters or numbers, the PlayStation Controller established a trademark which would be incorporated heavily into the PlayStation brand. In an interview with Teiyu Goto, designer of the original PlayStation Controller, he explained what the symbols mean: The circle and cross represent "yes" and "no," respectively; the triangle symbolizes a point of view and the square is equated to a sheet of paper there to be used to access menus.[3]

QMrThere are four main components of any accordion: the reeds, bellows, buttons or keys, and the switches. The accordion has a treble side, which usually encases the reeds, and a bass side, which usually has the buttons and/or keys. The buttons or keys control the pitch which is on the treble side, and there are usually buttons on the bass side that are harder to see but can be tactfully identified with something like a gem or crosshatch pattern. The bellows are considered the life of the instruments as they are the ones expanding and contracting air into the reeds, and are usually made out of paper. Lastly, the switches control the timbre or voice of the instrument.[3]

QMrThe Wii U GamePad features a 6.2 inch touchscreen which either replicates or supplements the gameplay displayed on the television screen, along with motion sensing, front-facing camera, speakers, microphone and rumble feature. In addition, the controller has two clickable analog sticks, one d-pad, four face buttons (labeled A, B, X and Y), four shoulder buttons (labeled L, R, Zl and Zr), and "Select", "Start", "Home" and power buttons. During the Nintendo Direct Pre E3 2012 conference, Satoru Iwata confirmed that the circle pads that featured on previous prototype models had been replaced with clickable analog sticks, stating that the circle pads were more suitable for a portable medium. He also announced the addition of an NFC reader/writer, which has the capability to recognize cards or figurines. The Wii U is also compatible with an alternative controller named the Wii U Pro Controller. The Xbox One controller maintains the overall layout found in the Xbox 360 design. The directional pad has been changed to a four-way design, and the battery compartment is slimmer. Menu and view buttons have replaced the Start and Back buttons. Each trigger will also feature independent rumble motors called "Impulse Triggers", which allows developers to program directional vibration. One trigger can be made to vibrate when firing a gun, or both can work together to create feedback that indicates the direction of an incoming hit. It remains to be seen exactly how developers will use the new feature. Pre-ordered Xbox One controllers have the words "Day One 2013" engraved in the center.

QMRThe Wii Remote is an unconventional controller in comparison to others. In its basic form, it is shaped like a television remote control and includes a number of features. Most notably, it contains tilt sensors and three-dimensional pointing which allows the system to understand all directions of movement (up, down, left, right, in, and out, etc.) and rotation (back and forth around the pitch, roll, and yaw axes). The Wii Remote has four buttons, labeled A, B (on the back), 1 and 2, plus the start (+), select (-) and home button (a house). The controller is also multifunctional and expandable, including an expansion bay which can be used with different types of peripherals. An analog stick peripheral called "Nunchuk" features two trigger buttons (C and Z) to be used by the other hand. Like the Wii Remote, the Nunchuk contains an accelerometer[11] but unlike the Wii Remote, it lacks any pointer functionality. For NES Virtual Console games, the Wii Remote can be used on its side or the classic controller can be used. The Classic Controller is also available for use with the Wii's Virtual Console as well as some Wii titles. It resembles a Super NES controller and contains two analog sticks placed similarly to Sony's DualShock. Instead of having start and select buttons, it has the -, home, and + buttons from the Wii Remote. However, there are text labels below each button, reading "Select", "Home" and "Start" respectively.[12] There are four action buttons labeled A, B, X and Y, as well as L, R, ZL and ZR shoulder buttons. The console also supports use of the Nintendo GameCube controller for Nintendo GameCube Game Discs compatibility and limited Virtual Console play, as well as certain Wii games (e.g. Super Smash Bros. Brawl). A second version of the Classic Controller, the Classic Controller Pro was also released for the Wii, which added handles and rearranged the shoulder buttons, giving it the same layout as Sony's analog controllers. At E3 2007 the Wii Zapper, an add-on for the Wii-remote which allows it to be held like a gun and thus arguably making first person shooters more immersive, was unveiled for the first time to the public.

