Quadrant Model of Reality: Quadrant Model of Reality Book 12 Philosophy and History

Philosophy Chapter

QMRThe United Nations Office in Vienna (UNOV) is one of the four major UN office sites where several different UN agencies have a joint presence. The office complex is located in Vienna, the capital of Austria, and is part of the Vienna International Centre, a cluster of several major international organizations. The UNOV was established on 1 January 1980, and was the third such office established.[1]

Persian Scholar Pavilion

In June 2009 Iran donated a scholar pavilion to United Nations Office in Vienna which is placed in the central Memorial Plaza of the Vienna International Center.[4] The Persian Scholars Pavilion at United Nations in Vienna, Austria is featuring the statues of four prominent Persian figures. Highlighting the Persian architectural features, the pavilion is adorned with Persian art forms and includes the statues of renowned Persian scientists Avicenna, Abu Rayhan Biruni, Zakariya Razi (Rhazes) and Omar Khayyam.[

QMRfour separate Australian colonies—New South Wales, Tasmania, Western Australia, South Australia

QMRThe Declaration by the United Nations was a World War II document agreed on 1 January 1942 during the Arcadia Conference by 26 governments: the Allied "Big Four"[1][2] (the US, the UK, the USSR, and China), nine other American countries in North and Central America and the Caribbean, the four British Dominions, British India, and eight Allied governments-in-exile, for a total of twenty-six nations.

The Declaration by United Nations, on 1 January 1942, was the basis of the modern UN.[3]

QMRThe United Nations Office in Vienna (UNOV) is one of the four major UN office sites worldwide.

QMRAustria later became engaged in a war with Revolutionary France, at the beginning highly unsuccessfully, with successive defeats at the hands of Napoleon meaning the end of the old Holy Roman Empire in 1806. Two years earlier,[34] in 1804, the Empire of Austria was founded. In 1814 Austria was part of the Allied forces that invaded France and brought to an end the Napoleonic Wars.

An ethno-linguistic map of Austria–Hungary, 1910

It emerged from the Congress of Vienna in 1815 as one of the continent's four dominant powers and a recognised great power.

QMRAfter Germany surrendered, the Allies partitioned Berlin and Germany's remaining territory into four military occupation zones. The western sectors, controlled by France, the United Kingdom, and the United States, were merged on 23 May 1949 to form the Federal Republic of Germany (Bundesrepublik Deutschland); on 7 October 1949, the Soviet Zone became the German Democratic Republic (Deutsche Demokratische Republik). They were informally known as "West Germany" and "East Germany". East Germany selected East Berlin as its capital, while West Germany chose Bonn as a provisional capital, to emphasise its stance that the two-state solution was an artificial and temporary status quo.[66]

West Germany was established as a federal parliamentary republic with a "social market economy". Starting in 1948 West Germany became a major recipient of reconstruction aid under the Marshall Plan and used this to rebuild its industry.[67] Konrad Adenauer was elected the first Federal Chancellor (Bundeskanzler) of Germany in 1949 and remained in office until 1963. Under his and Ludwig Erhard's leadership, the country enjoyed prolonged economic growth beginning in the early 1950s, that became known as an "economic miracle" (Wirtschaftswunder).[68] West Germany joined NATO in 1955 and was a founding member of the European Economic Community in 1957.

The Berlin Wall during its fall in 1989, with the Brandenburg Gate in the background.

East Germany was an Eastern Bloc state under political and military control by the USSR via occupation forces and the Warsaw Pact. Although East Germany claimed to be a democracy, political power was exercised solely by leading members (Politbüro) of the communist-controlled Socialist Unity Party of Germany, supported by the Stasi, an immense secret service controlling many aspects of the society.[69] A Soviet-style command economy was set up and the GDR later became a Comecon state.[70] While East German propaganda was based on the benefits of the GDR's social programmes and the alleged constant threat of a West German invasion, many of its citizens looked to the West for freedom and prosperity.[71] The Berlin Wall, built in 1961 to stop East Germans from escaping to West Germany, became a symbol of the Cold War.[35] It was the site of U.S. President John F. Kennedy's famous Ich bin ein Berliner speech of 26 June 1963 and subsequently Ronald Reagan's, Mr. Gorbachov, Tear down this wall! speech of 12 June 1987; hence its fall in 1989 became a symbol of the Fall of Communism, German Reunification and Die Wende.[72]

Tensions between East and West Germany were reduced in the early 1970s by Chancellor Willy Brandt's Ostpolitik. In summer 1989, Hungary decided to dismantle the Iron Curtain and open the borders, causing the emigration of thousands of East Germans to West Germany via Hungary. This had devastating effects on the GDR, where regular mass demonstrations received increasing support. The East German authorities eased the border restrictions, allowing East German citizens to travel to the West; originally intended to help retain East Germany as a state, the opening of the border actually led to an acceleration of the Wende reform process. This culminated in the Two Plus Four Treaty a year later on 12 September 1990, under which the four occupying powers renounced their rights under the Instrument of Surrender, and Germany regained full sovereignty. This permitted German reunification on 3 October 1990, with the accession of the five re-established states of the former GDR.[35]

QMRThe Battle of Four Lakes was a battle during a US Army expedition against a confederation of Native American tribes in Washington and Idaho.

QMRMetaphysics[edit]

The metaphysical doctrine of Razi derives from the theory of the "five eternals", according to which the world is produced out of an interaction between God and four other eternal principles (soul, matter, time, and place)

The fifth is always God

QMRThe design of the MLAT also reflects a major conclusion of Carroll's research, which was that language learning aptitude was not a "general" unitary ability, but rather a composite of at least four relatively independent "specialized" abilities. The four aspects, or "components," of language learning aptitude that Carroll identified were phonetic coding ability, grammatical sensitivity, rote learning ability and inductive language learning ability. In the article “The prediction of success in intensive foreign language training,” Carroll defined these components as follows:

Ability Definition

Phonetic coding ability an ability to identify distinct sounds, to form associations between those sounds and symbols representing them, and to retain these associations;

Grammatical sensitivity the ability to recognize the grammatical functions of words (or other linguistic entities) in sentence structures;

Rote learning ability for foreign language materials the ability to learn associations between sounds and meanings rapidly and efficiently, and to retain these associations; and

Inductive language learning ability the ability to infer or induce the rules governing a set of language materials, given samples of language materials that permit such inferences.

