Quadrant Model of Reality Book 21 Philosophy

Philosophy Chapter

QMRThe elementary abelian group (Z/2Z)2 has four elements: { (0,0), (0,1), (1,0), (1,1)} . Addition is performed componentwise, taking the result mod 2. For instance, (1,0) + (1,1) = (0,1). This is in fact the Klein four-group

QMRStatement of the classification theorem[edit] Main article: List of finite simple groups Theorem — Every finite simple group is isomorphic to one of the following groups: A cyclic group with prime order; An alternating group of degree at least 5; A simple group of Lie type, including both the classical Lie groups, namely the simple groups related to the projective special linear, unitary, symplectic, or orthogonal transformations over a finite field; the exceptional and twisted groups of Lie type (including the Tits group). The 26 sporadic simple groups.

QMRIn mathematics, the classification of the finite simple groups is a theorem stating that every finite simple group belongs to one of four classes. Statement of the classification theorem[edit] Main article: List of finite simple groups Theorem — Every finite simple group is isomorphic to one of the four following groups: A cyclic group with prime order; An alternating group of degree at least 5; A simple group of Lie type, including both the classical Lie groups, namely the simple groups related to the projective special linear, unitary, symplectic, or orthogonal transformations over a finite field; the exceptional and twisted groups of Lie type (including the Tits group). The 26 sporadic simple groups.

QMRThe Solomon Four Group Design is a research method that is sometimes used in social science, psychology and medicine. It can be used if there are concerns that the treatment might be sensitized by the pre-test.[1] The four groups have four different experiences: Pre-test, treatment, post-test Pre-test, no treatment, post-test Treatment, post-test No treatment, post-test The effectiveness of the treatment can be evaluated by comparisons between groups 1 and 2 and between groups 3 and 4.

QMRHistory[edit]

Main article: History of USDA nutrition guides

The USDA's original food pyramid from 1992.

The USDA's updated food pyramid from 2005, MyPyramid.

The USDA food pyramid was created in 1992 and divided into six horizontal sections containing depictions of foods from each section's food group. It was updated in 2005 with colorful vertical wedges replacing the horizontal sections and renamed MyPyramid. MyPyramid was often displayed with the food images absent, creating a more abstract design. In an effort to restructure food nutrition guidelines, the USDA rolled out its new MyPlate program in June 2011. My Plate is divided into four slightly different sized quadrants, with fruits and vegetables taking up half the space, and grains and protein making up the other half. The vegetables and grains portions are the largest of the four.

QMRBasic Four[edit] From 1956 until 1992 the United States Department of Agriculture recommended its "Basic Four" food groups.[7] These food groups were: Vegetables and fruits: Recommended as excellent sources of vitamins C and A, and a good source of fiber. A dark-green or deep-yellow vegetable or fruit was recommended every other day. Milk: Recommended as a good source of calcium, phosphorus, protein, riboflavin, and sometimes vitamins A and D. Cheese, ice cream, and ice milk could sometimes replace milk. Meat: Recommended for protein, iron and certain B vitamins. Includes meat, poultry, fish, eggs, dry beans, dry peas, and peanut butter. Cereals and breads: Whole grain and enriched breads were especially recommended as good sources of iron, B vitamins and carbohydrates, as well as sources of protein and fiber. Includes cereals, breads, cornmeal, macaroni, noodles, rice and spaghetti. "Other foods" were said to round out meals and satisfy appetites. These included additional servings from the Basic Four, or foods such as butter, margarine, salad dressing and cooking oil, sauces, jellies and syrups.[7] The Basic Four guide was omnipresent in nutrition education in the United States.[8] A notable example is the 1972 series Mulligan Stew, providing nutrition education for schoolchildren in reruns until 1981.