QMRThe Nintendo 64 controller started a trend to have both an analog stick (referred to by Nintendo as a 'Control Stick') and a d-pad. It has the traditional A, B, L, and R buttons, along with a Z trigger button on its underside. Four "C" buttons were originally intended to control the camera in games, but were later used for a wide variety of functions, such as using assigned items in The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time and The Legend of Zelda: Majora's Mask. In addition to the Rumble Pak, the controller also can house a Controller Pak for saving games, and a microphone add-on. The Nintendo 64 controller's design has a trident shape, making for three ways to hold the controller. The most used way in games to hold the controller was for the left hand to hold the center grip, so the thumb could move the analog stick and the index finger could press the Z trigger. The right hand would be on the right grip of the controller and have access to all the main face buttons, and the R button. A few games (such as Mega Man 64) allowed the player the choice of using either the d-pad or Control stick. Also, a few games (such as South Park: Chef's Luv Shack) used the d-pad instead of the Control Stick. In addition to the standard grey, Nintendo 64 controllers were available in seven different semi-transparent colors, with consoles to match: Blue, Green, Orange, Purple, Red, Black and Clear Blue. There were also several opaque controllers available, such as green, yellow, red and blue. Accessories for the N64 controller included a Rumble Pak that contained a force-feedback vibration motor (which has since become a standard feature for most Nintendo controllers) and a Transfer Pak that added an input slot for Game Boy cartridges to allow connectivity between Nintendo 64 and Game Boy games. Sixth Generation[edit] A Dreamcast controller with the Visual Memory Unit (VMU) inserted. The Dreamcast controller has a similar design to the Saturn 3D Control Pad. It features an analog stick, a d-pad, four face buttons, a start button and pressure-sensitive triggers on the left and right underside. The gamepad also featured two slots that could be used for a vibration pack or a VMU (Visual Memory Unit, which incorporated a memory card) with a hole to allow the VMU screen to show animations while playing a game. The accessory slots, button positions, and analog triggers would also be present in Microsoft's Xbox controller. Like the Saturn, the Dreamcast had additional controllers available at launch, including a unique fishing rod controller (for use with Get Bass/Sega Bass Fishing), a mouse and keyboard, and other more common peripherals such as a light gun, a steering wheel and an arcade stick.

QMRSony's original PlayStation Controller featured a four direction d-pad, four action buttons (referred not by color or letter/number like most pads until then, but by four colored shapes: Triangle, Circle, Cross and Square), four shoulder buttons (R1, R2, L1, and L2, standing for right and left) and start and select buttons. The basic design and layout was based on that of Nintendo's SNES controller,[citation needed] as the PlayStation was originally developed as a CD add-on for the SNES, before becoming a console in its own right.[citation needed] It was the default pad for the first year of the PlayStation, until the release of the Dual Analog. It is often cloned for PC gamepads. The Apple Bandai Pippin was a short-lived console designed by Apple Computer Inc and produced by Bandai. Fewer than 100,000 were manufactured. Its controller, the AppleJack controller, featured four colored primary action buttons (labeled with a number of raised (button 1) or indented (other buttons) dots), two shoulder buttons, three secondary action buttons (labeled with shapes: square, circle and diamond) and a circular d-pad. Unlike other gamepads of the era, it also featured a trackball in the center of the controller.

QMRThe NES and Famicom controllers both featured a brick-like design with a simple, four button layout: two action buttons labeled "A" and "B", a "start" button and a "select" button

QMRGamepads generally feature a set of buttons handled with the right thumb and a direction controller handled with the left. The direction controller has traditionally been a four-way digital cross (also named a joypad, or alternatively a d-pad), but most modern controllers additionally (or as a substitute) feature one or more analog sticks.

Literature Chapter

QMRThe Tibetan Book of the Dead contains elaborate karma purification practices to naturally liberate cyclic rebirth action. This includes natural liberation practice with the mind; with the spiritual teacher; with naked perception; with homage to sacred enlighten families for habitual tendencies; with confessional acts, with death signs visual recognition; with death ritual deception for fear; with recollection for consciousness transference; fundamentally with hearing great liberation; and with wearing through the psycho-physical aggregates.[129] Confessional acts in this context is important for purification (without renunciation) where the four powers are 1)reliance with one hundred peaceful and wrathful deities visualization, 2)actual antidote with elaborate confessional acts natural liberation practice and Vajrasattva mantra, 3)remorse, negative acts genuine recollection, and 4) resolving to never commit such negative actions again. [130]

QMRThubten Zopa Rinpoche explains that purification entails applying the four powers, where each action has four aspects that determine if the action is complete or incomplete. These aspects are: motivation, object, performance and completion. If an action is complete in all four aspects, this is throwing karma and can determine throwing rebirth into the six realms; or, if beneficial with good karma to better rebirth. A missing aspect becomes completed karma, thus determining future life quality and a completed negative action keeps suffering ongoing. The first of the four purification powers is taking refuge and generating bodhicitta, the second is release to counteract the results similar to the cause, the third is remedy with applying antidotes to throwing karma and the fourth is indestructible determination by overcoming tendency to habitually create negativities over and over again.[note 19] This logic is common to all Vajrayana practices. Realizing emptiness is the ultimate purification. The four powers are confessional and are different than Christian confessionals; however parallels exist. Each action leaves an imprint to ripen as positive for happiness or negative for suffering. [127] Proper application requires a qualified lama to guide the process with view, reading the method alone may be insufficient. [128]

