Quadrant Model of Reality: Quadrant Model of Reality Book 1 Religion

CHAPTER XXIV: The Pattern of Four in Religion

Religion is the second square field of inquiry. Square one is science, Square two is religion, Square three is art, and Square four is philosophy.

The Templeton Prize Winner Ian Barbour describes four possibilities for the relationship between science and religion. They are

Square 1: autonomy

Square 2:dialogue

Square 3: conflict

Square 4: integration

I discussed that science is a first square field of inquiry and religion is a second square field of inquiry, and they possess these characteristics.

It has been suggested that religion in its original essence was the first science, based on the scientific method of inquiry in its search for truth. Charles Sanders Pierce said that inquiry uses four methods, which fits the quadrant model pattern.

*Square one: The method of tenacity, a policy of sticking to initial belief, which brings comforts and decisiveness but leads to trying to ignore contrary information and other views--as if truth were intrinsically private, not public. It goes against the social impulse and easily falters since one may well notice when another's opinion is as good as one's own initial conclusion. Its initial successes are highly valued, but tend to be fragile.

*Square two: The method of authority, which overcomes disagreements, sometimes by the brute force of consensus-established and sustained social pressure. Its successes can be majestic and long-lived, but it cannot operate thoroughly enough to suppress doubt indefinitely, especially when people are exposed to varying beliefs.

*Square three: The method of the a priori, which promotes conformity less forcefully, but fosters pluralistic preferences and tastes, or perspectives in terms of "what is agreeable to reason." It depends on fashion and fickle fads. It is more intellectual and respectable but, like the first two methods, sustains accidental and capricious beliefs, leading many to remain doubtful.

*Square 4: The scientific method – the method wherein inquiry regards itself as fallible, under the assumption that “there is absolute truth but no one can know it absolutely” it purposely tests itself and criticizes, corrects, and improves itself.

The scientific method also fits the quadrant model pattern. The scientific method is as follows:

*Square one: Characteristics—including observations, definitions, measurements

*Square two: Hypotheses—making theoretical, hypothetical explanations of measurements and observations, which forms a duality with the first

*Square three: Predictions—made from hypotheses or theories, which is the doing square

*Square four: Experiments—repeating the first three to test the veracity of theories and hypotheses, which is the square that includes but points beyond, transcending the first three.

George Polya, a mathematician, makes the claim that the scientific method is analogous to the mathematical method.

*Square one: Understanding

*Square two: Analysis

*Square three: Synthesis

*Square four: Review/Extend

Religions often use the force of consensus-established social pressure to protect and promote a proprietary paraphrase of the real truth, providing comfort for those who are willing to believe and belong. Religion is the second square field of inquiry, which is about belonging. Science is not much better than religion. Science is esteemed as being objective. But science is very subjective. Social pressures have always shaped scientific findings, and old paradigms take a long time to shatter, and are held onto firmly. An example that science is not objective is in psychiatry. Medicine corporations fund and promote a lot of findings on their medications, and they shape and propagandize their findings and methodologies in order to make money. For instance, a lot of dangerous drugs are marketed to kids, and the scientists who study the drugs usually are paid by the drug companies that are selling them and making a profit off of them. Religion also is associated with trying to make money. Religion is more based on feeling than science. The second square is the most associated with feelings. The second quadrant is the faith quadrant.

Carl Jung, a maverick and courageous psychology scientist, considered the cross and the mandala (a circle divided into four sections) as the most important symbol in religion. He noted that most religions have four primary gods, which fits the principal of the quadrant model. He thought that the idea of the trinity, developed in catholicism, was flawed because it was missing a fourth element. Jung proposed that the fourth should be Satan, who is related to death and sex--the fourth square. Another suggestion is that the fourth should be the Mother Mary. Some, like Providence Church, advocate that the holy spirit is female I think. These suggestions point beyond the first three.

Mandala (Sanskrit Maṇḍala, 'circle') is a spiritual and ritual symbol in Indian religions, representing the universe.[1] In common use, mandala has become a generic term for any diagram, chart or geometric pattern that represents the cosmos metaphysically or symbolically; a microcosm of the universe.

The basic form of most mandalas is a square with four gates containing a circle with a center point. Each gate is in the general shape of a T.[2][3] Mandalas often exhibit radial balance.[

Sociologists divide religions into four categories.

*Square one: Ecclesias/Churches--usually do not support competition, and have an overarching ideology. They also usually fit into the framework of the society in which they exist. Islam is a Church in places like Saudi Arabia, where it fits into the political and economic framework of the society. The first square is very interested in doing what is good for the group rather than the individual.

*Square two: Denominations--when a Church loses its religious monopoly in a society it becomes a denomination, tending to remain on good terms with the state, and relatively friendly with other denominations. They follow a fairly routinized ritualistic procedure, and are not full of spontaneous emotional expression. The second square reflects order and homeostasis. Denominations are less involved in social and political issues than sects, but more involved than Ecclesias. Denominations also have a trained and professional clergy. An example is the coptic Christians in Egypt where Islam is the dominant religion. Coptics were forced by muslims to tattoo a cross on their wrists to signal that they were Christians; now they do this on their own volition.

*Square three: Sects--formed to protest their parent religion, usually a denomination. The third square is the doer, and typically considered bad or destructive. The third square is also the thinker--sects question and break away from conformity to their parent religion. Early Christianity was a sect that broke away from Judaism; first Christians were all Jews. Sects often decry things that they think are wrong in the parent religion.

*Square four: Cults--new religious movements, are like sects in that they form spontaneously, but not out of a parent religion. Campbell says that cults believe that humans contain divine elements, often attributing special divinity. to their leaders. Cults often do not advocate the return to pure religion, but are more into advocating something new. Cults are different from the first three; this is always the nature of the third square. The first three are very connected. Churches turn into denominations denominations develop sects, and sects become denominations. Cults spring up out of nowhere, and maintain no connections with the others. They are separate, pointing beyond the previous three. They usually do not advocate questioning their laws but preach to stay within their confines. Cults tend to center around a charismatic figure who does not encourage inquiry but requires people to adhere to his beliefs.

Religious levels

Church	Sect
Denomination	Cult

The anti-cult movement might be divided into four classes:

secular counter-cult groups;

Christian evangelical counter-cult groups;

groups formed to counter a specific cult; and

organizations that offer some form of exit counseling

Jeffrey K. Hadden sees four distinct classes of opposition to "cults":

Square 1:Opposition grounded on Religion

Opposition usually defined in theological terms.

Cults considered heretical.

Endeavors to expose the heresy and correct the beliefs of those who have strayed from a truth.

Prefers metaphors of deception rather than possession.

Serves two important functions:

protects members (especially youth) from heresy, and

increases solidarity among the faithful.

Secular 2: Secular opposition

Regards individual autonomy as the manifest goal — achieved by getting people out of groups using mind control and deceptive proselytization.

Regards the struggle as an issue of control rather than theology.

Organizes around families of children currently or previously involved in a cult.

Has the unannounced goal of disabling or destroying NRMs organizationally.

Square 3: Apostates

Former members who consider themselves egregiously wronged by a cult, often with the coordination and encouragement of anti-cult groups.

Square 4: Entrepreneurial opposition

A few "entrepreneurs" who have made careers of organizing opposition groups.

Broadcasters, journalists, and lawyers who base a reputation or career on anti-cult activities

Stephen Hassan has developed the BITE model for cults. It is

The BITE Model

I. Behavior Control

II. Information Control

III. Thought Control

IV. Emotional Control

Behavior Control

1. Regulate individual’s physical reality

2. Dictate where, how, and with whom the member lives and associates or isolates

3. When, how and with whom the member has sex

4. Control types of clothing and hairstyles

5. Regulate diet - food and drink, hunger and/or fasting

6. Manipulation and deprivation of sleep

7. Financial exploitation, manipulation or dependence

8. Restrict leisure, entertainment, vacation time

9. Major time spent with group indoctrination and rituals and/or self indoctrination including the Internet

10. Permission required for major decisions

11. Thoughts, feelings, and activities (of self and others) reported to superiors

12. Rewards and punishments used to modify behaviors, both positive and negative

13. Discourage individualism, encourage group-think

14. Impose rigid rules and regulations

15. Instill dependency and obedience

Information Control

1. Deception:

a. Deliberately withhold information

b. Distort information to make it more acceptable

c. Systematically lie to the cult member

2. Minimize or discourage access to non-cult sources of information, including:

a. Internet, TV, radio, books, articles, newspapers, magazines, other media

b.Critical information

c. Former members

d. Keep members busy so they don’t have time to think and investigate

e. Control through cell phone with texting, calls, internet tracking

3. Compartmentalize information into Outsider vs. Insider doctrines

a. Ensure that information is not freely accessible

b.Control information at different levels and missions within group

c. Allow only leadership to decide who needs to know what and when

4. Encourage spying on other members

a. Impose a buddy system to monitor and control member

b.Report deviant thoughts, feelings and actions to leadership

c. Ensure that individual behavior is monitored by group

5. Extensive use of cult-generated information and propaganda, including:

a. Newsletters, magazines, journals, audiotapes, videotapes, YouTube, movies and other media

b.Misquoting statements or using them out of context from non-cult sources

6. Unethical use of confession

a. Information about sins used to disrupt and/or dissolve identity boundaries

b. Withholding forgiveness or absolution

c. Manipulation of memory, possible false memories

Thought Control

1. Require members to internalize the group’s doctrine as truth

a. Adopting the group's ‘map of reality’ as reality

b. Instill black and white thinking

c. Decide between good vs. evil

d. Organize people into us vs. them (insiders vs. outsiders)

2.Change person’s name and identity

3. Use of loaded language and clichés which constrict knowledge, stop critical thoughts and reduce complexities into platitudinous buzz words

4. Encourage only ‘good and proper’ thoughts

5. Hypnotic techniques are used to alter mental states, undermine critical thinking and even to age regress the member

6. Memories are manipulated and false memories are created

7. Teaching thought-stopping techniques which shut down reality testing by stopping negative thoughts and allowing only positive thoughts, including:

a. Denial, rationalization, justification, wishful thinking

b. Chanting

c. Meditating

d. Praying

e. Speaking in tongues

f. Singing or humming

8. Rejection of rational analysis, critical thinking, constructive criticism

9. Forbid critical questions about leader, doctrine, or policy allowed

10. Labeling alternative belief systems as illegitimate, evil, or not useful

Emotional Control

1. Manipulate and narrow the range of feelings – some emotions and/or needs are deemed as evil, wrong or selfish

2. Teach emotion-stopping techniques to block feelings of homesickness, anger, doubt

3. Make the person feel that problems are always their own fault, never the leader’s or the group’s fault

4. Promote feelings of guilt or unworthiness, such as

a. Identity guilt

b. You are not living up to your potential

c. Your family is deficient

d. Your past is suspect

e. Your affiliations are unwise

f. Your thoughts, feelings, actions are irrelevant or selfish

g. Social guilt

h. Historical guilt

5. Instill fear, such as fear of:

a. Thinking independently

b. The outside world

c. Enemies

d. Losing one’s salvation

e. Leaving or being shunned by the group

f. Other’s disapproval

6. Extremes of emotional highs and lows – love bombing and praise one moment and then declaring you are horrible sinner

7. Ritualistic and sometimes public confession of sins

8. Phobia indoctrination: inculcating irrational fears about leaving the group or questioning the leader’s authority

a. No happiness or fulfillment possible outside of the group

b. Terrible consequences if you leave: hell, demon possession, incurable diseases, accidents, suicide, insanity, 10,000 reincarnations, etc.

c. Shunning of those who leave; fear of being rejected by friends, peers, and family

d. Never a legitimate reason to leave; those who leave are weak, undisciplined, unspiritual, worldly, brainwashed by family or counselor, or seduced by money, sex, or rock and roll

e. Threats of harm to ex-member and family

Osho presented meditation not just as a practice but as a state of awareness to be maintained in every moment, a total awareness that awakens the individual from the sleep of mechanical responses conditioned by beliefs and expectations.[169][171] He employed Western psychotherapy in the preparatory stages of meditation to create awareness of mental and emotional patterns.[172]

He suggested more than a hundred meditation techniques in total.[172][173] His own "Active Meditation" techniques are characterised by stages of physical activity leading to silence.[172] The most famous of these remains Dynamic Meditation,[172][173] which has been described as a kind of microcosm of his outlook.[173] Performed with closed or blindfolded eyes, it comprises five stages, four of which are accompanied by music.[174] First the meditator engages in ten minutes of rapid breathing through the nose.[174] The second ten minutes are for catharsis: "Let whatever is happening happen. ... Laugh, shout, scream, jump, shake—whatever you feel to do, do it!"[172][174] Next, for ten minutes one jumps up and down with arms raised, shouting Hoo! each time one lands on the flat of the feet.[174][175] At the fourth, silent stage, the meditator stops moving suddenly and totally, remaining completely motionless for fifteen minutes, witnessing everything that is happening.[174][175] The last stage of the meditation consists of fifteen minutes of dancing and celebration

The fifth is ultra transcendent, not accompanied by music. The fourth is silence. The fourth is always transcendent and it seems like there is nothing there. The third stage involves laughing shouting jumping and shaking. The third square is the doing square. The first two stages are conservative, which is the nature of the first two squares.

There are four world religions. Some sociologists argue that there is a fifth; Judaism is sometimes considered the fifth, but is most often not included among the world religions because it is an ethnic phenomenon that does not try to convert people. The recognized world religions are:

*Square one: Buddhism--associated with the first quadrant, it is stereotypically about sensation, perception, response, and awareness. It is focused on finding the real self, which is the nature of the first quadrant, and is known for meditation and other activities related to perception, and awareness. Idealists, the first square personality type are often attracted to Buddhism. The Buddha was an Indian priest of the Brahman class. He taught people to get married, have children, not commit adultery, not murder, and not steal. His teachings are very similar to the teachings of the Torah. Many Buddhists deify him often praying to the Buddha for selfish purposes. Buddhists are taught that life is suffering, so they can be sad, an emotion of the first square. The buddha taught that people should seek nirvana, which is separation from the world, and from a destiny of rebirth. Buddhism is associated with asians which is the first square race. Buddhism is associated with non violence and peace which are idealist characteristics. Buddhists are vegetarians like idealists are more inclined to be.

*Square two: Christianity--associated with the second quadrant, is about belief, faith, behavior, and belonging. Messianic Jews teach that Jesus was an orthodox Jew who taught others to follow the Torah precisely. They teach that Paul was also an orthodox Jew who sought to bring the Torah back to the lost tribes of Israel, whom he called gentiles, because they had broken out of covenant--gentile means out of covenant. According to messianic Jews, Black Hebrew Israelites, and even Seventh Day Adventists, Jesus and his disciples taught that belief in Jesus entailed following the commandments of God; the second square focuses on order and homeostasis. Christianity is second square oriented, and associated with the Guardian personality type—wanting to belong. Christianity is characterized a lot by trying to convert people and save people, which is associated with wanting to belong, and it is not known for being related to deep thinking, but more belief, which is characteristic of the second square. Christianity is associated with Europeans and is the second square race. Christians like to say they want a “relationship with Jesus”. The second square is about relationships.

*Square three: Islam--a third quadrant religion. Like Christianity, Islam considers itself an Abrahamic religion--descended from Abraham. The first three squares are always very connected. Many Muslims do not have problems with Buddhists, seeing Buddhists as monotheists. Arabs consider themselves descendants of Ishmael, a son of Abraham. The Israelites descend from Abraham's other son, Issac. Many rabbis think that Europeans are often descendants of Issac's son Esau; Israel descends from Issac's other son Jacob. The third quadrant is thinking, emotion, doing, and dreaming. Thinking challenges beliefs; Islam challenges the beliefs of Christianity, teaching that Jesus is not God, but is a messenger of God. Thinking is considered to be destructive and bad for challenging and breaking down beliefs, and breaking Christians out of the comfort of their beliefs. Islam means submission to God. Islam is often associated with Black people and arabs, which is the third square race. Also Islam is associated around the world as being violent, and the nature of the third square is it is more “destructive” or “bad” or evil. Islam is associated with terrorism and throughout history Arabs fought brutal wars including the massacring of Hindus and the attempt to force convert people. Islam has a lot of African followers but also has white and Asian followers. The third square encompasses the previous two.

*Square four: Hinduism--a “polytheistic” religion, Hindus tend to believe in more than one God, and worship different Hindu Gods. The fourth quadrant encompasses the previous three, while pointing beyond them. The fourth quadrant is contemplation, passion, flowing, and knowing. Hinduism is definitely the most contemplative of the world religions. Also Hinduism encompasses the other world religions, teaching that the messengers of other religions, like Jesus, and Muhammad, and the Buddha, are avatars usually of the Hindu God Vishnu or other Gods. So Hinduism is pluralistic. The fourth square always encompasses the previous three. Many Hindus believe that the ultimate awareness is that humans are Gods. Hinduism is associated with karma sutra, which is a type of meditation based on sexual positions. The fourth quadrant is knowledge; knowledge is associated with sex. Hinduism is associated with fear and surprise, which emerges out of contemplation, which are fourth square emotions. Hinduism is associated with Brown people/Indians, which is the fourth square race. The fourth square is also known for being “bad”. Both Christians and Muslims tend to look down upon Hindus seeing them as polytheists, although there are Hindu sects that are considered monothesitic. Even Buddhists look down upon Hindus seeing them as not accepting the teachings of the Buddha. Hindus tend to say the Buddha was an incarnation of God, but that the Buddha did not contain full revelation and purposefully lead people astray. The Mormons, considered Christians, argue the bible is also polytheistic. Some Hindus reconcile all of the religions, saying that they believe in Allah as the only God Krishna, and believing that Krishna is the Father of Jesus, and that the Buddha was an incarnation of Krishna. Hindus have many creative ways of reconciling all of the religions. Hinduism is a national religion in India, but it has followers from all races. The forth always encompasses he previous three, although it is most associated with brown people. Brown is the forth square race.

The World Religions

Buddhism	Islam
Christianity	Hinduism

The mythologies of Buddhism fit the quadrant model pattern. Buddha was a Hindu Brahman prince. Brahmin priests tell the Buddha's father that his son will be either a great king or a religious, spiritual leader. The father tries to shelter the Buddha from suffering so rather than becoming a religious leader he should be a prince. But the Buddha leaves the palace, and is surprised by four realizations, called the four sights. The four are of:

*Square one: an old man

*Square two: a sick man. The old man and the sick man are the duality. The first two squares are always a duality

*Square three: a corpse. This is bad, connoting utter destruction and death. The third square is always negative.

*Square four: an ascetic. An ascetic has renounced the world, pointing beyond. This is the nature of the forth square.

The Brahmin Indians simplified 4 by joining its four lines into a cross that looks like our modern plus sign. The Shunga would add a horizontal line on top of the numeral, and the Kshatrapa and Pallava evolved the numeral to a point where speed of writing was a secondary concern. The Arabs' 4 still had the early concept of the cross, but for the sake of efficiency, was made in one stroke by connecting the "western" end to the "northern" end; the "eastern" end was finished off with a curve. The Europeans dropped the finishing curve and gradually made the numeral less cursive, ending up with a glyph very close to the original Brahmin cross

The Four Sights

old man	corpse
sick man	ascetic

After the Buddha becomes aware of the four, he realizes that life is suffering, and decides to be an ascetic. This is the foundational story of Buddhism.

As an outgrowth of deep, inner searching the Buddha is able to identify the four noble truths, which are the four cornerstones of Buddhism.

*Square one: the truth of Dukkha, which means suffering, anxiety, and unsatisfactoriness. The first square religion is Buddhism. The first square is associated with the Idealists who describe feeling a sort of emptiness, which leads to a desire to find themselves. They often feel like they do not belong, Idealists wish to be Guardians—they typically belong.

*Square two: The Truth of the Origin of Suffering--attachment. The second square is associated with relationships and belonging, which are attachments. Guardians are associated with attachment.

*Square three: The Truth of Cessation of Dukkha--the end of suffering comes with ceasing attachment. The third square is the Artisan, the individualist, having broken out of belonging. The third quadrant breaks away from attachments, which is often considered bad and destructive.

*Square four: The Truth of the Path leading to cessation of Dukkha. This is called the eightfold path.

The Four Noble Truths

The Truth of Dukkha	The Truth of the Cessation of Dukkha
The Truth of the Origin of Dukkha	The Truth of the Eightfold Path

The Buddha tells the parable of the four wives. The first three wives are similar. The fourth is different. The pattern of the quadrant model is the first three are similar and square four is transcendent.

Square 1. Wife one is the body and she does not go with you with death.

Square 2. Wife 2 is wealth and material possessions. Square 2 is always homeostasis and order. These do not go with you with death.

Square 3. Wife 3 is family and friends and acquaintances. These do not go with you with death.

Square 4. Wife 4 is the mind and the Buddha says wife 4 is different from the previous three and she goes with you with death.

There are four holy sites in Buddhism related to four important times in his life. They are

Square 1: Gumbini. The place of Siddharta Guatema’s birth.

Square 2: Bodhgaya. The place where the Buddha achieved enlightenment.

Square 3: Deer park in Samath. Here the Buddha met his five disciples and gave his first sermon.the third square is always related to doing.

Square 4: Kishinara. The Buddhas death. The fourth square is related to death

I have studied Buddhist texts and they are filled with the quadrant four, as well as even 16, and within the teachings is the pattern of the quadrant model. According to Buddhism there are four stages of enlightenment. The learning of these stages is central to Buddhism and was taught by the Buddha. The stages fit the quadrant model pattern. They are

Square 1: Sotapanna- A stream enterer is free from attachment to rites and rituals, identity view, and doubt about the teaching.

Square 2: Sakadagami- A once returner has greatly attenuated sensual desire, which keeps one mired in the ego body/self, and ill will, which is trying to make things happen through the ego.

Square 3: Anagami- A non returner has gotten rid of sensual desire and ill will.

square 4: Arahant- He is free from all of the five lower fetters and the five higher fetters, which are, craving for fine material existence, craving for existence on the level of formlessness, conceit, restlessness, and ignorance. This is the flow.

The four right assertions in buddhism are based off of two dichotomies. One is risen and unarisen. The other dichotomy is unskilled qualities and skilled qualities. This leaves

Square 1: abandon. Arisen and unskilled

Square 2: guard. Unarisen and unskilled

Square 3: arouse. Unarisen and skilled

Square 4: maintain. Arisen and skilled

Buddhist temporal cosmology describes how the universe comes into being and is dissolved. Like other Indian cosmologies, it assumes an infinite span of time and is cyclical. This does not mean that the same events occur in identical form with each cycle, but merely that, as with the cycles of day and night or summer and winter, certain natural events occur over and over to give some structure to time.

The basic unit of time measurement is the mahākalpa or "Great Eon" (Jpn: 大劫 daigō). The length of this time in human years is never defined exactly, but it is meant to be very long, to be measured in billions of years if not longer.

A mahākalpa is divided into four kalpas or "eons" (Jpn: 劫 kō), each distinguished from the others by the stage of evolution of the universe during that kalpa. The four kalpas are:

Vivartakalpa "Eon of evolution" – during this kalpa the universe comes into existence. The first square is always good and inspiring.

Vivartasthāyikalpa "Eon of evolution-duration" – during this kalpa the universe remains in existence in a steady state. The second square is homeostasis and order.

Saṃvartakalpa "Eon of dissolution" – during this kalpa the universe dissolves. The third square is destruction and is bad.

Saṃvartasthāyikalpa "Eon of dissolution

In Buddhist cosmology

Heavens[edit]

The following four worlds are bounded planes, each 80,000 yojanas square, which float in the air above the top of Mount Sumeru. Although all of the worlds inhabited by devas (that is, all the worlds down to the Cāturmahārājikakāyika world and sometimes including the Asuras) are sometimes called "heavens", in the western sense of the word the term best applies to the four worlds listed below:

Parinirmita-vaśavartin or Paranimmita-vasavatti (Tib: gzhan 'phrul dbang byed; Jpn: 他化自在天 Takejizai-ten) – The heaven of devas "with power over (others') creations". These devas do not create pleasing forms that they desire for themselves, but their desires are fulfilled by the acts of other devas who wish for their favor. The ruler of this world is called Vaśavartin (Pāli: Vasavatti), who has longer life, greater beauty, more power and happiness and more delightful sense-objects than the other devas of his world. This world is also the home of the devaputra (being of divine race) called Māra, who endeavors to keep all beings of the Kāmadhātu in the grip of sensual pleasures. Māra is also sometimes called Vaśavartin, but in general these two dwellers in this world are kept distinct. The beings of this world are 4,500 feet (1,400 m) tall and live for 9,216,000,000 years (Sarvāstivāda tradition). The height of this world is 1,280 yojanas above the Earth.

Nirmāṇarati or Nimmānaratī (Tib: 'phrul dga' ; Jpn: 化楽天 Keraku-ten)– The world of devas "delighting in their creations". The devas of this world are capable of making any appearance to please themselves. The lord of this world is called Sunirmita (Pāli Sunimmita); his wife is the rebirth of Visākhā, formerly the chief of the upāsikās (female lay devotees) of the Buddha. The beings of this world are 3,750 feet (1,140 m) tall and live for 2,304,000,000 years (Sarvāstivāda tradition). The height of this world is 640 yojanas above the Earth.

Tuṣita or Tusita (Tib: dga' ldan; Jpn: 兜率天 Tosotsu-ten) – The world of the "joyful" devas. This world is best known for being the world in which a Bodhisattva lives before being reborn in the world of humans. Until a few thousand years ago, the Bodhisattva of this world was Śvetaketu (Pāli: Setaketu), who was reborn as Siddhārtha, who would become the Buddha Śākyamuni; since then the Bodhisattva has been Nātha (or Nāthadeva) who will be reborn as Ajita and will become the Buddha Maitreya (Pāli Metteyya). While this Bodhisattva is the foremost of the dwellers in Tuṣita, the ruler of this world is another deva called Santuṣita (Pāli: Santusita). The beings of this world are 3,000 feet (910 m) tall and live for 576,000,000 years (Sarvāstivāda tradition). The height of this world is 320 yojanas above the Earth.

Yāma (Tib: 'thab bral; Jpn: 夜摩天 Yama-ten) – Sometimes called the "heaven without fighting", because it is the lowest of the heavens to be physically separated from the tumults of the earthly world. These devas live in the air, free of all difficulties. Its ruler is the deva Suyāma; according to some, his wife is the rebirth of Sirimā, a courtesan of Rājagṛha in the Buddha's time who was generous to the monks. The beings of this world are 2,250 feet (690 m) tall and live for 144,000,000 years (Sarvāstivāda tradition). The height of this world is 160 yojanas above the Earth.

In Buddhist cosmology

The Ārūpyadhātu (Sanskrit) or Arūpaloka (Pāli) (Tib: gzugs med pa'i khams; Jpn: 無色界 Mushiki-kai) or "Formless realm" would have no place in a purely physical cosmology, as none of the beings inhabiting it has either shape or location; and correspondingly, the realm has no location either. This realm belongs to those devas who attained and remained in the Four Formless Absorptions (catuḥ-samāpatti) of the arūpadhyānas in a previous life, and now enjoys the fruits (vipāka) of the good karma of that accomplishment. Bodhisattvas, however, are never born in the Ārūpyadhātu even when they have attained the arūpadhyānas.

There are four types of Ārūpyadhātu devas, corresponding to the four types of arūpadhyānas:

Arupa Bhumi (Arupachara Brahmalokas or Immaterial/Formless Brahma Realms)[edit]

Naivasaṃjñānāsaṃjñāyatana or Nevasaññānāsaññāyatana (Tib: 'du shes med 'du shes med min; Jpn: 非有想非無想処) "Sphere of neither perception nor non-perception". In this sphere the formless beings have gone beyond a mere negation of perception and have attained a liminal state where they do not engage in "perception" (saṃjñā, recognition of particulars by their marks) but are not wholly unconscious. This was the sphere reached by Udraka Rāmaputra (Pāli: Uddaka Rāmaputta), the second of the Buddha's two teachers, who considered it equivalent to enlightenment. Total life span on this realm in human years - 84,000 Maha Kalpa (Maha Kalpa = 4 Asankya Kalpa). Kalpa Vibhangaya This is realm is place 5,580,000 Yodun ( 1 Yoduna = 16 Miles) above the Plane of Nothingness(Akiknchaknkayatana). Sakwala Vibhangaya

Ākiṃcanyāyatana or Ākiñcaññāyatana (Tib: ci yang med; Jpn: 無所有処 musho u sho) "Sphere of Nothingness" (literally "lacking anything"). In this sphere formless beings dwell contemplating upon the thought that "there is no thing". This is considered a form of perception, though a very subtle one. This was the sphere reached by Ārāḍa Kālāma (Pāli: Āḷāra Kālāma), the first of the Buddha's two teachers; he considered it to be equivalent to enlightenment. Total life span on this realm in human years - 60,000 Maha Kalpa. This is realm is place 5,580,000 Yodun above the Plane of Infinite Consciousness(Viknknanaknchayathana).

Vijñānānantyāyatana or Viññāṇānañcāyatana or more commonly the contracted form Viññāṇañcāyatana (Tib: rnam shes mtha' yas; Jpn: 識無辺処 shiki mu hen jo) "Sphere of Infinite Consciousness". In this sphere formless beings dwell meditating on their consciousness (vijñāna) as infinitely pervasive. Total life span on this realm in human years - 40,000 Maha Kalpa. This is realm is place 5,580,000 Yodun above the Plane of Infinite Space(Akasanknayathanaya)

Ākāśānantyāyatana or Ākāsānañcāyatana (Tib: nam mkha' mtha' yas; Jpn: 空無辺処 kū mu hen jo) "Sphere of Infinite Space". In this sphere formless beings dwell meditating upon space or extension (ākāśa) as infinitely pervasive. Total life span on this realm in human years - 20,000 Maha Kalpa. This is realm is place 5,580,000 Yodun above the Akanita Brahma Loka — Highest plane of pure abodes.

At the beginning the universe was immersed in a beaten and shapeless kind of matter (chaos), sunk in silence. Later there were sounds indicating the movement of particles. With this movement, the light and the lightest particles rose but the particles were not as fast as the light and could not go higher. Thus, the light was at the top of the Universe, and below it, the particles formed first the clouds and then Heaven, which was to be called Takamagahara (高天原?, "High Plain of Heaven"). The rest of the particles that had not risen formed a huge mass, dense and dark, to be called Earth.[1]

When Takamagahara was formed, the first three gods of Japanese mythology appeared:

Amenominakanushi (天之御中主神?)

Taka-mi-musuhi-no-kami (高御産巣日神?) and

Kami-musuhi-no-kami (神産巣日神?).

Subsequently two gods emerged in Takamagahara from an object similar to a reed-shoot:

Umashi-ashi-kabi-hikoji-no-kami (宇摩志阿斯訶備比古遅神?) and

Ame-no-toko-tachi-no-kami (天之常立神?)

The nature of the quadrant model is the first three are always connected. The fourth is always different and is connected to the fifth.

Tibetan Buddhists believe that saying the mantra (prayer),

Square 1: Om

Square 2: Mani

Square 3: Padme

Square 4: Hum

out loud or silently to oneself, invokes the powerful benevolent attention and blessings of Chenrezig, the embodiment of compassion. Viewing the written form of the mantra is said to have the same effect -- it is often carved into stones, like the one pictured above, and placed where people can see them.

The mantra originated in India; as it moved from India into Tibet, the pronunciation changed because some of the sounds in the Indian Sanskrit language were hard for Tibetans to pronounce.

Another pronunciation that is supposed to be very powerful and a kind of secret pronunciation is Om Mani Padse Hum, but only if you are very advanced should you say se

According to the Buddha there are four types of friends. The Buddha says

"Young man, be aware of these four good-hearted friends: the helper, the friend who endures in good times and bad, the mentor, and the compassionate friend.

The helper can be identified by four things: by protecting you when you are vulnerable, and likewise your wealth, being a refuge when you are afraid, and in various tasks providing double what is requested.

The enduring friend can be identified by four things: by telling you secrets, guarding your own secrets closely, not abandoning you in misfortune, and even dying for you.

The mentor can be identified by four things: by restraining you from wrongdoing, guiding you towards good actions, telling you what you ought to know, and showing you the path to samsaric heavens.

The compassionate friend can be identified by four things: by not rejoicing in your misfortune, delighting in your good fortune, preventing others from speaking ill of you, and encouraging others who praise your good qualities."

In buddhism The Damba Tree of Life has four limbs and from its roots four sacred streams of Paradise that represent the the four boundless wishes of compassion, affection, love impartiality. It also represents the four directions of the heart as well.

There are “the Four Seals of Dharma.” in Buddhism. They are:

Square 1: All compounded things are impermanent.

Square 2: All emotions are painful. This is something that only Buddhists would talk about. Many religions worship things like love with celebration and songs. Buddhists think, “This is all suffering.”

Square 3: All phenomena are empty; they are without inherent existence. This is actually the ultimate view of Buddhism; the other three are grounded on this third seal.

Square 4: The fourth seal is that nirvana is beyond extremes.

In Buddhism, the Buddha spoke of four things that should not be contemplated for too long as they would sooner lead to derangement than to a sensible solution:

"There are these Four Imponderables that should not be pondered because to do so would cause one to become vexed and mentally unhinged.

Square 1: The range of [influence of] a buddha is imponderable and should not be pondered because to do so would cause one to become vexed and mentally unhinged. The first square is always mental.

Square 2: The range of jhana of a person immersed in meditative-absorption [the powers one is able to obtain by way of the absorptions]... The first two are about ranges. This is the duality.

Square 3: The [mysterious] working out of karma... . The third square is doing. This is the working of karma

Square 4: A first cause or origin of the world...

The four bases of power in buddhism are

Square 1: Will (chanda, S. chanda)

Square 2: Energy (viriya, S. virya)

Square 3:Consciousness (citta, S. citta)

Square 4:Examination (vīmaṁsa or vīmaŋsā, S. mimāṃsā)

There are eight jhānas in total, out of which the first four are rūpajhānas, meditations of form. All four rūpajhānas are characterized by ekaggatā (Skt: ekāgratā) which means one-pointedness, i.e. the mind focuses singularly on the material or mental object during meditation.