QMRThe G4 nations comprising Brazil, Germany, India, and Japan are four countries which support each other’s bids for permanent seats on the United Nations Security Council. Unlike the G7, where the common denominator is the economy and long-term political motives, the G4's primary aim is the permanent member seats on the Security Council. Each of these four countries have figured among the elected non-permanent members of the council since the UN's establishment. Their economic and political influence has grown significantly in the last decades, reaching a scope comparable to the permanent members (P5). However, the G4's bids are often opposed by Uniting for Consensus movement, and particularly their economic competitors or political rivals.[1]

QMRIsometries of the Euclidean plane[edit] Isometries of the Euclidean plane fall into four categories (see the article Euclidean plane isometry for more information). Translations, denoted by Tv, where v is a vector in R2. This has the effect of shifting the plane applying displacement vector v. Rotations, denoted by Rc,θ, where c is a point in the plane (the centre of rotation), and θ is the angle of rotation. Reflections, or mirror isometries, denoted by FL, where L is a line in R2. (F is for "flip"). This has the effect of reflecting the plane in the line L, called the reflection axis or the associated mirror. Glide reflections, denoted by GL,d, where L is a line in R2 and d is a distance. This is a combination of a reflection in the line L and a translation along L by a distance d.

QMRThe Visegrad Group, also called the Visegrad Four, or V4 is an alliance of four Central European states – Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia – for the purposes of furthering their European integration as well as advancing their military, economic and energy cooperation with one another.[1] The Group's name in the languages of the four countries is Visegrádská čtyřka or Visegrádská skupina (Czech); Visegrádi Együttműködés or Visegrádi négyek (Hungarian); Grupa Wyszehradzka (Polish); and Vyšehradská skupina or Vyšehradská štvorka (Slovak). It used to be sometimes referred to as the Visegrád Triangle, since it was an alliance of three states at the beginning – the term is not valid now, but appears sometimes even after all the years since the dissolution of Czechoslovakia in 1993.

QMRUsing segmentation in customer retention[edit] The basic approach to retention-based segmentation is that a company tags each of its active customers with four values: Is this customer at high risk of canceling the company's service? One of the most common indicators of high-risk customers is a drop off in usage of the company's service. For example, in the credit card industry this could be signaled through a customer's decline in spending on his or her card. Is this customer at high risk of switching to a competitor to purchase product? Many times customers move purchase preferences to a competitor brand. This may happen for many reasons those of which can be more difficult to measure. It is many times beneficial for the former company to gain meaningful insights, through data analysis, as to why this change of preference has occurred. Such insights can lead to effective strategies for winning back the customer or on how not to lose the target customer in the first place. Is this customer worth retaining? This determination boils down to whether the post-retention profit generated from the customer is predicted to be greater than the cost incurred to retain the customer, and includes evaluation of customer lifecycles.[14][15] What retention tactics should be used to retain this customer? For customers who are deemed worthy of saving, it is essential for the company to know which save tactics are most likely to be successful. Tactics commonly used range from providing special customer discounts to sending customers communications that reinforce the value proposition of the given service.

Program memory[edit]

A computer program memory can be largely categorized into two sections: read-only and read-write. This distinction grew from early systems holding their main program in read-only memory such as Mask ROM, PROM or EEPROM. As systems became more complex and programs were loaded from other media into RAM instead of executing from ROM the idea that some portions of the program's memory should not be modified was retained. These became the .text and .rodata segments of the program, and the remainder which could be written to divided into a number of other segments for specific tasks.

Data[edit]

This shows the typical layout of a simple computer's program memory with the text, various data, and stack and heap sections.

The .data segment contains any global or static variables which have a pre-defined value and can be modified. That is any variables that are not defined within a function (and thus can be accessed from anywhere) or are defined in a function but are defined as static so they retain their value across subsequent calls. Examples, in C, include:

int val = 3;

char string[] = "Hello World";

The values for these variables are initially stored within the read-only memory (typically within .text) and are copied into the .data segment during the start-up routine of the program.

BSS[edit]

The BSS segment, also known as uninitialized data, is usually adjacent to the data segment. The BSS segment contains all global variables and static variables that are initialized to zero or do not have explicit initialization in source code. For instance, a variable defined as static int i; would be contained in the BSS segment.

Heap[edit]

The heap area commonly begins at the end of the .bss and .data segments and grows to larger addresses from there. The heap area is managed by malloc, calloc, realloc, and free, which may use the brk and sbrk system calls to adjust its size (note that the use of brk/sbrk and a single "heap area" is not required to fulfill the contract of malloc/calloc/realloc/free; they may also be implemented using mmap/munmap to reserve/unreserve potentially non-contiguous regions of virtual memory into the process' virtual address space). The heap area is shared by all threads, shared libraries, and dynamically loaded modules in a process.