QMRSirenoidea, contains the four species of sirens, which are in a single family, Sirenidae. Members of this order are eel-like aquatic salamanders with much reduced forelimbs and no hind limbs. Some of their features are primitive while others are derived.[46] Fertilisation is likely to be external as sirenids lack the cloacal glands used by male salamandrids to produce spermatophores and the females lack spermathecae for sperm storage. Despite this, the eggs are laid singly, a behaviour not conducive for external fertilisation.

QMRSUBMARINES- Navys four classes of submarines

Beware of the silence

Stealthy, agile and armed with some of the most powerful weapons on the planet, Navy submarines and their crews play a number of roles in both war and peace time: attack, surveillance, commando insertion, research and nuclear deterrence. Submarine operators are known as the “Silent Service,” where standards are incredibly high and victories are often kept secret.

Navy submarines are some of the most high-tech vessels in the world. They can insert SEAL teams into hostile target areas, launch ballistic missiles, take out enemy subs and ships, perform reconnaissance and rescue missions, and also serve as a platform for nuclear weapons.

The Virginia-class attack submarine USS California (SSN 781) underway during sea trials.

ATTACK SUBMARINES (SSNS)

HUNTERS BENEATH

The Navy deploys three classes of these sleek subs: the Los Angeles, Seawolf and Virginia. All are capable of performing seek-and-destroy missions on enemy ships and subs, surveillance and reconnaissance, irregular warfare, covert troop insertion, mine and anti-mine operations and more. Plus, each is armed with Tomahawk® cruise missiles to stealthily strike targets from far out.

Get the specs and tech of the all three attack submarine classes.

The ballistic missile submarine USS Maryland (SSBN 738) (Gold) transits the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway.

BALLISTIC MISSILE SUBMARINES (SSBN)

THE BACKBONE OF STRATEGIC DETERRENCE

"Boomers" may have the most important mission in the Navy: strategic nuclear deterrence. They were built for it as their sole role. Capable of operating underwater for months on end, Ballistic Missile Submarines require crews that can work together under any circumstance. They can defend themselves individually with torpedoes, but what they do for the defense of America cannot be measured.

Get the specs and tech of the Ohio-Class Ballistic Missile Submarine.

The USS Florida (SSBN 728) on its way to homeport at Naval Station Norfolk.

GUIDED MISSILE SUBMARINES (SSGN)

PRECISION FROM BENEATH

To complement the potent guided-missile platform of Cruisers and Destroyers, the Navy needed something a little more stealthy. And few things are as stealthy as an Ohio-Class boomer. Guided Missile Submarines were converted from that class and can carry over 150 Tomahawk® missiles plus transport and support Navy Special Operations forces.

Get the specs and tech of Guided Missile Submarines.

DEEP SUBMERGENCE RESCUE VEHICLES (DSRVS)

THE SUB FLEET'S LIFE VEST

When trouble happens beneath the waves, there is only one vessel to call on: the DSRV. They perform underwater rescue operations on disabled submarines for the US or foreign navies. They’re designed for quick deployment in the event of a submarine accident – transportable by truck, aircraft, ship or specially configured attack submarine. Many Sailors owe their lives to the capabilities of a DSRV and its crew.

Get the specs and tech of Deep Submergence Rescue Vehicles.

QMRFour Christmases (Four Holidays in Australia and New Zealand, Anywhere But Home in the Netherlands, Norway, United Arab Emirates and in South Africa) is a Christmas-themed romantic comedy film about a couple visiting all four of their divorced parents' homes on Christmas Day. The film is produced by Spyglass Entertainment released by New Line Cinema on November 26, 2008, the day before Thanksgiving, and distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures. It stars Vince Vaughn and Reese Witherspoon, with Sissy Spacek, Mary Steenburgen, Robert Duvall, Jon Voight, Jon Favreau, Tim McGraw, Dwight Yoakam, and Kristin Chenoweth as supporting cast. The film is director Seth Gordon's first studio feature film.[2] The DVD and Blu-ray Disc was released on November 24, 2009.

QMRUnification under these conditions raised a basic diplomatic problem. The possibility of German (or Italian) unification would overturn the overlapping spheres of influence system created in 1815 at the Congress of Vienna. The principal architects of this convention, Metternich, Castlereagh, and Tsar Alexander (with his foreign secretary Count Karl Nesselrode), had conceived of and organized a Europe balanced and guaranteed by four "great powers": Great Britain, France, Russia, and Austria, with each power having a geographic sphere of influence. France's sphere included the Iberian Peninsula and a share of influence in the Italian states. Russia's included the eastern regions of Central Europe and a balancing influence in the Balkans. Austria's sphere expanded throughout much of the Central European territories formerly held by the Holy Roman Empire. Britain's sphere was the rest of the world, especially the seas

QMRThe German Empire consisted of 27 constituent territories, with most being ruled by royal families. This included four kingdoms

QMRThe Declaration of the Four Nations or the Four Power Declaration was signed on October 30, 1943 at the Moscow Conference by the Big Four: the United States, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, and the Republic of China. The declaration formally established the four power framework that would later influence the international order of the postwar world.[1] It was one of four declarations signed at the conference; the other three were the Declaration on Italy, the Declaration on Austria, and the Declarations on Atrocities.[2]

QMRFour Nations Initiative

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Four Nations Initiative, also known by the acronym 4NI, is a cooperation project started in 2005 as an initiative by Chile, South Africa, Sweden and Thailand. The initiative was created to contribute to the efforts to reform governance and management systems and structures of the UN Secretariat, departing from the perspective of the UN Member States.