The four rūpajhānas are:

paṭhama-jhāna (Skt: prathamadhyāna, literally "first jhana")

dutiya-jhāna (Skt: dvitīyadhyāna, literally "second jhana")),

tatiya-jhāna (Skt: tṛtīyadhyāna,literally "third jhana"))

catuttha-jhāna (Skt: caturthadhyāna, literally "fourth jhana"))

In Buddhism, the arūpajhānas or "formless meditations" are four successive levels of meditation on non-material objects. These levels are higher than the rūpajhānas, and harder to attain. In themselves, they are believed to lead to rebirth as gods belonging to the realm of the same name.

While rupajhanas differ considering their characteristics, arupajhanas differ as their object is determined by the level of the jhana:

fifth jhāna: infinite space,

sixth jhāna: infinite consciousness,

seventh jhāna: infinite nothingness,

eighth jhāna: neither perception nor non-perception.

In buddhism four stations of Brahma (Brahma-vihara):

(1) unconditional kindness and goodwill (mettā)

(2) compassion (karuna)

(3) sympathetic joy over another's success (mudita)

(4) evenmindedness, equanimity (upekkha)

The brahmavihāras (sublime attitudes, lit. "abodes of brahma") are a series of four Buddhist virtues and the meditation practices made to cultivate them. They are also known as the four immeasurables (Sanskrit: apramāṇa, Pāli: appamaññā).

According to the Metta Sutta, Gautama Buddha held that cultivation of the four immeasurables has the power to cause the practitioner to be reborn into a "Brahmā realm" (Pāli: Brahmaloka).The meditator is instructed to radiate out to all beings in all directions the states of:

loving-kindness or benevolence

compassion

empathetic joy

equanimity

The four immeasurables are also found in the Yoga Sutras of Patañjali a text composed long after the beginning of Buddhism and substantially influenced by Buddhism.These virtues are also highly regarded by Buddhists as powerful antidotes to negative mental states (non-virtues) such as avarice, anger and pride.

The Tibetan term Ngöndro (Wylie: sngon 'gro,pronounced "ngöndro" and known in Sanskrit as pūrvakarefers to the preliminary, preparatory or foundational practices or disciplines (Sanskrit: sādhanā) common to all four schools of Tibetan Buddhism and also to Bon.

The preliminary practices establish the foundation for the more advanced and rarefied Vajrayana sādhanā which are held to engender realization and the embodiment of Dzogchen.

The common or ordinary preliminaries consists of a series of deep reflections or contemplations on the following four topics:

the freedoms and advantages of precious human rebirth

the truth of impermanence and change

the workings of karma

the suffering of living beings within samsara

The above four contemplations are sometimes referred to as "the four reminders" or "the four mind-changers"or "the four thoughts which turn the mind towards Dharma."

the Four Ordinary Foundations should not be conflated with the Satipatthana.

Satipaṭṭhāna is the Pāli word for the Buddhist concept of the establishment or foundations of mindfulness. The corresponding word in Sanskrit (Skt.) is smṛtyupasthāna and in Chinese it is ‘mindfulness-place’

The fourfold "establishment of mindfulness" (Pāli cattāro satipaṭṭhānā) is set out in the Satipatthana Sutta for attaining and maintaining moment-by-moment mindfulness or retention (Sati) of four domains, "constantly watching sensory experience in order to prevent the arising of cravings which would power future experience into rebirths."The four domains are:

mindfulness of the body;

mindfulness of feelings or sensations (vedanā);

mindfulness of mind or consciousness (citta);and

mindfulness of dhammās (the elements of the Buddhist teachings).

The Buddha referred to the fourfold establishment of mindfulness as a "direct" or "one-way path" for purification and the realisation of nirvana.

The preliminary practices establish the foundation for the more advanced and rarefied Vajrayana sādhanā which are held to engender realization and the embodiment of Dzogchen.

The common or ordinary preliminaries consists of a series of deep reflections or contemplations on the following four topics:

Square 1: the freedoms and advantages of precious human rebirth

Square 2: the truth of impermanence and change

Square 3: the workings of karma

Square 4: the suffering of living beings within samsara

The above four contemplations are sometimes referred to as "the four reminders" or "the four mind-changers"or "the four thoughts which turn the mind towards Dharma."

the Four Ordinary Foundations should not be conflated with the Satipatthana.

Square 1: mindfulness of the body;

Square 2: mindfulness of feelings or sensations (vedanā);

Square 3: mindfulness of mind or consciousness (citta);and

Square 4: mindfulness of dhammās (the elements of the Buddhist teachings).

The Buddha referred to the fourfold establishment of mindfulness as a "direct" or "one-way path" for purification and the realisation of nirvana

Classifications of tantra

The various Tantra-texts can be classified in various ways.

Fourfold division

The best-known classification is by the Gelug, Sakya, and Kagyu schools, the so-called Sarma or New Translation schools of Tibetan Buddhism. They divide the Tantras into four hierarchical categories:

Kriyayoga, action tantra, which emphasizes ritual;

Charyayoga, performance tantra, which emphasizes meditation;

Yogatantra, yoga tantra;

Anuttarayogatantra, highest yoga tantra, which is further divided into "mother", "father" and "non-dual" tantras.

In the generation stage of Deity Yoga, the practitioner visualizes the "Four Purities" (Tibetan: yongs su dag pa bzhi; yongs dag bzhi) which define the principal Tantric methodology of Deity Yoga that distinguishes it from the rest of Buddhism:

Square 1: Seeing one's body as the body of the deity

Square 2: Seeing one's environment as the pure land or mandala of the deity

Square 3: Perceiving one's enjoyments as bliss of the deity, free from attachment

Square 4: Performing one's actions only for the benefit of others (bodhichitta motivation, altruism)

The present kalpa is called the bhadrakalpa (Auspicious aeon). There have been four buddhas in the present kalpa, revealing the quadrant pattern. The fifth Buddha maitreya is expected tto come and bring enlightenment to the word like jesus in christianity or krishna in hinduism. The present kalpa is called the bhadrakalpa (Auspicious aeon). The five Buddhas of the present kalpa are:

Square 1: Kakusandha (the first Buddha of the bhadrakalpa)

Square 2: Koṇāgamana (the second Buddha of the bhadrakalpa)

Square 3: Kassapa (the third Buddha of the bhadrakalpa)

Square 4: Gautama (the fourth and present Buddha of the bhadrakalpa). Guatemala is the fourth transcendent one.

Square 5: Maitreya (the fifth and future Buddha of the bhadrakalpa)e according to Buddhists is the future Buddha who will bring the Truth to the world. The fifth is always ultra transcendent, and it is always questionable.

The four main schools (Wyl. chos lugs chen po bzhi) of Tibetan Buddhism are:

Square 1: Nyingma (Wyl. rnying ma)

Square 2: Sakya (Wyl. sa skya)

Square 3: Kagyü (Wyl. bka' brgyud)

Square 4: Gelug (Wyl. dge lugs)

Commentary

As His Holiness the Dalai Lama explains:

Four major traditions—Nyingma, Kagyü, Sakya and Gelug—emerged as a result of the earlier and later dissemination of the Buddhist teachings in Tibet, and also because of the emphasis placed by great masters of the past on different scriptures, techniques of meditation and, in some cases, terms used to express particular experiences.

What is common to all the four major traditions of Tibetan Buddhism is their emphasis on the practice of the entire structure of the Buddhist path, which comprises the essence of not only the Vajrayana teachings.

These were the genesis of Tibetan Buddhism.

The Abhidhamma and post-canonical Pali texts create a meta-scheme for the Sutta Pitaka's conceptions of aggregates, sense bases and dhattus (elements). This meta-scheme is known as the four paramatthas or four ultimate realities.

Ultimate realities

There are four paramatthas; three conditioned, one unconditioned. The first three squares of the quadrant model are always different from the fourth. The fourth is always transcendent.

Square 1: Material phenomena (rūpa, form)

Square 2: Mind or Consciousness (Citta)

Square 3: Mental factors (Cetasikas: the nama-factors sensation, perception and formation)

Square 4Nibbāna

Notice how Buddhism is a lot about sensation and perception and the mind. That is because Buddhism is the first square religion, and the first square is mental

Christianity is associated a lot with the cross., although all religions see the cross as a sacred symbol, because it is the Form of Existence. The cross is the quadrant.

The Christian Cross, seen as a representation of the instrument of the crucifixion of Jesus, is the best-known symbol of Christianity. It is related to the crucifix (a cross that includes a usually three-dimensional representation of Jesus' body) and to the more general family of cross symbols.

The standard, four-pointed Latin crucifix consists of an upright post or stipes and a single crosspiece to which the sufferer's arms were nailed.

The basic forms of the cross are the Latin cross (✝) and the Greek cross, with numerous variants used heraldry and in various confessional contexts.

The cross-shaped sign, represented in its simplest form by a crossing of two lines at right angles, greatly predates, in both East and West, the introduction of Christianity. It goes back to a very remote period of human civilization. It is supposed to have been used not just for its ornamental value, but also with religious significance. It has been argued to have have represented the apparatus used in kindling fire, and thus as the symbol of sacred fire or as a symbol of the sun, denoting its daily rotation. It has also been interpreted as the mystic representation of lightning or of the god of the tempest, or the emblem of the Aryan pantheon and the primitive Aryan civilization.

Another associated symbol is the ansated cross (ankh or crux ansata) of the ancient Egyptians, often depicted in the hands of the goddess Sekhet, and as a hieroglyphic sign of life or of the living. Egyptian Christians (Copts) adopted it as the emblem of the cross.[2] In his book, The Worship of the Dead, Colonel J. Garnier wrote: "The cross in the form of the 'Crux Ansata' ... was carried in the hands of the Egyptian priests and Pontiff kings as the symbol of their authority as priests of the Sun god and was called 'the Sign of Life'."

Another Egyptian symbol is the Ndj (Cross-ndj_(hieroglyph))

- Uses for the hieroglyph: 1— "to protect, guard, avenge", and "protector, advocate, avenger" 2— "homage to thee", (a form of salutation to gods) 3— "discuss a matter with someone", "to converse", "to take counsel". And yet another Egyptian symbol is the nfr- meaning: beauty or perfect

In the Bronze Age a representation of the cross as conceived in Christian art appeared, and the form was popularised. The more precise characterization coincided with a corresponding general change in customs and beliefs. The cross then came into use in various forms on many objects: fibulas, cinctures, earthenware fragments, and on the bottom of drinking vessels. De Mortillet believed that such use of the sign was not merely ornamental, but rather a symbol of consecration, especially in the case of objects pertaining to burial. In the proto-Etruscan cemetery of Golasecca every tomb has a vase with a cross engraved on it. True crosses of more or less artistic design have been found in Tiryns, at Mycenæ, in Crete, and on a fibula from Vulci.

According to Swami Vivekananda the Christian cross is nothing but the Shivalinga converted into two across. The cross is the basis of existence, and the Shivalinga in Hinduism is seen to be that which is the basis of exitence.

According to W. E. Vine, the cross was used by worshipers of Tammuz, an Ancient Near East deity of Babylonian origin who had the cross-shaped taw (tau) as his symbol. Tammuz was seen to be a God who died and resurrected like Jesus.

A cross necklace is any necklace featuring a Christian cross or crucifix worn by Christians and others. They are often purchased at stores,or received as gifts for rites such as baptism and confirmation.

Crosses are often worn as an indication of commitment to the Christian faith. In addition, some Christians believe that the wearing of a cross offers the wearer protection from evil. Individuals, including Christians and some non-Christians, may also wear cross necklaces as a fashion accessory. For adherents of some Christian denominations, such as the Eastern Orthodox Church, cross necklaces are always worn and never removed.

Cassie Ventura wearing a cross necklace.

Most adherents of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church will wear a cross attached to either a chain or a matäb, a silk cord. The matäb is tied about the neck at the time of baptism, and the recipient is expected to wear the matäb at all times. Women will often affix a cross or other pendant to the matäb, but this is not considered essential.

In some nations, such as the People's Socialist Republic of Albania, an atheist state, the wearing of cross necklaces was historically banned. Many Christian bishops of several denominations, such as the Anglican Church, wear the pectoral cross as a sign of their order.

In two highly publicised British cases, nurse Shirley Chaplin and British Airways flight attendant Nadia Eweida were both forbidden to wear a cross necklace at work and, as a result, took their cases to the European Court of Human Rights.[18][19][20] In light of such cases, in 2012 the former Archbishop of Canterbury of the Anglican Communion, Lord Carey, and then head of the Roman Catholic Church in Scotland, Cardinal Keith O'Brien, have urged all Christians to wear cross necklaces regularly.

The International Church of the Foursquare Gospel, commonly referred to as the Foursquare Church, is a Protestant evangelical Pentecostal Christian denomination founded in 1923 by preacher Aimee Semple McPherson. As of 2000, it had a worldwide membership of over 8,000,000, with almost 60,000 churches in 144 countries. In 2006, membership in the United States was 353,995 in 1,875 churches. While congregations are concentrated along the West Coast, the denomination is well distributed across the United States. The states with the highest membership rates are Oregon, Hawaii, Montana, Washington, and California. The church maintains its headquarters in Los Angeles, California.

The church's name refers to the four-fold ministry of Jesus Christ as Savior, Baptizer with the Holy Spirit, Healer, and Soon-coming King.

The True Cross is the name for physical remnants which, by a Christian tradition, are believed to be from the cross upon which Jesus was crucified.[1]

According to post-Nicene historians such as Socrates Scholasticus, the Empress Helena, mother of Constantine, the first Christian Emperor of Rome, travelled to the Holy Land in 326–28, founding churches and establishing relief agencies for the poor. Historians Gelasius of Caesarea and Rufinus claimed that she discovered the hiding place of three crosses that were believed to be used at the crucifixion of Jesus and of two thieves, St. Dismas and Gestas, executed with him, and that a miracle revealed which of the three was the True Cross.

Many churches possess fragmentary remains that are by tradition alleged to be those of the True Cross. Their authenticity is not accepted universally by those of the Christian faith and the accuracy of the reports surrounding the discovery of the True Cross is questioned by some Christians.[2] The acceptance and belief of that part of the tradition that pertains to the Early Christian Church is generally restricted to the Catholic and Orthodox Churches. The medieval legends that developed concerning its provenance differ between Catholic and Orthodox tradition. These churches honour Helena as a saint, as does also the Anglican Communion.

A pectoral cross or pectorale (from the Latin pectoralis, "of the chest") is a cross that is worn on the chest, usually suspended from the neck by a cord or chain. In ancient and medieval times pectoral crosses were worn by both clergy and laity, but by the end of the Middle Ages the pectoral cross came to be a special indicator of position worn by bishops, and the wearing of a pectoral cross is now restricted to popes, cardinals, bishops and abbots.[1] The modern pectoral cross is relatively large, and is different from the small crosses worn on necklaces by many Christians. Most pectoral crosses are made of precious metals (platinum, gold or silver) and some contain precious or semi-precious gems. Some contain a corpus like a crucifix while others use stylized designs and religious symbols.

In many Christian denominations, it is a sign that the person wearing it is a member of the clergy and it may signify that the wearer is a member of the higher or senior clergy; however, in many Western churches there are an increasing number of laypeople who choose to wear some form of a cross around their neck.

While many Christians, both clergy and laity, wear crosses, the pectoral cross is distinguished by both its size (up to six inches across) and that it is worn in the center of the chest below the heart (as opposed to just below the collarbones).

Throughout the centuries, many pectoral crosses have been made in the form of reliquaries which contain alleged fragments of the True Cross or relics of saints. Some such reliquary pectorals are hinged so that they open to reveal the relic, or the relic may be visible from the front through glass.

Christianity is based on the Bible, the organization of which can be characterized as fitting the quadrant model pattern. The Old Testament portion of the Bible contains the four books of Moses, called the Torah, the ordering of which fits the pattern.

*Square one: Genesis—myth and legend stories that precede the beginnings of Israel, including the stories of Adam and Eve, Cain and Abel, the Noah flood, Tower of Babel, the stories of Abraham and Issac, the stories of Jacob and the birth of his sons, who are the twelve tribes of Israel. The first square always has a quality of being weird. They have a supernatural and spiritual quality to them, the nature of the first square. Myth is a truth poetically expressed, a legend is a summary narrative of a historical event.

*Square two: Exodus--about the family of Israel, and its escape from Egypt. The second square, the cultural square, is always associated with family and belonging. The second quadrant is belief, faith, behavior, and belonging. In the story of Exodus, Moses is told by God, in the setting of a burning bush, that he must help lead Israel out of Egypt. Israel is the descendants of the family of Jacob, who went to Egypt during a famine to survive. They were made slaves, and stopped living by the Law of God. Moses led the family out of Egypt to the promised land, Cannan, which became the land of Israel. The second square is always about family, homeostasis, and belonging; Exodus is about the family of Israel and its struggle to get out of Egypt, which represents enslavement to sin.

*Square three: Leviticus--delineates the law of God. The third square is always about doing; Leviticus tells Israel what it must do, defining actions to be taken in order to maintain their covenant with God. The third square is always about physical action. The third quadrant is thinking emotion, doing, and dreaming. It is made clear that Israel often does not follow the law of God, which leads to destruction and death.

*Square four: Numbers—an expansion, pointing beyond Leviticus. Numbers expands on the law, and is more philosophical and poetic. The nature of the fourth is that it expands on the third, but it has a more abstract quality to it. The fourth quadrant is contemplation, passion, flowing, and knowing.

*Square five: Deuteronomy--an even more abstract and poetic document. The fourth always points to and indicates the nature of the fifth. Numbers points to Deuteronomy, which expands the law, but has an even more philosophical and poetic quality to it. The documentary hypothesis, called the Wellhausen hypothesis, named after its founder Wellhausen, proposes that the pentateuch, the first five books of Moses, also called the Torah, was the product a compilation of four sources. These sources are labelled source J, source E source P, and source D.

The Torah

Genesis	Leviticus
Exodus	Numbers

Deuteronomy

Augustine demarcated four ways of examining the Bible, or the four senses. These were used for biblical exegesis. They were

Square 1:the (historical) fact. This approach is based on an empirical approach to reality, where visible aspect counts. The first quadrant is sensation and perception.

Square 2:the deeper meaning. This approach is to find the deeper meaning based on allegory

Square 3:the moral meaning. This is to find values so that it can teach you how to behave. The third square is the doing square.

Square 4: the higher meaning. The fourth square is transcendent

In ‘De Doctrina Christiana’ and the ‘Sermones’, St. Augustine, articulates four aspects of charity and delineates them with separate parts of the cross. The crossbeam stands for the good works of charity. The upper vertical part of the cross gives hope for the reward. The lower part of the cross reflects longanimity and perseverance. Finally, the foundation of the cross stands for the depth of grace.

In the version of Engaged theory developed by an Australian-based group of writers, analysis moves from the most concrete form of analysis – empirical generalization – to more abstract modes of analysis. Each subsequent mode of analysis is more abstract than the previous one moving across the following themes: 1. doing, 2. acting, 3. relating, 4. being.

This leads to the 'levels' approach as set out below:

1. Empirical analysis (ways of doing)

The method begins by emphasizing the importance of a first-order abstraction, here called empirical analysis. It entails drawing out and generalizing from on-the-ground detailed descriptions of history and place. This first level either involves generating empirical description based on observation, experience, recording or experiment—in other words, abstracting evidence from that which exists or occurs in the world—or it involves drawing upon the empirical research of others. The first level of analytical abstraction is an ordering of ‘things in the world’, in a way that does not depend upon any kind of further analysis being applied to those ‘things’.[11]

For example, the Circles of Sustainability approach is a form of engaged theory distinguishing (at the level of empirical generalization) between different domains of social life. It can be used for understanding and assessing quality of life. Although that approach is also analytically defended through more abstract theory, the claim that economics, ecology, politics and culture can be distinguished as central domains of social practice has to be defensible at an empirical level. It needs to be useful in analyzing situations on the ground.[12]

The success or otherwise of the method can be assessed by examining how it is used. One example of use of the method was a project on Papua New Guinea called Sustainable Communities, Sustainable Development.[13]

2. Conjunctural analysis (ways of acting)

This second level of analysis, conjunctural analysis, involves identifying and, more importantly, examining the intersection (the conjunctures) of various patterns of action (practice and meaning). Here the method draws upon established sociological, anthropological and political categories of analysis such as production, exchange, communication, organization and inquiry.

3. Integrational analysis (ways of relating)

This third level of entry into discussing the complexity of social relations examines the intersecting modes of social integration and differentiation. These different modes of integration are expressed here in terms of different ways of relating to and distinguishing oneself from others—from the face-to-face to the disembodied. Here we see a break with the dominant emphases of classical social theory and a movement towards a post-classical sensibility. In relation to the nation-state, for example, we can ask how it is possible to explain a phenomenon that, at least in its modern variant, subjectively explains itself by reference to face-to-face metaphors of blood and place—ties of genealogy, kinship and ethnicity—when the objective ‘reality’ of all nation-states is that they are disembodied communities of abstracted strangers who will never meet. This accords with Benedict Anderson's conception of 'imagined communities', but recognizes the contradictory formation of that kind of community.[14]

4. Categorical analysis (ways of being)

This level of enquiry is based upon an exploration of the ontological categories (categories of being such as time and space). If the previous form of analysis emphasizes the different modes through which people live their commonalities with or differences from others, those same themes are examined through more abstract analytical lenses of different grounding forms of life: respectively, embodiment, spatiality, temporality, performativity and epistemology. At this level, generalizations can be made about the dominant modes of categorization in a social formation or in its fields of practice and discourse. It is only at this level that it makes sense to generalize across modes of being and to talk of ontological formations, societies as formed in the uneven dominance of formations of tribalism, traditionalism, modernism or postmodernism.[15]

The astrolabe is a very ancient astronomical computer for solving problems relating to time and the position of the Sun and stars in the sky. The measuring staff, the theodolite, and the astrolabe, all used for navigation, were based around the quadrant shape.The four parts of an astrolabe were

Square 1: 1. Mater. Round disc with graduation on the outer edge (limbus), divided in 360 degrees or 24 hours

Square 2. The planisphere or tympana. Tables for different pole-elevations;

Square 3: 3. Rete. Disk with fixed stars from Zodiac;

Square 4. Alhidade (Al-hidada).

The astrolabe or ‘star-shooter’ is a quadrant to measure the height of stars compared to the earthly horizon. It was used for astrology, something the ancients took very seriously, and people still do.

Because the 12 wind system of navigation was too complicated, Erathosthenes abandoned it for the ‘eight-wind system’. This may be true, but another consideration can be put forward: He moved from from ‘triple-four’ to ‘dual-four’.

The construction of the eight-wind system of the Portolan Charts was created by a circle is bisected eight times, resulting in sixteen lines from the centre to the periphery at equal angles of 22.5. Horizontal and vertical lines through the intersections form a grid of SIXTEEN SQUARES. Geographical details, like a coastline, are marked within this grid. Again, navigation was central to the reality of these people, and their navigation tool was constructed through the usage of the 16 squares of the quadrant model image.

The stages to construct this system by bisecting the circle four times results in angles of 22,5 degree. This procedure displays the ‘ratiocinationis quadrivium‘

Square 1. Division: Four times division of a circle results in angles of 22,5 degrees.

Square 2. Definition: Horizontal and vertical lines are drawn from the intersections of the angle-lines with the circle. This results in a grid of sixteen squares, a theoretical framework.

Square 3. Demonstration: Geographical landmarks are indicated on this grid.

Square 4. Resolution: The procedure of sixteen directions – or ‘plagae‘ – within a theoretical framework filled with empirical data, enables an observer to known a location in a given context.

The whole process fits the quadrant model pattern.

Known as the JEPD model, this respected historical description of how the Torah was compiled and created fits the quadrant model pattern.

*Square one: J (Jahwist) source—apparently compiled around 950 BCE in the southern kingdom of Judah, not long before the split between the northern kingdom of Israel and the southern kingdom of Judah. The documentary hypothesis argues that anthropomorphic descriptions of Yahweh, personal visits from Yahweh, and the use of the name Yahweh prior to Exodus 3 are products of the J source. The E, D, and P sources use the term Yahweh, but the J source is the only one to use the name Yahweh prior to Exodus 3. The J source, using narratives, makes up half of Genesis, half of Exodus, and a small part of Numbers. Family is an important part of the J source. The first square is conservative as well as intellectual--the first square is the mind. Idealists, who are the first square, are focused on family, as are Guardians, who are the second square. There are also sequences of sin, punishment, and mercy in the J source. Conservative Idealists want to follow rules, but also value the notion of mercy. They like to make people feel good about themselves, and therefore are optimistic.

*Square two: E (Elohist) source—apparently compiled around 850 BCE in the Kingdom of Israel. The first and second squares are always the duality. The J source uses the name, Yahweh, and the E source Elohim, a more impersonal name for God. The call to Abraham is that his descendants will bless the world and become a great family--the second square is always about family. According to the documentary hypothesis the two sources are difficult to distinguish; the first and second squares are the duality, and are always highly interconnected. E comprises a third of Genesis, half of Exodus, and parts of Numbers. The main themes of the E source are prophetic leadership, fear of God, covenant, and theology of history. The second square is always associated with obedience and faith; faith in God is related to relationship with God--the second square is the most relational. The idea of covenant is a notion of a relationship between God and Israel.

*Square three: D (Deuteronomist) source—apparently compiled around 600 BCE in Jerusalem during a period of religious reform. The D source is supposed to have been written during the Babylonian dispersion, allegedly to describe how punishments of Israel are deserved. The third square is always bad and destructive. The third square is doing; the third quadrant is thinking, emotion, doing, and dreaming. The D source describes Israel's punishment as due to their disobedience. D, in the torah, is exclusively in the book of Deuteronomy,referring always to God as Yahweh Elohenu, "the Lord our God". The intention of D source, according to scholars, was to show the Israelites that they had abandoned God's law, and to get them to return. The nature of the third quadrant is that it has broken out of the second. The second quadrant is belief, faith, behavior, and belonging; the second quadrant is following God's law. The third is breaking free; the third square is associated with the Artisan personality, who is more rebellious.

*Square four: P (Priestly) source alleged to have been compiled around 500 BCE by Kohanim (Jewish priests) in exile in Babylon. It depicts the P source as using the name Elohim in Genesis 1-11. The P source also uses the name El Shadai, which is the first special name for God, controversially translated as “God Almighty”. P has many lists, genealogies, numbers, laws, and dates. The fourth quadrant is associated with the Rational type, who is good at mathematics and logical issues. Also the P source describes God as the Creator of the Earth, describing the work as “Good”. At times D duplicates J and E, but changes details to emphasize the importance of the priesthood, thereby pointing beyond the other three. P comprises about a fifth of Genesis, much of Exodus and Numbers, and almost all of Leviticus. The style of P is not extremely elegant. The P source depicts God as interested in ritual, and dietary laws, circumcision, and the tabernacle, all a part of God's divine plan.

JEDP Model

J-Wist	Deuteronmic
Elohist	Priestly

A four-document hypothesis or four-source hypothesis is an explanation for the relationship between the three Gospels of Matthew, Mark, and Luke. It posits that there were at least four sources to the Gospel of Matthew and the Gospel of Luke. This is the most popular explanation for the sources of the gospels. It was developed from the two source hypothesis.

The three lost sources are

Square 1: Q,

Square 2: M-Source,

Square 3: L source.

Square 4: the Gospel of Mark

The Old Testament dietary laws manifest the quadrant model of reality.

*Square one: animals with cleft hooves and do not chew the cud are not to be eaten. Cleft hooves represent the abstract. Pigs are an example.

*Square two: animals without cleft hooves and do not chew the cud are not to be eaten. Non cleft (one solid piece) hooves represent the concrete.

*Square three: animals without cleft hooves and chew the cud cannot be eaten. Not cud-chewing represents cooperation.

*Square four: animals with cleft hooves and chew the cud can be eaten. Chewing the cud represents the utilitarian.

Some suggest that chewing cud represents chewing the word of God, and having cleft hooves represents being able to climb rugged terrains or go through hardships, which is why they argue God allowed those animals to be eaten.

Animal Dietary Laws

cleft hooves and do not chew cud- can’t eat	without cleft hooves and chew cud- can’t eat
without cleft hooves and do not chew cud- can’t eat	cleft hooves and chew cud- can eat

Another example are the four laws for fish diets.

*Square one: fins and no scales cannot be eaten. An example is dolphins.

*Square two: no fins and no scales cannot be eaten. An example is octopus.

*Square three: no fins and has scales cannot be eaten.

*Square four: fins and scales can be eaten. The fourth is always different from the previous three. No fins would be concrete, and fins would be abstract. Scales would be utilitarian, and no scales would be cooperative.

Fish Dietary Laws

Fins and no scales- can’t eat	no fins and scales- can’t eat
No fins and no scales- can’t eat	fins and scales- can eat

The seven days of creation in Genesis fit the quadrant model pattern. It may be confusing to advocate that a phenomenon with more than four can still fit the model. What matters is not the number of things, but the pattern out of which the phenomenon emerge. Regarding the seven days in the Genesis story, the pattern works as follows:

*Square one: the first day--God says, “Let there be light”. The first element in Aristotle's model is air, which is hot and wet, corresponding to the Idealist who is abstract and cooperative. The first square is Ken Wilbur's mind square.--the mind is often associated with light. Also light has a quality of being like air--not solid and not grounded. On the first day God separated the light from the darkness.

*Square two: the second day--God makes water, and separates the water from the sky. In Aristotle's model of elements the second square is water--cold and wet. This corresponds with the Guardian personality type, which is concrete and cooperative. It is no coincidence that on the second day of Creation water is produced and separated from the sky. The second square is water.

*Square three: the third day--God makes land to produce vegetation. The third square is always the most solid and physical--the doing square; the land is producing vegetation. This corresponds to Aristotle's third element, earth. Earth is cold and dry. This relates to the Artisan personality type, which is concrete and utilitarian.

*Square four: the fourth day--God creates the sun. Square five is the first square of the second quadrant. In terms of the quadrant model, the fact that the creation of the sun is placed on the fourth day is consistent with the fourth square qualities encompassing the previous three. Without the fourth, the previous three do not exist. The fourth element in Aristotle’s model is fire; the sun is made of fire. The fourth square always seems to transcend the previous three squares. The first three squares are more terrestrial, but the sun is more heavenly and transcends the Earth. Many ancient cultures worshipped the sun, but the book of Genesis tries to make sure that the sun is not depicted as a God or divine, but a product of God's creation.

*Square five: the fifth day--God creates life. Some cultures see the fifth element as life, which fully transcends the previous four; the fourth always points to the fifth. Without the sun there cannot be life. God tells these animals to be fruitful; fruit and knowledge are related, as are knowledge and sex. God is telling the animals to have sex and have offspring. The first square of the second, the relational quadrant is the belief square. The first four squares were sensation, perception, response, and awareness, and this square is belief.

*Square six: the sixth day--God says, “Let the land produce living creatures according to their kinds: the livestock, the creatures that move along the ground, and the wild animals, each according to its kind.” This is the second square of the second quadrant. The second quadrant is always relational. The second square of the second quadrant is the most relational. This is the faith square. God says to let the living creatures reproduce according to their kinds. Reproduction has to do with relationships. But also God says to do this according to their own kind--the second square is homeostasis and order. God also creates humans to rule with authority over the animals. Humankind is the ultimate symbol of order, which is the nature of the second square.

*Square seven: the seventh day--God rested. The seventh is the third square of the second quadrant, the behavior square. Resting is an action, and the third square is always action.

It is clear that the seven days of Genesis reveal a pattern, and that the pattern is the quadrant model pattern. Most theologians say that Genesis is poetry, and not meant to be taken literally. Whether it is taken literally or not does not matter so much as does the fact that what seems to be random in its structure reveals the underlying structure of the quadrant model pattern.

A very important feature of the garden of Eden is the existence of the four rivers of Eden. The names of these rivers fit the quadrant model pattern. Even more incredibly their

very geographic locations fit the nature of the quadrant model pattern. The four are:

*Square one: Pishon. Pishon means to increase. The first square is the Idealist. The idealist is optimistic. Something has to increase before it can do anything. The first square is not yet doing anything. The first square is conservative. This is the thinking square of the quadrant model. Recall the first square of the third square is thinking.

*Square two: Gihon. The names, Pishon and Gihon have a similar sound; they are the duality. The Bible associates the Gibon river with riches; riches are always associated with the second square, which is the belonging square. Riches are often referred to as belongings. Guardians can be quite wealthy. The second square is associated with order, which is associated with riches. Caucasians are the ethnic group associated with the second square; they are associated with being rich. Gihon means “bursting fourth”. This is the emotion square; the second square of the Quadrant 3 is emotion. Emotion has an association of bursting forth, meaning to cause to move. When something is about to burst forth it is in a state of readiness to move. The second square is not yet action. Pihon and Gihon are leading to the third square, which is the doing square.

*Square three: Hiddekel--the third river, separated from the Pishon and the Gihon rivers, it is characteristically an individual. The first two squares are always more conservative--the third more physical and action-oriented. The third square is about doing its own thing. Also Hiddekel means rapid which is associated with action. The first two squares were building up to the action; the bursting fourth, and moving rapidly.

*Square four: Euphrates--means fruitful. Fruit in the Bible is related to sex--to be fruitful is to have many offspring- or doing productive things. Sex is related to knowledge. The fourth quadrant is the knowledge quadrant. This would be the dreaming square. The dreaming square is the fourth square of Quadrant 3. The names of these rivers fit the qualities of the first, second, third, and fourth squares of the quadrant model.

Rivers of Eden

Pishon	Hiddekel
Gihon	Euphrates

Physical existence reveals itself as an illusion, revealing an underlying pattern or form. One essential way in which it is revealed is through religious myths and legends. For example, in the mythical story of the Flood Noah releases birds on four occasions.

*Square one: Noah sends a raven that flies back and fourth until the water on the Earth dries. The first square is the air. The raven stays in the air until the water dries. So this raven is associated with the air. The first element of Aristotle is the air.

*Square two: Noah sends a dove to see if the water has receded, but the dove finds no place on which to perch, and must return to Noah--water continues to cover the face of the Earth. The second square is associated with water, as the first square is associated with air. Aristotle's second element is water.

*Square three: Noah sends another dove, which returns with a freshly plucked

olive branch in its beak, signifying that the land has reappeared--there is Earth. The third square is always associated with land. The third square is always associated with Earth, with physical and solid attributes. Aristotle’s third element is Earth, the doing quadrant. The dove is doing an action—third square.

*Square four: The fourth dove sent does not return. The fourth square is different from the previous three, having a somewhat transcendent quality, like it does not belong.