QMRThe Tenth Muse, lately Sprung up in America, or Several Poems Compiled with Great Variety of Wit and Learning, Full of Delight, Wherein especially is Contained a Complete Discourse and Description of the Four Elements, Constitutions, Ages of Man, Seasons of the Year, together with an exact Epitome of the Four Monarchies, viz., The Assyrian, Persian, Grecian, Roman, Also a Dialogue between Old England and New, concerning the late troubles. With divers other pleasand and serious Poems, By a Gentlewoman in those parts is a 1650 book of poetry by Anne Bradstreet. It was Bradstreet's only work published in her lifetime. Published purportedly without Bradstreet's knowledge, Bradstreet wrote to her publisher acknowledging that she knew of the publication. She was forced to pretend she was unaware of the publication until afterwards, or she would have risked harsh criticism. Bradstreet wrote the poem "The Author to Her Book" in 1666 when a second edition was contemplated. The book was published, without Bradstreet's knowledge, by the Rev. John Woodbridge. Woodbridge took the manuscript to England where it was published. The "Four Monarchies" is regarded by some critics as epic.[1]

QMRAntichrist is a 2009 Danish experimental horror film written and directed by Lars von Trier, starring Willem Dafoe and Charlotte Gainsbourg.[5][6][7] It tells the story of a couple who, after the death of their child, retreat to a cabin in the woods where the man experiences strange visions and the woman manifests increasingly violent sexual behaviour and sadomasochism. The narrative is divided into a prologue, four chapters and an epilogue

QMRChina Four Great Classical Novels (impact across the East Asian cultural sphere) Romance of the Three Kingdoms Water Margin Journey to the West Dream of the Red Chamber

QMRThe Four Great Chronicles: Llibre dels fets Crònica de Bernat Desclot Crònica de Ramon Muntaner Crònica de Pere el Cerimoniós

QMRDainas are very short, usually only one or two stanzas, unrhymed and in a four-footed trochaic metre. Lyrically, dainas concern themselves with native mythology but, in contrast to most similar forms, do not have any legendary heroes. Stories often revolve around pre-Christian deities like the sun goddess Saule, the moon god Meness and, most notably, the life of people, especially its three most important events - birth, wedding and death (including burial). The first collection of dainas was published between 1894 and 1915 as Latvju Dainas by Krišjānis Barons.

QMRLatvia is a country in Northern Europe. The capital is Riga. It is one of the Baltic States, together with Estonia in the north and Lithuania in the south. Latvia's neighbours to the east are the countries Russia and Belarus. Latvia is split into four parts called Kurzeme, Vidzeme, Zemgale, and Latgale.

QMRA daina or tautas dziesma is a traditional form of music or poetry from Latvia. Lithuanian dainas share common traits, however have been more influenced by European folk song traditions.[1] Latvian dainas often feature pre-Christian themes and legends, drone vocal styles and can be accompanied by musical instruments such as the Baltic zithers (kokle). Dainas tend to be very short (usually four-liners) and are usually in a trochaic or a dactylic metre.[1] The trochaic metre is most popular with around 95% of dainas being in it.[2] Characteristic to this metre is that an unstressed syllable follows stressed syllable, two syllables forming one foot. Two feet form a dipody and after every dipody there is a caesura, which cannot be in the middle of the word. The dainas traditionally are written down so that every line contains two dipodies. If caesura is followed by three syllables, the last syllable i.e. at end of line, is long, if four syllables follow it is short. Syllable is considered short, if it contains short vowel or short vowel and s, all other syllables are considered long. This results in rather limited vocabulary as dipody can consist of either one four syllable word, two two syllable words, one one syllable and one three syllable word or two one syllable and one two syllable word. Exceptions are mostly found in Eastern Latvian dialects, which allow words to start one syllable before or after where caesura normally would be, thus allowing five syllable combinations.[2][3] This inconsistency is usually found only in one or two lines, most often in second or forth. The notion of short and long syllables at end of lines is retained. However syllable after lost caesura is often unstressed as it is in everyday speech.[3] Elsewhere to increase vocabulary a sound may be added or removed. In particular addition of sounds is explained with structural changes in language itself (loss of vowel in word endings). The sound added at end of the word usually is I, in some rare cases also A, U or E (the later mostly at some regions of Courland).[2] Occasionally both contraction occurs and I is inserted instead of diminutive ending in I i.e. the ending is retained, but separated from the rest of the word by caesura. This can be perhaps explained by diminutives being so popular in dainas that people didn't find it appropriate to replace it with the same word without it, which would be a syllable shorter.[3] However the opposite also might be true with diminutive being added to increase number of syllables, even when meaning of words is quite opposite to what usually is expressed with diminutive. Similarly the need to match the metric might cause disagreement in tenses.