The Four Nations Initiative, active from early 2006 until October 2007, consists of a Steering Committee with representatives from all four countries, and a Secretariat based in Stockholm.

UN Secretariat reform is an important topic and was high on the agenda during the tenure of Secretary-General Kofi Annan. There have been many reform efforts, notably the Secretary-General's reports Investing in the United Nations and Mandating and delivering, both from March 2006, and the Comprehensive review of governance and oversight in the UN, June 2006.

The Four Nations Initiative differs from the above-mentioned reform initiatives by being driven by Member States themselves. It is also characterised by its focus on a consultations process trying to create as large as possible scope for consensus before actually submitting reform proposals. The Initiative plans to submit final proposals by September 2007 but a preliminary report is already available on the 4NI website (Towards a Compact - report of preliminary proposals by the Steering Committee of the Four Nations Initiative).

QMRThe lands of Sweden[edit]

Historically, Sweden was seen as containing four "lands" (larger regions):

Götaland (southern Sweden)

Svealand (central Sweden)

Österland (Finland)

Norrland (northern parts of present-day Sweden and north-western Finland)

In the Viking age and earlier, Götaland and Svealand consisted of a number of petty kingdoms that were more or less independent; Götaland in the Iron Age and Middle Ages did not include Scania and other provinces in the far south which were part of Denmark. The leading tribe of Götaland in the Iron Age was the Geats; the main tribe of Svealand, according to Tacitus ca 100 AD, was the Suiones (or the "historical Swedes"). "Norrland" was the overall denomination for all of the unexplored northern parts, the outward boundaries of which and control by the Swedish king were weakly defined into the early modern age. Österland ("Eastern land"; the name had early gone out of use) in southern and central Finland formed an integral part of Sweden. In 1809 Finland was annexed by Russia, reunited with some frontier counties annexed several decades earlier to form the Grand Duchy of Finland, and becoming in 1917 the independent country of Finland.

The borders of these regions have changed several times throughout history, adapting to changes in national borders, and Norrland, Svealand and Götaland are only parts of Sweden and have never superseded the concept of the provinces.

QMRSweden was historically divided into the four lands: Götaland, Svealand, Norrland and Österland.

Österland (literally Eastlands) is an old name for southern Finland. It may in prehistoric times have been inhabited by various tribes with their own kings (such as the Kvens). The term has been obsolete since the 15th century and is virtually unknown in Sweden today. In most dictionaries "österlandet" simply means the orient.

Norrland was the name for the annexed lands to the north on both sides of the Gulf of Bothnia.

In Sweden's prehistoric times Sweden was largely restricted to Svealand and southern Norrland, while Götaland is mentioned in legends as a rival kingdom, and traditions of Swedish-Geatish wars survive in the Anglo-Saxon epic Beowulf. Eventually the two countries were united under one crown by the Swedish kings at some time between 550–1200 (the date is the matter of debate).

QMRDissension and rivalry soon afflicted the Macedonians, however. The satrapies handed out by Perdiccas at the Partition of Babylon became power bases each general used to bid for power. After the assassination of Perdiccas in 321 BC, Macedonian unity collapsed, and 40 years of war between "The Successors" (Diadochi) ensued before the Hellenistic world settled into four stable power blocks: Ptolemaic Egypt, Seleucid Mesopotamia and Central Asia, Attalid Anatolia, and Antigonid Macedon. In the process, both Alexander IV and Philip III were murdered.[168

QMRCivilized Core refers to the four advanced civilizations that emerged during the 1st millennium B.C., during the earlier Iron Age after the collapse of the Bronze Age civilizations that preceded them.

These were, in order of emergence, the civilizations of

The Mediterranean, developing from scattered Phoenician settlements to the emergence of Ancient Greece in the 7th century BCE and culminating in the Hellenistic civilization in the 4th century BCE, by the 3rd century BCE stretching its influence throughout the Mesopotamian and into the Indian sphere.

Mesopotamia (Babylonia and Assyria), culminating in the unified Achaemenid Empire in the 6th century BCE

Zhou China, culminating in the Han Empire in the 3rd century BCE

Iron Age India, the Mahajanapadas culminating in the Maurya Empire in the 4th century BCE

QMRDuring the Akkadian Empire (2334–2154 BC) the Assyrians, like all the Mesopotamian Semites (and also the Sumerians), became subject to the dynasty of the city state of Akkad, centered in central Mesopotamia. The Akkadian Empire founded by Sargon the Great claimed to encompass the surrounding "four quarters".

QMRIn the Akkadian Empire, as early as Naram-Sin's reign (ca. 2240 BC), Amurru was called one of the "four quarters" surrounding Sumer, along with Subartu/Assyria, Akkad, and Elam

With Naram-Sin, Sargon's grandson, this went further than with Sargon, with the king not only being called "Lord of the Four Quarters (of the Earth)", but also elevated to the ranks of the dingir smile emoticon gods), with his own temple establishment. Previously a ruler could, like Gilgamesh, become divine after death but the Akkadian kings, from Naram-Sin onward, were considered gods on earth in their lifetimes. Their portraits showed them of larger size than mere mortals and at some distance from their retainers

QMRManishtushu's son and successor, Naram-Sin (2254–2218 BC) (Beloved of Sin), due to vast military conquests, assumed the imperial title "King Naram-Sin, king of the four quarters" (Lugal Naram-Sîn, Šar kibrat 'arbaim"), the four quarters as a reference to the entire world. He was also for the first time in Sumerian culture, addressed as "the god (Sumerian = DINGIR, Akkadian = ilu) of Agade" (Akkad), in opposition to the previous religious belief that kings were only representatives of the people towards the gods.[29][30] He also faced revolts at the start of his reign,[31] but quickly crushed them.