Stack[edit] Main article: Call stack The stack area contains the program stack, a LIFO structure, typically located in the higher parts of memory. A "stack pointer" register tracks the top of the stack; it is adjusted each time a value is "pushed" onto the stack. The set of values pushed for one function call is termed a "stack frame". A stack frame consists at minimum of a return address. Automatic variables are also allocated on the stack. The stack area traditionally adjoined the heap area and they grew towards each other; when the stack pointer met the heap pointer, free memory was exhausted. With large address spaces and virtual memory techniques they tend to be placed more freely, but they still typically grow in opposite directions. On the standard PC x86 architecture the stack grows toward address zero, meaning that more recent items, deeper in the call chain, are at numerically lower addresses and closer to the heap. On some other architectures it grows the opposite direction.

QMRHistorically, to be able to support memory address spaces larger than the native size of the internal address register would allow, early CPUs implemented a system of segmentation whereby they would store a small set of indexes to use as offsets to certain areas. The Intel 8086 family of CPUs provided four segments: the code segment, the data segment, the stack segment and the extra segment. Each segment was placed at a specific location in memory by the software being executed and all instructions that operated on the data within those segments were performed relative to the start of that segment. This allowed a 16-bit address register, which would normally provide 64KiB (65536 bytes) of memory space, to access a 1MiB (1048576 bytes) address space.

QMRTargeting[edit] After the most attractive segments are selected, a company should not directly start targeting all these segments -- other important factors come into play in defining a target market. Four sub activities form the basis for deciding on which segments will actually be targeted. The four sub activities within targeting are: 1. defining the abilities of the company and resources needed to enter a market 2. analyzing competitors on their resources and skills 3. considering the company’s abilities compared to the competitors' abilities 4. deciding on the actual target markets. The first three sub activities are described as the topic competitor analysis. The last sub activity of deciding on the actual target market is an analysis of the company's abilities to those of its competitors. The results of this analysis leads to a list of segments which are most attractive to target and have a good chance of leading to a profitable market share. Obviously, targeting can only be done when segments have been defined, as these segments allow firms to analyze the competitors in this market. When the process of targeting is ended, the markets to target are selected, but the way to use marketing in these markets is not yet defined. To decide on the actual marketing strategy, knowledge of the differential advantages of each segment is needed.

QMRSegmenting[edit] Segmenting is the process of dividing the market into segments based on customer characteristics and needs. The main activity segmenting consists of four sub-activities. These are: determining who the actual and potential customers are identifying segments analyzing the intensity of competitors in the market selecting the attractive customer segments. The first, second and fourth steps are described as market segmentation. The third step of analyzing the intensity of the competitors is added to the process of segmenting in this process description. When different segments are identified, it is not necessary that these segments are attractive to target. A company is almost never alone in a market -- competitors have a great influence on the attractiveness of entering a certain market. When there is a high intensity of competitors, it is hard to obtain a profitable market share and a company may decide not to enter a certain market. The third step of segmenting is the first part of the topic of competitor analysis. The need for segmenting a market is based on the fact that no market is homogeneous. For one product the market can be divided in different customer groups. The variables used for this segmenting in these groups are usually geographical, psychographical, behavioral and demographic variables. This results in segments which are homogeneous within and heterogeneous between each other. When these segments are known, it is important to decide on which market to target. Not every market is an attractive market to enter. A little filtering has been done in this activity, but there are more factors to take in account before targeting a certain market segment. This process is called targeting.

QMRFour of a kind[edit] 10 of clubs10 of diamonds10 of hearts10 of spadesQueen of diamonds Defeats 6 of diamonds6 of hearts6 of spades6 of clubs7 of spades 10 of clubs10 of diamonds10 of hearts10 of spades5 of clubs Defeats 10 of clubs10 of diamonds10 of hearts10 of spades2 of diamonds Four of a kind examples Four of a kind, also known as quads, is a poker hand such as 9♣ 9♠ 9♦ 9♥ J♥, that contains all four cards of one rank and any other (unmatched) card. Quads with higher-ranking cards defeat lower-ranking ones. In community-card games (such as Texas Hold 'em) or games with wildcards or multiple decks it is possible for two or more players to obtain the same quad; in this instance, the unmatched card acts as a kicker, so 7♣ 7♠7♦ 7♥ J♥ defeats 7♣ 7♠ 7♦ 7♥ 10♣. If two hands have the same kicker, they tie and the pot is split. In some countries the term Carré is used. In five-card poker, there are 624 possible hands including four of a kind, the probability of being dealt one is \frac {C_{13}^1 C_{4}^4 \cdot C_{12}^1 C_{4}^1} {C_{52}^5} = \frac {13 \cdot 1 \cdot 12 \cdot 4} {2{,}598{,}960} \approx 0.024\%. In seven-card poker, the frequency of four of a kind is 224,848, the probability of being dealt one is approximately 0.168%.[4][Note 3]