QMRThe History of Latvia began around 9000 BC with the end of the last glacial period in northern Europe. Ancient Baltic peoples appeared during the second millennium BC, and four distinct tribal realms in Latvia's territories were identifiable towards the end of the first millennium AD. Latvia's principal river, the Daugava River, was at the head of an important mainland route from the Baltic region through Russia into southern Europe and the Middle East that was used by the Vikings and later Nordic and German traders.

Around 3000 BCE, the proto-Baltic ancestors of the Latvian people settled on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea.[25] The Balts established trade routes to Rome and Byzantium, trading local amber for precious metals.[26] By 900 CE, four distinct Baltic tribes inhabited Latvia: Curonians, Latgalians, Selonians, Semigallians (in Latvian: kurši, latgaļi, sēļi and zemgaļi), as well as the Livonians (lībieši) speaking a Finnic language.[citation needed]

QMRThe name Latvija is derived from the name of the ancient Latgalians, one of four Indo-European Baltic tribes (along with Couronians, Selonians and Semigallians), which formed the ethnic core of modern Latvians together with the Finnic Livonians.[23] Henry of Latvia coined the Latinisations of the country's name, "Lettigallia" and "Lethia", both derived from the Latgalians. The terms inspired the variations on the country's name in Romance languages from "Letonia" and in several Germanic languages from "Lettland".[24]

QMrThere are various methods of performing a differential diagnostic procedure, but in general, it is based on the idea that one begins by considering the most common diagnosis first: a head cold versus meningitis, for example. As a reminder, medical students are taught the Occam's razor adage, "When you hear hoofbeats, look for horses, not zebras," which means look for the simplest, most common explanation first. Only after ruling out the simplest diagnosis should the clinician consider more complex or exotic diagnoses. Differential diagnosis has four steps. The physician: Gathers all information about the patient and creates a symptoms list. The list can be in writing or in the physician's head, as long as they make a list. Lists all possible causes (candidate conditions) for the symptoms. Again, this can be in writing or in the physician's head but it must be done. Prioritizes the list by placing the most urgently dangerous possible causes at the top of the list. Rules out or treats possible causes, beginning with the most urgently dangerous condition and working down the list. Rule out—practically—means use tests and other scientific methods to determine that a candidate condition has a clinically negligible probability of being the cause.

QMRIn addition to viewing bibliographic study as being composed of four interdependent approaches (enumerative, descriptive, analytical, and textual), Bowers notes two further subcategories of research, namely historical bibliography and aesthetic bibliography.[2] Both historical bibliography, which involves the investigation of printing practices, tools, and related documents, and aesthetic bibliography, which examines the art of designing type and books, are often employed by analytical bibliographers.

QMRIn 1919–1920, J. R. R. Tolkien was employed by the OED, researching etymologies of the Waggle to Warlock range;[24] later he parodied the principal editors as "The Four Wise Clerks of Oxenford" in the story Farmer Giles of Ham.[25]

QMRQuattro passi fra le nuvole (U.S. title: Four Steps in the Clouds) is a 1942 Italian drama film directed by Alessandro Blasetti. Aesthetically, it is close to Italian neorealism. The film's sets were designed by Virgilio Marchi.

Cinema Chapter

QMrFlowers in the Attic is a 1987 psychological horror film starring Louise Fletcher, Victoria Tennant, Kristy Swanson, and Jeb Stuart Adams. It is based on the 1979 novel of the same name by V. C. Andrews. Despite the success of the book on which it is based, the movie was poorly received by both critics and fans.[1]After the sudden death of their father, four children — teenagers Chris and Cathy and 5-year-old twins Cory and Carrie — find themselves penniless and forced to travel with their mother Corinne to live with her wealthy parents (whom the children had neither met nor been told about before). Corinne informs her children that there has been tension between herself and her parents for many years, but does not elaborate and simply says they had cut her out of their lives for something she had done of which they disapproved. The children trust her, though Cathy is skeptical as she wonders what happened that caused the rift between her mother and her parents.