Fig. 308 – The Assyrian winged bull. These types of sculptures were used as guardian at the gates of palaces. They represent the four Zodiac sign of man, lion, eagle and bull in one creature. The prophet Ezekiel, who was exiled in Babylon, must have known this symbolism. The signs were used, in the later (Medieval) interpretations, to indicate the character of the four evangelists: St. Matthew (man), St. Mark (lion), St. Luke (bull) and St. John (eagle). In: GLOAG (1975).

The reputed apocalyptic mood around the year 1000 has been discussed earlier (A time of transition; ORTEGA Y GASSET, 1904; SWOBODA, 1979). The fatalistic nature around the year 1350, associated with the deadly pest, was historically better documented. However, the great thoughts about the end of times were only recorded after the pivotal point (PP) in the European cultural history, established at the year 1500 AD. CHASTEL (1983) mentioned in the period between 1520 and 1530 fifty-six authors and hundred-and-thirty-six pamphlets, which were concerned with predictions and astrological calculations to establish the (immanent) end of times (fig. 309).

Fig. 307 – The apocalyptic animals in the Bible (Ezekiel/Revelations). The four beasts (a lion with eagle wings, a leopard with four heads, a bear and a beast with eleven horns) signify the four world monarchies. British Museum, London. MS Add 11695, f. 240r. In: SMALLEY (1974).

The prophet Ezekiel, when in exile in Babylon, provided (much later in time) the imagery of St. Matthew as an angel (or man), St. Mark as a lion, St. Luke as a bull, and St. John as an eagle, in turn from the Assyrians (CAMPBELL & MOYERS, 1990). Their palaces were decorated with sculptured creatures, featuring the head of a man, the body of a lion, the wings of an eagle and the feet of a bull (fig. 308). They were the four signs of the Zodiac chosen as a guardian at the gate.

Fig. 306 – Death on a Pale Horse (on paper, 75 x 100 cm) by Marten Kuilman (1988).

The imageries of St. John, as described in his Revelations, are a distant echo of the visions of vocation by the prophet Ezekiel in the Bible book named after him. This prophet-priest assumed his position as ‘watchman’ over the exiled people of Israel. His book contained forty-eight chapters, divided at the halfway point by the fall of Jerusalem. The four creatures, with four faces and four wings, figured right in the beginning of the book, when ‘the heavens were opened, and I saw visions of God’ (Ezekiel 1 : 5) (fig. 307).

Fig. 305 – The Triumph of Death in the Palazzo Abatellis, Palermo (Italy). The fourth and final horseman is named Death and seen here with a bow and arrow (Photo: Marten Kuilman, 2012).

A more recent effort to depict the scene was done by the author in 1988 (fig. 306):

Fig. 304 – The Four Horsemen by Hans Holbein. In: QUISPEL (1979).

The motif of the pale horse (pallidus) as the representation of the end of times was also separately used in pictures and paintings, like the majestic mural in the Palazzo Abatellis, Palermo (Italy) (fig. 305)

Fig. 301 – The four apocalyptic horsemen from the ‘Revelations of St. John’ as markers of the pivotal point in the European cultural history. Woodcut by Albrecht Dürer, printed in Nürnberg (1498), 39,2 x 28,4 cm. This is number five from a series of sixteen woodcuts. The quaternion is activated within the context of dualistic thinking: the four horsemen are the negative figures contrasting with the benevolent archangel-guardians of the four directions. They represent war, famine, illness and death as the powers, which destroy mankind. Fig. 14 in: CRAIG & BARTON (1987).

Fig. 300 – Some tetradic decorations from various Beatus-manuscripts are given here (KLEIN (1976). In particular, the ‘Arca testamenti’, with its quadrifoil, was a recurring motif. 1. Explenatio Supra Seculpre. Burgo de Osma, Bibl. Cat. Ms. 1, fol. 116v. Fig. 102:

KLEIN (1976). 2. Paris, BN lat. 8878, fol 77v. Fig. 72 in: KLEIN, (1976). 3. Arca Testamenti. Lissabon Arqu. Nac. Torre do Tombo, cod. 160, fol. 152r. Fig. 99 in: KLEIN, (1976). 4. Arca Testamenti. Escorial, Bibl. Mon. cod. &.I.5, fol. 103v. Fig. 100 in: KLEIN, (1976).

The topic of the four horses of the Revelation gained again momentum in a woodcut of Albrecht Dürer (fig. 301). The theme was popular at the time: tapestries in the chateau of Angers, designed by Jan Boudolf around 1377, showed six apocalyptic horsemen (actually on half-horse half-lion!) (SMEYERS et al., 1993; fig. 302). And Bartholomaeus von Unkel used the subject in the Cologne Bible of 1478 (WEHMER et al., 1971; fig. 303).

Fig. 299 – The four apocalyptic horses from the Beatus of Fernando and Sancha, f. 135. The horses are typified as follows: I: albus (white): days of innocence; II: rufus (red): learn to live with mistakes; III. niger (black): the present with a verdict; IV. pallidus (grey): the end of times. In: QUISPEL (1979) and WILLIAMS (1978).

A cursory examination of the material, guided by the work of KLEIN (1976), learned, that the (original) ‘Beatus’ is not a specific tetradic work. The four (apocalyptic) horses are part of the story, and there are other tetradic features in decorations as well (fig. 300), but there is no dominance of the motif.

QMRThe Allied Control Council or Allied Control Authority, known in the German language as the Alliierter Kontrollrat and also referred to as the Four Powers (German: Vier Mächte), was a military occupation governing body of the Allied Occupation Zones in Germany after the end of World War II in Europe. The members were the Soviet Union, the United States, and the United Kingdom; France was later added with a vote, but had no duties. The organization was based in Berlin-Schöneberg.