The above myth fits the quadrant model pattern.

In the legendary narrative of Abraham God makes a covenant with Abraham, telling him to complete it by offering five sacrifices elucidating the quadrant model pattern.

*Square one: a heifer. This is a young female cow that has net yet had a calf. The first two squares are more feminine and conservative. The second two squares are more destructive. They are more masculine.

*Square two: a goat, a less solid, less physically imposing, more feminine-like animal, connoting order and homeostasis.

*Square three: a ram, a more solid, physically imposing, masculine-like animal. Rams compete violently and destructively for dominance, using their solid horns. They are doers, which is the nature of the third square.

*Square four: a dove. The fourth is always different from the previous three, seeming not to belong. The fourth offering is a bird; the previous three are mammals. Also the dove is not cut in half whereas the previous three are.

*Square five: a pigeon. The fourth always indicates and points to the nature of the fifth. The fourth is the dove--a bird--the pigeon is also a bird. It also is not cut in half. The forth and fifth were not cut in half

In another legendary narrative Samuel has an experience that fits the quadrant model pattern.

*Square one: Samuel is asleep and is called by God. He runs to Eli and says "Here I am; You called me". But Eli says, "I did not call you go back and lie down".

*Square two: Samuel hears the voice of God and again runs to Eli saying, "Here I am; You called me". Eli says "I did not call. Go back and lie down". These two first squares are very similar, forming the duality.

*Square three: God calls Samuel a third time. Again Samuel goes to Eli with the same response. But Samuel says, "Go and lie down, and if he calls you, say, ‘Speak, Lord, for your servant is listening.’” In other words, “Take action—do something”. The third square is doing.

*Square four: This time Samuel hears the Lord say, "Samuel; Samuel". This time, the Lord is reported to have come and stood there, calling as at the other times. Then Samuel said, “Speak, for your servant is listening.”' The fourth transcends the previous three; it is responsive directly to God. The fourth is always different from the previous three.

The above four scenarios fit the quadrant model pattern.

In the legend of Jacob the twelve sons are the patriarchs of the twelve tribes of Israel. The order of the sons fits the quadrant model pattern. The Form of Existence is revealed consistently in the quadrant model patterns found in the stories of religions. In Quadrant 1 are Leah's children; Leah is not loved by Jacob. He loves Rachel, but produces the first four sons with Leah, all of whom are named in relationship to a perception (the first quadrant includes sensation and perception. This is no coincidence. The ordering of the children is meant to reveal the quadrant model pattern.

*Square one: Reuben—meaning, "the Lord has seen my misery". The first square is the light, which is related to sight. Seeing is associated with the mind and is more spiritual. The first square is the science square.

*Square two: Simeon—meaning, "the Lord has heard that I am not loved". The second square is the word, and hearing. Hearing is more relational, and is the religion square.

*Square three: Levi—meaning, attached. Leah says "Now at last my husband will become attached to me, because I have borne him three sons". This is related to the sense of touch. The third square, the art square, is the body square--the flesh.

*Square four: Judah—meaning, praise. After having Judah, Leah says, "This time I will praise the Lord.” The fourth sense is the sense of taste, which is related to the mouth. The fourth square, the philosophy square, is the true word. This is the philosophy square.

Following the account of Leah's four children there is a demarcation in the action, signaling the beginning of a new quadrant. The first four sons are all related to senses--the first quadrant is sensation and perception. Quadrant 2, connected to relationships, is belief, faith, behavior, and belonging. The first quadrant has a connotation of not belonging--Leah wants to belong, but is not loved by Jacob. Rachael, who does belong, but has no children, offers her servant, Bilhah, to Jacob to bear children in her behalf. The children of this relationship are:

*Square one: Dan--meaning vindication. Rachel says, "God has vindicated me; he has listened to my plea and given me a son". This has a connection with belief, which is the first square of Quadrant 2. To ask for something, believing that it can happen, it happens

*Square two: Naphtali means struggle. “I have had a great struggle with my sister, and I have won”--a statement about their relationship. This square is about relationships.The second square of the Quadrant 2 is faith, which is a

struggle. Faith is the most relational.

*Square three: Gad means good fortune. Leah says, "what good fortune I have" when he is born. Fortune is connected with doing. Also Quadrant 2 is positive, related to harmony, and always conservative. Fortune is good and leads to a conservative lifestyle.

*Square four: Asher means happy. Leah says "How happy I am! The women will call me happy.” Happiness is associated with belonging, which is the eighth square--the fourth square of Quadrant 2. Leah is relating herself with other women, making herself appear to belong. Evolutionary psychologists point out that women can see children as a symbol of success--having more children leads to belonging. This square is associated with belonging.

A pattern emerges in the order of the names of the sons of Jacob. Quadrant 2 is related to servitude. Belief, faith, behavior, and belonging have a quality of servitude. To have faith and behave is to follow orders. To belong is to fit into a group. Belonging connotes property--belonging to another is like being their property. There is a distinction between the first two and the second two squares; the first two are more conservative, the second two more destructive or “bad”.

Quadrant 3 follows, which includes the next four children, the first two by Leah, and the second two by Rachael.

*Square one: Issachar--means reward. Leah says "God has rewarded me for giving my servant to my husband". Reward is associated with action. Quadrant 3 is the action quadrant--thinking, emotion, doing, and dreaming. Thoughts manifest reality, one form of which is a reward.

*Square two: Zebulun--means presented with a precious gift. Leah says, "God has presented me with a precious gift. This time my husband will treat me with honor, because I have borne him six sons". Quadrant 3 is about honor; Artisans are the third quadrant. They want honor and respect. Here God presents Leah with something precious, which gives her honor.

*Square three: Joseph. Rachel is the mother of this son. Again the first two squares are conservative, while the second two are different. Leah has the first two sons of the second quadrant. Rachel finally has a son here and says "God has taken away my disgrace.” “May the Lord add to me another son.” The third square is action. Taking away disgrace is an action. Quadrant 3 is also about respect. Disgrace is disrespect; Rachel now has respect.

*Square four: Benjamin. After giving birth to Benjamin Rachel dies. The fourth square of the Quadrant 3 is dreaming. Dreaming leads to Quadrant 4, which is death.

The Tribes of Israel

Reuben	Levi	Issachar	Joseph
Simeon	Judah	Zebulun	Benjamin
Dan	Gad
Naphtali	Asher

The pattern of the quadrant model is manifest in the naming, ordering, and structuring of the story of the sons of Jacob.

In the biblical story of the prophet, Elijah, the prophet runs to the mountain top where his experience is expressed in the quadrant model pattern. The account is of four incidents,

the fourth being a transcendent encounter with the voice of God.

*Square one: "A great and powerful wind tore the mountains apart and shattered the rocks before the Lord, but the Lord was not in the wind." The first square is always the most ephemeral and the least solid.

*Square two: "After the wind there was an earthquake, but the Lord was not in the earthquake". The second always builds on the first. The second is not yet the third. The third is always the most related to doing.

*Square three: "After the earthquake came a fire, but the Lord was not in the fire." The fire is related to doing. Fires seem solid, and produce action. Fire builds upon the first two.

*Square four: "And after the fire came a gentle whisper". The fourth is different from the previous three, and builds upon them. The fourth is the most related to God. Elijah recognizes the voice of God in this gentle whisper. The fourth never seems to belong.

The biblical book of Job fits the quadrant model pattern. Job has four comforters who come to help him in his distress following his loss of everything. The comforters are

*Square one: Eliphaz

*Square two: Bildad

*Square three: Zophar

*Square four: Elihu. Elihu is qualitatively different from the previous three. The first three persistently try to convince Job that his punishment is just, but Job will not listen. Elihu comes in once the first three have given up, elaborating on what the first three have said, but goes beyond them. The fourth is always different from the previous three, yet engulfs them. Finally the transcendent God enters to finish the story.

The biblical story of the three men in the “fiery furnace” expresses the quadrant model pattern. Shadrach, Meshach and Abednego are warned that if they do not worship the idol they will be thrown into a fire. In spite of being thrown into the fire they survive. Babylonian guards looking in see a fourth figure that they say looks like "a son of the Gods."

In the biblical book of Daniel is an account of a dream that fits the quadrant model pattern. In the dream Daniel sees four winds, and then four beasts.

*Square 1: "The first was like a lion, and it had the wings of an eagle. I watched until its wings were torn off and it was lifted from the ground so that it stood on two feet like a human being, and the mind of a human was given to it." The first square is related to the mind. This beast, an empire, is described as being like a lion. The shutting of the lion's mouth represents the destruction of the empire and the neutralization of the enemy of the Israelites. This lion is described as having a mind of a human. In Wilbur's model the first square is mind. The first square is the light. Idealists are very mental. Seventh day adventists think this beast is the Babylonian Empire.

*Square two: “And there before me was a second beast, which looked like a bear. It was raised up on one of its sides, and had three ribs in its mouth.

between its teeth. It was told, ‘Get up and eat your fill of flesh!’” The second square is the culture square; eating is a cultural, social activity that people do together. The second square is the word. The second square is social. People often eat with family and friends. Without social interaction people go crazy. Astronauts need social interaction; if they cannot have them they at least need some sort of life to connect with--like a plant. Guardians are very into belonging and culture. Seventh day adventists think this beast is the Persian Empire.

Square three: “After that, I looked, and there before me was another beast, one that looked like a leopard. And on its back were four wings like those of a bird. This beast had four heads, and it was given authority to rule.” The third square is the doer square--the body. The leopard is the doer, with authority to rule. The Quadrant 3 personality, the Artisan, likes authority and respect. Seventh Day adventists think this beast is the Greek Empire.

*Square four: "After that, in my vision at night I looked, and there before me was a fourth beast—terrifying and frightening and very powerful. It had large iron teeth; it crushed and devoured its victims and trampled underfoot whatever was left. It was different from all the former beasts, and it had ten horns." The fourth beast is different from the previous three, which is characteristic the fourth square. The fourth best is described as terrifying and powerful. The emotion associated with the fourth quadrant is fear, which helps to facilitate flow. Knowledge is power. The beast has iron teeth, which parallels Daniel’s other dream where the fourth part of the statue is the iron legs. This beast is different from the other beasts, having 10 horns, almost a transcendent quality. The fourth always transcends the previous three, which are always more similar. This pattern is also reflected in thinking, emotion, doing, and dreaming. Thinking and emotion and doing are very connected, while dreaming seems separate, but encompasses them. In revelations, in the new testament, the beast with the ten horns is described to be like a lion, bear, and leopard. In other words it encompasses the previous three beasts. The fourth is always different, but encompasses the previous three. In other words, the quadrant model code is packed into the bible. Seventh Day adventists think this beast is the Roman Empire, which contains elements of the Babylonian, Persian, and Greek Empires.

Daniel has another dream where he describes a statue. The statue is from King Nebuchadnezzar's dream. The statue has a

square 1: Head of gold. Daniel says that the head represents a kingdom. This kingdom is Babylon according to scholars. Babylon worshipped a god named Tammuz. Tammuz was symbolized by a cross. He supposedly died and resurrected. Scholars think that he was a precursor to Jesus, and that the stories of Jesus borrowed from the stories of Tammuz that predated him.

square 2: A body of silver. Daniel says that the body represents a kingdom. The kingdom is the Persian empire. After being ruled over by the Babylonian Empire Israel was ruled over by the Persian Empire. Persians had gardens called paradizas. These gardens were shaped as quadrants. Scholars think that the story of the garden of Eden was written during the time when Israelites were under the Persian Empire’s rule, and that the garden paradise was borrowed from the Persians paradizas. Persians also practiced sun worship.

Square 3: Legs of bronze. Daniel proclaims that the legs represent a kingdom. Many scholars think that this kingdom is the Greek Kingdom. Bronze is very strong. The third square is always strong and solid. The greeks were known for philosophy and worshipping 12 gods.

Square 4: Feet of iron and clay. Daniel says that the feet are a final kingdom that he says is different from the rest. The fourth is always different from the previous three. Scholars think this kingdom is the Roman Empire. Many scholars and churches like the seventh day adventists think that the antichrist and beast of the Bible is the Roman Catholic Church. The protestants believed this. The seventh day adventists argue this because they say that this Church adopted the cross as its main symbol like the Babylonians did. It is also argued that the Catholic Church changed worship to Sunday as a symbol of sun worship like the Persian Empire did. It is further argued that the Catholic Church adopted Greek philosophy. So the seventh day adventists say that the Catholic Church is an amalgamation of the Empires that Israel was ruled over by, and thus it is an enemy of Israel. It is argued that the book of Revelations, written by John, was a metaphorical polemic against Rome. I can make a good argument that the gospels themselves were an allegorical polemic against the Roman Empire. But that is hopefully for another book. It is interesting that it is argued that these Empires are beasts and enemies of Israel. But scholars also argue that the stories of the bible borrowed deeply from the pagan religions and cultures of these empires. For instance, it is argued that the Israelites borrowed stories and material from pagan cultures around them and placed them into their own stories. For instance, the flood story of Noah is said to have been borrowed from the Sumerians as well as the story of Moses being put in the river. Also scholars argue the prophet Daniel himself was a character borrowed from pagan sources. I think that it can be safely argued that the Bible has similar content in its mythologies to the pagan Empires that ruled over the Israelites and surrounded the Israelites, and the Bible is also antithetical to these pagan Empires and mythologies, and tries to represent itself as contrary to them. So it borrows material from pagan mythologies and simultaneously undermines the pagan mythologies. Jung would argue similarities in mythologies is due to a universal unconscious and shared archetypes that all of humanity has in common.

The stories of Amos in the Bible fit the quadrant model pattern. There are twelve minor prophets and four major prophets in the BIble. The first twelve correspond to the first three quadrants that are very connected. This is like the twelve fermions of the standard model of particle physics. The four major prophets fit into Quadrant 4. They are different from the previous twelve, yet they encompass them. This is like the Bosons in the standard model of particle physics. Amos constantly repeats the principal behind the quadrant model pattern-- there are three that are very similar, but a fourth that is different, yet encompasses them. God says to Amos,

'“For three sins of Damascus,

even for four, I will not relent.

Because she threshed Gilead

with sledges having iron teeth,

4 I will send fire on the house of Hazael

that will consume the fortresses of Ben-Hadad.

5 I will break down the gate of Damascus;

I will destroy the king who is in[b] the Valley of Aven[c]

and the one who holds the scepter in Beth Eden.

The people of Aram will go into exile to Kir,”

Amos says that God is saying this; he is speaking through God, saying “for three even for four...”

Amos then continues,

"'For three sins of Gaza,

even for four, I will not relent.

Because she took captive whole communities

and sold them to Edom,

7 I will send fire on the walls of Gaza

that will consume her fortresses.

8 I will destroy the king[dom] of Ashdod

and the one who holds the scepter in Ashkelon.

I will turn my hand against Ekron,

till the last of the Philistines are dead,”

says the Sovereign Lord.'

Again Amos is saying, “for three sins of Gaza even for four”. This is subtly representing the nature of the quadrant. The three are for certain; the fourth is different and sort of questionable. But the fourth exists. He says, "even for four". This pattern of speaking of “three, even four” is repeated several more times. This statement subtly describes the quadrant model pattern where the three are connected and certain, and the fourth is different, described as, "even four".

The prophet Zechariah in the Bible has a vision in which he sees four horns that scattered Israel, Jerusalem, and Judah. These four horns represent the quadrant. But then Zechariah describes four craftsmen that scare away and destroy these four horns that are going to destroy Israel and Judah and Jerusalem. This harkens back to the dreams of the four kingdoms. There are four craftsmen that stop the destruction of Israel. These four craftsmen are like the prophets who stop the destruction of Israel by returning Israelites to the law of God, also destroying by converting the empires that are against Israel. Zechariah also has a vision of two lamp stands. God says that these are the two who are anointed to serve the Earth. The two lamp stands are said to represent Moses and Elijah. Moses represents the written law, and Elijah represents the spiritual law. Jesus is on top of a mountain when Moses and Elijah, along with God appear to him. This fits the quadrant model in that these are four great figures. Jesus in the New Testament is not represented as different from the Old Testament but as doing the same thing that Elijah and Moses did.

Later Zechariah has a vision where he sees four chariots. These four chariots fit the quadrant model pattern. Zechariah goes, "I looked up again, and there before me were four chariots coming out from between two mountains—mountains of bronze. 2 The first chariot had red horses, the second black, 3 the third white, and the fourth dappled—all of them powerful. 4 I asked the angel who was speaking to me, “What are these, my lord?”'

This vision fits the quadrant model pattern.

*Square one: Red horses

*Square two: Black horses

*Square three: White horses

*Square four: Dappled horses.

In revelations it is described the great multitude from every nation, tribe, people and language (four-fold description) – Rev 5:9 11:9 13:7 14:6 the four-fold description indicates that these people come from all over the earth.

The first three are solid and similar colors; the fourth is different from the previous

three, yet it encompasses them. The fourth is dappled, meaning that it is red, black, and white. The fourth is always separate, yet encompasses the previous three, containing the same elements.

The New Testament portion of the Bible is divided into four quadrants.

*Square one: The Gospels--about the life of Jesus.

*Square two: Origins of the Christian Church. The second square is always about a family and most related to family--it is culture.

*Square three: Epistles--letters written by Paul and the apostles of Jesus, telling people what to believe and how to live. The third square is doing.

*Square four: Revelation—metaphorical and philosophical. The fourth never seems to belong with the other three. It can be viewed as an allegory of the Roman Empire trying to destroy the Church, with the Word of God and prophets fighting against the beast.

During the time of the Roman Empire there were four major sects of Judaism that fit the quadrant model pattern.

*Square one: Sadducees—composed primarily of upper aristocracy Jews, many of whom served as priests in the temple and worked with the Roman authorities. They stressed the temple and were very involved with the idea of sacrifices to God.

*Square two: Pharisees--followed the Torah and oral torah, stressing conformity to the law. The second square is faith and family, and is the most concerned with conformity to the law.

*Square three: Essenes--thought the rest of Israel had become impure due to sin; they often left the rest of Israel to form their own monastic communities. The third square is the individual and the doer. They were very apocalyptic in their views, believing that the world would come to an abrupt end, and most of the world, including most of the Jews who had gone astray, would be destroyed. The third square is considered bad and destructive.

*Square four: Fourth Philosophy--believed that Israel should only be for Jews and Israelites. The fourth philosophy is different from the previous three, a common characteristic of the fourth square in the quadrant model.

Sects of Judaism during the Roman Empire

Sadducees	Essenes
Pharisees	Forth Philosophy

The four gospels fit the quadrant model pattern. The first three synoptic gospels are Mark, Matthew, and Luke. The fourth has been called the "maverick" gospel because it is very different from the other three--the fourth square in the quadrant model is always different from the first three. The synoptic gospels are extremely similar; that is the nature of the first three squares. They are extremely interconnected, often sharing completely whole passages. But Matthew emphasizes Jesus's Jewishness. trying to make Jesus fit in as the Jewish Messiah. Historians think that there are four sources out of which the gospels emerged. They are called Mark, Q, M, and L.

*Square one: Mark—the earliest account--about Jesus, the suffering son of God who is abandoned, distraught, and forsaken. The first square does not yet belong. This is the nature of the first square. In Luke Jesus is depicted as calm, collected, and in control. This is more the nature of the third square. Artisans

who are the third square are more sure of themselves than Idealists who are the first square. In Mark Jesus's family thinks that Jesus has gone crazy and they are worried about him. Jesus says that his family is those who do the will of His Father. The leaders of the Jews think that Jesus is possessed by a devil. Really, we know that the Pharisees are against Jesus because he is bringing people back to God, and many pharisees at the time had assimilated into Rome and feared teaching the torah and hid the Truth because it would reveal that they are liars and hypocrites and really just selfish greedy pawns of the Roman Empire system. Jesus's own disciples it is said, do not know who he is and what his deal is about.

*Square two: Matthew--labels Jesus as the Jewish Messiah. The second square is more about conformity, belonging, and family. The emphasis of Matthew is that Jesus is a Jew and fits the criteria to be the Messiah, with a genealogy that depicts him as a son of Abraham, which emphasizes Jesus's Jewish lineage.

*Square three: Luke—the third to be written--depicts Jesus as the savior of the entire world. The third square is the doing square. Saving the world is an action that Jesus is doing throughout this gospel. This square builds upon the last square--in this gospel Jesus is not just for the Jews, but is depicted as being a savior for the whole world. In Luke Jesus has more authority. That is the nature of the third square. The Artisan personality type, which is the third square, gets respect and likes authority. Jesus in this gospel is worshipped even as an infant, by the three wise men. Luke's genealogy goes all the way back to Adam and Eve. The third square connotes being destructive or bad, but it is also about respect; Jesus is depicted as sure of himself. This is more the nature of the third quadrant. Some say that Luke also emphasizes more the poor and needy and women, taking a broader scope than the other two gospels.

*Square four: John--John emphasizes Jesus as the man from heaven. The fourth is always different from the previous three and has a transcendent quality to it. The fourth connects to the fifth, which is directly associated with God. The fourth is transcendent and has a transcendent quality to it. The fourth is always different; it is very philosophical and theological, with a mysterious quality to it, a typical fourth square characteristic. It contrasts greatly with Matthew. This makes sense in terms of the quadrant model; the second and fourth squares are dynamic opposites. In Matthew Jesus refuses to perform signs unless it is to help people. The second square is belonging, and it is to help people. In John Jesus performs signs to prove his identity as the messiah. Historians think that this gospel was written at a time when Christianity was moving away from the Jewish people, becoming more involved with gentiles, and that it is therefore starting to emphasize Jesus as divine and apart from just a Jewish messiah.

The Gospels

Mark	Luke
Matthew	John

In the gospel parable of the sower the quadrant pattern is very clear. Jesus is reported to have told a story of seeds being planted in four separate places, yielding four different results.

*Square one: Seed falls on the path, and the birds eat it. The seed represents

the Word of God. This fits the Idealist type, who sense and perceive--they do not have a firm grasp of things, so the word is stolen and not completely understood..

*Square two: Seed falls along the rocky soil. The plants spring up quickly, but the soil is shallow allowing the sun to scorch and destroy them. This is the nature of the Guardian, who has a firm grasp on things, but no roots. Beliefs and faith are more firm, but are not rooted, and can easily be false.

*Square three: Seed falls among the thorns, and are choked and killed. The third square is the bad, destructive square. The third is the most violent. Artisans are associated more with being bad and violent.

*Square four: Seed fell on good soil, where it produced a crop—a hundred, sixty, or thirty times what was sown. The fourth is always different from the previous three. This seed is in good soil, and it multiplies. The nature of this soil is a lot different from the previous three and transcends them. This is the nature of the fourth square.

In the biblical book of Revelation, John sees the throne of God, a vision similar to that of Ezekiel. It is described as, “In the center, around the throne, were four living creatures, and they were covered with eyes, in front and in back. The first living creature was like a lion, the second was like an ox, the third had a face like a man, the fourth was like a flying eagle. Each of the four living creatures had six wings, and was covered with eyes all around, even under its wing.” There are four creatures each with four faces; this represents the sixteen squares. These are the same four faces described in the old testament by Ezekiel. This is the quadrant model pattern.

Then a lamb opens seven seals. The lamb represents Jesus, the sacrificial lamb, who "died for the sins of his people". The seven seals are

*Square one: First seal--a white horse. “Its rider held a bow, and he was given a crown, and he rode out as a conqueror bent on conquest."

*Square two: Second seal--a red horse. The first two form the duality."Its rider was given power to take peace from the earth and to make people kill each other. To him was given a large sword.".

*Square three: Third seal--a black horse; its rider was “holding a pair of scales in his hand. Then I heard what sounded like a voice among the four living creatures, saying, 'Two pounds of wheat for a day’s wages, and six pounds of barley for a day’s wages, and do not damage the oil and the wine!” This is the doing horse--the third square horse.

*Square four: Fourth seal--a pale horse. The first three are colored, but the fourth is described as pale; the fourth is always different from the first three. John describes, "Its rider was named Death, and Hades was following close behind him. They were given power over a fourth of the earth to kill by sword, famine and plague, and by the wild beasts of the earth." The fourth is always related to transcending life into death. The fourth quadrant is power. Underlying everything is power. The fourth square of Quadrant 4 is power.

When the angel of God breaks Peter out of prison there are four sets of four guards guarding Peter. There were 16 guards forming the quadrant image.

The Major Prophets is a grouping of books in the Christian Old Testament. These books are centred on a prophet, traditionally regarded as the author of the respective book. The term "major" refers to their length, in distinction to the Twelve Minor Prophets, whose books are much shorter and grouped together as a single book in the Hebrew Bible.

The books, in order of their occurrence in the Christian Old Testament, are:

Book of Isaiah

Book of Jeremiah

Book of Lamentations (in the Ketuvim (Writings) section of the Tanakh)

Book of Baruch (not in Protestant Bibles)

Letter of Jeremiah (Chapter 6 of Baruch in most Catholic Bibles, its own book in Eastern Orthodox Bibles)

Book of Ezekiel

Book of Daniel (in the Ketuvim of the Hebrew Bible).

The major prophets of the bible are Isaiah Jeremiah Ezekiel and Daniel. There are 12 minor prophets. All in all that makes sixteen. The 16 squares of the quadrant. The four major ones are the major prophets, which represent the four squares of the fourth quadrant.

The Hellenistic philosophers can be conveniently grouped into the four schools of the Cynics, the Stoics, the Epicureans and the Sceptics. In the end it would be Stoicism that proved most attractive to the ancient world, but for three centuries after Alexander’s death each of the schools offered a new interpretation of the ‘examined life’ advocated by Socrates.

Cynics

The Cynics saw themselves as direct descendants of the Socratic tradition. The founder of the Cynical school, Antisthenes, was a close friend and student of Socrates: he too emphasised virtue and reason, was suspicious of metaphysics and cultivated indifference to the trappings of wealth and power. Poverty and simplicity were a shortcut to virtue and served to redefine the goal of the ethical life. But it was Antisthenes’ disciple Diogenes who took the Cynical philosophy to its most striking and memorable extreme.

Diogenes was the son of a money-changer who had been imprisoned for defacing the coinage. Seeking a life of virtue, Diogenes set out to deface the ‘sham coinage’ of conventional morality. Like Antisthenes, he argued for a simple and self-sufficient life in accordance with nature, which he defined as the opposite of social convention. The stories of his anarchic lifestyle are well-known: he lived in a tub without possessions, and when Alexander the Great met him in Corinth and asked if there was anything he could do for the famous philosopher, Diogenes replied: Get out of my light. Insisting that what is natural cannot be shameful, he defecated in the theatre and masturbated on the street. During the day he wandered around with a lantern searching in vain for an honest man. He was indifferent to wealth, power and social obligations and displayed only contempt for academic philosophy and metaphysics.

The term ‘Cynic’ derives from the Greek word for ‘dog-like’: the lifestyles of Antisthenes and Diogenes gave rise to the insult but the Cynics themselves enjoyed the associations, barking at passers-by. Cynicism was more of a rebellion than a philosophy, but it introduced some radical new ideas into the discussion of ethics. When Diogenes was asked where he came from, he replied: I am a citizen of the world (kosmopolites). By rejecting the customs and political identity of the city-states of Greece, he paved the way for a broader sense of human community. This idea, and some of the more palatable Cynical attitudes, would soon evolve into Stoicism (and would later come to influence Rousseau).

Stoics

The founder of Stoicism, Zeno of Citium, was originally a pupil of Crates the Cynic. He taught in the painted colonnade (stoa poikile) in the agora at Athens, from which the Stoics took their name. The doctrines of Stoicism did not remain constant over time, although many of them can be attributed to Chrysippus in the third century, but like the Cynics they saw themselves as the heirs of Socrates, emphasising a simple life lived according to virtue. The death of Socrates, particularly his calm and reflective attitude in the face of execution, remained a model for Stoic virtue.

The philosophy of Stoicism was grounded in an understanding of physics. The Stoics were thoroughgoing materialists insisting (against Plato) that nothing incorporeal exists. Taking their cue from Heraclitus, they believed that all matter emerges from fire: the physical universe came into being from fire and will return to fire in a general conflagration. This process is cyclical, and the universe will continue to come into being before being consumed again. The Stoics were, accordingly, determinist: the cycle is governed by natural laws, understood as fate or providence. God determines this providence and is part of the material universe, the primal fire or reason (logos). A good life is therefore one lived in harmony with nature and reason, accepting without complaint the natural laws of the universe. This materialist account would deeply influence Spinoza in the seventeenth century.

From such physics the Stoics derived an austere ethical code. Virtue is the sole intrinsic good, and a virtuous life is one lived in agreement with nature. Humans are free to choose this path and embrace the well-ordered plan of the universe. Since all things are determined, it is not rational to resent or delight in them, and accordingly the Stoics disdained all passions and cultivated an indifference to pain and pleasure, sickness and health, wealth and power. When a life could no longer be lived in agreement with nature – in serious illness, or under threat of execution – it was rational to commit suicide. This indifference to personal circumstances made the Stoics ideal politicians: cosmopolitan, unswayed by egoistic concerns and able to guide the state in its ‘natural’ direction. Once a person has freed themselves from irrational concern for the events of their life, they will live in tranquillity. In practice, this usually meant a sternly ascetic existence with few material pleasures.

The Stoic lifestyle appealed to the puritanical Romans and the most complete accounts of Stoic philosophy come from the Roman period. Seneca, tutor and later adviser to the Emperor Nero, advocated a virtuous life free from passion and the dangers of ambition. The excesses of Nero, and Seneca’s involvement in them, sit uneasily with the philosopher’s beliefs (as Seneca himself acknowledged). In the end, he was implicated in a conspiracy against the Emperor and committed suicide. Two other significant adherents of Stoicism were the Greek slave Epictetus who taught in Rome, and the later emperor Marcus Aurelius. It is remarkable that both a slave and an Emperor could find consolation in the same principles of living well, and testament to the broad appeal of this somewhat joyless philosophy.

Epicureans

The most successful rival to the Stoic school in this period was Epicureanism which placed pleasure at the heart of the good life. Epicurus established a philosophical community in Athens called the Garden around the end of the fourth century and welcomed all comers, including slaves, children and prostitutes. Epicureanism advocated a life of pleasure, free from fear of death and religious superstition, and like Stoicism was based on a materialist physics.

Epicurus adapted his physics from the atomism of Democritus. The universe is composed of atoms moving in a void, and everything can be explained by mechanistic forces. Humans, however, are free to control their own fate. There is of course no room for the Gods in such a mechanistic universe, although Epicurus allows that they exist. But they inhabit a separate realm in perfect tranquillity and accordingly have no concern for humans. Providence is mere superstition and religious rituals are futile. In such a universe it makes no sense to fear the Gods – who are unaffected by favour or anger towards mankind – nor to fear death, which is simply a dissolution of the atoms of the body and soul. For Epicurus, religion and death are the two main sources of anxiety in human life.

Unlike the Stoics, the Epicureans recognised pleasure as the only intrinsic good. But not all pleasures are equal: ‘moving’ pleasures involve the satisfaction of urges such as hunger and are basically sensual; but the best pleasures are ‘static’, involving satisfaction and the absence of desire. Likewise, mental pleasures are generally more profound than bodily pleasures, and should therefore be preferred. By living prudently and simply with modest desires, and liberating oneself from fear, absolute tranquillity can be attained. Despite the term’s modern connotations, ancient Epicureans were more concerned with freedom from pain than the indulgence of the senses. The best way to achieve equilibrium is through the quiet pleasures of friendship and contemplation, rather than the violent motions of desire and gratification. Virtue consists in prudence and the avoidance of resentment or envy: as a result, Epicureans shunned politics as a career and generally avoided sexual activity.

The most complete account of Epicureanism that survives is the great philosophical poem of Lucretius from the first century, De Rerum Natura (On the Nature of the Universe). Lucretius elegantly and powerfully restates the key ideas of Epicurus’ philosophy: his atomistic physics, his critique of religious superstition and his materialist account of death. But even with such a persuasive advocate, Epicureanism never truly gripped the Roman mind and it remained the choice only of a cultivated few, unlike the more popular Stoicism.

Sceptics

When Arcesilaus became the head of Plato’s Academy in the third century, he returned to the teachings of Socrates. By engaging in questioning dialogue and insisting upon his own ignorance, he sought to demonstrate that nothing could be known for certain. Arcesilaus became notorious for arguing both sides of every question with equal conviction, and thus became the founder of Scepticism. Academic Scepticism, as this form became known, was developed more coherently a century later by Carneades who, like his predecessor, openly attacked the Stoics.

Some time in the first century, Aenesidemus became dissatisfied with the Academy’s dogmatic approach to Scepticism and sought to revive a more radical form based on the teachings of the third-century Pyrrho of Elis. Accordingly, this became known as Pyrrhonian Scepticism. Supposedly Pyrrho had achieved a godlike state of calm by developing an indifference to belief and opinion, to the extent that his friends needed to stop him walking off cliffs or in front of carriages. Pyrrhonian Scepticism, like the other Hellenistic schools, sought to provide tranquillity (ataraxia) through its teachings: but the Sceptics chose epistemology rather than ethics as their field of operations.

The later Sceptic Sextus Empiricus tells the story of the painter Apelles who grew so frustrated at his inability to portray the flecks of foam on a horse’s mouth, he threw his sponge at the painting: the impact of the sponge produced exactly the effect he was striving for. Scepticism advocates the same attitude towards knowledge and, more radically, belief: throw in the towel, stop trying to make sense of all the competing claims, and tranquillity will follow ‘as a shadow follows its object’. The Sceptics amassed a huge number of arguments to achieve this end. The fallibility of the senses and the limits of perception; relativist arguments, for instance that manure is repellent to humans but delightful to animals; the meeting of opposites (so wine is both fortifying and debilitating); the subjectivity of values like beauty; and so on. These epistemological arguments, when fully appreciated, imply that no belief is more persuasive than its opposite. You may as well try to believe that the number of stars in the sky is an even number. False beliefs lead to desire and fear: by removing the error and suspending judgement, the torments of desire and fear evaporate and tranquillity is achieved.

Since for the Sceptic all judgement has been suspended, this leads to the practical question of how to live. Every lifestyle demands some ethical and practical judgements. The Sceptics, like the Cynics, were indifferent to social conventions, but in the absence of any better lifestyle were prepared to follow custom. What marks the Sceptics as different is their epistemic attitude. For instance, worship at the temple was acceptable as long as no religious belief was involved. Most Sceptics were happy to live in accordance with appearances, but without developing dogmatic beliefs. Practice is less important than inner tranquillity.