QMRFour Sisters (Hangul: 네 자매 이야기; RR: Ne Jamae Iyagi; lit. "The Story of Four Sisters") is a 2001 South Korean television series starring Hwang Soo-jung, Chae Rim, Ahn Yeon-hong, Park Ye-jin, Han Jae-suk, Kim Chan-woo, Ji Jin-hee, Park Chul and Nam Sung-jin. It aired on MBC from June 13 to August 16, 2001, on Wednesdays and Thursdays at 21:55 for 20 episodes.

QMRReality Bites is a 1994 romantic comedy-drama film written by Helen Childress and directed by Ben Stiller. It stars Winona Ryder, Ethan Hawke and Stiller, with supporting roles by Janeane Garofalo and Steve Zahn. The plot follows Lelaina (Ryder), an aspiring videographer working on a documentary called Reality Bites about the disenfranchised lives of her friends and roommates. Their challenges exemplify some of the career and lifestyle choices faced by Generation X. The film was well-received critically and commercially. Four friends who recently graduated from college live together in Houston, Texas. Coffee-house guitarist Troy Dyer and budding filmmaker Lelaina Pierce are attracted to each other, although they have not acted on their feelings except for one brief, drunken encounter. Troy is floundering, having lost several minimum wage jobs—the last of which he loses early in the film for stealing a candy bar from his employer. Lelaina was valedictorian of her university, and has aspirations to become a documentarian, although initially having to settle for a position as production assistant to a rude and obnoxious TV host.

QMRChaturanga (Bengali: চতুরঙ্গ "Four Chapters") is a 2008 Bengali film. Directed by Suman Mukherjee, the movie featured Rituparna Sengupta, Dhritiman Chaterji, Subrata Dutta, Joy Sengupta and Kabir Suman.[1][2][3]

QMrMishima: A Life in Four Chapters is a 1985 American/Japanese film co-written and directed by Paul Schrader. The film is based on the life and work of Japanese writer Yukio Mishima, interweaving episodes from his life with dramatizations of segments from his books The Temple of the Golden Pavilion, Kyoko's House, and Runaway Horses. It was executive produced by Francis Ford Coppola and George Lucas.

QMRAir is one of the four classical elements in ancient Greek philosophy and science. According to Plato, it is associated with the octahedron; air is considered to be both hot and wet. The ancient Greeks used two words for air: aer meant the dim lower atmosphere, and aether meant the bright upper atmosphere above the clouds.[1] Plato, for instance writes that "So it is with air: there is the brightest variety which we call aether, the muddiest which we call mist and darkness, and other kinds for which we have no name...."[2] Among the early Greek Pre-Socratic philosophers, Anaximenes (mid-6th century BCE) named air as the arche.[3] A similar belief was attributed by some ancient sources to Diogenes Apolloniates (late 5th century BCE), who also linked air with intelligence and soul (psyche), but other sources claim that his arche was a substance between air and fire.[4] Aristophanes parodied such teachings in his play The Clouds by putting a prayer to air in the mouth of Socrates. Air was one of many archai proposed by the Pre-socratics, most of whom tried to reduce all things to a single substance. However, Empedocles of Acragas (c. 495-c. 435 BCE) selected four archai for his four roots: Air, fire, water, and earth. Ancient and modern opinions differ as to whether he identified air by the divine name Hera, Aidoneus or even Zeus. Empedocles’ roots became the four classical elements of Greek philosophy.[5] Plato (427–347 BCE) took over the four elements of Empedocles. In the Timaeus, his major cosmological dialogue, the Platonic solid associated with air is the octahedron which is formed from eight equilateral triangles. This places air between fire and water which Plato regarded as appropriate because it is intermediate in its mobility, sharpness, and ability to penetrate. He also said of air that its minuscule components are so smooth that one can barely feel them.[6] Plato's student Aristotle (384–322 BCE) developed a different explanation for the elements based on pairs of qualities. The four elements were arranged concentrically around the center of the universe to form the sublunary sphere. According to Aristotle, air is both hot and wet and occupies a place between fire and water among the elemental spheres. Aristotle definitively separated air from aether. For him, aether was an unchanging, almost divine substance that was found only in the heavens, where it formed celestial spheres.[7] In ancient Greek medicine, each of the four humours became associated with an element. Blood was the humor identified with air, since both were hot and wet. Other things associated with air and blood in ancient and medieval medicine included the season of spring, since it increased the qualities of heat and moisture; the sanguine temperament (of a person dominated by the blood humour); hermaphrodite (combining the masculine quality of heat with the feminine quality of moisture); and the northern point of the compass.[8] Alchemical symbol for air The alchemical symbol for air is an upward-pointing triangle, bisected by a horizontal line.