Expulsion of German speaking minorities residing outside Germany[edit]

One major issue dealt with by the Control Council was the decision made at the Potsdam Conference regarding the forced removal of German minorities from Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Poland to the four occupation zones of Germany. On November 20, 1945, the council approved a plan to that effect, to be completed by July 1946.[10]:Vol. I, 199–201

Other issues[edit]

On September 10, 1945 the council issued an appeal to the separate Allied military governors, requesting them to relax trade regulations between the four occupation zones, but this was only a recommendation, as each Allied government maintained the real power on such matters.[10]:Vol. V, 56

On September 17, the council issued recommendations to the four occupying powers to establish tracing bureaus to assist displaced persons.[10]:Vol. V, 57–61

After the breakdown[edit]

As the Control Council could only act with the agreement of all four members, this move basically shut down the institution, while the Cold War reached an early high point during the Soviet blockade of Berlin. The Allied Control Council was not formally dissolved, but ceased all activity except the operations of the Four-Power Authorities, namely the management of the Spandau Prison where persons convicted at the Nuremberg Trials were held until 1987, and the Berlin Air Safety Center.

The Western powers instituted the Allied High Commission by September 1949 which remained in operation until 1955. In Eastern Germany, the Soviet administration with its representative of the ACC was the highest authority, later this position was converted to a High Commissioner as well, until the German Democratic Republic gained sovereignty.

Germany remained under nominal military occupation until 15 March 1991, when the final ratification of the Treaty on the Final Settlement With Respect to Germany (signed on 12 September 1990) was lodged with the German Government. This, as the final peace treaty signed by the four powers and the two German governments, formally restored full sovereignty to a reunified Germany. It also meant the official end of the Allied Control Council, insofar as it still existed at all.

Only one four-power organisation, the Berlin Air Safety Center (BASC), remained in the building from 1945 until December 31, 1990. As a symbol of the BASC's continued presence, the four national flags of the occupying powers still flew over the large front doors every day. The only other signs of occupancy were the few, sparse office lights that emanated from a small corner room of the building—the BASC Operations Room—in the evenings. Of the 550 rooms in the building, the BASC office complex and guards' quarters occupied fewer than forty.

Because of the BASC's presence, the building remained closely guarded by United States military guards, with access granted only to select members of the four powers. This led to mysterious legends and ghost stories about the eerie, dark facility with its grand, granite statuary overlooking the beautiful park.

After the fall of the Berlin Wall, and the departure of Russian troops in August in 1994 (a withdrawal that took place in accordance with article 4 of the Two Plus Four Treaty), the building was returned to the German government. In 1997, its erstwhile occupant, the Kammergericht, moved in. It now functions as the supreme court of the state of Berlin.

QMRThe Treaty on the Final Settlement With Respect to Germany, German: Vertrag über die abschließende Regelung in Bezug auf Deutschland (or the Two Plus Four Agreement, German: Zwei-plus-Vier-Vertrag; short: German Treaty) was negotiated in 1990 between the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic (the eponymous "Two"), and the Four Powers which occupied Germany at the end of World War II in Europe: France, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States. In the treaty the Four Powers renounced all rights they held in Germany, allowing a united Germany to become fully sovereign the following year.

QMRThe Armenian Army, Air Force, Air Defence, and Border Guard comprise the four branches of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Armenia.

The unicameral parliament (also called the Azgayin Zhoghov or National Assembly) is controlled by a coalition of four political parties: the conservative Republican party, the Prosperous Armenia party, the rule of law party and the Armenian Revolutionary Federation.

QMRThe Armenian Army, Air Force, Air Defence, and Border Guard comprise the four branches of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Armenia.

QMRThe division of the Mongol Empire began when Möngke Khan died in 1259 with no declared successor, precipitating infighting between members of the Tolui family line for the title of Great Khan that escalated to the Toluid Civil War. This civil war, along with the Berke–Hulagu war and the subsequent Kaidu–Kublai war greatly weakened the authority of the Great Khan over the entirety of the Mongol Empire and the empire fractured into autonomous khanates, including the Golden Horde in the northwest, the Chagatai Khanate in the middle, the Ilkhanate in the southwest, and the Yuan dynasty in the east based in modern-day Beijing, although the Yuan emperors held the nominal title of Khagan of the empire. The four khanates each pursued their own separate interests and objectives, and fell at different times.

Disintegration into four khanates[edit]

The establishment of the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368) by Kublai Khan accelerated the fragmentation of the Mongol Empire. The Mongol Empire fractured into four khanates including the Yuan dynasty, the Golden Horde, the Chagatai Khanate and the Ilkhanate. In 1304, a peace treaty among the khanates established the nominal supremacy of the Yuan dynasty over the western khanates. However, this supremacy was based on nothing like the same foundations as that of the earlier Khagans. Conflicts such as border clashes among them continued. An example would be the Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war occurred in the 1310s. Each of the four khanates continued to function as separate states and fell at different times.

QMRBy the time of Kublai's death in 1294, the Mongol Empire had fractured into four separate khanates or empires, each pursuing its own separate interests and objectives: the Golden Horde khanate in the northwest; the Chagatai Khanate in the middle; the Ilkhanate in the southwest; and the Yuan dynasty in the east based in modern-day Beijing.[14] In 1304, the three western khanates briefly accepted the nominal suzerainty of the Yuan dynasty,[15][16] but it was later overthrown by the Han Chinese Ming dynasty in 1368. The Genghisid rulers of the Yuan retreated to the Mongolia homeland and continued to rule the Northern Yuan dynasty, while the Golden Horde and the Chagatai Khanate lasted in one form or another for some additional centuries after the fall of the Yuan dynasty and the Ilkhanate.

After the death of Kaidu, the Chatagai ruler Duwa initiated a peace proposal and persuaded the Ögedeids to submit to Temür Khan.[99][100] In 1304, all khanates approved a peace treaty and accepted Yuan emperor Temür's supremacy.[101][102][103][104] This established the nominal supremacy of the Yuan dynasty over the western khanates. While this supremacy based on nothing like the same foundations as that of the earlier Khagans (such as the continued border clashes among them) and each of the four khanates continued to develop separately and function as different states, the nominal supremacy did last for a few decades.