Within a few centuries the Hellenistic schools of Greece and Rome would be eclipsed by the rise of Christianity. The new religion absorbed many ideas from Greek philosophy, notably the Platonic distrust of the mortal world, and the Hellenistic detachment from earthly pleasures and honours. But the theories of the philosophers were too rarefied, and perhaps too pessimistic. In the end, it was the simpler message of salvation through faith that would triumph.

In his well known book The cosmoplastic system of the universe : Ralph Cudworth on Stoic naturalism,Cudworth showed that four principal forms of atheism (hylozoistic, cosmoplastic, atomistic, and hylopathian) originated from the very inability to understand the nature of life and knowledge, for life and knowledge could only be understood by referring to, respectively, unsentient activity and self-consciousness.

When the soldiers had crucified Jesus they took his garments and made four parts, one for each soldier.... The four parts reflect the quadrant

There were four camps for the twelve tribes of Israel – one camp for each group of three.

The emblems of the four camps were:

Square 1: The Lion

Square 2: The Man

Square 3: The Bull/Ox

Square 4: The Eagle

In Revelation 4:6 – four creatures are by the throne.

1. The first creature was like a lion.

2. The second creature was like a flying eagle.

3. The third creature was like a man.

4. The fourth creature was like a flying eagle. There is a connection between the second and fourth squares in that they are opposites. One is the word one is the true word

According to christian millennial teachings there are four possibilities for the end time. They are

Square 1: post tribulational pre-millenialism

Square 2: pre tribulational (dispensarional) pre-millenialism

Square 3: lost millenialism

Square 4: amillenialism

The four cups that jews are supposed to drink symbolize freedom from the four exiles: The Egyptian, Babylonian, and Greek exiles, and the current exile which jews say they hope to be rid of very soon with the coming of Moshiach.

Also rabbis say that there are four expressions of liberation In the torah. According to rabbis is a difference between the first three expressions of liberation and the fourth, in that the first three - "I will release you... I will save you... I will liberate you" - are aspects of redemption that took place immediately upon the departure from Egypt; they came from Above.

The fourth expression - "I will take you unto Me as a Nation" - however, depended on the Jewish people; they had to become worthy of being called G-d's nation. This was accomplished when they received the Torah according to rabbis. The fourth being different from the first three is the quadrant model pattern

“For the invisible things of him from the creation of the world are clearly seen, being understood by the things that are made, even his eternal power and Godhead;”

Rom 1:20. The Godhead being seen in the physical described here is the quadrant model pattern

The great uncial codices or four great uncials are the only remaining uncial codices that contain (or originally contained) the entire text of the Greek Bible (Old and New Testament).

All of the great uncials were written on fine vellum, with the leaves arranged in quarto form. The size of the leaves is much bigger than in papyri codices:[5][6]

Sinaiticus – 38 x 34 cm (15 x 13.4 inches; written ca. 330-360)

Vaticanus – 27 x 27 cm (10.6 x 10.6 in; ca. 325-350)

Alexandrinus – 32 x 26 cm (10.2 x 12.6 in; ca. 400-440)

Ephraemi – 33 x 27 cm (13 x 10.6 in; ca. 450)

Following the fourth seal there is a break in the action, signaling the end of Quadrant 1 and the beginning of Quadrant 2.

*Square five: Fifth seal—souls of the slain. People in the Roman empire were being slain, because Christians had become a threat to the Roman Empire system. The fifth square is the first square of the second quadrant. The fifth element is life. The fifth square is cultural, and always related to family. The first four are horses. But the next are different.

*Square six: Sixth seal—the great day of wrath. The second square of Quadrant 2 is faith. The second square is the most related to culture and groups--here a group of people are hiding from the wrath of the Lamb.

There are five pillars of Islam, which fits the quadrant mode pattern.. Islam grew out of Christianity, and can be characterized as the third quadrant religion. The Quadrant 3 is thinking, emotion, doing, and dreaming. The third quadrant questions the second--Islam thinks about Christianity, and questions it, breaking away from it, and is therefore seen by many as destructive. The third square is characterized by being violent, and Islam has the stereotype of being violent, fighting against those who do not follow the law of Islam. The pillars of Islam are:

*Square one: Shahada--a declaration of faith. There is no God but God, and Muhammad is a messenger of God."

*Square two: Salat--the call to prayer. Before praying people wash—a means of getting the community together. The washings symbolizes purification. The second square is homeostasis and focused on community.

*Square 3: Zarat--almsgiving. This is giving to the needy, and encouraging the growth of the individual. The third square is about doing.

*Square four: Sawn--fasting. The first square is the light and the mind; the second is the word and culture; the third is the body and flesh. The fourth square is social and the true word. The first square is related to sight, second to hearing, third to touching, and fourth to taste. Fasting is related to the mouth and taste. The fourth square is the true word. Also the fourth square has the quality of not seeming like it belongs. For instance, the fourth level of the atmosphere is rarefied air. Fasting is about creating an absence of food. This square connotes absence, and can appear to be bad or destructive.

*Square five: the Haj—a pilgrimage. The fifth square always seems questionable. At first there were only four pillars. Some think that Muhammad added the Haj in order to appease the people of Mecca who depended on pagan pilgrimages to see a meteor that was thought to be from the gods. This brought great wealth to the city. The Meccans therefore were not a fan of Muhammad, who is depicted as against paganism. Therefore, some say that Muhammad, to appease the Meccans, maintained this pagan aspect of the pilgrimage.

There are four Rashidun or Rightly Guided Caliphs:

Square 1: Abu Bakr,

Square 2: Umar ibn al-Khattan,

Square 3: Uthman ibn Affan

Square 4: Ali ibn Abi Talib.

The Four Arch Angels in Islam are: Jibraeel (Gabriel), Mikaeel (Michael), Izraeel (Azrael), and Israfil (Raphael)

There are four Sacred Months in Islam: Muharram, Rajab, Dhu al-Qi'dah and Dhu al-Hijjah.

In the tenth year of the Hijra, as documented in the Qur'an (Sura At-Tawba (9):36–37), God revealed the "prohibition of the Nasī’".

The number of the months, with God, is twelve in the Book of God, the day that He created the heavens and the earth; four of them are sacred. That is the right religion. So wrong not each other during them. And fight the unbelievers totally even as they fight you totally and know that God is with the godfearing. Know that intercalation (nasi) is an addition to disbelief. Those who disbelieve are led to error thereby, making it lawful in one year and forbidden in another in order to adjust the number of (the months) made sacred by God and make the sacred ones permissible. The evil of their course appears pleasing to them. But God gives no guidance to those who disbelieve.

— Sura 9 ("At-Tawba"), ayat 36–37[24]

There are four Sunni schools of fiqh: Hanafi, Shafi`i, Maliki and Hanbali.

The Four Books (Arabic: الكتب الاربعة Al-Kutub Al-Arbʿah) is a Twelver Shiʿa term referring to their four best-known hadith collections:

Kitab al-Kafi a Muhammad ibn Ya'qub al-Kulayni al-Razi (329 AH) 16,199

Man la yahduruhu al-Faqih Muhammad ibn Babawayh 9,044

Tahdhib al-Ahkam Shaykh Muhammad Tusi 13,590

Al-Istibsar Shaykh Muhammad Tusi

The Four Companions, also called the Four Pillars of the Sahaba is a Shi'a term that refers to the four Sahaba Shi'a believe stayed most loyal to Imam Ali after the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad:

Abū Dhar al-Ghifāri

Ammār ibn Yāsir

Miqdad ibn Aswād al-Kindi

Salman the Persian

In their war doctrine, Shafi'i jurists established four valid choices before Muslims, after any successful raid or war against unbelievers, regarding civilian male and female captives taken – execute them, ransom them and demand wealth for their release,

Shafi'i jurists state that adultery by a married man or woman, or other religiously disallowed sex (homosexuality), must be punished by Rajm (stoning).If the accused is unmarried, the stoning punishment is reduced to public lashing. For evidence, Shafi'i fiqh accepts the following: self-confession, or testimony of four male witnesses (female witness is not acceptable), or contested pregnancy.

There are four books in Islam: Torah, Zaboor, Injeel, Quran.

In islam those who accuse honourable women (of unchastity) but do not produce four witnesses, flog them with eighty lashes, and do not admit their testimony ever after. They are indeed transgressors.

In the Quran Abraham said: “My Lord, show me how You give life to the dead,” Allah said: “Why! Do you have no faith?” Abraham replied: “Yes, but in order that my heart be at rest.” He said: “Then take four birds, and tame them to yourself, then put a part of them on every hill, and summon them; they will come to you flying.

Majid Khadduri lists four kinds of jihad fi sabilillah (struggle in the cause of God):

Jihad of the heart (jihad bil qalb/nafs) is concerned with combatting the devil and in the attempt to escape his persuasion to evil. This type of Jihad was regarded as the greater jihad (al-jihad al-akbar).

Jihad by the tongue (jihad bil lisan) (also Jihad by the word, jihad al-qalam) is concerned with speaking the truth and spreading the word of Islam with one's tongue.

Jihad by the hand (jihad bil yad) refers to choosing to do what is right and to combat injustice and what is wrong with action.

Jihad by the sword (jihad bis saif) refers to qital fi sabilillah (armed fighting in the way of God, or holy war), the most common usage by Salafi Muslims and offshoots of the Muslim Brotherhood.

Islam is a third square religion so it is more related with violencce.

Sufism is a mystical Islam."The four stages" in Sufism

Square 1: shari’a (exoteric path),

Square 2: tariqa (esoteric path),

Square 3: haqiqa (mystical truth)

Square 4: marifa (final mystical knowledge, unio mystica).

Swastika in Sanskrit means "It Is the Good". Plato talksbout the Form of thdrawn by the rotation of the seven stars of the Big Dipper and Ursa Minor around the pole star, in the four phases of a day. Both the swastika symbol and the mentioned asterisms are known since immemorial times and in many cultures of the world to represent the Absolute principle of reality, the God of the Universe, in its action of manifestation as a whirlwind around the Centre. The Hindus have always seen the swastika as an elemental symbol of reality. The swastika i sthe symbol of four squares. It is a quadrant.

In Buddhism, the swastika symbol signifies auspiciousness and good fortune as well as the footprint of the Buddha and Buddha’s heart. It is also said to contain the whole mind of the Buddha and can often be found imprinted on the chest, feet or palms of Buddha images. The Buddha is seen by many Hindus as an avatar of Vishnu.

Hindus say that the Om symbol and sound is the symbol of existence, and say that it is composed of four parts.

According to the Yajurveda, the swastika is the symbolic representation of om in Hinduism. The om symbol is not the exact representation of a swastika, but it has the shape of the swastika, depicting the four parts. Hindus say that the Om is three letters AUM. The A represents Brahma, the U represents Vishnu, and the V represents Shiva. The first square Brahma is creation. The first square is always good and inspirational. The second square Vishnu is preservation. The second square is homeostasis. The third square M is Shiva which is destruction. The third square is bad. But Hindus say that there is a fourth aspect tot he Om, which is the silence after the three letters. They say this silence encompasses the previous three. The fourth square is always transcendent and different, yet encompasses the previous three. All religions say om, including Christianity which says Amen, which is a variation of om.

Here are quotes about Om in the Hindu texts. Again, the Yajurveda, one of the four foundation texts of Hinduism, says that the Om is the foundation of Being, and it explicitly states that Om is the swastika.

“Om is Brahman, the Primeval Being.” (Brihadaranyaka Upanishad 5.1.1)

“That [Om] is the quintessence of the essences, the Supreme, the highest.” (Chandogya Upanishad 1.1.3)

“I will tell you briefly of that Goal which all the Vedas with one voice propound, which all the austerities speak of, and wishing for Which people practice discipline: It is Om.” (Katha Upanishad 1. 2.15-17)

“Om is the Supreme Brahman.” (Svetasvatara Upanishad 1:7)

“The real nature of Brahman is identical with the Pranava.” (Svetasvatara Upanishad 2:8)

“God is the Syllable Om.” (Svetasvatara Upanishad 4:17)

“Om is Brahman.” (Taittiriya Upanishad 1.8.1)

“Brahman is the Truth that is indicated as ‘Om.’” (Yoga Vashishtha 6:1:30)

“The monosyllable Om is the highest Brahman.” (Manu Smriti 2:83,87)

Here is more information on Om. Recall that according to the Yajurveda the Om is the swastika, and the sound of the Om has four parts to it.

The amount of material in the authoritative scriptures of India and the words of realized saints regarding Om, is truly surprising. Here I have arranged extracts from the scriptures as well as from Vyasa and Shankara, the two greatest authorities on the scriptures, to give an overview of the whole subject of Om in its various aspects. Om is God (Brahman) “Om is Brahman, the Primeval Being.” (Brihadaranyaka Upanishad 5.1.1) “That [Om] is the quintessence of the essences, the Supreme, the highest.” (Chandogya Upanishad 1.1.3) “I will tell you briefly of that Goal which all the Vedas with one voice propound, which all the austerities speak of, and wishing for Which people practice discipline: It is Om.” (Katha Upanishad 1. 2.15-17) “Om is the Supreme Brahman.” (Svetasvatara Upanishad 1:7) “The real nature of Brahman is identical with the Pranava.” (Svetasvatara Upanishad 2:8) “God is the Syllable Om.” (Svetasvatara Upanishad 4:17) “Om is Brahman.” (Taittiriya Upanishad 1.8.1) “Brahman is the Truth that is indicated as ‘Om.’” (Yoga Vashishtha 6:1:30) “The monosyllable Om is the highest Brahman.” (Manu Smriti 2:83,87) Om is both Saguna (With Form) and Nirguna (Without Form) Brahman It is commonly thought that Om is to be used only for meditation on the Formless Transcendent (Nirguna) Brahman, but the following show that, since Om encompasses both the Saguna and Nirguna aspects of Brahman, it can also be used for meditation on God With Form. Saguna and Nirguna are sometimes spoken of as “lower” or “lesser” and “higher.” “Om, indeed, is the Lower Brahman; this is, indeed, the Higher Brahman. Anyone who, meditating on Om, wishes either of the Two [aspects], by him that is attained. This [Om] is the best means [of attainment and realization]; this means is the Higher and Lesser Brahman.” (Katha Upanishad 1. 2.15-17) “OM is Brahman–both the conditioned and the unconditioned, the personal and the impersonal. By meditating upon it the wise man may attain either the one or the other.” (Prashna Upanishad 5.2) “Whether the unconditioned Brahman or the conditioned Brahman, the Syllable Om becomes a means of realizing It. For another scripture has it, ‘The Syllable Om is the higher and lower Brahman.’” (Shankara, Commentary on the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad) “Om is both the higher and the lesser Brahman.” (Shankara, Commentary on the Mandukya Karika) Om is the True Name of God “Om is the Name of the Supreme Lord.” (Shankara, Commentary on the Yoga Sutras) Om unites us with God (Brahman) “Om is the Supreme Brahman…. The knowers of Brahman by knowing what is therein [in the all-containing Om] become merged in Brahman.” (Svetasvatara Upanishad 1:7) “He who utters Om with the intention ‘I shall attain Brahman’ does verily attain Brahman.” (Taittiriya Upanishad 1.8.1) “The holy word, Om bestows the highest state.” (Yoga Vashishtha 5:54) Om is the key to our spirit (atman) “He obtains wishes by singing [intoning], who knowing this, meditates on the udgitha [Om] as the syllable. This, with regard to the self.” (Chandogya Upanishad 1.2.14) Lest we misunderstand and think that Om is to be employed to fulfill just any desire or whim, in this verse the sage informs us that the “wishes” gained through meditation on Om are those relating to the self, the immortal spirit; that those who have lost the consciousness of the self shall regain it through Om meditation. “The Self [atman] is of the nature of the Syllable Om.” (Mandukya Upanishad 1.8.12) Om is the essence of the evolutionary solar energies The life-producing energies of the sun are the energies of Om. Om is the sun of body, mind, and spirit, the Life-Giver of all. All plant, animal, and human life on this planet depends upon the sun. It is the subtle powers of sunlight which stimulate growth and evolution. The sun truly awakens us in the deepest sense. As the germinating seed struggles upward toward the sun and out into its life-giving rays, so all higher forms of life reach out for the sun, which acts as a metaphysical magnet, drawing them upward and outward toward ever-expanding consciousness. Sunlight is the radiant form of Om. The sun initiates the entire solar system into Om. Human beings are solar creatures, therefore to intone Om is the most natural thing they can do. “Now, verily, what is the udgitha is the Om. What is Om is the udgitha. And so verily, the udgitha is the yonder sun and the Om, for the sun is continually sounding ‘Om.’” (Chandogya Upanishad 1.5.1) The most significant part of this verse is the statement that “the sun is continually sounding ‘Om,’” indicating that the evolutionary energy of the sun is a manifestation of Om. Our life depends on the light of the sun, thus our life is also a manifestation of the power of Om. The japa and meditation of Om aligns us with the solar powers that are Om and thereby greatly increase our life force and the evolution of all the levels of our being. “Even as a great extending highway runs between two villages, this one and that yonder, even so the rays of the sun go to both these worlds, this one and that yonder. They start from the yonder sun and enter into the nadis [astral “nerves”]. They start from the nadis and enter into the yonder sun. …When a man departs from this body, then he goes upwards by these very rays or he goes up with the thought of Om. As his mind is failing, he goes to the sun. That, verily, is the gateway of the world, an entering in for the knowers, a shutting out for the non-knowers.” (Chandogya Upanishad 8.6.2,5) The solar rays do not just flow into this world, they also draw upward through the sun and beyond. In the human body the process of exhalation and inhalation is related to solar energy, and much of the solar power on which we subsist is drawn into the body through our breathing. The solar rays do not just strike the surface of our body, but actually penetrate into the physical nerves. Just as the electrical impulses flow through the physical nerves, the subtle life force, or prana, flows through the subtle nadis and keeps us alive and functioning. The prana, then, is a vehicle for the solar energies that produce evolution, and so we join Om to our breathing and merge it into the pranic flow. This practice conditions our subtle levels so that at the time of death we will be oriented toward the solar powers and can ascend upon them–especially if we continue our intonations of Om even after the body has been dropped. Those intonations will guarantee our ascent into the solar world. Those who have imbued themselves with the pranavic vibrations will enter through the solar gate, whereas those who have not done so will be shut out by it and compelled to return to earthly rebirth. Om produces peace and harmony “Only Its [Om’s] knowers sit here in peace and concord.” (Rig Veda I.164.39) “My heart is established in the peace indicated by the resonance of Om.” (Yoga Vashishtha 5:87) “He should repeat Om till the mind gains perfect peace.” (Yoga Vashishtha 6:1:128) Om liberates us at the time of death “At the time of departure from this world, remember Om.” (Yajur Veda 40:15) “Then Satyakama, son of Shibi, asked him [the Rishi Pippalada]: ‘Venerable Sir, what world does he who meditates on Om until the end of his life, win by That?’ To him, he said: ‘If he meditates on the Supreme Being [Parampurusha] with the Syllable Om, he becomes one with the Light, the Sun. He is led to the world of Brahman. He sees the Person that dwells in the body, Who is higher than the highest life. …That the wise one attains, even by the mere sound Om as support, That Which is tranquil, unaging, immortal, fearless, and supreme.” (Prashna Upanishad 5:1,5,7) “Having confined the mind in the heart and…engaged in the practice of concentration, uttering the one-syllabled Om–the Brahman–and remembering Me, he who departs, leaving the body, attains to the Supreme Goal.” (Bhagavad Gita 8:12-14) “The soul, when it departs from the body, goes upward by meditating on the Self with the help of Om as he did while living.” (Shankara, Commentary on the Chandogya Upanishad) Om delivers us from rebirth (samsara) “Om is the Supreme Brahman…. The knowers of Brahman by knowing what is therein [in the all-containing Om] become merged in Brahman, intent thereon [i.e., on Om] and freed from birth.” (Svetasvatara Upanishad 1:7) “By means of the boat of Om that is Brahman one crosses over [samsara, the ocean of birth and death]. The idea is that by controlling the senses through Om the enlightened person should cross over the currents of the river of transmigration with the help of that Om.” (Shankara, Commentary on the Svetasvatara Upanishad) Om conquers fear “One should concentrate one’s mind on Om, for Om is Brahman beyond fear. For a man, ever fixed in Brahman, there can be no fear anywhere.” (Gaudapada [the teacher of Shankara], Mandukya Karika 25) “One should concentrate the mind on Om, Which is essentially the supreme Reality, for Om is Brahman beyond fear, because for one who is ever fixed in It, there can be no fear anywhere, in accordance with the Vedic text, ‘The enlightened man is not afraid of anything.’” (Shankara, Commentary on the Mandukya Karika) Om contains–and confers–all states of consciousness “[The turiyatita state] is the Eternal, beyond the eternal and the transient; it is a pure mass of consciousness. In it there is no question of diversity. It is all, it is supreme blessedness and peace, it is beyond expression. It is purest Om. It is transcendent. It is supreme.” (Yoga Vashishtha 6:1:34) Om confers all true and worthwhile knowledge “Through it [Om] one knows what is to be known.” (Brihadaranyaka Upanishad 5.1.1) “By this [Om] does the threefold knowledge proceed.” (Chandogya Upanishad 1.1.6-10. “The threefold knowledge” may be interpreted as being knowledge of body, mind, and spirit, knowledge of the physical, astral, and causal worlds, knowledge of the threefold Vedas, or knowledge of the Three Eternals: God, Creation, and Souls. Whichever it might be, it is certain that Om is the basis of such knowledge. In other places we see that to know Om is to know the Veda.) Om bestows immortality “One should meditate on the udgitha as this syllable [Om]….This sound is that syllable, the immortal, the fearless. Having entered this, the gods became immortal, fearless. He who knows it thus, praises this Syllable, takes refuge in that Syllable, in the immortal, fearless sound, and having entered it, he becomes immortal, even as the gods became immortal.” (Chandogya Upanishad 1.4.1-5) “This [Om] is the bridge to immortality.” (Mundaka Upanishad 2.2.5) “Because Om is the symbol of the Supreme Self it is the cause of immortality.” (Shankara, Commentary on the Chandogya Upanishad) Om removes all obstacles “From it [Om] comes the disappearance of obstacles.” (Yoga Sutras of Patanjali) Om is the supreme mantra “This [Om] is the best means [of attainment and realization]; this means is the Higher and Lesser Brahman. Meditating on Om, one becomes worthy of worship in the world of Brahman.” (Katha Upanishad 1. 2.15-17) “Om, being so important, should be used as a means to self-realization. If it is used as a means to realization, the entire Vedas are practically used.” (Shankara, Commentary on the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad) “One should meditate on the syllable Om, which is the Udgitha. This syllable, Om, as the Name of the Supreme Reality, is nearest to Him; when It is used He surely becomes gracious just as a man becomes so when his favorite name is used. …It is a symbol [indicator] of the Supreme Self (Paramatma). Thus it is known in all the Upanishads that Om, as a name and as a symbol, holds the highest position of being an aid to the meditation of the Supreme Self. …The syllable Om is the inmost essence of all essences. It is supreme because of Its being the symbol of the Supreme Self. It is competent to be worshipped as the Supreme Self. It is competent to take the place of the Supreme Self since It is to be worshipped like the Supreme Self.” (Shankara, Commentary on the Chandogya Upanishad) “Om being beyond measures is Turiya, It has infinite dimension and Its extent cannot be determined. It is auspicious and holy because of the negation of all duality. He who knows Om is a sage because of his meditating on the Supreme Reality, and not any other man, though he may be learned in the scriptures.” (Shankara, Commentary on the Mandukya Karika) Om is the foremost object of meditation “Dismiss other utterances. This [Om] is the bridge to immortality.” (Mundaka Upanishad 2.2.5) “The monosyllable Om is the highest Brahman. …Undoubtedly a Brahmin reaches the highest goal by japa of Om alone, whether he performs other rites or neglects them.” (Manu Smriti 2:83,87) “Having known Om, one should not think of anything whatsoever [but Om].” (Gaudapada, Mandukya Karika 24) “Om is surely the lower Brahman; and Om is considered to be the higher Brahman. Om is without cause, and without inside and outside; and It is undecaying. Om is indeed the beginning, middle, and end–everything. Having known this way indeed one attains immediately. One should know Om to be God seated in the hearts of all. Meditating on the all-pervasive Om, the intelligent man grieves no more. The Om, without measures and possessed of infinite dimension, is the auspicious entity where all duality ceases. He by whom Om is known, is the real sage, and not so is any other man.” (Gaudapada, Mandukya Karika 24,26-29) “When the syllable Om is known, one should not think of anything whatsoever, serving any seen or unseen purpose; for he has got all his desires fulfilled.” (Shankara, Commentary on the Mandukya Karika) “Om is used to serve as a means to the meditation on Brahman. As other scriptures say, ‘This is the best help (to the realization of Brahman) and the highest.’…‘One should concentrate on the Self, uttering Om.’ [Mahanarayan Upanishad 24:1] ‘One should meditate upon the Supreme Being only through the Syllable Om.’ [Prashna Upanishad 5:5] ‘Meditate upon the Self with the help of the Syllable Om.’ [Mundaka Upanishad 2.2.6] And so on. Although the words ‘Brahman,’ ‘Atman,’ etc. are names of Brahman, yet on the authority of the scriptures we know that Om is Its most intimate appellation. Therefore it is the best means for the realization of Brahman.” (Shankara, Commentary on the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad) Om should be intoned in time with the breath “Speech and breath are joined together in the Syllable Om.” (Chandogya Upanishad 1.1.6) Both speech and breath are manifested and reunited in Om–both in speaking Om aloud and in mentally intoning it in time with the breath. Om is the point of their origin and their return. By joining Om and the breath in japa and meditation we begin moving back to the state where they are one. “One should meditate on the breath in the mouth as the udgitha, for it is continually sounding ‘Om.’” (Chandogya Upanishad 1.5.3) In both japa and meditation we join intonations of Om to the breath because on the subtle levels the breath is always producing the sound of Om. We can even say that the soul breathes Om. So by consciously joining Om to our breathing we can link up with our soul-consciousness and enter into it. This is what is happening when during meditation our intonations of Om become more subtle and whisper-like, and from soul-consciousness we will pass into spirit-consciousness–all through Om. Om is (and accomplishes) the highest pranayama “Pranayama is accomplished by effortlessly breathing and joining to it the repetition of the sacred Om with the experience of Its meaning, when the consciousness reaches the deep sleep state.” (Yoga Vashishtha 5:78) Om is the Sound that leads to Silence “I abandon all thoughts and notions; contemplating Om, I shall remain in the self, in total inner silence.” (Yoga Vashishtha 5:81) The idea is not that after some time in meditation we simply sit, silent and blank, but rather that the inner intonations of Om become increasingly subtle until they pass beyond sound into an actual silent form–not the mere cessation of repetition–that is the state (stithi) of Om, from which all sounds arise: the bhava of Om. Om transforms us into divinity “This is the udgitha [Om], highest and best. This is endless. He who, knowing this, meditates on udgitha, the highest and best, becomes the highest and best and obtains the highest and best worlds. When Atidhanvan Shunaka taught this udgitha to Udara Sandilya, he also said: ‘As long as they shall know this udgitha among your descendants, so long their life in this world will be the highest and best.’ And so will their state in that other world be. One who thus knows and meditates–his life in this world becomes the highest and best, and so his state in that other world, yea, in that other world.’” (Chandogya Upanishad 1.9.2-4. “Highest and best” is an upanishadic title for God.)

The Trishula, the om symbol, and the swastika are considered in India to be the most sacred signs. I discussed the swastika and the om symbol are described in the Yajurveda to be synonymous, and both consisting of four aspects.

The Trishula is Lord Shiva's trident. Shiva is thought to be the aspect behind all being, and he carries his trident. The trident is associated with being three pronged so many would associate it with the number three. But in reality the trident is a cross. The vertical spear of the trident is directed orthogonally by a horizontal pole. Out of that pole emerges the other two tridents. Really a trident has four parts like a cross. There is the top left section, the bottom left section, the top right section, and the bottom right section.

The Trishula (Sanskrit: त्रिशूल triśūla, Malay: trisula, Kannada:ತ್ರಿಶೂಲ್, "triśūl" Telugu:త్రిశూలం , trisoolam, Malayalam: തൃശൂലം tr̥iśūlaṁ, Tamil:Listeni// திரிசூலம் tiricūlam, Thai: ตรีศูล trīṣ̄ūl or tri) is a type of South Asian trident also found in Southeast Asia. It is commonly used as a Hindu-Buddhist religious symbol. The word means "three spear" in Sanskrit and Pali.

In India and Thailand, the term often refers to a short-handled weapon which may be mounted on a danda or staff. But unlike the Okinawan sai, the trishula is often bladed. In Malay and Indonesian, trisula usually refers specifically to a long-handled trident while the diminutive version is known as a chabang or tekpi.

Really, once can argue that Lord Shiva is carrying a cross.

The trishula symbolism is polyvalent and rich. The trishula is wielded by the Hindu God Shiva and is said to have been used to sever the original head of Ganesha. Durga also holds trishula, as one of her many weapons. There are many other gods and deities, who hold the weapon trishula.

It is fascinating that the Trishula was used to cut off the head of Ganesha, one of the main Gods worshipped in India, because Ganesha died and resurrected. The cross is used to kill Jesus, and he dies and resurrects. Similarly the Trishula kills Ganesha, and he dies and resurrects.

The symbol of Ganesha is the Ohm symbol, which I already described is the quadrant/swastika according to the Vedas. Ganesha's statue is said to be the shape of an Om symbol. I already described that Ganesha is a death and resurrecting God, and considered one of the most important Gods in India, and he is worshipped by the fourth Hindu denomination, the Smartas.

The Kridakhanda of the Ganesha Purana narrates the stories of four incarnations (Avatars, Sanskrit:अवतार; avatāra) of Ganesha, each of which appeared in the four different yugas.[10][11] The explanation of the incarnations of Ganesha is shown in the verses in the 132nd chapter of Kridakhanda of Ganesha Purana. It says,

चत्वार्यस्य च रुपाणि चतुर्षु च युगेषु च ।

कृते दशभुजो नाम्ना विनायक इति शृत: ।।

त्रेतायुगे शुक्लवर्णो षड्भुजोसौ मयूरराट् ।

सिन्धुं हत्वापालयत्सः अवतीर्य स्वालये प्रिये ।।

The most valuable symbol for the Jews was the Temple Mount Medallion. the Temple Mount medallion and the Trishakti have a 3-pronged trident at the top, and a symbol representing SOUND in the middle, i.e. the OM symbol vs. the Shofar Horn (…and the Torah Scroll which issuing the SOUND of the ‘word’?) ((they symbols actually look similar)

So can we link the swastika to the 7 armed Menorah?

Yet I have another question … why are there two Menorahs one with 7 arms and the other 9 arms?

7 plus 9 is 16. The 16 squares of the quadrant model. I might be stretching that one, but it is interesting that the Temple Mount Medallion, reflects the Trishakti.

These four are not the same as the eight incarnations of Ganesha that are described in the Mudgala Purana.

Mahotkata Vinayaka (Mahotkaţa Vināyaka), who has ten arms and a red complexion. Different sources list his mount (vāhana) as either an elephant or lion. He was born to Kashyapa (Kaśyapa) and Aditi in the Krita yuga. The name Kāśyapaḥ (descendant of Kaśyapa) for Ganesha refers to this incarnation.[12] This incarnation killed the demon brothers Narantaka (Narāntaka) and Devantaka (Devāntaka), as well as the demon Dhumraksha (Dhūṃrākşa).

Mayuresvara (Mayūreśvara), who has six arms and a white complexion. His mount is a peacock. He was born to Shiva and Parvati in the Treta yuga. He incarnates for the purpose of killing the demon Sindhu. At the end of this incarnation he gives his peacock mount to his younger brother Skanda, with whom the peacock mount is generally associated.

Gajanana (Gajānana), who has four arms and was born with a red complexion. He has a mouse as his mount. He is born to Shiva and Parvati in the Dvapara yuga. He incarnates for the purpose of killing the demon Sindura (Sindūra), who was so-named due to his reddish-pink complexion (see: Sindoor). It is during this incarnation that Ganesha gives the discourse known as the Ganesha Gita to King Varenya.

Dhumraketu (Dhūmraketu) is grey in colour, like ash or smoke (dhūmra). He has either two or four arms.[13] He has a blue horse as his mount. He will come to end the decline of the Kali yuga. During this incarnation he kills numerous demons. Grimes notes that there is a parallel between this incarnation of Ganesha and the tenth and final incarnation of Vishnu, where he will ride upon the white horse Kalki. The other difference is, Lord Vigneshwara tells Varenya that the whole universe and all the deva are created by him and ultimately everything will come back to him.

The Vināyakas were a group of four troublesome demons who created obstacles and difficulties in Hindu mythology, but who were easily propitiated. One theory of the origin of Ganesha is that he gradually came to prominence in connection with the Vināyakas.

In Puranic literature of a much later period the group of four Vināyakas was merged into one definite god named Vināyaka whom Rudra appointed as the "Leader of the Ganas" (Ganapati). This Vināyaka-Ganapati is associated with another god called Dantin, "the one with the tusk," who is said to possess a twisted trunk (vakratuṇḍa) and who holds a corn-sheaf, a sugar cane, and a club. This description of Dantin is so characteristic of the Puranic Ganapati that Heras says "we cannot resist to accept his full identification with this Vedic Dantin." The name Vināyaka is a common name for Ganesha both in the Purāṇas and in Buddhist Tantras.

In the Smrti of Yājñavalkya, written in the 6th century, Vināyaka is definitely mentioned as a demon who had been exalted to the rank of a deva. He is clearly described as elephant-headed by the 8th century.

Many depictions of Ganesha feature four arms, which is mentioned in Puranic sources and codified as a standard form in some iconographic texts

Ganesha’s four arms represent the four main divisions of human consciousness: mind, intellect, ego and the emotional reactive process (Chiita in Sanskrit). Four arms also convey the idea of four directions symbolizing omnipresence and omnipotence of Lord Ganesha.

The four-day long Sharadiya Durga Puja (Bengali: শারদীয়া দুর্গা পুজো, ‘autumnal Durga worship’) is the biggest religious festivals for the Hindus and celebrated across the country with Vijayadashami being a national holiday. Durga is Shiva's consort. The sculpture of the sculpture itself has evolved. The worship always depicts Durga with her four children. Durga is known for being a tenacious protector of her four children.