QMRD.R.I. (abbreviation for Dirty Rotten Imbeciles) is an American crossover thrash band that formed in Houston, Texas in 1982. As of 2015, the band comprises two of its founding members, vocalist Kurt Brecht and guitarist Spike Cassidy, as well as drummer Walter "Monsta" Ryan and bassist Harald Oimoen.

QMR4 of a Kind is the fourth album by the American crossover thrash band D.R.I., which was released in 1988. This album marks the debut of an entirely thrash metal sound for the band, with less traces of their early thrashcore sound.

QMRFour of a Kind is a reality series that airs on Lifetime in the United States and TVtropolis in Canada. It is produced by Asylum Entertainment. The program follows the Durst sisters, Calli, Kendra, Megan, and Sarah, quadruplets who live in Buffalo, Minnesota. The Dursts are one of about 60 known sets of quadruplets worldwide.[1] The program also features their mother, Naomi, and older brother, Travis. The sisters appeared on several television programs as pre-schoolers, including The Tonight Show with Jay Leno and The Today Show.[1] During the girls' senior year, their mother agreed to a proposed reality program for an amount that would considerably cover the sisters' college education.[2] For three months in 2010, a film crew followed the sisters during their senior year of high school, with the resulting series premiering on March 15, 2011.[2] According to Lifetime, the program is intended to portray the lives of the girls as they deal with the usual trappings of adolescence, as well as Naomi facing an "empty nest" as the sisters leave home for college.[3]

QMRQ-type: townhouse built mainly in housing estates in the UK beginning in the late 20th century. The houses are arranged in blocks of four with each house at a corner of the block. Similar to the earlier cluster house (see above).

QMRFour Plus One: an apartment building consisting of four stories above a parking lot. The four floors containing the apartment units are of wood-frame and masonry construction. It was particularly popular in Chicago during the 1960s and 1970s, especially on the city's north side.

qMRBarracks: a type of military housing, formerly connoting a large "open bay" with rows of bunk beds and attached bathroom facilities, but during the most recent several decades for the American Armed Forces most of the new housing units for unmarried servicemen have been constructed with a dormitory-style layout housing two to four servicemembers. This dormitory-styling providing additional privacy has been found to promote the retention of trained personnel in the all-volunteer Armed Forces of the United States.

QMRDuplex house: commonly refers to two separate residences, attached side-by-side, but the term is sometimes used to mean stacked apartments on two different floors (particularly in urban areas such as New York and San Francisco). (See Two decker) The duplex house often looks like either two houses put together, or as a large single home, and both legally and structurally, literally shares a wall between halves. The duplex home can appear as a single townhouse section with two different entrances, though the occasional duplex with a shared common entrance and entry hall have been constructed. The jargon terms "triplex" and "four-plex" are contrived names that refer to similar structures with three or four housing units, or floors if referring to apartments, and again the characteristic sharing of structural walls, as are the townhouse and six pack forms that adapted the savings in materials and costs of a shared load bearing wall.