Nearly a century of conquest and civil war was followed by relative stability (Pax Mongolica), and international trade and cultural exchanges flourished between Asia and Europe. Communication between the Yuan dynasty in China and Ilkhanate in Persia further encouraged trade and commerce between east and west. Patterns of Yuan royal textiles could be found on the opposite side of the empire adorning Armenian decorations; trees and vegetables were transplanted across the empire; and technological innovations spread from Mongol dominions towards the West.[105][citation needed] Pope John XXII was presented a memorandum from the eastern church describing the Pax Mongolica: "... Khagan is one of the greatest monarchs and all lords of the state, e.g., the king of Almaligh (Chagatai Khanate), emperor Abu Said and Uzbek Khan, are his subjects, saluting his holiness to pay their respects."[106] However, while the four khanates continued to interact with one another well into the 14th century, they did so as sovereign states and never again pooled their resources in a cooperative military endeavor.[107]

QMRWhen Genghis Khan was deciding who should succeed him, he had trouble choosing between his four sons. Tolui had amazing military skills and was very successful as a general, but Genghis Khan chose Ögodei, who was more capable politically. Genghis Khan felt that Tolui would be too cautious to be an effective leader. Tolui was with his father on campaign against Xi Xia in 1227.

After Genghis Khan's death, Tolui generally supervised the Mongol Empire for two years. The Mongol nobles accepted this partly because of the tradition that the youngest son inherits his father's properties, and partly because Tolui had the largest and most powerful army in central Mongolia at the time. Tolui supported the choice of the next Khagan by election, and Ögedei was chosen, fulfilling his father's wishes.

Tolui campaigned with Ögedei in north China, serving as strategist and field commander in 1231–32. Two armies had been dispatched to besiege Kaifeng, the capital of the Jin. After most of the Jin's defences were breached, they returned north

QMRCanadian Confederation (French: Confédération canadienne) was the process by which the British colonies of Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick were federally united into one Dominion of Canada on July 1, 1867.[1][2] Upon confederation Canada was divided into four provinces: Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick.[3] Over the following years since Confederation, Canada has seen numerous territorial changes and expansions, resulting in the current configuration of ten provinces and three territories.'

In 2008, historian Andrew Smith advanced a very different view of Confederation’s ideological origins. He argues that in the four original Canadian provinces, the politics of taxation were a central issue in the debate about Confederation. Taxation was also central to the debate in Newfoundland, the tax-averse colony that rejected it. Smith argued Confederation was supported by many colonists who were sympathetic to a relatively interventionist, or statist, approach to capitalist development. Most classical liberals, who believed in free trade and low taxes, opposed Confederation because they feared that it would result in Big Government. The struggle over Confederation involved a battle between a staunchly individualist economic philosophy and a comparatively collectivist view of the state’s proper role in the economy. According to Smith, the victory of the statist supporters of Confederation over their anti-statist opponents prepared the way for Sir John A. Macdonald’s government to enact the protectionist National Policy and to subsidize major infrastructure projects such the Intercolonial and Pacific Railways

QMRNew Brunswick, one of the four original provinces of Canada, entered the Canadian Confederation on July 1, 1867.

QMRAtlantic Canada is the region of Canada comprising the four provinces located on the Atlantic coast, excluding Quebec: the three Maritime provinces – New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia – and the easternmost province of Newfoundland and Labrador. The population of the four Atlantic provinces in 2011 was about 2,327,650

QMRNova Scotia (Latin for "New Scotland", pronounced in English as /ˌnoʊvə ˈskoʊʃə/) (French: Nouvelle-Écosse; Scottish Gaelic: Alba Nuadh; Scots: New Alba) is one of Canada's three Maritime provinces, and one of the four provinces which form Atlantic Canada

QMRThere are four major themes that can be found within historical Canadian literature; nature, frontier life, Canada's position within the world, all three of which tie into the garrison mentality

Seats in the Senate are equally divided among four regions: Maritimes, Quebec, Ontario, and the West, with special status for Newfoundland and Labrador, and Northern Canada ('the North').

A political stalemate between the French- and English-speaking legislators, as well as fear of aggression from the United States during and immediately after the American Civil War, led the political elite to hold a series of conferences in the 1860s to effect a broader federal union of all British North American colonies. The British North America Act took effect on July 1, 1867, establishing theDominion of Canada, initially with four provinces: Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec and Ontario. The Province of Canada was divided into Ontario and Quebec so that each linguistic group would have its own province. Both Quebec and Ontario were required by section 93 of the British North America Act to safeguard existing educational rights and privileges of Protestant and the Catholic minority. Thus, separate Catholic schools and school boards were permitted in Ontario. However, neither province had a constitutional requirement to protect its French- or English-speaking minority. Toronto was formally established as Ontario's provincial capital.

QMRCanada is a federation composed of ten provinces and three territories. In turn, these may be grouped into four main regions: Western Canada, Central Canada, Atlantic Canada, and Northern Canada (Eastern Canada refers to Central Canada and Atlantic Canada together

QMRFollowing several constitutional conferences, the 1867 Constitution Act officially proclaimed Canadian Confederation on July 1, 1867, initially with four provinces: Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick.

QMRThe island of Ireland is divided into four historic provinces (see Provinces of Ireland), each of which is sub-divided into counties. These provinces are Connacht (in the west), Leinster (in the east), Munster (in the south) and, Ulster (in the north). Nowadays these provinces have little or no administrative function, though do have sporting significance.

QMRThe administrative units of Pakistan consist of four provinces, one federal capital territory, two autonomous and disputed territories, and a group of federally administered tribal areas. There are three lower tiers of government, including 149 districts (zillahs), 588 sub-districts (tehsils), and several thousand union councils.[1]

QMRThe idea of a separate state had first been introduced by Sir Iqbal in his speech in December 1930 as the President of the Muslim League.[47] The nation state that he visualised, "within the British Empire, or without the British Empire",[48] included only four provinces of North-West India: Punjab, Sindh, Afghania, and Balochistan.