A trident /ˈtraɪdənt/ is a three-pronged spear. It is used for spear fishing and historically as a polearm. The trident is the weapon of Poseidon, or Neptune, the god of the sea in classical mythology. In Hindu mythology it is the weapon of Shiva, known as trishula (Sanskrit for "triple-spear"). It also reflects the form of the cross.

Antonio de Nicolas (1978) recognizes four complementary languages (see review: part 1 and part 2) as underlying the structure of the Rig Veda:

Language of non-existence

Language of existence

Language of images and sacrifice

Language of embodied vision

The Tekpi is also called a trident, but in reality is a reflection of the cross with four sections.

The tekpi is a short-handled trident from Southeast Asia. Known as tekpi in Malay, it is called chabang or cabang (Dutch spelling: tjabang meaning "branch") in Indonesian,[2] siang tépi (雙短鞭 lit. "double short whip") in Hokkien, and trisul (ตรีศูล meaning "trident") in Thai.

The tekpi is believed to have been derived from the Indian trishula, a trident which can be either long or short-handled. The tekpi itself is occasionally referred to as a trisula, especially in Indonesia. More than a weapon, it was also important as a Hindu-Buddhist symbol. Use of the tekpi probably spread with the influence of Indian religion and eventually reached Malaysia, Indonesia, Okinawa, China, Thailand, and other parts of Indochina. It is unknown whether the tekpi was brought to the Malay Archipelago directly from India or from several places simultaneously. The earliest evidence of the tekpi outside India suggests that it spread from Indonesia. Other sources propose that the tekpi was brought to Southeast Asia from China, but it seems unlikely for the Chinese to introduce an Indian weapon to a region already heavily influenced by the culture of India.

Hinduism has characteristics of the fourth square as it encompasses the previous three world religions, stating that the prophets of these religions are avatars or holy men, and that all gods are expressions of the concept of Brahma, which means “Being” (or Krishna) (a characteristic of the fourth square of Quadrant 5). Brahma has four arms and four heads reminiscing the quadrantfrom which it is thought

the four vedas emerged--the four vedas, written in sanskrit, are the foundational texts of Hinduism. These texts fit the quadrant model pattern.

*Square one: the Rigveda--hymns recited by the priest. The first square is the mind, and is related to the priest.

*Square two: Yajurveda--formulas to be recited by the officiating priest. The second square is about order and homeostasis--formulas are concerned with order and homeostasis. The second square is culture.

*Square three: Samaveda--formulas that are to be sung by the chanting priest. The third square is doing. The third square is action.

*Square four: Atharaveda--contains spells, incantations, charms, and speculative hymns. The fourth square is contemplation, and transcends the others. Contemplation is about speculation.

The Vedas

Rigveda	Samaveda
Yajurveda	Atharaveda

There is a questionable fifth veda. The fourth gives an impression of not belonging, while the fifth does not belong--it is always questionable, and represents Being/God. Similarly there is a questionable fifth Gospel, the Gospel of Thomas.

Hindu children shave their heads and red Swastika painted on it as part of his Upanayana ceremony.

According to Hindu theology there are four ages. These are

square 1- The Satya Yuga. During this era virtue reigns and there is not sin. The first square is always good. Also this era is marked by wisdom which is a quality of the first square. The first square is mental.

square 2- Treta Yuga. During this era there is three quarters virtue and one quarter sin. The second square is always good.

square 3- Dvapara Yuga. During this era there is one half sin and one half virtue. The third square is always bad

square 4- Kali Yuga. During this era there is one quarter virtue and three quarters sin. Hindus say that this is the current era. The fourth square is death. The fourth square is the worst.

Each age is further divided into four sections each making a total of 16 squares, which is the quadrant model.

Hindu Ages

Satya yuga	Dvapara Yuga
Treta Yuga	Kali Yuga

The Hindu sacred texts, Shastras, are divided into four classes.

The Shrutis come from direct divine revelation, containing the Puranas (mythological epic stories) dealing with cosmology, theology and astrology. Tantras are techniques and rituals concerned with worship of the gods, which can lead to supernatural powers. The four vedas (collection of hymns and some of the Upanishads or treatises of Philosophy, charms, liturgy, and speculation)

The later are the heart of Brahma, his four heads, his four arms, and the four words issuing from his four mouths. And his doctrine is divided into four parts on par with the four domains of the Universe, space, worlds, light, senses.

The Ratirahasya (Sanskrit रतिरहस्य ) (translated in English as Secrets of Love, also known as the Koka Shastra) is a medieval Indian sex manual written by Kokkoka, a poet, who is variously described as Koka or Koka Pundit.

Ratirahasya is the first book to describe in detail Indian feminine beauty. The book classified women into four psycho-physical types, according to their appearance and physical features.

Square 1: Padmini (lotus woman)

Square 2: Chitrini (art woman)

Square 3: Shankini (conch woman)

Square 4: Hastini (elephant woman)

There are four principal denominations of Hinduism. These fit the quadrant model pattern. They are

Square 1- Saivism. Saivism worship Shiva. Shiva is said to suffuse all existence, sort of representing Being or consciousness. Shiva sits with his bull with a trident, has unkempt hair, and represents the perfect devotee. He sits atop a Himalayan mountain.

Square 2: Vaishnavism. Vaishnavism worships Vishnu, especially Krishna. Worshippers of Krishna point to the Bagavad Gita and say that Krishna even transcends existence, and thus Shiva even stems from Krishna, and thus only Krishna demands worship, and they say even Shiva is devoted to Krishna. Shaivites say they worship Vishnu through worshipping Shiva. Vaishnavism is dualistic and devotional, seeing Krishna as separate and needing of worship. In that sense it can be like Christianity, in which Jesus is often seen as a separate being to be worshipped for salvation.

Square 3: Shaktism. Shaktism worships the Goddess, or Divine Mother, Shakti. It is said that Shakti offers more material blessings and fortunes. Shaktism is said to be a right hand path, that seeks to awaken the kundalini and unite Shakta with Shiva, and it employs magic and sorcery, trance mediumship, and sacrifices. Shakti takes the form of Kali, Shrikula and other Goddesses, and the Mother goddess is thought to be the foundation of all existence, or existence itself.

Square 4: Smartism. Smartas worship the Supreme in one of six forms: Ganesha, Siva, Sakti, Vishnu, Surya and Skanda. As you can see, they are different fro the first three sects, but they also encompass them. That is the nature of the fourth square. Smartas accept all the major Hindu Gods. Smartas are known as liberal or nonsectarian. They employ a philosophical, meditative path, emphasizing man's oneness with God through understanding.Panchayatana puja is the system of puja (worship) in the Smarta Tradition. Smarta, as I mentioned, is one of the four denominations of Hinduism. The puja consists of the worship of five deities: Shiva, Vishnu, Devi, Surya and Ganesha. Depending on the tradition followed by Smarta households, one of these deities is kept in the center and the other four surround it. The structure brings to mind the quadrant.

Agni was the Hindu fire God

The two fire sticks of Agni were used to make fire by Hindus. All people made fire by rubbing two sticks together.

Note that we could refer the two sticks as x-axis and y-axis

comprising a grid, matrix- the quadrant

The swastika featured on Athenian pots

The swastika was known as ‘the chariot of Mithra’ in Iran

The swastika is the quadrant

Purushartha is an essential concept in Hinduism. It describes four goals that are required to be a Hindu. They fit the quadrant model pattern. They are

Square 1: Dharma. Dharma is the rights, duties, conduct, and virtue required for you to stay on the right path and not stray and be distracted from the pursuit of transcendence. The first quadrant is responsibility in the quadrant model. Responsibility requires doing what maintains harmony.

Square 2: Artha. Artha is means of life, which is prosperity and material resources needed for you to survive and thrive. The second square is always related to homeostasis and stability.

Square 3: Kama. Kama signifies passions, emotions, desires and wishes and aesthetic enjoyment. The third square is relates to doing. It is said in Hinduism that seeking activities and passion is good so long as you do not violate dharma and artha.

Square 4: Moksha: Moksha is liberation from the wheel of Samsara or the cycle of life and death and maya or illusion.

Hare Krishna is a sect of Hinduism. They teach that Krishna is the Supreme God and that there really is one God, Krishna, and everything is just an expansion of Krishna, including Brahma. The Hare Krishnas say that just chanting the Hare Krishna mantra can bring salvation. The Hare Krishna chant goes, Hare Krishna Hare Krishna Krishna Krishna Hare Hare Hare Rama Hare Rama Rama Rama Hare Hare. Devotees of Krishna call these the 16 words. Again 16 is the squares of the quadrant model. Devotees of Krishna say that God is both impersonal and personal, and that in existence there is both unity and differentiation. They are also encouraged to say these chants 16 times.

Hare Krishna begin studies by saying and repeating. Om Namo Bhagavate Vasudevaya. It has four words.

Om Namo Bhagavate Vasudevaya (About this sound listen (help·info)) (in devanagari: ॐ नमो भगवते वासुदेवाय) is a Hindu mantra. ‘Om Namo Bhagavate Vasudevaya’ is a mantra of Vishnu and Krishna both. It has two traditions---Tantric and Puranic. In Tantrik Tradition, the Rishi of the Mantra is Prajapati, in Puranic Tradition the Rishi is Narada. Both, however, say it is the Supreme Vishnu Mantra. Sharada Tilak Tantram, for example, says "Dvadasharno mahamantrah pradhano Vaishnavagame"—the twelve lettered mantra is the chief among vaishnava mantras. Similarly, this is the ultimate mantra in ShrimadBhagavatam, whose 12 Chapters are taken as extensions of the 12 Letters of this Mantra.,.[1] This twelve syllable mantra[2] is known as a Mukti (liberation) mantra and a spiritual formula for attaining freedom.[3] This can be chanted like Gayatri Mantra.[4] This is the principal mantra of the Vedic scripture "Srimad Bhagavatam".[5] This mantra can also be found in Vishnu Purana.

Om Namo Bhagavate Vasudevaya means "Om, I bow to Lord Vasudeva or Lord Krishna".[5]

Om Namo Bhagavate Vasudevaya in Devnagari, this Mantra is used for invocation and obeisance to Krishna

Term Devanagari Listen Meaning

ॐ

About this sound Om (help·info) Refers to the Supreme Infinite Spirit or Person. Om represents the Shabda Brahman.

Namo

नमो (namo)

About this sound Namo (help·info) Salutation, worship , a common spoken valediction or salutation originating from the Indian subcontinent. 'Namo' नमो is the Sandhi form of 'namas' नमस्, neuter nominative singular.

Bhagavate

भगवते

About this sound Bhagavate (help·info) 1. God in Sanskrit, someone who is considered God (or equally powerful, merciful). 'Bhagavate' भगवते is the dative of 'bhagavat' भगवत्.

2. Bhagavate is one who is becoming divine.[6]

Vasudevaya

वासुदेवाय

About this sound Vasudevaya (help·info) Name of Krishna, Krishna is also known as Vaasudeva (Krishna), because he was the son of Vasudeva. In the Bhagavad-Gita, Arjuna called Krishna by the name Vaasudeva multiple times. 'Vāsudevāya' वासुदेवाय is the dative of 'vāsudeva' वासुदेव. Other meaning for Vasudevaya is Vasu means "Life in all beings" Devaya means "God". This means God(life/light) who lives of all beings.

Importance[edit]

Om Namo Bhagavate Vasudevaya means "prostration to Krishna" or "surrender to Krishna."[7] Krishna himself asked his devotees to completely surrender to him:

“ सर्वधर्मान्परित्यज्य मामेकं शरणं व्रज ।

अहं त्वां सर्वपापेभ्यो मोक्षयिष्यामि मा शुचः ॥१८- ६६॥

Translation Abandon all varieties of religion and just surrender unto Me. I shall deliver you from all sinful reaction. Do not fear. [Gita 18/66]

”

Krishna also proclaimed "Everybody should recite "Om Namo Bhagavate Vasudevaya" mantra daily whenever possible so that I will stand by them. I respond to the call of the heart immediately and invariably. See me in your duties. I am committed to those who are committed to their duties.

Advaita Vedanta teaches the path of Jnana Yoga, a progression of study and training to attain moksha. It has four stages

Square 1: Samanyasa or Sampattis, the "fourfold discipline" (sādhana-catustaya), cultivating the following four qualities

Square 1: Nityānitya vastu viveka — The ability to correctly discriminate between the eternal substance (Brahman) and the substance that is transitory existence (anitya).

Square 2: — The renunciation of enjoyments of objects in this world and the other worlds like heaven etc.

Square 3:— the sixfold qualities,(control of the antahkaraṇa)

Dama (the control of external sense organs).

Uparati (the cessation of these external organs so restrained, from the pursuit of objects other than that, or it may mean the abandonment of the prescribed works according to scriptural injunctions).[note 12]

Titikṣa (the tolerating of tāpatraya).

Śraddhā (the faith in Guru and Vedas).

Samādhāna (the concentrating of the mind on God and Guru).

Square 1: Mumukṣutva — The firm conviction that the nature of the world is misery and the intense longing for moksha (release from the cycle of births and deaths).

Square 2: Sravana, listening to the teachings of the sages on the Upanishads and Advaita Vedanta, and studying the Vedantic texts, such as the Brahma Sutras. In this stage the student learns about the reality of Brahman and the identity of atman;

Square 3: Manana, the stage of reflection on the teachings;

Square 4: Nididhyāsana, the stage of meditation on the truth "that art Thou

The Mahavakya in Hinduism is "the four great sentences". These four sentences are from each of the four vedas, and they are suppose to remind the listener that Brahman, or God, and Atman, the soul, are one. They are

Square 1: Prajñānam is Brahman.

Square 2: I am Brahman

Square 3: That thou art

Square 4: This Atman is Brahman

The 9x9 (81) grid ‘’Parama Sayika’’ layout plan (above) found in large ceremonial Hindu Temples. It is one of many grids used to build Hindu temples. In this structure of symmetry, each concentric layer has significance. The outermost layer, Paisachika padas, signify aspects of Asuras and evil; while inner Devika padas (25 squares) signify aspects of Devas and good. In between the good and evil is the concentric layer of Manusha padas (49 squares) signifying human life; All these layers surround Brahma padas (3 by 3, 9 squares), which signifies creative energy and the site for temple’s primary idol for darsana. Finally at the very center of Brahma padas is Grabhgriya (Purusa Space), signifying Universal Principle present in everything and everyone.

These are the largest Hindu temples and they have four cocentric layers, each representing four qualities.

64 is four quadrant models.

The 8x8 (64) grid Manduka Vastu Purusha Mandala layout for Hindu Temples. It is one of 32 Vastu Purusha Mandala grid patterns described in Vastu sastras. In this grid structure of symmetry, each concentric layer has significance.[7]

Within the 64 square Manduka Vastu Purusha Mandala layout for Hindu Temples is a highlighted 16 squares illuminating the quadrant model. Mahaapitha (16 squares) corresponds to Chatush-pada (four divided site)

Outside of the highlighted 16 squares is a highlighted Ugrapitha (36 squares) corresponds to Shashtha-pada (six divided site)

Within the 16 squares is a highlighted four squares (the quadrant)Pechaka (4 squares) corresponds to Dwi-pada (two divided site)

By Dr. Jessie Mercay

“As in Micro, so in Macro. The whole exists within the minutest particle and the minutest particle contains the whole. The atom contains the universe and the universe contains the atom, and neither exists without the other. Creator exists within creation, even as creation exists within creator.”

– Brahmarishi Mayan, circa 10,500 BC

Mamuni Mayan discovered that the fundamental form of creation is the cube.

This cubical structure is called the micro abode (smallest particle that is the abode of pure consciousness/absolute space). The initial pulse in Absolute Space as described in this monograph forms this minute structure.

If we take Mamuni Mayan’s statement above and apply it to current scientific knowledge about the nature of square waves gained through modern science perhaps we can have a better understanding

of the subtle formation of the initial 4X4 structure during the manifestation process. In other words, Mayan’s law above states in essence that what is in the manifest world is found in the unmanifest world and vise versa. Since we already have scientific knowledge about square waves in the material world perhaps we can apply this to the unmanifest world and the manifestation process. This will possibly help us to understand the peculiarities of the process of manifestation.

Scientists have discovered that when a square wave begins it has a fall equal to its rise. In the figure below, the + point is the zenith (peak) of the rise of the square wave while the – points out the nadir (lowest point) in the fall of the square wave. This represents one full pulse in the square wave. The diagram below demonstrates this.

Notice that as the square wave falls to its nadir it proceeds forward in the space-time continuum. Thus the rise and fall of the square wave pulse actually occupies what might be called four units of space within the one pulse. In observing this phenomenon visually it becomes immediately apparent that the single pulse of the square wave actually creates four space-time units as shown below:

In other words, one square wave pulse could be said to create four space-time units. Hence, we may extrapolate from this that with the first pulse of Absolute Space; four Space Time units are created.

It is as if with one blip or pulse, Absolute Time, Om Light and OM Sound are created (4 units composed of Absolute Space, Absolute Time, OM light and OM Sound)

Then manifestation occurs in two pulses at a time (each blip contains 4 Space Time Units or 8 units each in an additive manner) – blip blip (Air); and continues – blip, blip (Fire); blip blip (Water); blip blip (Earth).

Eventually forming what is called the 8×8 Manduka Mandala.

In summary, the initial manifestation process begins with the formation of a 2×2 structure formed from one pulse of Absolute Space.

It is from that point on that the additive factor of eight begins

Note: Above are two demonstrations of the development of the sacred form known as the swastika related to the concept the square wave. It is easy to see how this ancient cross-cultural image was derived.

Representation of this Self spin is noted throughout history in many cultures including China, Tibet, Nepal, Mexico, Native American, South Pacific and of course India. The images or a permutation of the image is in the form of the swastika.

Shiva along with Vishnu is the most popularly worshipped deity by Hindus. The symbol of Shiva is the Shiva Linga. In Hindu iconography, Mukhalinga or Mukhalingam, is linga with a face. The linga is an aniconic representation of the Hindu god Shiva and is sometimes interpreted as a phallic symbol.

The mukhalinga generally has one, four or five faces. Mukhalingas having four faces are said to have an invisible fifth face at the top. The quadrant model pattern always has a fifth aspect that is transcendent and questionable. The four- and five-faced mukhalingas represent the five aspects of Shiva, which also relate to the classical elements and the cardinal directions. The Mukhalingas bring to mind the quadrant model pattern.

The five aspects of Shiva reveal the quadrant model pattern. They are

Square 1: Sadyojāta - Creation. West. Earth. The first square is good. The first square is creation.

Square 2: Vāmadeva - Preservation. North. Water. Jala. The second square is homeostasis and maintenance.

Aghora -Dissolution/Rejuvenation. South. Fire. Agni. The third square is bad and is destructive.

Tatpuruṣa - Concealing Grace. East. Vāyu. Air. The fourth square is transcendent to the previous three.

Īśāna - Revealing Grace. North-east. Ether (Ākāśa). The fourth square always points to the fifth square. Notice how the fourth square is concealing grace and the fifth is revealing grace. In the case of gravity and the fifth force of nature dark matter, dark matter is thought to be perhaps just gravity that is not understood completely.

Lord Shiva is an embodiment of the four tattvas (principles). He is pure, intense life energy. The Shiva linga – or the aroop roopa (formless form) of Shiva – signifies the tattva of responsibility and leadership in the formless form of Shiva. The Shiva linga has four parts – the base, which is like a frustum of a cone, represents the tattva of integrity. The part above that which is a mirror image of the base represents the tattva of authenticity. The baana or the column represents responsibility, and the yoni peetha or the gomukha from where the water falls off, represents enriching.

Vishnu's four arms are said to represent his omnipresence and omnipotence. Each arm holds something that has symbolic value. The four arms represent the quadrant model pattern. The other Hindu Gods have four arms that hold things with symbolic value as well. They are

Square 1: The chakra, or discus: symbolises the mind. The first square is the mind

Square 2: The conch: the sound this produces 'Om', represents the primeval sound of creation. The second square is hearing and sound.

Square 3:The mace: represents mental and physical strength. The third square is physical and often seen as bad.

Square 4: The lotus flower: an example of glorious existence and liberation

Kumbh Mela or Kumbha Mela. is a mass Hindu pilgrimage of faith in which Hindus gather to bathe in a sacred river. It is the largest peaceful gathering in the world. 100 million people were expected to visit during the Maha Kumbh Mela in 2013 in Allahabad. The Kumbh Mela is one of the only human phenomena that can be seen from space. It is held every third year at one of the four places by rotation. The places fit the quadrant model pattern. They are

Square 1: Haridwar

Square 2: Allahabad (Prayaga),

Square 3: Nashik

Square 4: Ujjain.

The rivers at these four places are

Square 1: Ganges (Ganga) at Haridwar,

Square 2: confluence (Sangam) of the Ganges and the Yamuna and the mythical Saraswati at Allahabad.

Square 3: the Godawari at Nashik

Square 4: the Shipra at Ujjain. The name Kumbh Mela comes from Hindi, and in the original Sanskrit and other Indian languages it is more often known as Kumbha Mela. Kumbha means a pitcher and Mela means fair in Sanskrit.

Tāṇḍava is said to be the divine dance of the Hindu God Shiva. Shiva's Tandava is said to be a vigorous dance that is the source of the cycle of creation, preservation and dissolution. In Shaiva Siddhanta tradition, Shiva as Nataraja is called the supreme lord of dance. The dance fits the quadrant model pattern.

The dance is a pictorial allegory of the five principal manifestations of eternal energy. They are

Square 1: 'Srishti' (सृष्टि) - creation, evolution. The first square is good.

Square 2: 'Sthiti' (स्थिति) - preservation, support. The second square is homeostasis, structure, and maintenance.

Square 3: 'Samhara' (संहार) - destruction, evolution. The third square is bad and destructive.

Square 4: 'Tirobhava' (तिरोभाव) - illusion. The fourth square is transcendent to the previous three.

Square 5: 'Anugraha' (अनुग्रह) - release, emancipation, grace. The fifth square is ultra transcendent.

The Manusmṛti (Sanskrit: मनुस्मृति), also spelled as Manusmriti, is the most important and most studied ancient legal text among the many Dharmaśāstras of Hinduism. The text is divided into four sections

Square 1: Creation of the world

Square 2: Source of dharma

Square 2: The dharma of the four social classes

Square 4: Law of karma, rebirth and final liberation

Muladhara (Sanskrit: मूलाधार, IAST: Mūlādhāra, English: "root support") or root chakra is one of the seven primary chakras according to Hindu tantrism. In the Kabbalah, the lowest Sephiroth is known as Malkuth, and performs the same transcendental role as the basis of physical nature. It is associated with the sexual organ, in close contact with Yesod.

In astrology, Saturn is often correlated as being the planet of survival, limitation, the "physical plane", and having to do with the earthly nature of the Muladhara, and it is often referred to as being the ruling planet of the Muladhara by many modern astrologers.

The four petals are red, with the Sanskrit syllables वं vaṃ, शं śaṃ, षं ṣaṃ and सं saṃ written in gold upon them, representing the four vrittis: greatest joy, natural pleasure, delight in controlling passion, and blissfulness in concentration. Alternatively, they may represent

Square 1: dharma (psycho-spiritual longing), The first is always spiritual

Square 2: artha (psychic longing),

Square 3: kama (physical longing). The third is always physical. and

Square 4: moksha (longing for spiritual liberation). the transcendent fourth

Muldadhara is the symbol of the quadrant.

In the center of the square, below the seed syllable, is a deep red inverted triangle. The great spiritual potential, the kundalini, shakti sleeps here, waiting to be aroused and brought back up to Brahman, the source from which it originated. She is represented as a snake wrapped three and a half times around a smoky grey lingam.

Hinduism is the fourth square religion. So it is weird and abstract like the rational. Buddhism the first square religion is also weird and abstract like the idealist.

Indra is the leader of the Devas and the lord of Svargaloka or heaven in Hinduism. He is the deva of rain and thunderstorms. He wields a lightning thunderbolt known as vajra and rides on a white elephant known as Airavata. Indra is the most important deity worshiped by the Rigvedic tribes and is the son of Dyaus and the goddess Savasi. He has four arms like other Hindu Gods are portrayed as having. His elephant is White and has four tusks as opposed to two, representing a sort of quadrant..

According to Hindu/ Buddhist Cosmology Mount Meru or Mount Sumeru (Skt. sumeruparvata; Tib. རི་རབ་, Wyl. ri rab) is a mountain square in shape with four sides, larger at the top than at the bottom. It is 80,000 yojanas (450,000 km) high. It lies at the centre of the world. It is the abode of Indra the leader of the Devas.Its four sides are made of four different precious substances. It is what is termed by Eliade and religious scholars, the axis mundi- the center of creation. The four sides of the square mountain reflect the quadrant image.

Square 1: the south of lapis-lazuli,

Square 2: the west of ruby,

Square 3: the north of gold

Square 4: the east of crystal (Tib. shel).

Since we are living on the southern continent of Jambudvipa and the southern side of Mount Meru is blue, this explains why the seas around and the sky above us are blue.

The laava phere (singular laav) are the four hymns of the Anand Karaj (Sikh wedding ceremony) which form the main part of this ceremony. The four hymns are from the Guru Granth Sahib, the Sikh holy scriptures and appear on Ang 773 to 774 of the total of 1430.

The four nuptial rounds were written by Guru Ram Das for his own wedding. They explain the journey of the souls toward the Almighty. In them he tells us of the duties that a person undertaking a life of marriage should perform.

Square 1: In the first round, the Guru asks the partners to:

Commit to righteousness.

Renounce sinful actions.

Remember, mediate and embrace Naam.

Only by good fortune, is real peace obtained and Lord seems sweet to the mind.

Worship the one Waheguru and all your sins will vanish.

Square 2: In the second round, the Guru asks the partners to advance further towards meeting the True Guru - God:

The Lord leads you to meet the True Guru, the Primal Being - the enlightener

Have fear of fearless God and your ego will disappear

Sing God's praises and feel His presence before you.

God is everywhere, outside and within, sing in Joy

Square 3: In the third round, the Guru says that the partners mind is filled with "Divine Love":

Meeting the Sadh Sangat (Holy Congregation)

Speak the Word of the Lord's Bani.

Which is only obtained by good fortune

Recite Gurbani and sing the Glorious Praises of the Lord

The Naam will vibrates and resounds within your heart

And you will know your future destiny.

Square 4: In the final round, the Guru says that the partners mind become peaceful and they will have found the Lord:

God's Will seems sweet to these Gurmukhs.

You will lovingly focus your consciousness on the Lord, day and night

All your desires will be fulfilled

The Souls will blend with Waheguru and only Naam will occupy your heart.

In the Guru Granth Sahib, the Guru states that anger, cruelty, material attachment and greed are the Four rivers of fire

Four continents — the four island-continents which surround Mount Meru according to the cosmology of the Abhidharma. They are:

Square 1: Purvavideha (Skt. Pūrvavideha; Tib. Lüpakpo; Wyl. lus 'phags po; Eng. 'Surpassing the Body') in the East, which is semi-circular and white in colour;

square 2: Aparagodaniya (Skt.; Tib. Balangchö; Wyl. ba lang spyod; Eng. 'Enjoyer of Cattle') in the West, which is circular and ruby red; and

Square 3: Uttarakuru (Skt.; Tib. Draminyen; Wyl. sgra mi snyan; Eng. 'Unpleasant Sound') in the North, which is square and green.

Each of the four continents is flanked by two subcontinents (Skt. kṣudradvīpāni; Wyl. gling phreng) of the same shape (see eight subcontinents).\

Square 4: Jambudvipa (Skt. Jambudvīpa; Tib. Dzambuling; Wyl. ‘dzam bu gling; Eng. 'Rose-Apple Continent') in the South, which is trapezoidal and blue (this is the continent we human beings live in);

Apart from the Chamara subcontinent of Jambudvipa, which is inhabited by rakshasa demons, all the other island-continents are inhabited by human beings of different characteristics, life styles and life-spans. Each continent also has a specific attribute. The fourth is different from the previous three. This is the nature of the quadrant model pattern.

In Hinduism and Buddhism there are four attributes of the four continents — each of the four continents belonging to one world system is endowed with a specific attribute:

Square 1: the jewel mountain (Tib. rinpoche riwo) is the main attribute of Purva Videha

Square 2: the wish-fulfilling tree (Tib. pak sam gyi shing) is the main attribute of Jambudvipa

Square 3: the wish-fulfilling cows (Tib. dö jö ba) are the main attributes of Aparagodaniya

Square 4: the harvest which need no sowing (Tib. ma mö pé lo tok) is the main attribute of Uttarakura

The Sphinx is a composite creature, having the

Square 1: head of a Man,

Square 2: the torso and front paws of a Lion,

Square 3: the backside of a Bull and the

Square 4: wings of the Eagle.

It symbolizes the synthesis and synergy of the Four Powers, represented by the “fourliving creatures of symbolism” (the Kerubs) who have been “conquered and enchained” into one figure, the Sphinx.

The nature of the Sphinx is further explained in The Magical Ritual of the Sanctum Regnum."Their symbols are those of Taurus the Bull for Gnomes; Leo the Lion for Salamanders; the Eagle for Sylphs; and the sign of Aquarius for Undines...."

The Four Powers of the Sphinx--to Know, to Will, to Dare and to Keep Silent--are an important element of Thelemic symbolism and instruction

Aliester Crowley added a fifth power of the sphinx, to go. The fifth is questionable.

Composite elements were carved into mythic creatures such as the Egyptian, Greek and Babylonian sphinxes of antiquity depicting bull-like bodies with birds-wings, lion’s paws and human faces. Such composite creatures are found in many mythologies. They are called tetramorphs.

Babylonian symbols of the four fixed signs of the zodiac:

Square 1: the ox representing Taurus;

Square 2: the lion representing Leo;

Square 3: eagle representing Scorpio

Square 4: the man or angel representing Aquarius. In Western astrology the four symbols are associated with the elements of, respectively Earth, Fire, Water, and Air. The creatures of the Christian tetramorph were also common in Egyptian, Greek, and Assyrian mythology. The early Christians adopted this symbolism and adapted it for the four Evangelists as the tetramorph, which first appears in Christian art in the 5th century.

They are described later in the Apocalypse of the Revelation of John: ”And the first beast was like a lion, and the second beast like a calf, and the third beast had a face as a man, and the fourth beast was like a flying eagle.”

St Jerome is generally credited with assigning the tetramorph to the Evangelists. The creatures of the tetramorph, just like the four gospels of the Evangelists, represent four facets of Christ.

Square 1: Matthew the Evangelist is represented as the winged man, or an angel. He is represented in human form because his gospel centres on the human nature and life of Christ. St Jerome writes, ”The first face of a man signifies Matthew, who began his narrative as though about a man: ‘The book of the generation of Jesus Christ the son of David, the son of Abraham’”.

Square 2: Mark the Evangelist is represented as a lion. He is represented in the form of a lion because he proclaims the royal dignity of Christ, the lion being the king of beasts. ”The second [face signifies] Mark in whom the voice of a lion roaring in the wilderness is heard: 'A voice of one shouting in the desert: Prepare the way of the Lord, make his paths straight.'”

Square 3: Luke the Evangelist is represented as an ox, or a calf. He is represented in the form of an ox as his gospel dwells on the atonement and the sacrifice of Christ, the ox being an ancient symbol of sacrifice. ”The third [is the face] of the calf which prefigures that the evangelist Luke began with Zachariah the priest.”

Square 4: John the Evangelist is represented as an eagle. He is represented as an eagle as his gospel describes the incarnation of the divine Logos, the eagle itself a symbol of that which is from above. ”The fourth [face signifies] John the evangelist who, having taken up eagle’s wings and hastening toward higher matters, discusses the Word of God.”

The use of the tetramorph in architecture is most common in the decoration of Christian churches. On medieval churches, the symbols of the Evangelists are usually found above westerly-facing portals and in the eastern apse, particularly surrounding the enthroned figure of Christ in Glory in scenes of the Last Judgment. This image of Christ in Glory often features Christ pantocrator in a mandorla surrounded by the creatures of the tetramorph is often found on the spherical ceiling inside the apse, typically as a mosaic or fresco. Older Roman churches, such as Santa Pudenziana and Santa Maria in Trastevere, mosaics often depict the four creatures in a straight line rather than in a circular formation.

According to Zohar, a Jewish kabbalistic text, there are four levels of study to the Torah. Torah study is considered by Jews to be one of the most important commandments. The levels fit the quadrant model pattern. They are
Square 1: peshat. The plain and simple meaning.
Square 2: remez. The allegorical reading.
Square 3. Derash. The metsphorical meaning through a midrash
Square 4: Sod. The hidden meaning. The kabbalistic meaning. The fourth is always transcendent to the other three.

Maimonides is considered one of the greatest Jewish philosophers of all time. He says there are four perfections

Square 1: The first kind of perfection, the lowest, in which people spend their days, is perfection as regards property — the possession of money, garments, furniture, servants, land, and the like. The possession of the title of a great leader belongs to this class. There is no close connection between this possession and its possessor. It is a completely imaginary relation when, on account of the great advantage a person derives from these possessions, he says: “This is my house, this is my servant, this is my money, and these are my workers.” When he examines himself he will find that all these things are external, and their qualities are entirely independent of the possessor. When, therefore, that relation ceases, he that has been a great king may one morning find that there is no difference between him and the lowest person, and yet no change has taken place in the things that were ascribed to him. The philosophers have shown that he whose sole aim in all his exertions and endeavors is the possession of this kind of perfection, seeks only perfectly imaginary and transient things; and even if these remain his property throughout his lifetime, they do not give him any perfection.

Square 2: The second kind of perfection is more closely related to man’s body than the first. It includes the perfection of the shape, constitution, and form of man’s body; the utmost evenness of temperaments, and the proper order and strength of his limbs. This kind of perfection must likewise be excluded from forming our chief aim; because it is a perfection of the body, and man does not possess it as man, but as a living being. This is in common with the lowest animals; and even if a person possesses the greatest possible strength, he could not be as strong as a mule, much less can he be as strong as a lion or an elephant. He, therefore, can at the utmost have strength that might enable him to carry a heavy burden, or break a thick substance, or do similar things, in which there is no great profit for the body. The soul derives no profit whatever from this kind of perfection.