QMRThe American Foursquare or American Four Square is an American house style popular from the mid-1890s to the late 1930s. A reaction to the ornate and mass-produced elements of the Victorian and other Revival styles popular throughout the last half of the 19th century, the American Foursquare was plain, often incorporating handcrafted "honest" woodwork (unless purchased from a mail-order catalog). This style incorporates elements of the Prairie School and the Craftsman styles. It is also sometimes called Transitional Period. The hallmarks of the style include a basically square, boxy design, two-and-one-half stories high, usually with four large, boxy rooms to a floor, a center dormer, and a large front porch with wide stairs. The boxy shape provides a maximum amount of interior room space, to use a small city lot to best advantage. Other common features included a hipped roof, arched entries between common rooms, built-in cabinetry, and Craftsman-style woodwork. A typical design would be as follows: first floor, from front to back, on one side, the living room and dining room; while on the other side, the entry room or foyer, stairway and kitchen. Sometimes a bathroom was also included. Second floor, front to back, on one side, bedroom, bathroom and bedroom; while on the other side, bedroom, stairway and bedroom. The bedrooms had a slightly longer dimension along the front and back of the house with side by side closets between the bedrooms. This gave a very efficient layout with a bedroom in each corner and a centralized bathroom and stairway. The top floor was generally just a big open space with one to four dormers. The basement generally contained a large natural convection furnace or boiler. History[edit] The American Foursquare or "Prairie Box" was a post-Victorian style, which shared many features with the Prairie architecture pioneered by Frank Lloyd Wright. During the early 1900s and 1910s, Wright even designed his own variations on the Foursquare, including the Robert M. Lamp House, "A Fireproof House for $5000", and several two-story models for the American System-Built Homes. Unlike other houses of the style, Wright's versions featured more open main floor plans achieved by removing or minimizing partitions between the entry, living room, and dining room. He in turn inspired Other Prairie School architects, such as Walter Burley Griffin, to design similar Foursquares in the following decades. Later Foursquares often had the same type of interiors as Bungalows with open floor plans, lots of built-ins, and fireplaces. Many examples are trimmed with tiled roofs, cornice-line brackets, or other details drawn from Craftsman, Italian Renaissance, or Mission architecture.

QMRCommon charts[edit] Four of the most common charts are: Histogram Bar chart Pie chart Line chart This gallery shows: A histogram consists of tabular frequencies, shown as adjacent rectangles, erected over discrete intervals (bins), with an area equal to the frequency of the observations in the interval. A bar chart is a chart with rectangular bars with lengths proportional to the values that they represent. The bars can be plotted vertically or horizontally. A pie chart shows percentage values as a slice of a pie. A line chart is a two-dimensional scatterplot of ordered observations where the observations are connected following their order.

In boxing, a quadruple champion is a boxer who has won world titles in four different weight classes. The first ever man to earn that enormous distinction was Thomas Hearns on October 29, 1987. Hearns won his first four titles at the following divisions: Welterweight (147 lbs), Light Middleweight (154 lbs), Light Heavyweight (175 lbs) and Middleweight (160 lbs). The second man was Ray Charles Leonard, who on November 7, 1998 won his first championships at Welterweight (147 lbs), Light Middleweight (154 lbs), Middleweight (160 lbs), Super Middleweight (168 lbs) and Light Heavyweight (175 lbs). There are five titles in five divisions but his case is extremely rare: Leonard fought for two different belts in two different weight divisions the same night: Super middleweight (168 lbs) and Light heavyweight (175 lbs) against Don Lalonde so any of the titles can be attached as his fourth title. The legendary Leo Gamez was the first champion to win all the lightest divisions from Minimumweight (105 lbs), Light Flyweight (108 lbs), Flyweight (112 lbs) to Super Flyweight (115 lbs). Gamez did it on October 9, 2000. Some boxers have managed to win four titles and become Quintuple Champions.

QMRA quadruple champion in boxing refers to a boxer who has won world titles in four different categories of weight.

QMRBalochistan (Balochi, Pashto, Urdu: بلوچِستان, Balōčistān, pronounced [bəloːt͡ʃɪst̪ɑːn]), is one of the four provinces of Pakistan, located in the southwestern region of the country. Its provincial capital and largest city is Quetta. It shares borders with Punjab and the Federally Administered Tribal Areas to the northeast, Sindh to the southeast, the Arabian Sea to the south, Iran to the west, and Afghanistan to the north.

QMRWestern Canada, also referred to as the Western provinces and more commonly known as the West, is a region of Canada that includes the four provinces of Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba and Saskatchewan.

QMRSince it was formed, Canada's external borders have changed seven times, and it has grown from four provinces at Confederation to ten provinces and three territories. It has only lost significant territory in the border dispute with the Dominion of Newfoundland over Labrador, which later joined Canada as the 10th province.