QMRSince the partition of British India in 1947 and creation of modern republics of India and Pakistan, the two South Asian countries have been involved in four wars, including one undeclared war, and many border skirmishes and military stand-offs.

The Kashmir issue has been the main cause, whether direct or indirect, of all major conflicts between the two countries with the exception of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 where conflict originated due to turmoil in erstwhile East Pakistan (now Bangladesh).

QMRIndia has tense relations with neighbouring Pakistan; the two nations have gone to war four times: in 1947, 1965, 1971, and 1999. Three of these wars were fought over the disputed territory of Kashmir, while the fourth, the 1971 war, followed from India's support for the independence of Bangladesh.[

QMRHome to the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation and a region of historic trade routes and vast empires, the Indian subcontinent was identified with its commercial and cultural wealth for much of its long history.[22] Four major religions—Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism—originated here, whereas Zoroastrianism and the Abrahamic religions of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam arrived in the first millennium CE and also shaped the region's diverse culture

QMRBRICS is the acronym for an association of five major emerging national economies: Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa.[4] The grouping was originally known as "BRIC" before the inclusion of South Africa in 2010. The fifth is always questionable

QMRIn economics, BRIC is a grouping acronym that refers to the countries of Brazil, Russia, India and China, which are all deemed to be at a similar stage of newly advanced economic development. It is typically rendered as "the BRICs" or "the BRIC countries" or "the BRIC economies" or alternatively as the "Big Four". A related acronym, BRICS, includes South Africa.

Projections on the future power of the BRIC economies vary widely. Some sources suggest that they might overtake the G7 economies by 2027.[6] More modestly, Goldman Sachs has argued that, although the four BRIC countries are developing rapidly, it was only by 2050 that their combined economies could eclipse the combined economies of the current richest countries of the world.[7]

In 2010, however, while the four BRIC countries accounted for over a quarter of the world's land area and more than 40% of the world's population,[8][9] they accounted for only one-quarter of the world gross national income.[10][11]

Goldman Sachs did not argue that the BRICs would organize themselves into an economic bloc, or a formal trading association, as the European Union has done.[7] However, there are some indications that the "four BRIC countries have been seeking to form a 'political club' or 'alliance'", and thereby converting "their growing economic power into greater geopolitical clout".[15][16] On June 16, 2009, the leaders of the BRIC countries held their first summit in Yekaterinburg, and issued a declaration calling for the establishment of an equitable, democratic and multipolar world order. Since then they have met in Brasília in 2010, met in Sanya, on China's Hainan Island in 2011 and in New Delhi, India, in 2012 and Ufa, Russia in 2015.[17]

Thesis[edit]

Economist Jim O'Neill first proposed the idea of BRIC countries in 2001.

São Paulo, Brazil

Moscow, Russia

Mumbai, India

Shanghai, China

The economic potential of Brazil, Russia, India and China is such that they could become among the four most dominant economies by the year 2050. The thesis was proposed by Jim O'Neill, global economist at Goldman Sachs.[22] These countries encompass over 25% of the world's land coverage and 40% of the world's population and hold a combined GDP (PPP) of $20 trillion. On almost every scale, they would be the largest entity on the global stage. These four countries are among the biggest and fastest-growing emerging markets.{Incal 2011}

They have taken steps to increase their political cooperation, mainly as a way of influencing the United States position on major trade accords, or, through the implicit threat of political cooperation, as a way of extracting political concessions from the United States, such as the proposed nuclear cooperation with India.[citation needed]

"Dreaming with BRICs: The Path to 2050" (2003)[edit]

The BRIC thesis recognizes that Brazil, Russia, India and China have changed their political systems to embrace global capitalism.[23] Goldman Sachs predicts that China and India, respectively, will become the dominant global suppliers of manufactured goods and services, while Brazil and Russia will become similarly dominant as suppliers of raw materials. Of the four countries, Brazil remains the only polity that has the capacity to continue all elements, meaning manufacturing, services and resource supplying simultaneously. Cooperation is thus hypothesized to be a logical next step among the BRICs because Brazil and Russia together form the logical commodity suppliers.

According to a 2010 report from Goldman Sachs, China might surpass the United States in equity market capitalization terms by 2030 and become the single largest equity market in the world.[26] By 2020, America's GDP might be only slightly larger than China's GDP. Together, the four BRICs may account for 41% of the world's market capitalization by 2030, the report said.[27

Various sources refer to a purported "original" BRIC agreement that predates the Goldman Sachs thesis. Some of these sources claim that President Vladimir Putin of Russia was the driving force behind this original cooperative coalition of developing BRIC countries. However, thus far, no text has been made public of any formal agreement to which all four BRIC states are signatories. This does not mean, however, that they have not reached a multitude of bilateral or even quadrilateral agreements. Evidence of agreements of this type are abundant and are available on the foreign ministry websites of each of the four countries. Trilateral agreements and frameworks made among the BRICs include the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (member states include Russia and China, observers include India) and the IBSA Trilateral Forum, which unites Brazil, India, and South Africa in annual dialogues. Also important to note is the G-20 coalition of developing states which includes all the BRICs.

QMRIn 1973 the US Post Office issued a set of four stamps, together making one scene of the Boston Tea Party

war austrian succession four armies

qMR The Anglo-Dutch wars (Dutch: Engels–Nederlandse Oorlogen or Engelse Zeeoorlogen) were wars between successive English/British states (the Commonwealth of England, the Kingdom of England, the Kingdom of Great Britain and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland) and successive Dutch states (the Dutch Republic and the Batavian Republic). They were fought in the periods 1652-1674 and 1781-1810, for the control of trade routes and colonies. There were four wars

QMRThe French and Indian Wars is a name used in the United States for a series of intermittent conflicts between the years 1688 and 1763 in North America that represented colonial events related to the European dynastic wars. The title French and Indian War, in the singular, is used in the United States specifically for the warfare of 1754–1763, the North American colonial counterpart to the Seven Years' War in Europe. The French and Indian Wars were preceded by the Beaver Wars.