Square 3: The third kind of perfection is more closely connected with man himself than the second perfection. It includes moral perfection, the highest degree of excellence in man’s character. Most of the mitzvot (precepts) aim at producing this perfection; but even this kind is only a preparation for another perfection, and is not sought for its own sake. For all moral principles concern the relation of man to his neighbor. The perfection of man’s moral principles is, as it were, given to man for the benefit of mankind. Imagine a person being alone, and having no connection whatever with any other person, All his good moral principles are at rest. They are not required, and give man no perfection whatever. These principles are only necessary and useful when man comes in contact with others. The third square is doing.

Square 4: The fourth kind of perfection is the true perfection of man; the possession of the highest intellectual faculties; the possession of knowledge of G-d. With this perfection man has obtained his final object. It gives him true human perfection; it remains to him alone. It gives him immortality, and on its account he is called man. The fourth square is the rational.

Examine the first three kinds of perfection, you will find that, if you possess them, they are not your property, but the property of others. According to the ordinary view, however, they belong to you and to others. But the last kind of perfection is exclusively yours. No one else owns any part of it, ” They shall be only your own, and not strangers’ with thee ” (Prov. 5: 17). Your aim must therefore be to attain this [fourth] perfection that is exclusively yours

Jeremiah, referring to these four kinds of perfection, says : “Thus says the L-rd, Let not the wise man glory in his wisdom, neither let the mighty man glory in his might, let not the rich man glory in his riches; but let him that glory in this, that he understands and knows me.” (Jer. 9. 22,23).

Sukkot is a Jewish holiday which commemorates the 40 years that the Jews wandered in the desert. Jews take four species of plant. Rabbinic Jews use four branches and one fruit, and kairite Jews use four plants. In the talmud the plants are In Talmudic tradition, the four plants are identified as

Square 1: a lulav – a ripe, green, closed frond from a date palm tree. The lulav has taste but no smell, symbolizing those who study Torah but do not possess good deeds.

Square 2: an aravah- branches with leaves from a willow tree. The aravah has neither taste nor smell, symbolizing those who lack both Torah and good deeds.

Square 3: a hadass – boughs with leaves from the myrtle tree.The hadass has a good smell but no taste, symbolizing those who possess good deeds but do not study Torah.

Square 4: an etrog– the fruit of a citron tree. The fourth is different from the previous three.The etrog has both a good taste and a good smell, symbolizing those who have both Torah and good deeds.

The Four Holy Cities is the collective term in Jewish tradition applied to the cities of

Square 1: Jerusalem,

Square 2: Hebron,

Square 3: Safed and, later,

Square 4: Tiberias, the four main centers of Jewish life after the Ottoman conquest of Palestine. The "holy cities" concept dates to the 1640s,[1] with Tiberias joining in 1740, resulting from the creation of an association between the cities for the collection of halukka (funds for the needy).

Malkuth, the base of the Tree of Life, represents the four page cards of the Tarot. The four page cards are

Square 1:The Page of Wands

The Page of Wands is a great card to have in the present position, Wands are a symbol of creativity, and exploring your creative side with youthful exuberance in the present can pay off handsomely. The Page of Wands in the present position suggests thinking differently, or outside the box.

When The High Priestess appears in your reading, your need to seek out a solution to imbalances may isolate you as others feel you are behaving selfishly.

Square 2: The Page of Pentacles

The Page of Pentacles is a tricky card to get in the present position, this card teaches about how to handle money. The good news here is that you might have more money than you have ever had before in your life, but you may behave childishly with your finances. Like childhood itself, the money may be gone before you realize it.

Square 3: The Page of Cups

The Page of Cups, in the present position, indicates vulnerabilities in relating to others. Perhaps someone is offering nurturing in order to get something from you for themselves. A child is not sophisticated enough to spot this type of deception. This could also indicate behaving badly toward someone else.

square 4: The Page of Swords

The Page of Swords in the present position is like a breath of fresh air. Children speak unpleasant truths. You may confront an unpopular boss who intimidates other people. Swords represent words and ideas and the Page of Swords speaks his youthful truths to intense effect in the all-too proper adult world.

The Israelites were divided in four groups when they arrived at the Red sea with the egyptians trailing them the four groups said

Square 1: "Let's jump into the sea" this is the weak idealists who do not want to fight.

Square 2: "Let's return to Egypt", this is tge conservative guardians.

Square 3: The third said "Fight" this is the artisan doers who are seen as bad.

Square 4: The last group said "Raise the voice against them". The fourth square is the rational. The fourth square is associated with miuth and speech as i pointed out in the five senses. The fourth square is philosophy whichh is related to speech. This is according to writings of the library of Qumran.

During the Seder meal a child will ask four questions, the child may sing these four questions. Why is this night different from all other nights?

1. Why is it on all other nights we eat chametz or matzah, and on this night only matzah (unleavened bread)?

2. Why is it on all other nights we eat any kind of vegetables, and on this night only the bitter ones?

3. Why is it that on all other nights we need not dip even once (our food), on this night we do so twice?

4. Why is it on all other nights we eat sitting upright or reclining, and on this night we all recline?

Answer to the four questions – short version.

1. The slaves of Egypt ate unleavened bread. During the exodus from Egypt they had to leave in a hurry and had only unleavened bread.

2. The bitter vegetable is a reminder of the bitterness and hardship the Jews had to endure as slaves in Egypt.

3. The salt water used to dip food into, symbolizes the tears of the Hebrew slaves.

4. In ancient times only free people leaned back at the table while enjoying their meal. Slaves had to sit up straight.

The Four Mitzvot (commandments) of Purim Purim is joyous Jewish festival which commemorates the story of Esther.

The evil Haman (prime minister) plots to wipe out the Jewish people of ancient Persia.

Esther married the king, who at the time did not know she was a Jew.

Queen Esther outsmarted Haman and saved her people.

This is the festival to party, show compassion, wear costumes, and have a great time.

1. The Mitzvah of Megillah (scroll) Ester (the book of Ester) The book of Ester is read twice to retell the Purim story yearly in the synagogue. The first sauare is a reading. The first square is mental.

Every time Haman’s name is mentioned, his name will be overpowered by rackets of feet stomping, shouting and graggers twirling. Children will arrive at the synagogue wearing costums.

2. The Mitzvah of Mishloach Manot This requires a Jew to give at least two gifts to a friend, a neighbor or relative. The gifts are of food ready to eat.

This may be for example nuts, fruits, and potato chips and so on. The second square is giving to friends. The second square is relational and about friendships. It is related to the guardian.

3. The Mitzvah of Matanot L’Evyonim – Charity This is the obligation of giving charity gifts to at least two different poor people. The third sauare is giving to the poor. This is an action and it is going beyond the bubble of friends to somebody you may not know.

4. The Mitzvah of Purim Seudah This is the requirement to take part in a festive Purim feast. This Purim party is most joyful. At some Purim feasts a lot of alcohol is consumed.

These parties may also involve wearing costumes. This is a feast to celebrate that the enemy once more was conquered. The fourth square is related to death and transformation associated with the costume. It is also related to eating and sex. I discussed how knowledge is related to death sex and eating (the mouth) in a different book

Four cups of wine at Tu B’Shevat – New Year for Trees This is the day for calculating the age of a tree. A tree is considered to have aged one year on Tu B’Shevat.

This is important according to Leviticus 19:23-25 :

“When you come to the land and plant all kinds of trees for food, then you shall count their fruit as forbidden, three years it shall be forbidden to you, it must not be eaten. And in the fourth year all their fruit shall be holy,.. But in the fifth year you may eat of their fruit.”

Notice how the first three days the fruit is forbidden. That is the triad. The fourth day the fruit is holy. The fourth square is transcendent and holy, connected to the fifth square which represents God. The fifth square represents God and it os ok to eat on the fifth day.

Tu B’Shevat is on the 15th day of the Jewish month Shevat (late January, early February) “Tu” means 15th.

This festival may be celebrated by planting a tree and eating fruits native to Israel.

Four cups of wine may be consumed during the blessings at feast this day.

1. The First cup is white wine.

2. The Second cup is white wine mixed with a little red wine. The second square adds onto the first by adding red wine

3. The Third cup is red wine with a little white wine added. The third square adds onto the first two. The quadrant model is a holistic model with each square adding onto previous squares. It is also a relative dominant model with each square having qualities of the other squares, but each square embodying mostly its own quality

4. The Fourth cup is red wine. The fourth transcends the previous three

The dreidel is a popular spinning wheel. The game spin the dreilel is played at Hanukkah. Each side has a Hebrew letter printed on it.

The four Hebrew letters of the dreidel are;

Square 1: nun –

Square 2: gimel –

Square 3: hey –

Square 4: shin. These four letters are the initials for the phrase: “A great miracle happened there.” (Nes Gadol Heyah Sham).

This is the miracle of the oil.

In Israel the letter shin is replaced with the letter peh, making the initials of the phrase “A great miracle happened here”.

How to play “Spin the Dreidel”.

Each player starts with about 10-15 pieces of chocolate, nuts or whatever. Each player places one piece on the table. The youngest player starts the game by spinning the dreidel. Players take turns spinning the dreidel.

Depending on what side is up when the dreidel stops appropriate action is taken. The game is over when one player has won everything.

1. The dreidel lands with nun up: nothing happens.

2. The dreidel lands with gimel up: the player wins the whole pot.

3. The dreidel lands with hey up: the player wins half of the pieces in the pot.

4. The dreidel lands with shin up: the player adds a piece to the pot.

There are four Matriarchs – foremothers.

1. Sarah: She was the wife of Abraham and mother of Isaac

2. Rebecca: She was the wife of Isaac and mother of the twins Esau and Jacob

3. Leah: She was the wife of Jacob and mother to six of Jacob’s twelve sons; Ruben, Simeon, Levi, Judah, Issachar, and Zebulun. She was also the mother of Jacob’s daughter; Dinah

4: Rachel: She was the wife of Jacob and the mother of two of Jacob’s twelve sons; Joseph and Benjamin Jacob had children with four different women. Leah – Bilhah (Rachel’s servant) – Zilpath (Leah’s servant) – Rachel

Pardes (Hebrew: פרדס orchard) is the subject of a Jewish aggadah ("legend") about four rabbis of the Mishnaic period (1st century CE) who visited the Orchard (that is, Paradise):

Four men entered pardes — Ben Azzai, Ben Zoma, Acher (Elisha ben Abuyah),and Akiba.

Square 1: Ben Azzai looked and died; Square 2: Ben Zoma looked and went mad. Going mad is more of an emotional thing whichnis why it is the second square.

Square 3: Acher destroyed the plants. The third square is bad and destructive. The third square is the doing square

Square 4: Akiba entered in peace and departed in peace. Akiba is the transcendent fourth

At the head of the angelogical system described in rabbinic literature are four archangels, corresponding to the four divisions of the army of Israel as described in Numbers 2: "As the Holy One blessed be He created four winds (directions) and four banners (for Israel's army), so also did He make four angels to surround His Throne — square 1Michael,

Square 2: Gabriel

Square 3: Uriel

Square 4: Raphael. Michael is on its right, corresponding to the tribe of Reuben; Uriel on its left, corresponding to the tribe of Dan, which was located in the north; Gabriel in front, corresponding to the tribe of Judah as well as Moses and Aaron who were in the east; and Raphael in the rare, corresponding to the tribe of Epharim which was in the west."

2 by 2 is the quadrant

Tefillin (Askhenazic: /ˈtfɪlɨn/; Israeli Hebrew: [tfiˈlin], תפילין) also called phylacteries (/fɪˈlæktəriːz/ from Ancient Greek φυλακτήριον phylacterion, form of phylássein, φυλάσσειν meaning "to guard, protect") are a set of small black leather boxes containing scrolls of parchment inscribed with verses from the Torah, which are worn by observant Jews during weekday morning prayers

The ultimate origin of Hebrew "tefillin" is uncertain.[3] The word "tefillin" is not found in the Bible, which calls them ṭoṭafot. The Septuagint renders "ṭoṭafot" ἀσαλευτόν, "something immovable."[2] Some believe it refers to a charm, similar to the Hebrew neṭifot, "round jewel."[2] The Talmud (Sanhedrin 4b) explains that the word ṭoṭafot is combination of two foreign words: Tot means "two" in the "Caspi" language and Fot means "two" in the "Afriki" language,[4] hence tot and fot means "two and two", corresponding to the four compartments of the head-tefillin.[5] Menahem ben Saruq explains that the word is derived from the Hebrew Ve'hateif and Tatifoo, both expressions meaning "speech", "for when one sees the tefillin it causes him to remember and speak about The Exodus from Egypt."[6]

The Vilna Gaon, who wore the tefillin of Rashi, rejected the stringency of also laying Rabbeinu Tam, pointing out that there were sixty-four permutations for the arrangement of the tefillin scrolls

64 is four quadrant models. It is also the number of the Merkaba vector field elucidated by Nassim Haramein.

W is normally written with three peaks, but on the totafot worn between the Jews eyes has four.

Four biblical passages which refer to the tefillin are placed inside the leather boxes.[2] These are: "Sanctify to me..." (Exodus 13:1-10); "When YHW and H brings you..." (Exodus 13:11-16); "Hear, O Israel..." (Deuteronomy 6:4-9); and "If you observe My Commandments..." (Deuteronomy 11:13-21). They are written by a scribe with special ink on parchment scrolls (klaf).[2] The Hebrew Ashuri script must be used and there are three main styles of lettering used: Beis Yosef – generally used by Ashkenazim; Arizal – generally used by Hasidim; Velish – used by Sefardim.[19] The passages contain 3,188 letters usually take between 10–15 hours to complete.[20] The arm-tefillin has one large compartment, which contains all four biblical passages written upon a single strip of parchment.[2] The head-tefillin has four separate compartments in each of which one scroll of parchment is placed

On both sides of the head-tefillin, the Hebrew letter shin (ש) is moulded. The knot of the head-tefillin strap forms the letter dalet (ד) or double dalet (ד) (known as the square-knot) while the strap that is passed through the arm-tefillin is formed into a knot in the shape of the letter yud (י). These three letters spell Shaddai (שדי), one of the names of God.[2]

The shin on the forehead is made up of four peaks, which is abnormal. But it is elucidating the quadrant four in my opinion.

Tarot cards have four suits

Square 1: Swords

Square 2: Cups

Square 3: Pentacles

Square 4: Wands

There are sixteen court cards of the deck, reflecting the 16 squares of the quadrant model. The court cards represent the royal court of each suit, including a King and a Queen. Each set also contains one Knight and one Page.

Confucianism was sort of the ancient religion and Philosophy of China. The Four Books are the authoritative books of Confucianism in China, thought to have been written by Confucius and his descendants, directly articulating his thought. These books fit the quadrant model pattern. They are

Square 1: Great Learning. This book teaches one how to learn and investigate and covers political philosophy and Chinese philosophy. The first square is always mental and related to learning.

Square 2: Doctrine of the mean. This book teaches people rules of behavior. The second square is always homeostasis an order.

Square 3: Analects. This book records conversations that Confucius has and it is expected that people who read and recite this work are to follow the rituals it provides and do as it teaches. The third square is related to doing.

Square 4: Mencius. This book records Confucious's descendant Mencius speeches. As opposed to the analects, the speeches of Mencius are poetic and long and drawn out. The fourth is different from the previous three and is more poetic and philosophical, which is the nature of the fourth square.

According to Confucius there were four classes of people, or classes of people. He called these the four occupations. These classes fit the quadrant model pattern. They were

Square 1: The shi. The shi were considered the knightly order, and kind of low-level aristocratic lineage similar to dukes and marquises. The shi wore long flowing silken robes. The shi were seen as like warriors, but were not taken seriously as warriors but were really just aristocrats. They were more known for scholarship and intellectual pursuits. The first square is always mental.

Square 2: the nong. The nong were agriculturalists. Farmers were looked highly upon in Chinese society and even were seen as at the level of the shi. The second square maintains order and structure and homeostasis, and because farmers provided food, the nong represent the second square.

Square 3: the gong. The gong were laborers. The third square is the doing square. These were artisans and craftsmen, and they often produced their own food, but they had no land, unlike the nong. They are not seen as good as the first two classes.

Square 4: the shang. Square four is always different from the previous three. The shang were merchants, and were sort of considered outcasts in Chinese society because they did not produce their own goods or food. They were looked down upon. The fourth square is always different and does not seem to belong.

At the heart of Chinese mythology are four spiritual creatures (Sì Shòu 四獸) -- four celestial emblems -- each guarding a direction on the compass. In China, the four date back to at least the 2nd century BC. Each creature has a corresponding season, color, element, virtue, and other traits. They are

Square 1: Tortoise (Black Warrior) = North, Winter, Black, Water

Square 2: White Tiger (Kirin) = West, Fall, White, Metal

Square 3: Red Bird (Phoenix) = South, Summer, Red, Fire

Square 4: Dragon = East, Spring, Blue/Green, Wood

According to the Ancient Chinese the earth was divided into four squares, in the form of a quadrant. The empire of middle earth was set in the middle of four seas surrounded by four barbarian people. The chief of the four mountains had to keep peace among the peoples. The four great kings protected the Jade Sovereigns in the four regions of the world.

In Chinese mythology, the xiao is the name of several creatures, including the xiao (Chinese: 囂; pinyin: xiāo; Wade–Giles: hsiao1) "a long-armed ape" or "a four-winged bird" and shanxiao (Chinese: 山魈; pinyin: shānxiāo) "mischievous, one-legged mountain spirit".

Cangjie (Tsang-chieh; Chinese: 倉頡; pinyin: Cāngjié; Wade–Giles: Ts'ang1-chieh2) is a legendary figure in ancient China (c. 2650 BC), claimed to be an official historian of the Yellow Emperor and the inventor of Chinese characters.[1] Legend has it that he had four eyes and four pupils, and that when he invented the characters, the deities and ghosts cried and the sky rained millet.

Four Mountains (traditional Chinese: 四嶽; simplified Chinese: 四岳; pinyin: Sìyuè) variously interpreted from Chinese mythology or the most ancient level of Chinese history as being a person or four persons or four gods, depending upon the specific source. The figures feature prominently in the myth of the Great Flood, and the related myths of Emperor Yao (in whose reign the Great Flood began), Gun, Shun (Yao's successor as emperor), and Yu the Great (who finally controlled the flood waters during the reign of Shun, and later succeeded him as emperor).

Mythologist Yang Lihui sees Four Mountains as four gods of a set of four mountains, with Four Mountains referring to the actual mountains themselves.[1] K. C. Wu sees Four Mountains as being a ministerial position established by Yao to "oversee the mundane affairs of the empire", but points out that a real description of the functions of this position is lacking, nor is it certain whether there were one or four persons holding this ministerial position; however, he goes on to say that the evidence suggests the existence of four of them, and that they were charged with keeping themselves knowledgeable about what was going on throughout Yao's domain and advising him upon request.[2] The importance of Four Mountains can be seen in their key role in selecting Gun to be the first to be put in charge of controlling the flood, then, later, in nominating Shun to be Yao's co-emperor, and later successor.

The name "Four Mountains" in Chinese uses 四 (sì), the standard character/word for the number four, plus 嶽 (yuè), which refers to a great mountain, or the highest peak of a mountain — in contrast to the usual word for mountain, 山 (shān), which may also be used to refer to a mere foothill or other geological prominence.

Cosmology

Anthony Christie relates the figure of Four Mountains to the Chinese cosmological idea of a square earth, with each of the peaks representing one of the four cardinal directions which the ruler would tour, and at which he would perform various imperial rituals, upon taking possession of his realm. The person or person(s) of Four Mountains being afterwards present in court then symbolized the completion of the ruler's having taken possession of his entire realm.[3]

In the garden of the taoists there are four beneficial animals,

Square 1: the phoenix

Square 2: the unicorn

Square 3: the tortoise

Square 4: the dragon

The four learned arts of the Chinese were

Square 1: the guitar

Square 2: the chessboard

Square 3: books

Square 4: painting

Chinese communism fights the four ancient regimes

Square 1: ancient civilization

Square 2: old habbits

Square 3: old customs

Square 4: spiritual patrimony

The Four Stages or Four Levels are from the Traditional Chinese medicine book Discussion of Warm Diseases by Ye Tianshi, who lived from 1667-1746.

The stages, in order, range from surface (or "light") sickness to internal (or "deep") death.

Square 1: Wei level

This level is treated by releasing the exterior (diaphoresis)

Wind-heat

Summer-heat

Damp-heat

Dry-heat

Qi level Edit

Square 2: The Qi is treated by dispelling heat and promoting body fluids

Lung heat (heat in chest and diaphragm)

Stomach heat

Intestines dry-heat

Gall-bladder heat (heat in the lesser yang)

Stomach and Spleen damp heat

Ying level

Square 3: Ying (Nutritive qi) is treated by cooling fire and tonifing the yin

Heat in Nutritive qi portion

Heat in Pericardium

Blood level

Square 4: The Blood level treated by tonifing the yin and qi and stopping bleeding.

Heat Victorious moves blood

Heat victorious stirs wind

Empty wind agitates in the interior

Collapse of yin

Collapse of yang

Separation of yin and yang (Death)

In Chinese mythology, the goddess Nüwa or Nügua repaired the fallen pillars holding up heaven and later created human beings. The ancient Chinese believed in a square earth and round domelike sky or heavens, which was supported by four pillars (cf. Axis mundi), or four mountains reaching from earth to sky.

Kunlun Mountain[1] (traditional Chinese: 崑崙山; simplified Chinese: 昆仑山; pinyin: Kūnlún shān), or known just as Kunlun, Kuen-lun, Kwenlun, or by other transcriptions is an important and mythological mountain in Chinese mythology. The mythological Kunlun Mountain should not be confused with the real, geographic Kunlun Mountains. Various locations of Kunlun Mountain are proposed in the various legends, myths, and semi-historical accounts in which it appears. These various accounts describe it as the dwelling place of various gods and goddesses, together with marvelous plants and creatures. Many important events in Chinese mythology were located on Kunlun Mountain, according to Lihui Yang, et al. (2005:160-164).

It is an axis mundi

As the mythology related to the Kunlun Mountain developed, and was influenced by the introduction of ideas about an axis mundi from the cosmology of India were introduced, Kunlun Mountain became identified with (or took on the attributes of) Mount Sumeru. Another historical development in the mythology of Kunlun, (again with Indian influence) was that rather than just being the source of the Yellow River, Kunlun began to be considered to be the source of four major rivers flowing to the four quarters of the compass, according to Anthony Christie (1968:74). The Kunlun mythos was also influenced by developments within the Daoist tradition, causing Kunlun to be perceived more as a paradise than a dangerous wilderness. (Christie, 1968:75) Another trend argued in some recent research, is that over time, a merger of various traditions has result in an alignment of earthly paradises between an East Paradise (identified with Mount Penglai) and a West Paradise, with Kunlun Mountain identified as the West Paradise, a pole replaced a former mythic system which opposed Penglai with Guixu ("Returning Mountain", and the Guixu mythological material accumulating around Kunlun instead, through a process of merging these two original mythological systems (Yang, et al., 2005:163).

Jambudvīpa (Sanskrit: जम्बुद्वीप) is the dvipa ("island" or "continent") of the terrestrial world, as envisioned in the cosmologies of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism, which is the realm where ordinary human beings live.

The word Jambudvipa literally refers to "the land of Jambu trees" where Jambu is the name of the species (also called Jambul or Indian Blackberry) and dvipa means "island" or "continent".

It is the axis mundi.

Markandeya Purana and Brahmanda Purana divide Jambudvipa into four vast regions shaped like four petals of a lotus with Mount Meru being located at the center like a pericarp. The city of Brahmapuri is said to be enclosed by a river, known as Akash Ganga. Akash Ganga is said to issue forth from the foot of Lord Vishnu and after washing the lunar region falls "through the skies" and after encircling the Brahmapuri "splits up into four mighty streams", which are said to flow in four opposite directions from the landscape of Mount Meru and irrigate the vast lands of Jambudvipa

According to Hinduism, Lord Shiva, the destroyer of ignorance and illusion, resides at the summit of a legendary mountain named Kailāśa, where he sits in a state of perpetual meditation along with his wife Pārvatī. He is at once the Lord of Yoga and therefore the ultimate renunciate ascetic, yet he is also the divine master of Tantra.[7]

According to Charles Allen, one description in the Vishnu Purana of the mountain states that its four faces are made of crystal, ruby, gold, and lapis lazuli.[8] It is a pillar of the world and is located at the heart of six mountain ranges symbolizing a lotus.[8]

"The shape of the stupa represents the Buddha, crowned and sitting in meditation posture on a lion throne. His crown is the top of the spire; his head is the square at the spire's base; his body is the vase shape; his legs are the four steps of the lower terrace; and the base is his throne."[

Directional world trees are also associated with the four Yearbearers in Mesoamerican calendars, and the directional colors and deities. Mesoamerican codices which have this association outlined include the Dresden, Borgia and Fejérváry-Mayer codices.[27] It is supposed that Mesoamerican sites and ceremonial centers frequently had actual trees planted at each of the four cardinal directions, representing the quadripartite concept

Chinese priests did fortune telling through magnetic needles and TLV mirrors.The square TLV mirror, named after the pattern formed by these letters, is a model of the earth and the needle provided an ‘independent’ direction in the universe. It was used eighth hundred years before magnetic needle was used in navigation. The subdivision of the various directions could be more precise when using the magnetic needle and sixteen or thirty-two directional points were possible. The division was in factor of four and the TLV mirror reflected the tetrad.

Michael Tsarion believes that there were four main ancient cults that have remained until this day and are the foundation of religion. They go by different. Ames but he theorized they were the
Square 1: solar cult
Square 2: lunar cult
Square 3: Saturnian cult
Square 4: stellar cult

Central in Native American mythology is the four directions and characters and colors and animals and gods throughout the myths represent these directions. The four directions are the four squares of the quadrant.

In Aztec mythology there are four gods that created all of the other gods. These gods are

Square 1: white tetzcatlipoca Quetzalcoatl of the west, who is light and mercy. The first square is related to the idealist and is empathetic.

Square 2: red tezcatlipoca Xipe Totec of the spring God of gold- the second square the guardian is wealth and structure and homeostasis and the second square is characteristically attractive

Square 3: blue Tetzcatlipoca huitzilopochtli of the south is the God of war. The third square is destructive and bad and is related to the artisan.

Square 4 black Tetzcatlipoca of the north is the God of judgement deceit and sorcery. square four has a bad quality and is related to death.

In some Native American cultures, the medicine wheel is a metaphor for a variety of spiritual concepts. A medicine wheel may also be a stone monument that illustrates this metaphor.

Historically, the monuments were constructed by laying stones in a particular pattern on the ground oriented to the four directions. Most medicine wheels follow the basic pattern of having a center of stone, and surrounding that is an outer ring of stones with "spokes" (lines of rocks) radiating from the center to the cardinal directions (East, South, West and North). These stone structures may or may not be called "medicine wheels" by the people whose ancestors built them, but may be called by more specific terms in that nation's language.

With the Native Americans a tubular smoke tip projects from each of the four cardinal directions on the bowl.

The four ages, or four Suns, that these gods produce, in the mythology of the Aztecs, is the quadrant model pattern represented in mythology. Some scientists think that the myths are a mythological attempt to describe evolution of species. The ages are

Square 1: jaguar sun. The inhabitants of this age were giants who were devoured by Jaguars.

Square 2: wind sun. Inhabitants in this age were transformed into monkeys and the world was destroyed by hurricanes. Inhabitants survived by becoming birds.

Square 3: water sun. This world was flooded making the inhabitants become fish. A couple escaped and became dogs.

Square 4: earthquake sun. This is the world in which humans live and it is said it will be destroyed by earthquakes.

There are four Mayan codices. Again the fourth is always different from the previous three. The fourth codex is questionable. They are

square 1- The Madrid codex

square 2- The Dresden codex

square 3: The Paris codex

Square 4: the Colier codex

The four Tezcatlipocas had a parallel in the (older) Mayan belief in the four Bacabs. The Bacabs were canopic gods, thought to be brothers, supporting the sky, and might be four manifestations of a single deity. Each Bacab presided over one year of a four-year cycle.

In mayan culture four giants support the celestial roof

The five Djani-buddhas were part of a system of meditation exercises called Vajrayana. Vajra is thunderbolt in sanskrit). The flash of lightning symbolizes the speed and clarity of insight The Vishva-Vajra emblem is composed of two crossed vajras, symbolizing the truth.

Candi Sewu (Tjandi Sewoe) complex, near Prambanan (Indonesia) represents the general plan of a mandala. The main temple is cruciform in shape, reflecting the quadrant, and is positioned in the middle of an enclosed area and surrounded by the ‘Thousand Temples’, protected by a second wall. The Candi Sewu has a cruciform ground plan and four stairs in the wind directions. The central part of the building is surrounded by four cellas, one of which leads into the main room (from the east).

The Navajo creation myth illuminates the quadrant model pattern. This creation myth is the central myth to the Navajo and used for healing rituals with sand paintings. Merci Eliad points out that origin myths always have a central significance to people's because there is a desire to return to the glorified beginning. There are four worlds in the Navajo origins myth

Square 1: the first world is dark and contains a fire God who is masculine within a feminine goddess like a yin and yang. The first man and woman are in this world. There is also a salt woman.

Square 2: the second world where the people of the first world ascend to and it is full of sparrow people who welcome the people. Square 2 is always nice. But man and woman struggle with cat people and are forced to the third world. The fire God kills a pair of twins he creates so that they can become transmitters of life.

Square 3: the third world is an evil world full of snake people who are evil. The third square is always evil. Begochidi who created the pair of twins in the previous world, creates animals, birds, plant life, and rivers. But all speak one language.

Square 4: the fourth world is where there is differentiation between humans and nature. The fourth is always bad. There are four sacred mountains created, and these four mountains, fulfilling the quadrant model pattern, are the sacred mountains of the Navajo. There is a flood caused by a coyote in this world like the flood of the Old Testament. According to the Navajo, humanity is currently in the fifth world. Aztec mythology takes the same form, saying humans are in the fifth world.

The Navajo creation myth takes the same form as the Hopi creation myth, both fulfilling the quadrant model pattern.

The Navajos belief is that their Creator placed them on the land between the following 4 mountains representing the 4 cardinal directions:

Mount Blanca (Tsisnaasjini' - Dawn or White Shell Mountain)

Sacred Mountain of the East

near Alamosa in San Luis Valley, Colorado

Mount Taylor (Tsoodzil - Blue Bead or Turquoise Mountain)

Sacred Mountain of the South

north of Laguna, New Mexico

San Francisco Peaks (Doko'oosliid - Abalone Shell Mountain)

Sacred Mountain of the West

near Flagstaff, Arizona

Mount Hesperus Dibé Nitsaa (Big Mountain Sheep) - Obsidian Mountain

Sacred Mountain of the North

La Plata Mountains, Colorado

In the Navajo creation myth their is a constant trope of things happening "four days later" after an important event.

An example is in the autumn, the four Holy People called to First Man and First Woman, and visited them, but they did not speak. Four days in a row they visited. On the fourth day, Black God said, "You must cleanse yourselves and we will return in twelve days."

Another example is most of the people had been killed. First Man said, "Perhaps the Holy People will help us." In the morning, he saw a dark cloud covering the top of Chʼóolʼį́ʼí, the Great Spruce Mountain. In the night he saw a fire on the mountain. He said to First Woman, "Someone is there. I must go to them." "No," she said. "There are many monsters between here and there. It is not safe for you." The following day the dark cloud remained on the mountain, and at night the fire appeared a second time. This happened the third day as well. On the fourth day, First Man said, "I must go. I believe there is a Holy Person on the mountain who can help us."

Another example is After four days, Haashchʼééłtiʼí, Talking God, and Tó Neinilí, Water Sprinkler, returned. The twins had already grown into big boys. "Shinálí (Grandsons)," Talking God said, "We have come to run a race with you." "We will see how fit you have become," said Water Sprinkler. They agreed to race around the mountain. The boys ran fast, and the two Holy People ran slower. But soon the boys became tired and the Four Holy People came up behind them and began taunting them and whipping them with switches of mountain mahogany. As they approached home, Talking God and Water Sprinkler ran past them and won the race. "We will return in four days to race again," they said, and departed. In the evening, the boys were sore and tired. Níłchʼi, the Wind came to them and said, "Practice each day and grow stronger." In four days, Talking God and Water Sprinkler returned, and the four raced again around the mountain. It was a faster pace, but just as before, Talking God and Water Sprinkler ran just behind the twins and whipped them with switches. Again the Holy People said they would return in four days to race again. And again in the evening Niłchʼi came and encouraged them and urged them to train. Each day the boys trained, and in the third race, Talking God and Water Sprinkler no longer whipped the twins, but had to run their strongest to win the race at the end. Four days later they returned to race a final time. Again, the boys started very fast, but this time they did not tire and slow their pace. They led the whole way and won the race. "Well done, Shinálí," said Talking God and Water Sprinkler. "You have grown into what we wanted you to become. Now you can serve well those who have nurtured you.

Not only is four days the constant recurrent theme, but also four years, for example, for four years the men and the women lived apart. During this time the food that the women harvested became less, because they had no tools, while the men grew more and more food. But each group longed for the other. The women sought to satisfy themselves with bones and feathers and long stones. The men tried to relieve their longing with the fresh meat of animals. One man, Kʼíídeesdizí, tried to satisfy himself using the liver of a deer. Owl called out to him to stop. "This is wrong," Owl said. "No good can come of this separation. You must bring the men and the women together again."

The number four pervades the myth. Black Thunder and Blue Thunder approached the twins in the myth, and wrapped four blankets around them. They wrapped them in the blanket of red dawn, and the blanket of blue daylight, and the blanket of yellow evening, and the blanket of black darkness. Then Black Thunder and Blue Thunder lifted the bundled twins and lay them high on a shelf.

First Woman and First man carried Asdzą́ą́ Nádleehé to their hogan, and First Man made a cradle board and tied her in it. "Now she will be my daughter," he said. First woman took the baby and breathed on her four times. "Now," she said, "she will be my daughter." At the end of the second day the baby laughed for the first time. The Coyote named Áłtsé Hashké arrived and said, " I was told that my grandchild laughed for the first time." First Woman took charcoal and gave it to the Coyote saying: "This is the only thing that lasts." He painted his nose with it and said, "I shall know all things. I shall live long by it." Satisfied with the gift, he departed. Since then persons always receive a gift when a baby laughs for the first time, and the First Laugh Ceremony is performed.

Changing Woman climbed a hill. Looking in the distance she saw many monsters approaching from the south and from the west and from the north. She made four sacred hoops. The white one she threw to the east. The blue one she threw to the south. The yellow one she threw to the west. The black one she threw to the north. At once a strong wind began to circle the hogan. "The wind is too strong for the monsters to enter," she told her sons. We will be safe for one day. But tomorrow the power will be gone." At night, the twins spoke softly to one another. "The monsters are coming for us," they said. "We must leave so the others will be safe." Before dawn, they left and ran down the holy path to the east.

When the Sun left on his journey across the top of the sky the next morning, he took the twins with him. At noon they came to Yágháhookááʼ, the hole at the top of the sky. "Now show me where you live," said the Sun. With the help of Níłchʼi, the Wind, the twins, pointed out the four sacred mountains of the four directions, and Dził Náʼoodiłii, the Travelers' Circle Mountain, near the center. "We live near there," they said. "All that you have told me I now know to be true, my sons," said Jóhonaaʼéí. "You will succeed against the Monsters, and in your war against them you will make the final passage from boyhood to manhood." Then he sent down a streak of lightning onto the top of Tsoodził, the Blue Bead Mountain that was the home of Yéʼiitsoh, the Big Giant, and the twins slid down it

In the Navajo creation myth their is a constant trope of things happening "four days later" after an important event.

In the Navajo creation myth in the fourth world they saw that they were on an island in the middle of a bubbling lake,[11] surrounded by high cliffs.[12] At first the people could not find a way to get across the water to the shore. They called on Water Sprinkler to help them. He had brought four great stones with him from the Third World. He threw one to the east. When it hit the cliff wall, it broke a hole through it, and water began to flow out of the lake. He threw a stone to the south. He threw one to the west. And to the north he threw one. Each stone created a hole in the cliff, and the water of the lake became lower. A lane now connected the island to the shore to the east, but it was deep with mud. The people called on Níłchʼi Dilkǫǫh, Smooth Wind, to help them. He blew steadily for a long time, and finally the people were able to leave the island.

Also in the third world of the Navajo creation myth on the morning of the fourth day, Talking God and Water Sprinkler appeared with a large bowl of white shell and a large bowl of blue shell. The people gathered around them. They placed the bowls at the water's edge, and started to spin them. The spinning bowls created an opening in the water which led downward to a large house with four rooms. First Man and First Woman traveled down the passage and into the house, and behind them crept the Coyote named First Angry. In the north room of the house, they found Big Water Creature asleep in a chair. Her own two children were there, and also the two missing daughters. First Man and First Woman took the hands of the girls and led them back through the passage and on to the bank. Behind them, Coyote carried the two children of Big Water Creature, wrapped in his big skin coat with white fur lining. There was great celebrating because the lost girls were returned.

The next morning, animals began running past the village from the east. Deer ran by, and turkeys, and antelopes, and squirrels. For three days, animals ran past, fleeing from something. On the morning of the fourth day, the people sent locusts flying to the east to find out what was happening. The locusts returned and told that a great wall of water was coming from the east, and a tide of water from the north and from the south. The people ran to the top of the mountain Sisnaajiní. First Man ran to each of the other Sacred Mountains, took dirt from each, and summoned the Holy People, and returned to Sisnaajiní. Turquoise Boy came bearing the great Male Reed, and First Man planted it in the top of the mountain. All the people began to blow on the reed, and it began to grow and grow until it reached the canopy of the sky. Woodpecker hollowed out a passage inside the reed, and the people and Turquoise Boy and the four Holy People all began to climb up until they came out in the Fourth World.

In the third day of the Navajo creation myth in the autumn, the four Holy People called to First Man and First Woman, and visited them, but they did not speak. Four days in a row they visited. On the fourth day, Black God said, "You must cleanse yourselves and we will return in twelve days."

At the end of four days they gave birth to twins.

Hopi legend tells that the current earth is the Fourth World to be inhabited by Tawa's creations. The story essentially states that in each previous world, the people, though originally happy, became disobedient and lived contrary to Tawa's plan; they engaged in sexual promiscuity, fought one another and would not live in harmony. Thus, the most obedient were led (usually by Spider Woman) to the next higher world, with physical changes occurring both in the people in the course of their journey, and in the environment of the next world. In some stories, these former worlds were then destroyed along with their wicked inhabitants, whereas in others the good people were simply led away from the chaos which had been created by their actions.

Their creation myth details the journey through each of the four worlds, which fits the quadrant pattern.

According to Aztec mythology the present world is a product of four cycles of birth, death, and reincarnation.

The Inca called their empire Tawantinsuyu, which means "the four suyo". The empire was divided into four suyo, or regions, whose corners met at the capital, Cusco. The four suyo were

Square 1: Chinchay Suyo (North)

Square 2: Anti Suyo (East; the Amazon jungle),

Square 3:Colla Suyo (South)

Square 4: Conti Suyo (West). The name Tawantinsuyu was a term describing a union of provinces.

The foundation myth for the Inca says that the Inca civilization started with four men and four women, bringing to mind the quadrant model.

Pachacuti was said to be a great Incan ruler who reorganized the kingdom into four provincial governments with strong leaders:

Square 1: Chinchasuyu (NW),

Square 2:Antisuyu (NE)

Square 3: Kuntisuyu (SW)

Square 4: Qullasuyu (SE)] The capital of the Incan Empire was Cusco. Pachacuti is also thought to have built Machu Picchu, either as a family home or as a summer retreat, but it is beleived that Machu Picchu was constructed as an agricultural station.

The Popul Vuh, the religious text of the Inca, was divided into four books, also resembling the quadrant model pattern.

Tenochtitlan was the capital of the aztec empire. It was divided into four sections, and the aztecs specifically saw this as a cross and considered the symbol sacred. Tenochtitlan was considered a very sacred city state.

Chinese mythology is permeated with fours, and it is said that these four's or fives are related to the compass. When there is five or five, it is said that the fifth is the center. In many cultures the fifth and sixth are related to up and down . An example of four in a Chinese myth is the four benevolent animals

The Four Benevolent Animals included:

square 1: the Qilin (麒麟), the lord of furry quadrupeds;

Square 2: the Dragon (龍), lord of scaly animals;

Square 3: the Turtle (龜), lord of shelled animals; and

Square 4: the Phoenix (鳳凰), lord of birds.

They were juxtaposed with the "Four Perils" (四凶, Si Xiong), which were ambiguously described in the classics as monsters, barbarians, or circumstances

The Zia Indians of New Mexico regard the Sun as a sacred symbol. Their symbol, a red circle with groups of rays pointing in four directions, is painted on ceremonial vases, drawn on the ground around campfires, and used to introduce newborns to the Sun. Four is the sacred number of the Zia and can be found repeated in the four points radiating from the circle. All in all there is 16 lines in the symbol. 16 is the squares of the quadrant model. The number four is embodied in:

the four points of the compass (north, south, east and west);

the four seasons of the year (spring, summer, autumn and winter);

the four periods of each day (morning, noon, evening and night);

the four seasons of life (childhood, youth, middle years and old age); and

the four sacred obligations one must develop (a strong body, a clear mind, a pure spirit, and a devotion to the welfare of others), according to the Zia's belief.

Kuterastan is the creator in a creation myth of the Kiowa Apache from the southern plains of North America. His name means One Who Lives Above.

According to them Four Deities created creation.

The story of his creation tells that in the beginning, before there were earth or sky there was only darkness. Into it came a small and thin disc with yellow and white on its alternate sides, and inside it sat Kuterastan, a small bearded man no larger than a frog. Kuterastan is described as awakening and rubbing his eyes. When he peers above him into the darkness it filled with light and illuminated the darkness below. When he looked east the light became tinged with the yellow of dawn, and when he looked west the light was shaded with the amber tones of dusk. As he glanced about himself clouds in different colors appeared. Then again Kuterastan rubbed his eyes and face, and as he flung the sweat from his hands another cloud appeared with a tiny little girl Stenatliha sitting on top. Stenatliha's name translates as the Woman Without Parents. Kuterastan and Stenatliha were puzzled where the other had come from, and where were the Earth and Sky. After thinking for some time, Kuterastan again rubbed his eyes and face, then his hands together, and from the sweat flying as he opened hands first Chuganaai, the Sun, and then Hadintin Skhin, or Pollen Boy, appeared. After the four sat a long time in silence on a single cloud, Kuterastan finally broke the silence to say, "What shall we do?" and started the creation.

In the story of creation for the Kuterstan four deities appear. Then these four deities create creation.

After the Earth has been created Kuterastan sang a repeating refrain, "The world is now made and it sits still" and the four Gods were finished.

The Tarot of the Egyptians (Thoth Deck) has symbols represented which are explicitly said to be revolving, notably that of the Tetragammaton. Seeming contradiction between symbolic elements is understood to be only the opposition necessary for balance, through their implied revolving movement. As a representation of the expansion implied by the 'the sign of the cross', the letter Tau is symbolized as four-fold through the revolving symbol of the Tetragrammaton.

Zuni mythology is the oral history, cosmology, and religion of the Zuni people. The Zuni are a Pueblo people located in New Mexico

The Zunis also have four worlds

In a version of the Zuni creation story, people initially dwelt crowded tightly together in total darkness in a place deep in the earth known as the fourth world.

Awonawilona took pity on the people and his two sons were stirred to lead them to the daylight world. The sons, who have human features, located the opening to the fourth world in the southwest, but they were forced to pass through the progressively dimming first, second and third worlds before reaching the overcrowded and blackened fourth world. The people, blinded by the darkness, identified the two brothers as strangers by touch and called them their bow priests. The people expressed their eagerness to leave to the bow priests, and the priests of the north, west, south and east who were also consulted agreed.

To prepare for the journey, four seeds were planted by Awonawilona's sons, and four trees sprang from them: a pine, a spruce, a silver spruce and an aspen.

Notice again the recurrence of four. There are four worlds four seeds and four trees in the primordial myth.

The bow priests then get four sticks. These four sticks are prayers sticks, one from each tree.

Notice again the common recurrence of four sticks four days four worlds. There is the characteristic recurrence of the fours. And again, notice how the fourth is always different from the previous three. That is the nature of the quadrant model pattern.

On their fourth day in the first world, the bow priests planted the last prayer stick, the one made of aspen. And this is about the end of the creation myth.

There are examples of myths in other cultures that express the quadrant model. According to Hesiod's theology there are four primordial Greek deities.

*Square one: Chaos. This is the void.

*Square two: Gaia. This is mother Earth. Gaia is homeostasis and order. That is the second square.

*Square three: Tarturus. This is the underworld. The third square is bad.

*Square four: Eros. Procreation. The fourth square is knowledge/sex.

Fortune was a central philosophical and religious notion to the ancient Romans. Fortune was considered a goddess. Fortune was depicted as a wheel, and there were four stages of fortune according to the ancient Romans. They were

Square 1: regno-I shall reign. The first square is the idealist who represents hope.

Square 2: regnavi- I reign. The second square is the guardian who is content and comfortable.

Square 3: sum sine regno- I have reigned. The third square is negative, representing a descent. The third square is always bad.

Square 4: regnabo- I no longer have a kingdom. The fourth square is bad too.

There is a popular television show called the wheel of fortune, which is literally a reference to the goddess Fortune. Machiavelli mocked fortune, seeing fortune as feminine and the opposite of virtue, which was masculine. Machiavelli therefore thought things should not be left to fortune and you have to make sure you are prepared.

The Greek poet Hesiod describes ages of men that fit the quadrant model pattern. They are

Square one: The golden age. Hesiod states that men of this age are wise. They do not have to work and they live to a very old age. The first square is characteristically related to wisdom. The first square is the mind. The first square is good and conservative.

Square two: The silver age. Hesiod describes that this age is an age where the people worship the gods but they are ultimately kicked out of this age due to impiety. The second square is related to religiosity.

Square three: The bronze age. Hesiod depicts men of this age as hard and tough and warlike. This age is characterized by war. The third square is the most physical and it is destructive.

Square four: The heroic age. Notice how the first three ages are named after metals. The fourth square is always different. During this age men live with demigods and heroes. The fourth square always has a sort of transcendent quality to it, that makes it different from the first three.

Square five: The iron age. This is the current age where Hesiod declares might makes right and the world is full of evil.

According to Greek mythology, humans were originally created with four arms, four legs and a head with two faces. The fours bring to mind the quadrant. Fearing their power, Zeus split them into two separate parts, condemning them to spend their lives in search of their other halves. Zeus is similar to the Roman Jupiter and the Hindu Indra.

Hecate or Hekate (/ˈhɛkətiː, ˈhɛkɪt/; Greek Ἑκάτη, Hekátē) is a goddess in Greek religion and mythology, most often shown holding two torches or a key[1] and in later periods depicted in triple form. She was variously associated with crossroads, entrance-ways, dogs, light, the moon, magic, witchcraft, knowledge of herbs and poisonous plants, ghosts, necromancy, and sorcery.[2][3] In the post-Christian writings of the Chaldean Oracles (2nd–3rd century CE) she was regarded with (some) rulership over earth, sea and sky, as well as a more universal role as Saviour (Soteira), Mother of Angels and the Cosmic World Soul.[4][5] She was one of the main deities worshiped in Athenian households as a protective goddess and one who bestowed prosperity and daily blessings on the family.[6]

Depictions of both a single form Hekate and triple formed, as well as occasional four headed descriptions continued throughout her history.

The ancient Greeks saw themselves as decedents from four tribes.

Square 1: the Ionians

Square 2: Dorians

Square 3: Aeolians

Square 4: Achaeans

Rome is considered one of the greatest Empires of all time. According to historians, ancient Rome was divided in four districts, the ‘Urbs quattuor regionum’. They were

Square 1: Suburana;

Square 2: Esquilina;

Square 3: Collina:

Square 4: Palatina.

After its initial two-part development the unity of Rome was moulded from four districts or sectors. "Quadrata Roma" was what Rome was known as at the founding of Romulus, the founder of Rome, because Romulus divided it into four parts.

The seven Kings of Rome fit the quadrant model pattern. They are

Square 1: Romulus. Romulus was a good king. The first is always good.

Square 2: Numa Pompilius. He was a king who established order, structure and religion in Rome. The second square is order.

Square 3: Tullus Hostilius. His name means hostile. The third square is always bad and destructive. He was a warlike king.

Square 4: Ancus Marcius. He was a philosophical king. The fourth square is related to intelligence.

Square 5: Lucius Tarquinius Priscus. This is the first square of the second quadrant. Priscus was very into order and political structure, structuring things like the senate.

Square 6: Servius Tullius. He built temples and was very popular. Square 6 is the second square of the second quadrant. This square is the most associated with order and religiosity. He helped people like the poor. He served people, hence the name Servius. The sixth square is related to serving people. It is faith. The sixth personality type is the ESFJ who loves to help people.

Square 7: Lucius Tarquinius Superbus. He is the third square of the second quadrant. The third square is always bad. He was proud and the monarchy of Rome ended with him.

The Colosseum of Rome was a central place of the Ancient Roman Empire. Gladiator fights would occur in the Colosseum, which would entertain the citizens of Rome. The Colosseum had four grand entrances, representing the quadrant model pattern. There were four sectors and four levels of the Colosseum, revealing the quadrant model pattern. The levels signified the stratified society of Rome, and seating on the separate tiers was determined by class. Each of the four sectors had tiers of seating:

Square 1: The first tier, called the Podium, which means the place of honor, was for the most important Romans - the Emperor, the Vestal Virgins, the important priests and members of the Roman Government including the Roman Senators. The Podium was like a flat platform, or terrace, measuring 15ft wide

Square 2: The second Tier - Maenianum primum: This seating was reserved for the non-senatorial noble class called the Equites, or knights consisting of fourteen rows of stone or marble seats.

Square 3: The third Tier was originally reserved for ordinary Roman citizens, the plebeians, but seating was divided into two sections:

Maenianum secundum imum - the better, lower seats for the wealthy plebeians

Maenianum secundum summum - the upper seats for the poor plebeians

Square 4: The fourth tier - Maenianum summum in ligneis: The final level was wooden seats which were set up in the gallery running around the very top wall of the amphitheatre which were added during the reign of Domitian. The fourth is always different from the previous three. Originally there was three tiers of the Colosseum. But later a fourth was added. The fourth is always separate.

This would seat common women

Slaves were forbidden from the Colosseum

Chariot races were a main attraction in the Colosseum as Rome. Chariot races were very popular in ancient Rome. There were four factions that people rooted for in ancient Rome. They were the Red, White, Green, and Blue factions. The factions were

Square 1: The Red faction was dedicated to Mars.

Square 2: The White faction was dedicated to the Zephyrs.

Square 3: The Green faction was dedicated to Mother Earth.

Square 4: The Blue faction was dedicated to the sky and the sea.

In chariot racing there was four horses attached to one chariot. The form of the four horses fit the quadrant model pattern. Each faction would race against the other. These races were known as quadriga races.

The final governing system of the Roman Empire was the tetrarchy system. A tetrarchy is a system where four kings ruled. There are diarchies and monarchies and triarchies, but these ruling systems do not go beyond four. The four provinces out of which the kings ruled in the Roman Empire were

Square 1:Nicomedia in northwestern Asia Minor (modern Izmit in Turkey). It was a base for defence against invasion from the Balkans and Persia's Sassanids.

Square 2:Sirmium (modern Sremska Mitrovica) in the Vojvodina region of modern Serbia, and near Belgrade, on the Danube border) was the capital of Galerius, the eastern Caesar. This became the Balkans-Danube prefecture Illyricum.

Square 3:Mediolanum (modern Milan, near the Alps) was the capital of Maximian, the western Augustus. This became "Italia et Africa", with only a short exterior border

Square 4:Augusta Treverorum (modern Trier, in Germany) was the capital of Constantius Chlorus, the western Caesar, near the strategic Rhine border. It was the capital of Gallic emperor Tetricus I, and became the prefecture Galliae.

Jupiter, also Jove (Latin: Iuppiter [ˈjʊppɪtɛr], gen. Iovis [ˈjɔwɪs]), like the Hindu Indra, is the god of sky and thunder and king of the gods in Ancient Roman religion and mythology.

Jupiter rides a chariot with four horses, like Indra rides a White elephant with four tusks.

The Pythagoreans saw the quadrilateral supporting Hermes as the sign of infallible reason

In the Celtic creation myth there were four elements or powers that emerged from the God-head. Then the four elements, the four winds, and the four zones of the Earth are created. The celts divided the world into four zones.

The historic division of Ireland. The four provinces are Connaught, Ulster, Leinster and Munster, with Meath as an undescribed unit in the middle. They formed the political division of Ireland up to the year 1066.

For the celts the division of geographical place fit the quadrant model pattern. Also the division in time did as well (seasons). The Celtic year constituted of festivities based on the sun- and moon cycle. Four important moments are recognized in the year:

Square 1: Samain (Samhain). The new-year celebration in the night of the 31st of October and the first of November. The cattle was gathered and brought to the shelters for the winter. It was a time of contact with the Other World. People paid attention to the dead, story telling, and predicting the future. Bonfires were lit. At present, this event is still known as Halloween in Anglo-Saxon countries. In a christianized form this is the celebration of All Saints Day.

Square 2:: Imbolc (or Oimelg). This festivity was an observance of the shepherds, on the first of February, after winter. New lambs were born. This was spring and new life was immanent.

Square 3. Beltaine (or Beltene) was the summer celebration on the first day of May. The winter quarters were left, and everybody was ready for a new start. The war god Belenos was worshiped to provide a rich harvest and well being of the cattle. Beltaine is still alive in the Celtic areas of Northern Italy, France, Great Britain and Ireland. Driving the animals between two fires symbolically cleans the cattle.

Square 4: Lugnasad (Lughnasadh) was the moment of gathering of the whole tribe in the midst of summer (1st August). The time of bailing hay was over and the harvest of wheat and barley was immanent. This was the time of horse racing and other games and matches. In addition, marriages were arranged: by putting their hands through a hole in a rock the young pair promised to stay with together for one year and a day and then decide to continue or to divorce.

Four heads of horses in a Celtic sanctuary in Southern France, found near Roquepertuse, is an important Celtic engraving.

Although the Celts were Christianized, they maintained their original myths. The four sides of the high-cross in Gosford, Northumbria are decorated with illustrations of Nordic mythology, indicating the end of the world. The four sides bring to mind the quadrant.

The celts had four sacrifices, connected with the four elements. They were

Square 1: Death by air- hanging

Square 2:Death by water- drowning

Square 3: Death by earth- burying alive

Square 4:Death by fire- burning at the stake

The Talmud also distinguishes four methods of capital punishment. They are

Square 1: hanging

Square 2: stoning

Square 3:slaying

Square 4: burning

It was important to note that capital punishment was so rare in Jewish history that one year one person was murdered through capital punishment among the Jews, and it was called a bloody year. Nobody was ever given capital punishment because from what I heard the Jewish law was made in favor of the criminal so it was almost impossible to accuse anybody of a crime, especially since the Sanhedrin would try their hardest to give a person convicted of a crime the benefit of the doubt. The procedure was designed for the person convicted of a crime so much so that it was almost impossible to actually give somebody a capital offense. When Jesus was crucified he was crucified in a way not coinciding with Jewish practice.

In the Mythological Cycle of early Irish literature, the four treasures (or jewels) of the Tuatha Dé Danann are four magical items which the mythological Tuatha Dé Danann brought with them from the four island cities Murias, Falias, Gorias and Findias, when they arrived in Ireland.

They are

Square 1: stone

Square 2: spear

Square 3: sword

Square 4: cauldron

A Viking ring fortress is a type of circular fort of a special design, built by the Vikings in the Viking Age. They are also known as Trelleborgs. All Trelleborgs have a strictly circular shape, with roads and gates pointing in the four cardinal directions. These common structures are sometimes partially encircled by advanced ramparts, but these additions are not always circular.

It had "perfectly circular with gates opening to the four corners of the earth, and a courtyard divided into four areas which held large houses set in a square pattern.

Viking ring fortresses were in the shapes of quadrants.

In Norse myth there were four dwarfs who supported the sky.

They were placed in each corner of the world and their names were:

North – South – East – West.

In Norse myth we find Yggdrasil the Tree of Life.

Four deer lived in this tree.

Their names were: Dåin, Dvalin, Dunøyr and Duratro.

In celtic mythology Lir was the god of the sea. Lir and Aeb had four children, one daughter and three sons. The three sons are the triad.The girl was named Fionuala. One son was named Aodh and the twin boys were named Fiachra and Conn. The twins are the duality.Aeb died and Lir married her sister, Aoife. The four children were turned into swans by their jealous stepmother.

They were cursed to live as swans for 900 years. They had to endure the cold waters, charming their listeners with their songs.

The spell could only be broken if the children were blessed by a monk.

When Saint Patrick converted Ireland to Christianity the spell was broken. The children had grown old, but were baptized before they died.

There is "The Children of Lir”, sculpture in the Garden of Remembrance in Dublin, Ireland.

The Sumerians, Accadians, and Babylonians all had four primary deities. For the Sumerians, they were:

*Square one:Enlil. the God of the air. The first square is the air.

*Square two: Enki. The God of water. The second square is water.

*Square three: Ki. The Goddess of Earth. The third square is Earth.

*Square four: Anu. The God of Heaven. The fourth is transcendent.

The division of Creation in ancient Egyptian mythology is a combination of two pairs of opposites, made up by the top-members of the ennead.

Square 1. Re (sun and heaven),

Square 2. Shu (the air),

—

Square 3 Geb (the earth)

Square 4. Osiris (the underworld),

The cyclic nature in the four-fold division of the world of the gods is well developed in Ancient northern Egypt (Heliopolis). The structure of the supra-natural universe is a combination of two- and fourfold units adding up to a nine-fold unity. The ninefold unity is termed the ‘Ennead of Heliopolis’.

Square 1: The creation-myth starts with Atum (generated from his own) Square 2: Atum begets Sjoe and Tefnoet as female and male children.

Square 3: This couple begets Geb (earth) and Noet (heaven)

Square 4: They, have four children: Osiris, Isis, Seth en Nepthys (IV).

The format in Memphis (Sakkara), south of Cairo, is different than in Hermopolis, but the fourfold structure is the same. There are also nine gods involved. The text which describes this event is engraved into the ‘Shabaka Stone‘, around 700 BC.

Square 1: The primal unity, the god Horus

Square 2: Horus generates a primary four-fold division, represented by his four sons

Square 3: The two-fold division of Ptah and Sechmet makes up the visible part of the spectrum and the physical part, with Nefertiti. The third square is always physical.

Square 4: The fourth quadrant is Imhotep who is by Nefertum to form a trinity, sometimes expanded by Imhotep, the builder of the step pyramid of Zoser (2630 BC.), into a tetradic pluriformity.

The city of Hermopolis in Middle Egypt had a particular worship of the gods based on eight basic powers. They are separated in four pairs called the ‘ogdoade‘ of Hermopolis. They are

Square 1: Noen + Naoenet (the primal water)

Square 2: Hoeh + Haoehet (the endless space)

Square 3: Koek + Kaoeket (the darkness)

Square 4: Amoen + Amaoenet (the unknown)

The eight deities were arranged in four male-female pairs: Nu and Naunet, Amun and Amaunet, Kuk and Kauket, Huh and Hauhet. The four concepts represent the primal, fundamental state of the beginning.

The Ogdoad also appears in Gnostic systems of the early Christian era, and was developed by the theologian Valentinus in 160 AD.

In the gnostic philosophy the Tetrad was regarded with peculiar veneration, and held to be the foundation of the sensible world. The Pythagoreans worshipped the Tetrad and the Tetracyst seeing it as the most holy symbol, as I discuss in the philosophy section of this book.

Pythagorean theorem for (3, 4, 5) triangle Chou Pei Suan Ching 500–200 BCE note: the solution was using a 7×7 quadrant square grid. Chang performed the pythagorean theorem proof by using a quadrant grid.

A prayer of the Pythagoreans shows the importance of the Tetractys (sometimes called the "Mystic Tetrad"), as the prayer was addressed to it.

"Bless us, divine number, thou who generated gods and men! O holy, holy Tetractys, thou that containest the root and source of the eternally flowing creation! For the divine number begins with the profound, pure unity until it comes to the holy four; then it begets the mother of all, the all-comprising, all-bounding, the first-born, the never-swerving, the never-tiring holy ten, the keyholder of all".

The Pythagorean oath also mentioned the Tetractys:

"By that pure, holy, four lettered name on high,

nature's eternal fountain and supply,

the parent of all souls that living be,

by him, with faith find oath, I swear to thee."

It is saidthat the Pythagorean musical system was based on the Tetractys as the rows can be read as the ratios of 4:3 (perfect fourth), 3:2 (perfect fifth), 2:1 (octave), forming the basic intervals of the Pythagorean scales. That is, Pythagorean scales are generated from combining pure fourths (in a 4:3 relation), pure fifths (in a 3:2 relation), and the simple ratios of the unison 1:1 and the octave 2:1. Note that the diapason, 2:1 (octave), and the diapason plus diapente, 3:1 (compound fifth or perfect twelfth), are consonant intervals according to the tetractys of the decad, but that the diapason plus diatessaron, 8:3 (compound fourth or perfect eleventh), is not.

There are some who believe that the tetractys and its mysteries influenced the early kabbalists. A Hebrew Tetractys in a similar way has the letters of the Tetragrammaton (the four lettered name of God in Hebrew scripture) inscribed on the ten positions of the tetractys, from right to left. It has been argued that the Kabbalistic Tree of Life, with its ten spheres of emanation, is in some way connected to the tetractys, but its form is not that of a triangle. The well known occult writer Dion Fortune mentions:

"The point is assigned to Kether;

the line to Chokmah;

the two-dimensional plane to Binah;

consequently the three-dimensional solid naturally falls to Chesed."[9]

( We must note that the first three-dimensional solid is the tetrahedron. )

The relationship between geometrical shapes and the first four Sephirot is analogous to the geometrical correlations in Tetraktys, shown above under Pythagorean Symbol, and unveils the relevance of the Tree of Life with the Tetraktys.

In a Tarot reading, the various positions of the tetractys provide a representation for forecasting future events by signifying according to various occult disciplines, such as Alchemy. Below is only a single variation for interpretation.

Square 1: The first row of a single position represents the Premise of the reading, forming a foundation for understanding all the other cards.

Square 2: The second row of two positions represents the cosmos and the individual and their relationship.

The Light Card to the right represents the influence of the cosmos leading the individual to an action.

The Dark Card to the left represents the reaction of the cosmos to the actions of the individual.

square 3: The third row of three positions represents three kinds of decisions an individual must make.

The Creator Card is rightmost, representing new decisions and directions that may be made.

The Sustainer Card is in the middle, representing decisions to keep balance, and things that should not change.

The Destroyer Card is leftmost, representing old decisions and directions that should not be continued.

Square 4: The fourth row of four positions represents the four Greek elements.

The Fire card is rightmost, representing dynamic creative force, ambitions, and personal will.

The Air card is to the right middle, representing the mind, thoughts, and strategies toward goals.

The Water card is to the left middle, representing the emotions, feelings, and whims.

The Earth card is leftmost, representing physical realities of day to day living

The tetractys occurs in the following, the baryon decuplet, an archbishop's coat of arms, the arrangement of pins in ten-pin bowling, and a Chinese checkers board

Valentinian Secundus divided the Ogdoad into a right-hand and a left-hand Tetrad, and in the case of Marcus, who largely uses Pythagorean speculations about numbers, the Tetrad holds the highest place in the system. The reason why I argue the tetrad was such a valuable symbol to ancient people is because it elucidates the four parts of the quadrant.

In other places in Egypt, there is also a concentration of worship caught in a four-fold structure: the four crocodile-gods of Fajum, the four bulls of Hermonthis, Tuphium, Karnak and Medamud and the rams-heads of Chnum in Elephantine, Esna, Hypsele and Antinoë.

The ankh is the symbol of the cross/quadrant from ancient Egypt. Like in the Hebrew bible man is made from clay. It is interesting to note that clay is made of silicon, which like carbon is called the miracle element because of its four valence electrons. Silicon is shaped like a cross. Chum shapes the young king and his ‘ka‘ on a Potter's wheel while the goddess Hathor holds the ‘ankh‘, the symbol of life in the creation of man myth by the Egyptians.

The Sun god of the Egyptians was symbolized as a ram with four heads in the New Kingdom. In the Bhagavad Gita Brahma, the creator God, is symbolized as having four heads, bringing to mind the quadrant. The hindu God's have four arms, each tending to represent something.

In ancient Egypt the intestines of the dead were put in urns. The urns fit the quadrant model pattern. Each urn represented one of the four sons of Horus. They were

Square 1:Amset. The urn was shaped like a human. It contained the liver.

Square 2:Hapy. This urn was shaped as a baboon. It contained the lungs

Square 3: Doeamoetef. This urn was shaped as a jackal. The stomach was put in this urn.

Square 4:Kebehsenoef. This urn was a falcon shape. In it were placed the intestines. Each urn had drawn on it one of the four sons of Horus

The lake of fire in the book of revelations is thought to have its origins from the Egyptian Book of the Dead. In the Egyptian Book of the Dead, the lake of fire is surrounded by four braziers, which in the Old Kingdom is the style of a vertical burning flame upon four feet. Every aspect of the lake of fire therefore harkens to the quadrant model pattern.

For the Egyptians four is the sacred number of Time, measurement of the sun. Four pillars support the vault of heaven. And the number four represented God to the Egyptians

The Book of Gates is an Ancient Egyptian funerary text dating from the New Kingdom that discusses the passage of a newly deceased soul into the next world, corresponding to the journey of the sun through the underworld during the hours of the night. The most famous part of the book is the description of the four races

Square 1:"Aamu" (Asiatics). This corresponds to the Asian race

Square 2: "Themehu" (Libyans). This corresponds to the White race

Square 3: "Nehesu" (Nubians). This corresponds to the Black race.

Square 4: Reth (Egyptians). This corresponds to the Brown race.

The book of gates is known for its divisions of four. For example

The god Atum is depicted with the four directions in the eight scene.

Four apes worships the sun.

Four Gods carry a light in the 82nd scene.

There are four Gods in the 87th scene.

There are four Gods with rams-heads and Uas-scepter in the 85th scene.

Four apes with a human fist in the 90th scene.

In his well known book Friendship with God, Walsch writes that God presents four concepts which are central to the entire dialogue:

Square 1: "We are all one." This is related to the idealist who is abstract and recognizes the oneness of things.

Square 2: "There's enough." This is related to the guardian who tends to be content and comfortable.

Square 3: "There's nothing we have to do". Square three is always related with doing. Doing is the artisan.

Square 4: "Ours is not a better way, ours is merely another way." This is related to the rational, who is not trying to force his ways on others.

The book is a part of a series of books called Conversations with God, in which the author claims he is literally receiving dictation from God and writing what God tells him to write.

The tao te ching has a well known aphorism that relates to understanding personality and psychology. I figure that I should mention it since we are on that section of this book. The aphorisms would contain two dichotomies. One is knowing and mastering. The other is yourself and others. This yields the four components of the saying of the tao te ching. It is

Square 1:Knowing others is intelligence. The first square is the idealist who is intelligent.

Square 2: Knowing self is true wisdom. Guardians could be said to be wise, in that they behave and are self controlled.

Square 3: Mastering others is strength. The third square is the doing square. Artisans are connected with strength.

Square 4: Mastering yourself is power. This is the rational.

The quote is

Knowing others is intelligence. Knowing self is true wisdom.

Mastering others is strength. Mastering yourself is power”

- Tao Te Ching

The four Dragon Kings in chinese mythology rule the four seas, each sea corresponding to one of the four cardinal directions.

The Dragon Kings live in crystal palaces. The palaces are guarded by crab generals and shrimp soldiers.

The Dragon Kings have the power to control the clouds and the rain, in addition to the seas. If they are upset, they will cause floods.