There were four wars.The North American wars, and their associated European wars, in sequence, are:

Years of War North American War European War Treaty

1688–1697

King William's War

1st Intercolonial War (in French)[1]

War of the Grand Alliance

War of the League of Augsburg

Nine Years' War Treaty of Ryswick (1697)

1702–1713

Queen Anne's War

2nd Intercolonial War

War of the Spanish Succession Treaty of Utrecht (1713)

1744–1748

King George's War

3rd Intercolonial War

War of Jenkins' Ear

War of the Austrian Succession Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)

1754–1763

The French and Indian War

4th Intercolonial War or War of Conquest (in Quebec)[2]

6th Indian War[3]

Seven Years' War Treaty of Paris (1763)

QMROn the eastern seaboard of what would become the United States, the four distinct British regions were: New England, the Middle Colonies, the Chesapeake Bay Colonies (Upper South) and the Lower South. Some historians add a fifth region, the Frontier, which was never separately organized.[1] By the time European settlers arrived around 1600–1650, the majority of the Native Americans living in the eastern United States had been ravaged by new diseases, introduced to them decades before by explorers and sailors. The fourth is always different. The Lower South was different. The fifth is questionable.

QMRMany regions in the United States are defined in law or regulations by the federal government.

Census Bureau-designated regions and divisions[edit]

U.S. Census Bureau Regions and Divisions.

The United States Census Bureau defines four statistical regions, with nine divisions.[1] The Census Bureau region definition is "widely used … for data collection and analysis,"[2] and is the most commonly used classification system.[3][4][5]

Regional divisions used by the United States Census Bureau:[6]

Region 1: Northeast

Division 1: New England (Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont)

Division 2: Mid-Atlantic (New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania)

Region 2: Midwest (Prior to June 1984, the Midwest Region was designated as the North Central Region.)[6]

Division 3: East North Central (Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin)

Division 4: West North Central (Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota)

Region 3: South

Division 5: South Atlantic (Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, Washington D.C., and West Virginia)

Division 6: East South Central (Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi, and Tennessee)

Division 7: West South Central (Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas)

Region 4: West

Division 8: Mountain (Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming)

Division 9: Pacific (Alaska, California, Hawaii, Oregon, and Washington)

QMRThe Belavezha Accords (Russian: Беловежские соглашения, Belarusian: Белавежскае пагадненне/Bielaviežskaje pahadniennie, Ukrainian: Біловезькі угоди) is the agreement that declared the Soviet Union effectively dissolved and established the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) in its place. It was signed at the state dacha near Viskuli in Belovezhskaya Pushcha on December 8, 1991, by the leaders of three of the four republics-signatories of the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR -- Russian President Boris Yeltsin, Ukrainian president Leonid Kravchuk and Belarusian parliament chairman Stanislav Shushkevich.

QMRConstitutionally, the USSR was a federation of constituent Union Republics, which were either unitary states, such as Ukraine or Belarus (SSRs), or federal states, such as Russia or Transcaucasia (SFSRs),[37] all four being the founding republics who signed the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR in December 1922.

The Treaty along with the Declaration of the Creation of the USSR was approved on December 29, 1922 by a conference of delegations from the Russian SFSR, the Transcaucasian SFSR, the Ukrainian SSR and the Byelorussian SSR. The Treaty and the Declaration were confirmed by the 1st Congress of Soviets of the USSR and signed by heads of delegations[1] – Mikhail Kalinin, Mikhail Tskhakaya, Mikhail Frunze and Grigory Petrovsky, Aleksandr Chervyakov[2] respectively on December 30, 1922. The treaty provided flexibility to admit new members. Therefore, by 1940 the Soviet Union grew from the founding four republics to 16 republics.

QMRManchuria can refer to any one of several regions of various size. These are, from smallest to largest:

Northeast China (Dongbei): consisting of Heilongjiang, Jilin and Liaoning provinces. This is the area referred to as "Manchuria" in the World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions.[5]

Inner Manchuria: the above, plus parts of modern Inner Mongolia (Hulunbuir, Hinggan, Tongliao, and Chifeng divisions);

The above, plus Outer Manchuria (Russian Manchuria): the area from the Amur and Ussuri rivers to the Stanovoy Mountains and the Sea of Japan. In Russian administrative terms, Primorsky Krai, southern Khabarovsk Krai, the Jewish Autonomous Oblast and Amur Oblast. These were part of Manchu China according to the Treaty of Nerchinsk of 1689, but were ceded to Russia by the Treaty of Aigun (1858).

The above, plus Sakhalin Island, which is generally included on Qing Dynasty maps as part of Outer Manchuria even though it is not explicitly mentioned in the Treaty of Nerchinsk. The island was also included in Manchuria on maps made by the Japanese Shogunate and Russian Empire. Despite maps and empires, the island was inhabited by Ainu people until the Soviet Union enforced an evacuation policy after 1945.

QMRAfter Genghis Khan's death, the empire was subdivided into four kingdoms or Khanates. These eventually became quasi-independent after the Toluid Civil War (1260–1264), which broke out in a battle for power following Möngke Khan's death in 1259. One of the khanates, the "Great Khaanate", consisting of the Mongol homeland and China, became known as the Yuan dynasty under Kublai Khan, the grandson of Genghis Khan. He set up his capital in present-day Beijing. After more than a century of power, the Yuan was replaced by the Ming dynasty in 1368, and the Mongol court fled to the north. As the Ming armies pursued the Mongols into their homeland, they successfully sacked and destroyed the Mongol capital Karakorum among a few other cities. Some of these attacks were repelled by the Mongols under Ayushridar and his general Köke Temür.

Quadrant Model of Reality

Monday, February 22, 2016

Quadrant Model of Reality Book 12 Philosophy and History

No comments:

Post a Comment