1. Dragon King of the East – Ao Guang

2. Dragon King of the West – Ao Run

3. Dragon King of the North – Ao Shun

4. Dragon King of the South – Ao Qin

A Dragon King is a deity in Chinese mythology commonly regarded as the divine ruler of an ocean. They have the ability to shapeshift into human form

There are numerous temples dedicated to Dragon King in China

The Great Work (Latin: Magnum opus) is an alchemical term for the process of working with the prima materia to create the philosopher's stone. The philosophers stone is said to be able to turn a substance to gold. It had four stages that fit the quadrant model pattern

It originally had four stages:

Square 1: nigredo, a blackening or melanosis

Square 2: albedo, a whitening or leucosis

Square 3: citrinitas, a yellowing or xanthosis

Square 4: rubedo, a reddening, purpling, or iosis

The origin of these four phases can be traced at least as far back as the first century. Zosimus of Panopolis wrote that it was known to Maria the Jewess, the first true alchemist of the Western world. It has been suggested that rather than being a form of trying to turn lead to gold, alchemy was really a form of trying to understand the self and reality, which was done under the guise of a practical pursuit like turning lead to gold.

Mary the Jewess, the first alchemist of the western world, was known for her phrase

Join the male and the female, and you will find what is sought. Joining the male and the female in my opinion represents breaking out of ego identity/ body identity to the flow.

Mary the Jewess's most famous axiom, known as the axiom of Mary, was

"One becomes two, two becomes three, and out of the third comes the one as the fourth." What Mary describes in this axiom is the quadrant model.

Carl Jung used this axiom as a metaphor for wholeness and individuation. It was said that Newton spent vastly more time studying alchemy and religion than physics.

Paracelsus, an alchemist, associated different spirits with each element.

Square 1: Sylph: spirit of air (curious)

Square 2 :Undine: spirit of water (inspired)

Square 3: Gnome: spirit of earth (industrious)

Square 4: Salamander: spirit of fire (changeable)

Totemism was the first form of spiritual or religious observance. Claude Levi Strauss is one of the most famous anthropologists and scholars of religion of all time. Lévi-Strauss noted four kinds of relationship between nature and culture within totemism. They were

Square 1: a species of animal or plant identified with a particular group

Square 2: a species of animal or plant identified with an individual

Square 3: a particular animal or plant identified with an individual

Square 4: a particular animal or plant identified with a group.

According to Lévi-Strauss, each of these four combinations corresponds to the phenomena that are to be observed in one people or another. They are

Square 1: Australians, for whom natural things are associated with cultural groups (moieties, sections, subsections, phratries, clans, or the association of persons from the same sex).

Square 2: North American Indians. A person is correlated with a species of nature.

Square 3: the third type of combination, the Mota people of the Banks Islands of Melanesia are an example. Here the individual child is thought of as the incarnation of a particular animal, plant, or natural creature that was found and consumed by the mother at the time that she was conscious of her pregnancy.

Square four- in Polynesia and Africa where individual animals were the center of group patronage and veneration. Some say that the remnants of totemism can be seen in the bible from referring to God as a bull.

Hoʻoponopono (ho-o-pono-pono) is an ancient Hawaiian practice of reconciliation and forgiveness.After Simeona's passing in 1992, her former student and administrator Ihaleakala Hew Len, co-authored a book with Joe Vitale called Zero Limits referring to Simeona's hoʻoponopono teachings. " The mantra of Hoʻoponopono is repeating

Square 1: I'm sorry

Square 2: Please forgive me

Square 3: I thank you

Square 4: I love you

Ancients say that the audible sound which most resembles this unstruck sound is the syllable OM. According to the ancients it is the sound of being. Tradition has it that this ancient mantra is composed of four elements: the first three are vocal sounds: A, U, and M. The fourth sound, unheard, is the silence which begins and ends the audible sound, the silence which surrounds it. This sound is where Amen comes from.

Square 1: "A" (pronounced "AH" as in "father") resonates in the center of the mouth. It represents normal waking consciousness, in which subject and object exist as separate entities. This is the level of mechanics, science, logical reason, the lower three chakras. Matter exists on a gross level, is stable and slow to change.

Square 2: Then the sound "U" (pronounced as in "who") transfers the sense of vibration to the back of the mouth, and shifts the allegory to the level of dream consciousness. Here, object and subject become intertwined in awareness. Both are contained within us. Matter becomes subtle, more fluid, rapidly changing. This is the realm of dreams, divinities, imagination, the inner world.

Square 3: "M" is the third element, humming with lips gently closed. This sound resonates forward in the mouth and buzzes throughout the head. (Try it.) This sound represents the realm of deep, dreamless sleep. There is neither observing subject nor observed object. All are one, and nothing. Only pure consciousness exists, unseen, pristine, latent, covered with darkness. This is the cosmic night, the interval between cycles of creation, the womb of the divine Mother.

Square 4: The silence is the fourth. The fourth square is always different from the previous three. The silence is said to surround the sound. the fourth is separate yet encpmpasses the previous three. That is the quadrant model pattern.

In the Egyptian myth of Osiris, Osiris is killed and cut into sixteen parts, which fits the quadrant model.

Pascal, a Christian philosopher and great mathematician, is known for what is called, “Pascal's wager”. Pascal tried to weigh the consequences of believing or not believing in the God of Israel. He has two dichotomies; One is believe in God or do not believe in God. The other is there is a God and there is no God. This leads to four possibilities.

*Square one: there is a God--believe in God. This corresponds to the Idealist who is abstract and cooperative. Being abstract corresponds with there being a God. When seeing patterns God is evident. Being cooperative corresponds with believing in God. For Pascal it is good to believe in God; this means the possibility of eternal life.

*Square two: There is no God—belief in God. This corresponds to the Guardian who is concrete and cooperative. Being concrete makes it impossible to see patterns, so there does not seem to be a God. Being cooperative, however, leads to believing in God—the disconnect is problematic.

*Square three: There is no God--no belief in God. This corresponds to the Artisan who is concrete and utilitarian. Being concrete prevents the seeing of patterns, so God is not apparent. Being utilitarian leads to not wanting to submit to authority and do what others do; it leads to doing what works, and not believing in God. Pascal says that this would lead to being rewarded with the freedom to have fun by not needing to follow rules to avoid punishment. This is related to the Artisan who enjoys having fun.

*Square four: There is a God--no belief in God. This corresponds to the Rational. Rationals are abstract and utilitarian. Being abstract leads to seeing patterns, but being utilitarian there is no submission to orders. , which ultimately leads to punishment.

Pascal’s Wager

There is a God believe in God	There is not a God don’t believe in God
There is not a God believe in God	There is a God don’t believe in God

There is a free will vs. determinism debate in religion. According to Calvinist doctrine the Bible states that everything is predetermined by God, including whether or not one believes in God, which makes not believing in God undeserving of punishment. In the free will vs. determinism debate there are four possibilities.

*Square one: Hard determinism--everything is predetermined; there is no free will. This corresponds to the Idealist who is abstract and cooperative. Abstract people see patterns and make connections, recognizing that things are determined. They understand the quadrant model, and realize that it has determined everything. But they are cooperative, follow orders, and are very submissive to authority. Therefore they do not have free will. They worry more about doing what brings social harmony and maintains the status quo and inaction.

*Square two: Hard incompatibilism--things are not determined; there is no free will. This corresponds to the Guardian who is concrete and cooperative, and unable to see the connections and oneness of things. The tendency is to think that things are not determined. Guardians are also cooperative, focusing on behaving and belonging. Therefore they are more concerned with following rules and orders, therefore they do not have free will.

*Square three: Libertarianism--things are not determined; there is free will. This corresponds to the Artisans who are concrete and utilitarian, and unable to see connections. They do not see the oneness of things, and do not think things are determined. But they are utilitarian. They do what they want to do and what works. They are more spontaneous, not caring about the rule book or social harmony and maintaining the social order.

*Square 4: Compatibilism--things are determined; there is free will. This corresponds to the Rationals who are abstract and utilitarian. Abstract people recognize that things are connected; they recognize the quadrant model and see that everything is determined by this principal. There cannot be anything other than that which elucidates the quadrant model pattern. Only one thing can elucidate the quadrant model pattern. Therefore everything is determined.Rationals are also utilitarian. They therefore do not care about social harmony, following the rule book, and maintaining the status quo. They do what they want, and do what they think works and what does work. Therefore they have free will.

Free Will v. Determinism Debate

Hard Determinism- there is no free will everything is determined	Libertarianism- There is free will nothing is determined
Hard Incompatibilism- there is no free will nothing is determined	Compatibilism- There is free will and everything is determined

The Four Freedoms were US President Franklin D. Roosevelt's goals. In an address known as the Four Freedoms speech (technically the 1941 State of the Union. They were

Square 1: Freedom of speech

Square 2: Freedom of worship

Square 3: Freedom from want

Square 4: Freedom from fear

Joseph Smith, who founded Mormonism, carried what was called the Jupiter square. The Jupiter square contained sixteen squares.

And long ago before all of the science rules starting doing battle with the religious dogma, the 4×4 MAGIC square of Jupiter was revered, respected, and seen as having magical properties.

There is a popular book called the four Christian cults, which describe four groups of Christianity that are described by some as cults, which are square 1 Christian science, square 2 Jehovahs’ witnesses, square 3 seventh day adventists and square 4 Mormons

Ancient alien hypothesizers theorize that the gods of ancient cultures were actually aliens. A famous abduction experience is the Allagash experience, where four people were abducted. Two of them were twins. The twins represent the duality. The fourth was different from the previous three, later questioning what he experiences. Other famous alien encounters fit the quadrant model pattern.

Kaballah is the study of Jewish mysticism. In Kaballah there are five Worlds, or spiritual realms. These are

Square 1- Atziluth- emination

Square 2-Beriah-creation

Square 3-Yetzirah-formation

Square 4-Assiah-action

In Talmud studies there is literally constantly reference to "four types" of things. Rabbis will read an excerpt from the Talmud discussing the four types and then the four types would be discussed. Examples are

Square 1There are four types of people: One who says,

Square 1: "What is mine is yours, and what is yours is mine" is a boor.

Square 2: One who says "What is mine is mine, and what is yours is yours" -- this is a median characteristic; others say that this is the character of Sodom.

Square 3: One who says, "What is mine is yours, and what is yours is yours" is a chassid [pious person]. And one who says

Square 4: "What is mine is mine, and what is yours is mine" is wicked.

Another example from the Talmud is

There are four types of temperaments.

Square 1: One who is easily angered and easily appeased--his virtue cancels his flaw.

Square 2: One whom it is difficult to anger and difficult to appease--his flaw cancels his virtue.

Square 3: One whom it is difficult to anger and is easily appeased, is a chassid.

Square 4: One who is easily angered and is difficult to appease, is wicked.

A third example from the Talmud is

There are four types of student.

Square 1: One who is quick to understand and quick to forget--his flaw cancels his virtue. One who is slow to understand and slow to forget--his virtue cancels his flaw. One who is quick to understand and slow to forget--his is a good portion. One who is slow to understand and quick to forget--his is a bad portion.

A fourth example from the Talmud is

There are four types of contributors to charity.

Square 1: One who wants to give but does not want others to give--is begrudging of others.

square 2: One who wants that others should give but does not want to give--begrudges himself.

Square 3: One who wants that he as well as others should give, is a chassid. Square 4: One who want neither himself nor others to give, is wicked.

A fifth example from the Talmud is

There are four types among those who attend the study hall.

Square 1: One who goes but does nothing--has gained the rewards of going. Square 2: One who does [study] but does not go to the study hall--has gained the rewards of doing.

Square 3: One who goes and does, is a chassid.

Square 4: One who neither goes nor does, is wicked.

A sixth example from the Talmud is

There are four types among those who sit before the sages: the sponge, the funnel, the strainer and the sieve.

Square 1: The sponge absorbs all.

Square 2: The funnel takes in at one end and lets it out the other.

Square 3: The strainer rejects the wine and retains the sediment.

Square 4: The sieve rejects the coarse flour and retains the fine flour.

These are some examples of the quadrant model in the Talmud, but the Talmud is literally pervaded with such examples.

On April 15, 2014, there was a total lunar eclipse which was the first of four consecutive total eclipses in a series, known as a tetrad; a second one took place on October 8, 2014, the third one on April 4, 2015 and the remaining one took place on September 27, 2015. It is one of eight tetrads to take place during the 21st century AD. As with most lunar eclipses, the moon appeared red during the April 15 2014 eclipse.The red color is caused by Rayleigh scattering of sunlight through the Earth's atmosphere, the same effect that causes sunsets to appear red.Hagee also connects the solar eclipse of March 20, 2015 in the middle of the sequence.

The idea of a "blood moon" serving as an omen of the coming of the end times comes from the Book of Joel, where it is written "the sun will turn into darkness, and the moon into blood, before the great and terrible day of the Lord comes."This phrase is again mentioned by Saint Peter during Pentecost, as recorded in Acts,although Peter says that date, not some future date, was the fulfillment of Joel's prophecy. The blood moon also appears in the book of Revelation chapter 6 verses 11 - 13,where verse 12 says " And I beheld when he had opened the sixth seal, and, lo, there was a great earthquake; and the sun became black as sackcloth of hair, and the moon became as blood".

Around 2008, Biltz began predicting that the Second Coming of Jesus would occur in the fall of 2015 with the seven years of the great tribulation beginning in the fall of 2008. He said he had "discovered" an astronomical pattern that predicted the next tetrad would coincide with the end times. When the prediction failed, he pulled the article from his website, but continued to teach on the "significance" of the tetrad.

Hagee would later seize on Biltz' prediction to write Four Blood Moon

William Wigan Harvey (on Irenaeus), and Richard Adelbert Lipsius (Gnosticismus, p. 115; Ophit. Syst. in Hilgenfeld's Zeitschrift for 1863, p. 445) have proposed Barba-Elo, 'The Deity-in Four', with reference to the tetrad, which by the report of Irenaeus proceeds from her. Her relation to this tetrad bears however no true analogy to the Col-Arba of Marcus; it forms only the earliest group of her progeny; and it is mentioned but once. Barbēlō" (Greek: Βαρβηλώ)[1] refers to the first emanation of God in several forms of Gnostic cosmogony. Barbēlō is often depicted as a supreme female principle, the single passive antecedent of creation in its manifoldness. This figure is also variously referred to as 'Mother-Father' (hinting at her apparent androgyny), 'First Human Being', 'The Triple Androgynous Name', or 'Eternal Aeon'. So prominent was her place amongst some Gnostics that some schools were designated as Barbeliotae, Barbēlō worshippers or Barbēlōgnostics.

Psychologist Carl Gustav Jung described several archetypes that are based in the observation of differing but repeating patterns of thought and action that re-appear time and again across people, countries and continents.

Jung's main archetypes are not 'types' in the way that each person may be classified as one or the other. Rather, we each have all basic archetypes within us. He listed four main forms of archetypes:

Square 1: The Shadow

Square 2: The Anima

Square 3: The Animus

Square 4: The Self

Jung describes that there were four stages of eroticism in the classical period related to four grades of the anima. They are

Square 1: Hawwah, Eve

Square 2: Helen of Troy

Square 3: The Virgin

Square 4: Sophia

The series is repeated in Goethe's Faust,with the figure of Gretchen as the symbol of instinctual relationship, square 1, Helen as the anima figure square 2, Mary as the personification of the heavenly Christian religious relationship square 3, and the eternal feminine as the expression of the alechemical Sapeintia. These were related to the four stages of the Eros cult.

Jung points out there were four stages in the Eros Cult.

Jung's view of the four stages of anima development:

Four stages of eroticism were known in the late classical period: Hawwah (Eve), Helen (of Troy), the Virgin Mary, and Sophia. The series is repeated in Goethe’s Faust: in the figure of Gretchen as the personification of a purely instinctual relationship (Eve); Helen as an anima figure; Mary as the personification of the ‘heavenly’, i.e., Christian or religious, relationship; and the ‘eternal feminine’ as an expression of the alchemical Sapienta. As the nomenclature shows, we are dealing with the heterosexual Eros, or anima-figure in four stages, and consequently with four stages of the Eros cult.

Square 1: The first stage--Hawwah, Eve, earth--is purely biological; woman ins equated with the mother and only represents something to be fertilized.

Square 2: The second stage is still dominated by the sexual eros, but on an aesthetic and romantic level where woman has already acquired some value as an individual.

Square 3: The third stage raises Eros to the heights of religious devotion and thus spiritualizes him: Hawwah has been replaced by spiritual motherhood.

Square 4:Finally the fourth stage illustrates something which unexpectedly goes beyond the almost unsurpassable third stage: Sapientia. How can wisdom transcend the most holy and most pure? – Presumably only by virtue of the truth that the less something means the more.

Thomas Moore and Douglas Gillette adopted and extended Jung’s approach in their exploration of the masculine psyche by using the collective archetypes of the King, the Warrior, the Magician, and the Lover. Obviously those four male archetypes can be translated and mapped in female clusters of virtues, specific attributes associated with four major female archetypes: the Queen, the Mother, the Wise Woman and the (female) Lover found in history and myths.

Toni Wolff, colleague and presumable lover of Carl Jung, identified four feminine archetypes: Mother, the Amazon, the Hetaira, and the Medial. Wolff at the first glance comes closer, but her model is a male-centered quadruple (male Anima structure) instead a male-female archetype symmetry: This is most evident in Wolff’s definition of the Amazon, who represents more a female in good contact with her Animus, furthermore the semi-divine Queen is missing, while her Hetaira is not quite a full lover.

Square 1: The Queen is the semi-divine leader responsible for the safety and well being. History and art have shown that every society must have not only a wise leader who is entrusted with guiding his people to success and comfort but navigate in unknown territory towards redemption. The responsibilities of the Queen are mainly on the unconscious side, but worldly benefits and virtues must be many as well. And if the Queen fails in her duties she is traditionally disposed and evil prevails. Her shadow sides are tyrant and weakling both disposing male energies.

Square 2: The Mother is like the Warrior today the most controversial of the archetypes, because of ideological former and current stereotypes. The two male (warrior) shadow sides are the Sadist and the Masochist. The Mother is a life giver who maintains humanity as the warrior clears the space for renewal and change. The prototype of the mother is, well – the mother. But there are shadows here too – the careless and the devouring mother.

Square 3: The Wise Woman, represents Logos according to Jung a feminine principle, is the archetype behind a multitude of professions like doctors, but also lawyers, teachers and priests. She sees the unseen. She is the prophetess, mediator and communicator of secret knowledge, the healer, counselor, teacher, and spiritual. The Wise Woman always has a tendency to abuse her power, being the negative , the witch.

Square 4: The Lover like the feminine principle Eros manifests energy and fertility of the nature. The gendering of Eros and Logos and synergy is a consequence of Jung’s anima/animus synergy. Lovers are at ease with our own deepest and most central values and visions. And only through union of the feminine and the masculine our culture and personality prospers and grows. The “me- society” of the impotent is sterile and without compassion and destroys any spiritual dimension.

Carl Jung was world renowned and is today even considered a literal prophet to people. His theory about psychological functions was a big inspiration in my book in that it lead to the theory of the 16 personality types of the MBTI Myers Briggs inventory.

These are the four stages of life, according to Carl Jung:

Square 1: THE ATHLETE

The athlete is the phase in our lives when we are at our most self-absorbed. There are people in our lives that have never made it out of this phase, or often revert back to it. Of the 4 stages, it tends to be the least mature. It is characterized by being obsessed with our physical bodies and appearance. For an example of the athlete phase, watch teenagers walk past a mirror. The athlete phase can be narcissistic, critical, or even both.

THE WARRIOR

Moving forward in our lives, we reach the warrior phase. This is where we begin to take on responsibilities and get the desire to conquer the world. Well, maybe not the world for some of us, but this is when we become more goal oriented. All of the sudden we can see objectives that we want to accomplish and the vanity of the athlete phase begins to fade. The warrior phase is really characterized by the struggles in our lives that early adulthood can throw at us. The warrior phase is also the most common pshase that people revert back to throughout their lives as they “re-invent” themselves.

THE STATEMENT

When the warrior phase in our lives is coming to an end, we find ourselves asking: “what have I done for others?” Your focuses shift from your personal achievements to accomplishing goals based on forwarding other people’s lives. This stage is often correlated to parenting, because your focus becomes providing a better life for your children, and what it is you need to do that. The statement phase for many people is much more than a correlation to parenting, and more about leaving a legacy or a footprint in life. The statement phase is a time to reflect on what you have accomplished, and how you can continue moving forward – not just for you, but for the other people in your life. As far as maturity goes, the statement phase is a huge step forward from even the warrior phase.

THE SPIRIT

The final stage of life is the spirit stage. In this stage, we realize that we are more than what we have accumulated – be it money, friends, possessions, good deeds, or milestones in life. We are spiritual beings. We realize that we are divine beings in a journey of life that has no real beginning and no end. The spirit phase is characterized by a sense of “getting out of your own mind” and focusing on what is waiting for us beyond our physical beings. The philosopher Lao Tzu proposed a question over 2500 years ago that perfectly describes the spirit phase: ““Can you step back from your own mind and thus understand all things? Giving birth and nourishing, having without possessing, acting with no expectations, leading and not trying to control: this is the supreme virtue.”

Jung is considered by many to be a prophet. Like i said he established the foundation for the myers briggs model which sparked my discovery of the quadrant model of reality. He is famous bow for his red book which many see as a prophetic book of his visions other say it was him descending into madness. Jung said there were four stages into his individuation process into his step into the unconscious they were

Square 1: signpost 1 the cave he had a vision of a cave and an abyss

Square 2: signpost 2 ebtering the gatehe had a vision of the cave and entered it and saw a vision of a man/ prophet elijah and the daughter of herod who had john the baptizer beheaded (john tge baptizer was thought to be the second coning of elijah) and a house with columbs he had a vision of evenand ofysseus. Herods duaghter (herod was an edomite) tells jubg she loves him and Elijah tells jung that She is elijahs daughter. Elijah says he is one with herods daughter the woman that beheaded him and that he has been so for eternity and jung is amazed

Square 3: signpost 3 the magician jung passes the gate of the second part to meet a hermit reading the gospel of john. He meets the blind man the doctor the cook. He meets the god of the east. He is given the staff with a snake around it. He dreams of an old man flying through the air. He has a ring of four keys. He has a vision of a magician. It is philemon. He witnesses a story from ovid

Square 4: signpost 4 the fourth marker was the coming od the seven sermons to the dead. This is the conclusion of the red book. Jung said this fourth one was transcendnet. Thats the nature of the fourth square. It was differebt frok the previous three. It was the only one he published in his life. Here he meets Christ

Jung explicitly says these were the four markers that created his now renowned book the red book

Jung claimed that God told him that his purpose was to be a catalysst for the start of a new religion and a new age. It is true that the quadrant model of reality is the nature of existence,. Sinceis personality model helpedif to spark my idea of the quadrant model of reality, then he is rig

Timothy Leary developed the interpersonal circle which had four dimensions and 16 types. The quadrant model is 16 squares. Originally it had two dimensions and four types/ the quadrant.

The interpersonal circle or interpersonal circumplex is a model for conceptualizing, organizing, and assessing interpersonal behavior, traits, and motives (Wiggins, 2003). The interpersonal circumplex is defined by two orthogonal axes: a vertical axis (of status, dominance, power, or control) and a horizontal axis (of solidarity, friendliness, warmth, or love). In recent years, it has become conventional to identify the vertical and horizontal axes with the broad constructs of agency and communion (Horowitz, 2004). Thus, each point in the interpersonal circumplex space can be specified as a weighted combination of agency and communion.

Placing a person near one of the poles of the axes implies that the person tends to convey clear or strong messages (of warmth, hostility, dominance or submissiveness). Conversely, placing a person at the midpoint of the agentic dimension implies the person conveys neither dominance nor submissiveness (and pulls neither dominance nor submissiveness from others). Likewise, placing a person at the midpoint of the communal dimension implies the person conveys neither warmth nor hostility (and pulls neither warmth nor hostility from others).

The interpersonal circumplex can be divided into broad segments (such as fourths) or narrow segments (such as sixteenths), but currently most interpersonal circumplex inventories partition the circle into eight octants. As one moves around the circle, each octant reflects a progressive blend of the two axial dimensions.

There exist a variety of psychological tests designed to measure these eight interpersonal circumplex octants. For example, the Interpersonal Adjective Scales (IAS; Wiggins, 1995) is a measure of interpersonal traits associated with each octant of the interpersonal circumplex. The Inventory of Interpersonal Problems (IIP; Horowitz, Alden, Wiggins, & Pincus, 2000) is a measure of problems associated with each octant of the interpersonal circumplex, whereas the Inventory of Interpersonal Strengths (IIS; Hatcher & Rogers, 2009) is a measure of strengths associated with each octant. The Circumplex Scales of Interpersonal Values (CSIV; Locke, 2000) is a 64-item measure of the value individuals place on interpersonal experiences associated with each octant of the interpersonal circumplex. The Person's Relating to Others Questionnaire (PROQ), the latest version being the PROQ3 is a 48-item measure developed by the British doctor John Birtchnell. Finally, the Impact Message Inventory-Circumplex (IMI; Kiesler, Schmidt, & Wagner, 1997) assesses the interpersonal dispositions of a target person, not by asking the target person directly, but by assessing the feelings, thoughts, and behaviors that the target evokes in another person. Since interpersonal dispositions are key features of most personality disorders, interpersonal circumplex measures can be useful tools for identifying or differentiating personality disorders (Kiesler, 1996; Leary, 1957; Locke, 2006.

Originally coined Leary Circumplex or Leary Circle after Timothy Leary is defined as "a two-dimensional representation of personality organized around two major axes".[1]

During the twentieth century, there were a number of efforts by personality psychologists to create comprehensive taxonomies to describe the most important and fundamental traits of human nature. Leary would later become famous for his controversial LSD experiments at Harvard. His circumplex, developed in 1950, is a circular continuum of personality formed from the intersection of two base axes: Power and Love. The opposing sides of the power axis are dominance and submission, while the opposing sides of the love axis are love and hate (Wiggins, 1996).

Leary argued that all other dimensions of personality can be viewed as a blending of these two axes. For example, a person who is stubborn and inflexible in their personal relationships might graph her personality somewhere on the arc between dominance and love. However, a person who exhibits passive–aggressive tendencies might find herself best described on the arc between submission and hate. The main idea of the Leary Circumplex is that each and every human trait can be mapped as a vector coordinate within this circle.

Furthermore, the Leary Circumplex also represents a kind of bull's eye of healthy psychological adjustment. Theoretically speaking, the most well-adjusted person of the planet could have their personality mapped at the exact center of the circumplex, right at the intersection of the two axes, while individuals exhibiting extremes in personality would be located on the circumference of the circle.

The Leary Circumplex offers three major benefits as a taxonomy. It offers a map of interpersonal traits within a geometric circle. It allows for comparison of different traits within the system. It provides a scale of healthy and unhealthy expressions of each trait

The cosmogram was a core symbol of the Kongo culture. An ideographic religious symbol, the cosmogram was called dikenga dia Kongo or tendwa kia nza-n' Kongo in the KiKongo language.[1][2][3] Ethnohistorical sources and material culture demonstrate that the Kongo cosmogram existed as a long-standing symbolic tradition within the BaKongo culture before European contact in 1482, and that it continued in use in West Central Africa through the early twentieth century.[1] In its fullest embellishment, this symbol served as an emblematic representation of the Kongo people, and summarized a broad array of ideas and metaphoric messages that comprised their sense of identity within the cosmos.[4]

A widely used psychological test in this country the Leary Interpersonal Analysis Grid (1957) divides the four quadrants into sixteen sub-quadrants and allows one to grade each in terms of moderate-to-excessive tendency to behave that way.' The model was developed by Timothy Leary.

The Eight-Circuit Model of Consciousness is a hypothesis proposed by Timothy Leary and expanded on by Robert Anton Wilson and Antero Alli as well as Laurent Huguelit. The model describes eight circuits of information (eight "brains") that operate within the human nervous system, each corresponding to its own layer of the direct experience of reality.

Four of these, called the "larval circuits" and the "lower" set, deal with normal psychology. The other four are proposed as being "higher", and called the "stellar circuits". This latter group deal with altered states of consciousness, such as enlightenment, mystical experiences, psychedelic states of mind, and psychic abilities.

Leary thought that the first four circuits reside in the left hemisphere of the brain or the cerebrum. The later four were said to reside in the right hemisphere.

Angel Tech by Antero Alli, is structured around the eight-circuit model. In the book, the first four circuits are associated with robotic ("tech") aspects of humanity, and the final four are related to the "angelic" nature. It includes suggested activities such as meditations and construction of tarot-card collages associated with each circuit.

Leary believed that the first four of these circuits ("the Larval Circuits" or "Terrestrial Circuits") are naturally accessed by most people in their lifetimes, triggered at natural transition points in life such as puberty. The second four circuits ("the Stellar Circuits" or "Extra-Terrestrial Circuits"), Leary wrote, were "evolutionary offshoots" of the first four that would be triggered at transition points which humans might acquire if they evolve. These circuits, according to Leary, would equip humans to encompass life in space, as well as the expansion of consciousness that would be necessary to make further scientific and social progress. Leary suggested that some people may "shift to the latter four gears", i.e., trigger these circuits artificially via consciousness-altering techniques such as meditation and spiritual endeavors such as yoga, or by taking psychedelic drugs specific to each circuit. The feeling of floating and uninhibited motion experienced by users of marijuana is one thing that Leary cited as evidence for the purpose of the "higher" four circuits. In the eight-circuit model of consciousness, a primary theoretical function of the fifth circuit (the first of the four, according to Leary, developed for life in outer space) is to allow humans to become accustomed to life in a zero- or low-gravity environment

They system is divided into two fours and both fours fit the quadrant model nature in that their qualities reflect the qualities of the quadrant model squares

Robert Farris Thompson describes it as thus: "Coded as a cross, a quartered circle or diamond, a seashell spiral, or a special cross with solar emblems at each ending - the sign of the four moments of the sun is the Kongo emblem of spiritual continuity and renaissance par excellence. In certain rites it is written on the earth, and a person stands upon it to take an oath, or to signify that he or she understands the meaning of life as a process shared with the dead below the river or the sea - the real sources of earthly power and prestige, in Kongo thinking... The intimation, by shorthand geometric statements, of mirrored worlds within the spiritual journey of the sun, is the source and illumination of some of the more important sculptural gestures and decorative signs pertaining to funerary monuments and objects designated for deposit on the surface of funerary tombs, or otherwise connected with funerary ceremonies and the end of life."

History- The pilgrims who first came to America were very religious. They saw themselves as modern Israelites fleeing the old corrupt world of Europe to a new promised land. They saw the Atlantic Ocean as being like the Read Sea. America was like Cannan. The Americas were first divided into four distinct regions. They were

square 1: New England

square 2: Middle Colonies

square 3: Chesapeake Bay Colonies-Upper south

square 4: Lower south. The fourth was different from the previous three. The fourth is always different. A possible fifth region was the frontier.

Christopher Columbus interestingly took four voyages that fit the quadrant model pattern. Christopher Columbus was highly religious and thought he would help bring the second coming of the Messiah.

There are other interesting things related to the quadrant model in religion. For instance there were four very famous rabbis that are highly looked up to. Marshall Applewhite of Heaven’s gate cult had his members do four things that fit the quadrant model. Alien channelers often receive messages from aliens that fit the quadrant model. I had tons of examples of the quadrant model in these aspects on my phone but I lost all of my notes in a tragic scenario, but the quadrant model permeates, and I mean utterly permeates religious texts.

Joseph Campbell was a renowned scholar of religion and mythology. He said that there is a fourfold function to mythology. His fourfold division fits the quadrant model. It is

Square 1: the metaphysical function. Campbell said that myths are supposed to awaken an awe of the mystery of being. Campbell believed that symbols in mythology resonated with fundamental Truths of existence and helped to inspire insight and inquiry. While not literally true, myths were true in that they had metaphorical significance that was transcendent.

Square 2: the cosmological function. Explaining the shape of the universe. Campbell also believed that mythology was a proto-science for ancient people. Campbell felt that myths were an attempt to explain phenomena in existence such as the seasons that were otherwise incomprehensible.

Square 3: the sociological function. Campbell believed that myths glued people together and gave support to the social order and taught people what to do and how to do it. But he also noticed a common dimension of mythology called the hero's journey, in which a member of a group is asked to go above and beyond social conformity and consensus and even break rules in order to survive and help his people. So while myths confirm the social order, they also give some impetus to step beyond it and motivate evolution, which is a necessary component of survival.

Square 4: Pedagogical function. Myths are used to help guide people through stages of their lives.

Joseph Campbell was an expert of mythology and studied myths of people around the world extensively. It was his research that lead him to the conclusion that myths were not static but evolved. Mythologists agree with Campbell on his theory of the evolution of myth. Campbell pointed out four stages in the transformation of myths of different cultures. They stages of myth development are

Square 1- The way of the animal powers. These are the myths of Paleolithic hunter-gatherers which focus on shamanism and animal totems. The first square is always weird and very spiritual. Shamanism is very esoteric and animal totemism is considered very primitive but is considered by scholars of religion the foundation of religion.

Square 2- The way of the seeded Earth. The myths of Neolithic, agrarian cultures which focus upon a mother goddess and associated fertility rites. The second square is more peaceful and about homeostasis and order and sustenance, which is associated to agriculture. Campbell felt that totemistic and Mother Goddess worship remnants remained in later stages of myth development. The nature of the quadrant model is each square builds on the next and contains elements of the previous squares. There are Churches such as the Church of God and Christian Science that believe that the Bible refers to a mother Goddess, or at least contains evidence that a mother Goddess was once worshipped, and they even believe she should still be acknowledged.

Square 3- The way of the celestial life. The myths of Bronze Age city-states with pantheons of gods ruling from the heavens, led by a masculine god-king. Campbell felt that evidence showed that these cultures were more violent. An example of the violence can be seen in the Bible with the god-king of the Bible. The third square is always more violent and considered bad. The third square is more masculine.

Square 4- The way of man.religion and philosophy as it developed after the Axial Age (c. 6th century BC). Mythic imagery of previous eras was made consciously metaphorical, and were seen as referring to psycho-spiritual, not literal-historical, subjects. This transition can be witnessed in the East in Buddhism, Vedanta, and philosophical Taoism. The transition can also be glimpsed West in the Mystery cults, Platonism, Christianity and Gnosticism. The fourth square is always more mental and philosophical, and different from the previous three.

Joseph Campbell's 'The Hero's Journey' Reimagined by Lisa Paitz Spindler demonstrates four stages in the heroes journey that Joesph Campbell sayys that all heroic figures from all cultures parttake in.

Quadrant Model of Reality

Monday, February 22, 2016

Quadrant Model of Reality Book 1 Religion

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